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induction of procoagulant activity in virus infected bovine alveolar macrophages and the effect of lipopolysaccharide.three viruses known to be associated with the bovine respiratory disease complex were evaluated in vitro for potential impact upon the procoagulant activity (pca) of bovine alveolar macrophages (bam). cultures of bam were inoculated with bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 (pi-3), cytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus (cpbvdv), non-cytopathic bvdv (ncpbvdv), or bovine herpes virus type 1 (bhv-1) and incubated for several time periods (24, 48, 72, 96 h). bam were then exposed to e. coli lipopolysa ...19979343337
paramyxovirus fusion (f) protein and hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (hn) protein interactions: intracellular retention of f and hn does not affect transport of the homotypic hn or f protein.to investigate a possible intracellular coassociation of the paramyxovirus simian virus 5 (sv5) and human parainfluenza virus type 3 (hpiv-3) fusion (f) and hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (hn) glycoproteins in a living cell, without resorting to chemical crosslinking and antibody coimmunoprecipitation, we tagged the cytoplasmic n-terminus of sv5 hn with a rrrrr motif and hpiv-3 hn with a rrr motif for endoplasmic reticulum (er) retention. in addition, we tagged the cytoplasmic c-terminus of sv5 and ...19979344902
presence of a unique parainfluenza virus 3 strain identified by rt-pcr in visna-maedi virus infected sheep.the presence in farm sheep of a paramyxovirus closely related to parainfluenza virus type 3 (pi3) from humans or cattle was confirmed using rt-pcr on rna samples from lung cells from slaughtered animals. sequencing and restriction enzyme patterns of the amplified fragment of the f gene confirms the distinctness of the isolate, and suitable pcr primers allow specific detection of the ovine virus. a study of the incidence of ovine pi3 in samples from sheep with or without distinctive histopatholog ...19979355245
interaction of human parainfluenza virus type 3 with the host cell surface. 19979380464
functional chimeric hn glycoproteins derived from newcastle disease virus and human parainfluenza virus-3.newcastle disease virus (ndv) is primarily a respiratory tract pathogen of birds, particularly chickens, but it occasionally produces infection in man. human parainfluenza virus type 3 (hpiv3) is a common respiratory pathogen, particularly in young children. these two viruses gain entry to host cells via direct fusion between the viral envelope and the cell membrane, mediated by the two surface glycoproteins: the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (hn) and fusion (f) proteins. promotion of fusion by hn ...19979413532
[comparison between the llc-mk2 and mdck cell lines in the isolation of parainfluenza virus from nasopharyngeal aspirates].we report a prospective comparative study of the efficacy of three commercial cell lines in the isolation of the parainfluenza (pi) virus from nasopharyngeal samples.19979424123
prospects for a parainfluenza virus vaccine. 19979443313
association of the parainfluenza virus fusion and hemagglutinin-neuraminidase glycoproteins on cell surfaces.we previously observed that cell fusion caused by human parainfluenza virus type 2 or type 3 requires the expression of both the fusion (f) and hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (hn) glycoproteins from the same virus type, indicating that a type-specific interaction between f and hn is needed for the induction of cell fusion. in the present study we have further investigated the fusion properties of f and hn proteins of parainfluenza virus type 1 (pi1), type 2 (pi2), and type 3 (pi3), sendai virus (sn ...19978985396
virological and pathomorphological aspects in experimental infections with some triassociated pneumotropic viruses in the white mouse.experimental infections were induced in white mice by intranasal administration of parainfluenza virus type 3, 739-2d strain, to which influenza virus a/beijing, 353/89 (h3n2) strain, and respiratory syncytial virus, long strain, were associated. the model was organized so as to obtain a triassociated infection, parainfluenza virus type 3 being inoculated the first and the other two viruses, in the following stages-ii and iii-, alternately. the infections were revealed by the presence of positiv ...19979836325
experimental researches in infections with associated myxoviruses in the mouse.infections with influenza virus, a/beijing 353/89 (h3n2) strain, to which there were associated parainfluenza virus type 3, 739-2d strain, adenovirus type 3, and respiratory syncytial virus long strain, were experimentally induced in white mice. the experimental models were set up so as to permit the obtaining of an associated infection with three viruses, in which the influenza virus should be inoculated the first, the participation of the others being variable, according to their presence by a ...19969495782
some virological and pathomorphological aspects of the respiratory system in the experimental infection with respiratory syncytial virus associated with influenza virus, parainfluenza virus type 3 and adenovirus in the mouse.infections with respiratory syncytial virus long strain, associated with influenza virus, a/beijing 353/89 (h3n2) strain, parainfluenza virus type 3, 739-2d strain, and adenovirus type 3, were experimentally induced in white mice, causing histological, histochemical and histoenzymatic lesions at the respiratory system level, the severity of which exceeded the one observed in the controls infected with a single virus. the pathomorphological changes made up an inflammatory, predominantly infiltrat ...19969495783
development of a replication-deficient recombinant vaccinia virus vaccine effective against parainfluenza virus 3 infection in an animal model.the highly attenuated, replication-deficient, modified vaccinia virus ankara (mva) was used to express the fusion (f) and/or hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (hn) glycoproteins of parainfluenza virus 3 (piv3). initial recombinant viruses in which the hn gene was regulated by a very strong synthetic earlyllate promoter replicated poorly in permissive chick embryo cells evidently due to toxic levels of the gene product. this result led us to construct and evaluate a modified earlyllate promoter derived ...19968994321
[a case of adult reye's syndrome with favorable outcome despite status epilepticus].a case of adult reye's syndrome is described. a previously healthy 17-year-old man developed convulsions 2 days after resolution of an upper respiratory infection with parainfluenza virus type 3. during the preceding infection, he took aspirin. on admission, he was drowsy. there was no focal signs. cranial ct scan was unremarkable. a lumbar puncture revealed an opening pressure of 180 mm h2o; the cerebrospinal fluid was acellular with normal protein level. serum chemistry showed elevated transam ...19969046859
temperature-sensitive phenotype of the human parainfluenza virus type 3 candidate vaccine strain (cp45) correlates with a defect in the l gene.we have previously demonstrated that the temperature sensitivity of a human parainfluenza virus type 3 (hpiv-3) candidate vaccine strain (cp45), which is currently under evaluation in humans, is associated with poor transcriptional activity of the virus at the nonpermissive temperature (r. ray, k. meyer, f. newman, and r. b. belshe, j. virol. 69:1959-1963, 1995). in this study, the temperature sensitivity of cp45 virus was further investigated by the complementation of a specific gene function. ...19968523574
evaluation of a live attenuated bovine parainfluenza type 3 vaccine in two- to six-month-old infants.a safe and effective parainfluenza type 3 (piv-3) virus vaccine is needed to prevent serious piv-3-associated illness in infants younger than 6 months of age. in previous studies a live bovine piv-3 (bpiv-3) vaccine, which was developed to prevent human piv-3 (hpiv-3) disease, was shown to be safe, infectious, immunogenic and phenotypically stable in 6- to 36-month-old infants and children.19968858666
rapid identification of respiratory viruses: impact on isolation practices and transmission among immunocompromised pediatric patients.to determine whether empiric isolation of patients with acute respiratory virus infection symptoms could be discontinued when preliminary shell vial cultures were negative, and the impact of this approach on hospital resources.19968880230
rescue of sendai virus cdna templates with cdna clones expressing parainfluenza virus type 3 n, p and l proteins.several years ago, we reported that a sendai virus (sev) defective genome (dih4uv) could be rescued in vivo with human parainfluenza virus type 1 (hpiv1) and bovine piv3 but not by measles virus or vesicular stomatitis virus. it was concluded that the cis-acting rna sequences were conserved within the sev/piv1/piv3 group but that interactions between the polymerase complex (p-l) and the template protein n were unique for each virus. we have re-examined these conclusions using proteins expressed ...19968887479
detection of human viruses using primary cells immortalised by oncogene transfection, in comparison with primary cells and established cell lines.no single established cell line was found capable of substituting for primary baboon kidney (pbk) or primary rhesus macacque kidney (prk) cells for detection of human viruses. although a panel of cell lines could detect influenza, parainfluenza, and enteroviruses, which are among the most important viruses encountered in routine diagnostic laboratories, the sensitivity of this panel was not as high as that of pbk or prk cells. however, in a promising complementary approach, pbk and prk cells hav ...19968915884
prenatal ultrasonographic diagnosis of fetal hydrocephalus due to infection with parainfluenza virus type 3.parainfluenza virus type 3 is one of the most common causes of respiratory infection in infants. no complications of pregnancy or fetal anomalies have been reported in association with parainfluenza virus infection. a pregnancy was terminated at 22 weeks' gestation due to ultrasonographic diagnosis of hydrocephalus. pathological examination was consistent with viral encephalitis, ventriculitis and pneumonia. serological investigation demonstrated a significant rise in maternal antibody titers fo ...19968932633
serological study of responses to selected pathogens causing respiratory tract infection in the institutionalized elderly.in a prospective 2-year study, serological responses to selected pathogens were analyzed in 224 episodes of fever attributable to respiratory tract infection (51.8%) or of unknown source (48.2%) in 131 residents of two long-term-care facilities. a serological response was identified in 45 episodes (20.1%): chlamydia pneumoniae (14 episodes), haemophilus influenzae type b (1), influenza virus type a (14), respiratory syncytial virus (rsv;2), parainfluenza virus type 3 (7), c. pneumoniae and h. in ...19968953065
analysis of human parainfluenza virus 3 receptor binding variants: evidence for the use of a specific sialic acid-containing receptor.in order for the fusion protein (f) of the human parainfluenza virus type 3 (hpf3) to promote membrane fusion and viral entry, the haemagglutinin-neuraminidase (hn) glycoprotein must interact with its receptor. sialoglycoconjugates are known to be the receptors for the hpf3 hn, however specific attachment factors or receptors for hpf3 have not been identified. in this report we describe the analysis of variants of hpf3 with increased fusion-promoting phenotypes that were selected by treatment wi ...19968965678
semi-permissive replication and functional aspects of the immune response in a cotton rat model of human parainfluenza virus type 3 infection.a cotton rat (sigmodon fulviventer) model of human parainfluenza virus type 3 (hpiv-3) infection was used to study patterns of hpiv-3 replication in naive and immune hosts. growth curves revealed that nasal and pulmonary tissues of naive animals were semi-permissive for virus replication, with amounts of progeny virus proportional to inoculating doses. in naive animals there was a total eclipse in nasal tissues beginning 4 h after inoculation. by contrast, there was only partial eclipse of virus ...19968760420
down-regulation of paramyxovirus hemagglutinin-neuraminidase glycoprotein surface expression by a mutant fusion protein containing a retention signal for the endoplasmic reticulum.the human parainfluenza virus type 3 (hpiv3) fusion (f) and hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (hn) glycoproteins are the principal components involved in virion receptor binding, membrane penetration, and ultimately, syncytium formation. while the requirement for both f and hn in this process has been determined from recombinant expression studies, stable physical association of these proteins in coimmunoprecipitation studies has not been observed. in addition, coexpression of other heterologous param ...19968764007
serological responses in calves to vaccines against bovine respiratory syncytial, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, bovine viral diarrhoea and parainfluenza-3 viruses.the istituto superiore di sanità (iss), the national veterinary services laboratory in italy, is in charge of assessing the quality, safety and efficacy of veterinary vaccines before and after licensing. to evaluate the relative potency of several vaccines against bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv), infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (ibrv), bovine viral diarrhoea virus (bvdv) and parainfluenza-3 virus (pi3v), the serological responses in vaccinated calves were studied. vaccination w ...19968785944
specific interaction in vitro and in vivo of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and la protein with cis-acting rnas of human parainfluenza virus type 3.human parainfluenza virus type 3 (hpiv3) genome rna is transcribed and replicated by the virus-encoded rna-dependent rna polymerase, and specific cellular proteins play a regulatory role in these processes. to search for cellular proteins potentially interacting with hpiv3 cis-acting regulatory rnas, a gel mobility shift assay was used. two cellular proteins specifically interacted with the viral cis-acting rnas containing the genomic 3'-noncoding region and the plus-sense leader sequence region ...19968798741
new neplanocin analogues. 7. synthesis and antiviral activity of 2-halo derivatives of neplanocin a.the syntheses and the antiviral activities of 2-halo derivatives of neplanocin a (1b,c), (6'r)-6'-c-methylneplanocin a (2b), and dehydroxymethylneplanocin a (3b,c) are described. sn2 reaction of the known cyclopentenyl units 12 and 13 with 2-haloadenines under basic conditions gave the protected carbocyclic nucleosides 14b,c and 15b,c, respectively. starting from the cyclopentenone derivative 5, the optically active tosyloxycyclopentene derivative 11 was prepared, which was similarly condensed w ...19968809173
comparisons of the f and hn gene sequences of different strains of bovine parainfluenza virus type 3: relationship to phenotype and pathogenicity.the genes for the f and hn glycoprotein of a pathogenic field isolate of bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 (bpiv3) were isolated, converted to cdna, and sequenced using dideoxynucleotides. the resulting nucleotide sequences were converted to protein sequence and were compared to previously sequenced glycoprotein genes with amino acid differences in the glycoproteins of isolates expressing different phenotypes. the hn glycoprotein, involved in the attachment and release of the virus, and the f gl ...19968809388
case records of the massachusetts general hospital. weekly clinicopathological exercises. case 31-1996. an 18-month old immunosuppressed boy with bilateral pulmonary infiltrates. 19968813045
interleukin-11: stimulation in vivo and in vitro by respiratory viruses and induction of airways hyperresponsiveness.to address the role of il-11 in viral airways dysfunction, we determined whether infectious agents that exacerbate asthma stimulate stromal cell il-11 production, determined whether il-11 could be detected at sites of viral infection and evaluated the effects of il-11 on airway physiology. respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), parainfluenza virus type 3 (piv3), and rhinovirus (rv) 14 were potent stimulators while cytomegalovirus and adenovirus only weakly stimulated and herpes simplex virus type 2 ...19968613544
treatment of parainfluenza virus type 3 bronchiolitis and pneumonia in a cotton rat model using topical antibody and glucocorticosteroid.treatment of parainfluenza virus type 3 bronchiolitis and pneumonia in the cotton rat using topical igg cleared infectious virus within 24 h but did not reduce pulmonary pathology. treatment with topical triamcinolone acetonide dramatically reduced pathology but increased virus titers >10-fold. combined therapy, however, demonstrated both favorable effects. animals treated 3,4, and 5 days after infection showed a rebound of lung lesions to levels of untreated animals without reappearance of viru ...19968627023
concern about vaccine study. 19968641937
inhibition of human parainfluenza virus-3 replication by interferon and human mxa.we have investigated the ifn-mediated inhibition of human parainfluenza virus-3 (hpiv-3) replication in cultured human a549 cells. ifn-alpha inhibited the virus yield significantly with concomitant reduction of viral rna accumulation by more than 90%. further studies indicated that the inhibitory action of ifn was at the level of primary transcription of hpiv3 replication. since the ifn-inducible protein, mxa, has been shown to inhibit virus replication in several rna viruses, we examined the ro ...19968661384
the role of interleukin-10 in the inhibition of t-cell proliferation and apoptosis mediated by parainfluenza virus type 3.we have previously demonstrated that parainfluenza virus type 3 (piv3), a significant respiratory pathogen, can markedly inhibit t-cell function in vitro. we now report that the virus potently induces interleukin-10 (il-10) production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells. the il-10 produced contributes to viral inhibition of t-cell proliferation and protects t cells from piv3-mediated apoptosis. these findings suggest that il-10 is likely to play an important immunoregulatory role in piv3 infec ...19968676520
new neplanocin analogues. 6. synthesis and potent antiviral activity of 6'-homoneplanocin a1.the design, synthesis, and antiviral activities of 6'-homoneplanocin a (hnpa, 3) and its congeners having nucleobases other than adenine, such as 3-deazaadenine (4), guanine (5), thymine (6), and cytosine (7), were described. starting from the known cyclopentenone derivative 8, the optically active (mesyloxy)cyclopentene derivative 15 was prepared, which was condensed with nucleobases then deprotected to give target compounds 3-7. of these compounds, hnpa showed an antiviral activity spectrum th ...19968691433
peptides from conserved regions of paramyxovirus fusion (f) proteins are potent inhibitors of viral fusion.the synthetic peptides dp-107 and dp-178 (t-20), derived from separate domains within the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) transmembrane (tm) protein, gp4l, are stable and potent inhibitors of hiv-1 infection and fusion. using a computer searching strategy (computerized antiviral searching technology, c.a.s.t.) based on the predicted secondary structure of dp-107 and dp-178 (t-20), we have identified conserved heptad repeat domains analogous to the dp-107 and dp-178 regions of hiv-1 g ...19968700906
functional interaction of paramyxovirus glycoproteins: identification of a domain in sendai virus hn which promotes cell fusion.the cell fusion activity of most paramyxoviruses requires coexpression of a fusion protein (f) and a hemagglutinin-neuraminidase protein (hn) which are derived from the same virus type. to define the domain of the hn protein which interacts with the f protein in a type-specific manner a series of chimeric hn proteins between two different paramyxoviruses, sendai virus (sn) and human parainfluenza virus type 3 (pi3), was constructed and coexpressed with the sn-f protein by using the vaccinia viru ...19968709235
[the incidence of virus respiratory infections in small children in the season 1994-95].as previously, by antibody fluorescent technique the etiology of viral respiratory infections was determinated in small children hospitalized because of respiratory disease in the epidemic season 1994-95. data obtained were compared with the results from the preceding season. among a total of 371 patients, virus infection was detected in 170 (45,8%). data for the whole season did not distinctly differ from those obtained previously; however, some differences were found in the occurrence of the i ...19968711158
parainfluenza-3-virus infection enhances allergic sensitization in the guinea-pig.viral respiratory tract infections have been previously considered to be associated with induction of allergic sensitization.19968735875
the paramyxovirus simian virus 5 hemagglutinin-neuraminidase glycoprotein, but not the fusion glycoprotein, is internalized via coated pits and enters the endocytic pathway.the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (hn) and fusion (f) glycoproteins of the paramyxovirus simian virus 5 (sv5) are expressed on the surface of virus-infected cells. although the f protein was found to be expressed stably, the hn protein was internalized from the plasma membrane. hn protein lacks known internalization signals in its cytoplasmic domain that are common to many integral membrane proteins that are internalized via clathrin-coated pits. thus, the cellular pathway of hn protein internaliz ...19968741847
viral etiology and epidemiology of acute lower respiratory tract infections in korean children.viral etiologic agents of acute lower respiratory tract infections were studied from november, 1990, through april, 1994, in korean children. from 712 children who visited or were admitted to seoul national university children's hospital because of acute lower respiratory tract infections, 804 nasal aspirates were collected; viral agents were detected by virus isolation and virus antigen was detected by indirect immunofluorescent staining. one or more viral agents were identified in 369 (45.9%) ...19958745017
specific inhibition of granzyme b by parainfluenza virus type 3.t-cell-mediated cytotoxicity is an important means of defense against viral pathogens; however, several viruses possess mechanisms to disrupt cytotoxicity, thereby allowing them to avoid immune clearance. these viruses have been shown to inhibit cytotoxicity by interfering with the capacity of t lymphocytes to specifically recognize infected cells. an alternative mechanism for virally induced cytotoxic dysfunction is identified in this report. we show that parainfluenza virus type 3, a negative- ...19957745701
a respiratory outbreak due to parainfluenza virus type 3 in a home for the aged--ontario. 19957749396
a live attenuated bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 vaccine is safe, infectious, immunogenic, and phenotypically stable in infants and children.the safety, infectivity, immunogenicity, transmissibility, and phenotypic stability of an intranasal bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 (bpiv-3) candidate vaccine was evaluated in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. of human parainfluenza virus type 3 (hpiv-3)-seronegative children, 92% were infected, and 92% developed a serum hemagglutination-inhibiting (hai) antibody response to bpiv-3 and 61% to hpiv-3. geometric mean hai titers were 1:40 to bpiv-3 and 1:16 to hpiv-3. in stud ...19957751684
interaction between the nucleocapsid protein and the phosphoprotein of human parainfluenza virus 3. mapping of the interacting domains using a two-hybrid system.a two-hybrid system was used to study interaction in vivo between the nucleocapsid protein (np) and the phosphoprotein (p) of human parainfluenza virus type 3 (hpiv-3). two plasmids, one containing the amino terminus of p fused to the dna-binding domain of the yeast transactivator, gal4, and the other containing the amino terminus of np fused to the herpesvirus transactivator, vp16, were transfected in cos-1 cells along with a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (cat) reporter plasmid containing g ...19957759493
cellular protein kinase c isoform zeta regulates human parainfluenza virus type 3 replication.phosphorylation of the p proteins of nonsegmented negative-strand rna viruses is critical for their function as transactivators of the viral rna polymerases. using unphosphorylated p protein of human parainfluenza virus type 3 (hpiv3) expressed in escherichia coli, we have shown that the cellular protein kinase that phosphorylates p in vitro is biochemically and immunologically indistinguishable from cellular protein kinase c isoform zeta (pkc-zeta). further, pkc-zeta is specifically packaged wi ...19957761474
sequence analyses of human parainfluenza virus type 4a and type 4b fusion proteins.cdnas encoding human parainfluenza virus type 4a and type 4b (hpiv-4a and -4b) fusion (f) proteins were cloned and sequenced. the predicted amino acid sequences of the f proteins had similar characteristic traits to those reported for the f proteins of other paramyxoviruses. they were more closely related to the f proteins of simian virus 5 (sv5), mumps virus (muv), hpiv-2 and newcastle disease virus (ndv) than to the f proteins of hpiv-1, hpiv-3, sendai virus (sv) and measles virus (mv). in add ...19958847531
antiviral screening of british columbian medicinal plants.one hundred methanolic plant extracts were screened for antiviral activity against seven viruses. twelve extracts were found to have antiviral activity at the non-cytotoxic concentrations tested. the extracts of rosa nutkana and amelanchier alnifolia, both members of the rosaceae, were very active against an enteric coronavirus. a root extract of another member of the rosaceae, potentilla arguta, completely inhibited respiratory syncytial virus. a sambucus racemosa branch tip extract was also ve ...19958847882
hemagglutinin-neuraminidase of human parainfluenza 3: role of the neuraminidase in the viral life cycle.the function of neuraminidase in the life cycle and pathogenesis of human parainfluenza virus type 3 (hpf3) was studied by analyzing a variant of hpf3 that has decreased neuraminidase enzymatic activity. the variant virus is more fusogenic than the wild-type virus during an acute infection. cloning and sequencing of the fusion (f) and hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (hn) genes from this variant revealed a single amino acid change in the hn protein and no alterations in the f protein sequence. analys ...19958525632
respiratory virus infections during anticancer treatment in children.to evaluate the occurrence and clinical significance of respiratory virus infections in children during anticancer treatment, we studied 75 consecutive episodes of febrile infection in 32 children during 17 months. viral antigen detection for 7 respiratory viruses, viral culture for rhinoviruses and enzyme immunoassay serology were used. evidence for respiratory virus infection was found in 28 (37%) cases. rhinovirus was the most common virus detected in 13 (17%) episodes. the other etiologic ag ...19958532427
experimental infections with some pneumotropic viruses in the mouse. note ii. virological and pathomorphological aspects of experimental associated infections with parainfluenza virus, adenovirus and respiratory syncytial virus in the mouse.associated infections with long-strain parainfluenza virus type 3, adenovirus type 3 and respiratory syncytial virus were experimentally induced in white mice. they were pointed out by the appearance of homologous serum antibodies, positive if reactions in the pulmonary tissue, and histological, histochemical and histoenzymatic lesions, which were more severe than those of controls infected with single virus of those mentioned above, since they involved wider areas and had a high frequency. the ...19959179966
quantitative measurement of paramyxovirus fusion: differences in requirements of glycoproteins between simian virus 5 and human parainfluenza virus 3 or newcastle disease virus.to compare the requirements for paramyxovirus-mediated cell fusion, the fusion (f) and hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (hn) glycoproteins of simian virus 5 (sv5), human parainfluenza virus 3 (hpiv-3), and newcastle disease virus (ndv) were expressed individually or coexpressed in either homologous or heterologous combinations in cv-1 or hela-t4 cells, using the vaccinia virus-t7 polymerase transient expression system. the contribution of individual glycoproteins in virus-induced membrane fusion was ...19957474081
differences in the role of the cytoplasmic domain of human parainfluenza virus fusion proteins.we have investigated the roles of the cytoplasmic domains of the human parainfluenza virus type 2 (pi2) and type 3 (pi3) fusion (f) proteins in protein transport and cell fusion activity. by using the vaccinia virus-t7 transient expression system, a series of f protein cytoplasmic tail truncation mutants was studied with respect to intracellular and surface expression and the ability to induce cell fusion when coexpressed with the corresponding hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (hn) proteins. all of t ...19957474124
antibody responses by cattle after vaccination with commercial viral vaccines containing bovine herpesvirus-1, bovine viral diarrhea virus, parainfluenza-3 virus, and bovine respiratory syncytial virus immunogens and subsequent revaccination at day 140.calves were vaccinated with four different commercial viral vaccines containing bovine herpesvirus-1 (bhv-1), bovine viral diarrhea (bvdv), parainfluenza-3 virus (pi-3v), and bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) immunogens. for the initial vaccination certain vaccines were given twice (days 0 and 28), whereas other vaccines were given on day 0. the calves received another injection on day 140 with the vaccine originally given on day 0. the sera were collected at days 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 42, 5 ...19957483787
evaluation of the antiviral activity of n-(phosphonoacetyl)-l-aspartate against paramyxoviruses in tissue culture and against respiratory syncytial virus in cotton rats.n-(phosphonoacetyl)-l-aspartate (pala), a potent inhibitor of l-aspartic acid transcarbamoylase, was evaluated for cytotoxicity and antiviral activity against three different paramyxoviruses in tissue culture, and for antiviral efficacy and toxicity in vivo using a cotton rat-respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) model. significant in vitro cytotoxicity was observed in proliferating cultures of hep-2 (ic50 = 250 micrograms/ml) and vero cells (ic50 = 32 micrograms/ml), but was less evident in culture ...19957486959
bovine respiratory syncytial virus replicates minimally in bovine alveolar macrophages.the interaction between two different bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) strains and bovine alveolar macrophages (bams) was studied in vitro. bovine respiratory syncytial virus replicated minimally in bams and most of the virus produced remained cell-associated. approximately 1 out of 1,000 bams produced infectious virus, a number that further declined during the 7 days of culture. in contrast, bams exposed to bovine parainfluenza 3 virus (pi3v) produced high amounts of infectious virus. ...19957503690
parainfluenza virus type-3 infection attenuates the respiratory effects of antigen challenge in sensitized guinea pigs.respiratory viral infections not only exacerbate asthma symptoms but may also be important in the pathogenesis of the disease. we therefore explored the effects of respiratory viral infection on the respiratory response of sensitized guinea pigs to antigen challenge. lung tissue obtained from uninfected guinea pigs sensitized to ovalbumin aerosol released histamine upon incubation with the antigen in vitro. after antigen challenge in vivo, sensitized animals had significantly greater numbers of ...19957552573
a live human parainfluenza type 3 virus vaccine is attenuated and immunogenic in healthy infants and children.the safety, infectivity, immunogenicity, and phenotypic stability of the cold-passaged (cp) candidate vaccine cp-45, a cold-adapted (ca), temperature-sensitive (ts) mutant of the js strain of human parainfluenza virus type 3 (hpiv-3), was evaluated in 114 children 6 months to 10 years old in a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. the cp-45 vaccine was well tolerated when given intranasally to parainfluenza virus type 3 (piv-3)-seropositive and -seronegative children. with 10(4) or ...19957594701
primary cytotoxic response of bovine peripheral blood leukocytes to parainfluenza type 3 virus infection.peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated from calves following parainfluenza type-3 (pi-3) virus infection and incubated with autologous and non-autologous pi-3 virus-infected muscle cells in a 4 h chromium release assay. peaks of cytotoxicity, which ranged from 12% to 53% were observed between days 6 and 9 post infection, with an effector to target cell ratio of 100:1. killing of pi-3 virus-infected or uninfected mismatched muscle cells was never more than 5%.19957604540
peptide motif of a cattle mhc class i molecule.a consensus motif for a bovine major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class i molecule, a20, was derived from parainfluenza type-3 (pi-3) virus-infected muscle-derived fibroblast cells and peripheral blood leukocytes by extraction of the naturally processed peptides from mhc class i molecules by treatment with tfa and peptide sequencing of the complex mixture. the results showed that the majority of peptides were 9 amino acids long with position 2 occupied by lysine and position 9 occupied by ar ...19957622180
human parainfluenza virus type 3 phosphoprotein: identification of serine 333 as the major site for pkc zeta phosphorylation.the human parainfluenza virus type 3 p protein is an rna polymerase subunit involved in both transcription and replication during the life cycle of the virus. our laboratory has recently shown that the p protein is phosphorylated both in vitro and in vivo by the cellular protein kinase c (pkc) isoform zeta and that this phosphorylation is essential for viral replication. to identify the site(s) of phosphorylation, we have used cnbr cleavage, phosphoamino acid analysis, and two-dimensional trypti ...19957645259
human parainfluenza virus type 3: analysis of the cytoplasmic tail and transmembrane anchor of the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase protein in promoting cell fusion.the role of the cytoplasmic tail and transmembrane anchor of the human parainfluenza virus type 3 (hpiv3) hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (hn) glycoprotein in promoting cell fusion was investigated. a series of amino terminal deletion mutants (d10, d20, d27, d31, d40, d44, and d73) were compared for processing, cell surface expression, and maintenance of their biological attributes by recombinant expression of mutant genes using a plasmid vector (pcdl-sr alpha-296) in cv-1 and hela cells. to determi ...19957653094
equine herpesvirus 2 in pulmonary macrophages of horses.in a search of viral agents in pulmonary macrophages of horses with chronic pulmonary disease, equine herpesvirus 2 was found to be unique. in 8 of 9 horses with chronic pulmonary disease, antigens of equine herpesvirus 2 were detected by indirect immunofluorescence staining of scattered foamy macrophages immediately after harvesting by bronchoalveolar lavage and fractionation on metrizamide gradients. in a healthy horse, antigens were not found. after 1 week of cultivation of bronchoalveolar la ...19957653883
synthesis and antiviral activity of benzyl-substituted imidazo [1,5-a]-1,3,5-triazine (5,8-diaza-7,9-dideazapurine) derivatives.a variety of imidazo[1,5-a]-1,3,5-triazine derivatives carrying c-, o-, and s-benzyl and/or 4-methylbenzyl groups were synthesized and examined for their inhibitory effects on the replication of ortho- and paramyxoviruses. the key compounds 8-r-2-thioxo-2,3-dihydroimidazo [1,5-a]-1,3,5-triazin-4(1h)-ones 3a,b,d were synthesized by chlorotrimethylsilane/hmds-effected cyclization--rearrangement of the corresponding 6-amino-5-(formylamino)-5-r-2-mercaptopyrimidin-4(5h)-ones 2a,b,d (r = benzyl, 4-me ...19957658442
asymmetric periflexural exanthem of childhood and viral examinations.we report on an asymmetric maculopapular exanthem of early childhood. one hundred eighty seven patients (111 girls, 76 boys) were examined over a four-year period, mainly in winter and spring. the first skin lesions appeared on the trunk or in the large flexures of the limbs. they spread centrifugally, often to the contralateral side, over two to four weeks, and disappeared with slight itching and moderate desquamation within another two to four weeks. virologic studies were carried out in 34 ca ...19957659637
isolation and characterization of a naturally occurring parainfluenza 3 virus variant.a parainfluenza 3 virus variant which failed to react with parainfluenza 3 virus-specific monoclonal anti-bodies from two commercial sources was isolated from a 14-month-old boy. analysis of the coding region of the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase gene identified 36 nucleotide changes and 4 amino acid changes compared with a consensus sequence derived from strains isolated from 1957 through 1983. two unique amino acid changes occurred at positions 174 and 283, which are close to identified epitopes ...19957665656
recombinant type 5 adenoviruses expressing bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 glycoproteins protect sigmodon hispidus cotton rats from bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 infection.cotton rats were used to study the replication and pathogenesis of bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 (bpiv3) and to test the efficacy of the f and hn glycoproteins in modulating infection. in vitro cultures of cotton rat lung cells supported the growth of bpiv3 as shown by virus recovery, immunofluorescence, immunoprecipitation, and syncytium induction. intranasal (i.n.) inoculation of cotton rats with 10(7) pfu resulted in peak recovery of virus after 2 days (8 x 10(4) pfu/g of lung tissue) and ...19957769692
localization of a domain on the paramyxovirus attachment protein required for the promotion of cellular fusion by its homologous fusion protein spike.the promotion of membrane fusion by the paramyxovirus hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (hn) and fusion (f) proteins requires that they be derived from homologous viruses, suggesting the possibility that the promotion of fusion requires a virus-specific communication between the two glycoprotein spikes. we have evaluated the ability of chimeric hn proteins, composed of domains from the hn proteins of two heterologous members of the group, human parainfluenza virus 3 (hpiv3) and newcastle disease virus ...19957778280
sequence variation in the haemagglutinin-neuraminidase gene of human parainfluenza virus type 3 isolates in the uk.the sequence variation in a 934 base-pair region of the gene encoding the haemagglutinin-neuraminidase of five human parainfluenza virus type 3 (hpiv3) isolates was determined together with that of a prototype uk strain. all of the clinical isolates were from the manchester area of the uk and were obtained in 1990, 1991 and 1993. the gene segment was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction using hpiv3-specific oligonucleotide primers. the nucleotide homology of the strains was high, around 99 ...19957781737
current approaches to the development of vaccines against disease caused by respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and parainfluenza virus (piv). a meeting report of the who programme for vaccine development.the paramyxoviruses respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and parainfluenza virus type 3 (piv3) are the two most common agents of severe lower respiratory tract disease in infants and children throughout the world. rsv causes yearly epidemics of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in infants and young children, while piv3 is a common cause of bronchiolitis, pneumonia and croup. together these two agents account for up to 30% of all hospitalizations of infants and young children for respiratory tract disease ...19957793140
respiratory virus antibodies in adults of a norwegian community: prevalences and risk factors.the aims were to examine prevalences as well as demographic and environmental predictors of respiratory virus antibodies in serum.19957797347
topical immunoglobulin is an effective therapy for parainfluenza type 3 in a cotton rat model.a cotton rat model was used to test the efficacy of topical immunotherapy against parainfluenza type 3 (piv3) infection. on day 3 after experimental infection with 10(5.5) pfu of piv3, animals were treated with 2-fold dilutions of convalescent cotton rat serum or with one of two purified human immunoglobulin preparations; all three had moderate titers of anti-piv3 neutralizing antibody (range, 1:200-1:1000). therapy with high concentrations of all three preparations resulted in significant reduc ...19957797921
antibody to interleukin-5 inhibits virus-induced airway hyperresponsiveness to histamine in guinea pigs.in humans, respiratory viral infections lead to increased airway responsiveness and exacerbations of asthma. in the present study, the role of interleukin-5 (il-5) in virus-induced airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation was examined in guinea pigs. in animals treated with control antibody, parainfluenza-3 virus significantly potentiated (219%) the histamine-induced increase in lung resistance compared with vehicle treatment. in addition, viral infection significantly increased (130 to 450%) ...19957812550
virus-induced airway hyperresponsiveness in guinea pigs is related to a deficiency in nitric oxide.intratracheal inoculation of parainfluenza type 3 virus to guinea pigs induces a marked increase in airway responsiveness in vivo and in vitro. in spontaneously breathing anesthetized guinea pigs inhalation of an aerosol containing the nitric oxide (no) precursor l-arginine (2.0 mm) completely prevented the virus-induced airway hyperresponsiveness to histamine. in addition, perfusion of l-arginine (200 microm) or the direct no-donor s-nitroso-n-acetyl-penicillamine (snap, 1 microm) through the l ...19957814624
characterization of a live, attenuated human parainfluenza type 3 virus candidate vaccine strain.characterization of a temperature-sensitive and live, attenuated human parainfluenza type 3 virus strain (cp45) grown at a permissive temperature (32 degrees c) suggested that the virus efficiently multiplies in cell lines and retains antigenic and functional properties of the envelope glycoproteins. when grown at a nonpermissive temperature (39.5 degrees c), the cp45 virus exhibited poor replication; however, shifting to a permissive temperature allowed virus growth. although at a nonpermissive ...19957853542
asthma-associated viruses specifically induce lung stromal cells to produce interleukin-11, a mediator of airways hyperreactivity. 19957874994
non-specific interstitial pneumonia (nip): immunohistologic screening of etiologic agents.non-specific interstitial pneumonia (nip) occurs frequently in patients with hiv-infection. to elucidate the etiology of this pulmonary disorder, we searched for 13 different microorganisms in transbronchial biopsies from 15 patients with nip, 15 patients with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) and 20 patients with lung diseases not related to hiv-infection using monoclonal antibodies and the apaap- or pap-technique for immunostaining. chlamydia trachomatis and parainfluenza iii were detected ...19947893990
correlation of proteolytic cleavage of f protein precursors in paramyxoviruses with expression of the fur, pace4 and pc6 genes in mammalian cells.the fusion (f) protein precursor of virulent newcastle disease virus (ndv) strains and human parainfluenza virus type 3 (hpiv3) has a multibasic amino acid sequence at the cleavage site, and intracellular cleavage activation occurs in a variety of cells. the host protease responsible for the cleavage has been proposed to be a subtilisin-like protease (subtilase) such as furin (the product of the fur gene). we found that the lymphocyte cell lines molt-4, ramos and daudi, in addition to nalm6, lac ...19947931173
the effectiveness of a u-v toothbrush sanitizing device in reducing the number of bacteria, yeasts and viruses on toothbrushes.sixty-six sterile toothbrushes were exposed to one of the following microorganisms: staphylococcus aureus, pseudomonas aeruginosa, escherichia coli, bacillis subtilis, serratia marcescens and baker's yeast. the pollenex ds60 daily dental sanitizer was found to be effective in substantially reducing the number of retained bacteria and yeasts as compared to contaminated toothbrushes not treated with such a device. different toothbrush types had different response rates. seventy-two sterile toothbr ...19947931767
survey of antibodies against various infectious disease agents in racing camels in abu dhabi, united arab emirates.prevalence of antibodies against some important disease agents in sera from racing camels in abu dhabi (united arab emirates) is reported. antibodies against brucella abortus were detected in 1.5% of racing camels, but only 0.76% had titres sufficient for the animals to be considered infected. the complement fixation test revealed antibodies against coxiella burnetii (causative agent of q fever) in 7.9% of camels (with a geometrical mean titre of 13) and against parainfluenza virus type 3 in 5.6 ...19947949353
paramyxovirus mrna editing leads to g deletions as well as insertions.paramyxoviruses are thought to edit their p gene mrnas co-transcriptionally, by a mechanism in which the polymerase stutters and reads the same template base more than once. sendai virus (sev) and bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 (bpiv3) are closely related viruses, but sev edits its p gene mrna with the insertion of a single g residue (at approximately 50% frequency) within the sequence 5' a6g3, whereas bpiv3 inserts 1 to approximately 6 gs at roughly equal frequency within the sequence 5' a6g ...19947957115
effects of supplemental chromium on antibody responses of newly weaned feedlot calves to immunization with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis and parainfluenza 3 virus.the objective of this study was to determine the effect of supplemental dietary chromium (cr) on antibody responses of feedlot calves. fifty-five newly weaned calves were divided into two groups, 28 that received supplemental cr and 27 that did not, and were immunized with a commercial vaccine against bovine infectious rhinotracheitis virus (ibr) and bovine parainfluenza virus type 3(pi-3). sera harvested from blood sampled preimmunization, and at days 14 and 28 postimmunization (pi), were assay ...19948004541
infection and immunoregulation of t lymphocytes by parainfluenza virus type 3.human parainfluenza virus type 3 (hpiv3) is a major cause of disease in newborns and infants. it also has a striking potential to reinfect individuals throughout their lives, suggesting that hpiv3 does not induce lifelong immunity; however, the operative mechanism for the failure to prevent reinfection is not known. we have assessed the potential of the virus to infect nontransformed human t lymphocytes and have found that t cells are readily infected by the virus. productive infection requires ...19948022774
bovine parainfluenza-3 virus selectively depletes a calcium-independent, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase c and inhibits superoxide anion generation in bovine alveolar macrophages.bovine parainfluenza-3 (pi-3) virus inhibits oxygen-dependent bacterial killing by phagocytes, a key pulmonary defense, thus predisposing the host to intrapulmonary bacterial superinfection. pi-3 virus inhibited opsonized zymosan or pma-activated superoxide anion (o2-) generation in bovine alveolar macrophages. the respiratory virus influenza also inhibits o2- generation by phagocytes, however, the mechanisms(s) of viral inhibition differs from pi-3. pi-3 did not trigger o2- generation before in ...19948027547
an update on approaches to the development of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and parainfluenza virus type 3 (piv3) vaccines.rsv and piv3 are responsible for about 30% of severe viral respiratory tract disease leading to hospitalization of infants and children. for this reason, there is a need to develop vaccines effective against these viruses. since these viruses cause severe disease in early infancy, vaccines must be effective in the presence of maternal antibody. currently, several strategies for immunization against these viruses are being explored including peptide vaccines, subunit vaccines, vectored vaccines ( ...19948030364
incidence of mycoplasma pneumoniae, chlamydia trachomatis, and viral infections in pneumonia cases under six months of age, bangkok, thailand.the incidence of infections by mycoplasma pneumoniae, chlamydia trachomatis and respiratory viruses was investigated in 76 pneumonic patients aged under 6 months who attended ramathibodi and siriraj hospitals in bangkok during two study periods. m. pneumoniae infection was not found in any case from either hospital by serological diagnosis. by the isolation method, c. trachomatis infection was found in 7(16.7%) of 42 patients from ramathibodi hospital and 5(21.7%) of 23 patients from siriraj hos ...19947667709
cell-to-cell contact not soluble factors mediate suppression of lymphocyte proliferation by bovine parainfluenza virus type 3.we have previously characterized the ability of parainfluenza virus type 3-infected (piv-3) and noninfected bovine alveolar macrophages (bam) to support lymphocyte proliferation. while uninfected macrophages support proliferation of lymphocytes stimulated with concanavalin a (con a), ovalbumin, and interleukin 2 (il-2), lymphocyte [3h]thymidine incorporation was suppressed in the presence of piv-3-infected bam. since viral infection of macrophages has been shown to alter arachidonic acid metabol ...19947598785
studies with cross-linking reagents on the oligomeric form of the paramyxovirus fusion protein.the oligomeric form of the paramyxovirus simian virus 5 (sv5) fusion (f) glycoprotein has been examined by using chemical cross-linking and sucrose density gradient fractionation. in addition, chemical cross-linking was used to examine the kinetics of assembly of the f oligomer. analysis by sds-page on 3.5% gels of the cross-linked f molecules indicated three major species with calculated molecular weights of m(r) approximately 65, m(r) approximately 130, and m(r) approximately 195 kda, suggesti ...19948116239
proteolytic cleavage of wild type and mutants of the f protein of human parainfluenza virus type 3 by two subtilisin-like endoproteases, furin and kex2.the fusion (f) protein of human parainfluenza virus type 3 contains the tribasic cleavage site r-t-k-r, which was altered by site-directed mutagenesis. wild-type f protein and various mutants were expressed by recombinant vaccinia viruses. the endogenous endoprotease present in cv-1 cells cleaves f variants containing the furin recognition motif r-x-k/r-r but not variants containing the dibasic site k-r or a single r at the cleavage site. a similar cleavage pattern was obtained when the subtilis ...19948139055
rapid detection of parainfluenza virus type 3 rna in respiratory specimens: use of reverse transcription-pcr-enzyme immunoassay.parainfluenza virus type 3 (piv-3), an important lower respiratory tract pathogen in young children and immunocompromised individuals, may be underdiagnosed because of the insensitivity of available culturing systems and delay in identification of virus in cell culture. we developed a reverse transcription-pcr-enzyme immunoassay (rt-pcr-eia) for piv-3, using primers specific for a highly conserved region of the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase gene. testing of nasal washes spiked with piv-3 or other ...19948150961
paramyxovirus mediated cell fusion requires co-expression of both the fusion and hemagglutinin-neuraminidase glycoproteins.syncytia formation in either cv-1 or hela t4+ cells required recombinant expression of both fusion (f) and hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (hn) glycoproteins from the human parainfluenza virus type 3 (hpiv3), human parainfluenza virus type 2 (hpiv2), and simian virus 5 (sv5). in this system, recombinant t7 transcription vectors (pt7-5 or pgem) containing f or hn, were transfected individually or in combination into cells previously infected with a recombinant vaccinia virus expressing t7 rna polymer ...19948165862
analysis of respiratory syncytial virus f, g, and sh proteins in cell fusion.recombinant expression of the human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) fusion (f) glycoprotein, receptor-binding glycoprotein (g), and small hydrophobic (sh) protein was performed to determine the role(s) of these proteins in syncytia formation. these studies used a vaccinia virus expressing the bacteriophage (t7) rna polymerase gene and plasmid vectors containing the rsv genes under the control of a t7 promoter. within the context of this expression system, expression of any individual rsv gene, ...19948178462
[pathogenesis of congenital hydrocephalus: role of transplacental myxovirus infection].several pediatric cases of hydrocephalus after mumps virus infection, have been reported. these cases are thought to be caused by ependymitis due to mumps virus infection. clinical cases of congenital hydrocephalus possibly caused by intrauterine mumps virus infection are also accumulating. however, it has not yet been made clear whether mumps virus can pass through the human placenta and cause hydrocephalus. our experimental studies demonstrated that mumps and parainfluenza virus type 3 could i ...19948185971
use of pcr-enzyme immunoassay for identification of influenza a virus matrix rna in clinical samples negative for cultivable virus.influenza a virus infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. standard diagnostic methods either are not efficient in identifying infected individuals in a timely manner or lack sensitivity. we developed a pcr-enzyme immunoassay (pcr-eia) for the detection of influenza a virus rna in respiratory secretions. a reverse transcription pcr was performed with oligonucleotide primers directed at a highly conserved area of the influenza a matrix gene. amplified dna was identified ...19948195369
field study of undifferentiated respiratory disease in housed beef calves.a severe outbreak of undifferentiated respiratory disease affecting 119 of 144 (82.6 per cent) two- to five-month-old housed beef calves was studied by monitoring their clinical signs and rectal temperatures daily or every second day for two months. new cases of respiratory disease, which were first identified three weeks after the calves were housed, occurred over a period of 29 days. the cause of the outbreak was not conclusively determined although 20 per cent of the calves sampled showed ser ...19948203107
viral cross-reactivity and antigenic determinants recognized by human parainfluenza virus type 1-specific cytotoxic t-cells.to obtain information relevant to vaccination against human parainfluenza virus type 1 (hpiv-1), cytotoxic t-lymphocyte (ctl) responses to individual viral components were tested. the cd8-positive t-cell fraction was first enriched from human, adult pbl and grown for several passages in the presence of hpiv-1-infected stimulator cells. t-cell lines were then tested for ctl activity toward hpiv-1 and toward the related viruses hpiv-3 and sendai virus (the murine parainfluenza type 1 virus). all t ...19947510085
identification of an aprotinin antiviral domain.digestion of the proteinase inhibitor aprotinin, by clostripain, a cysteine proteinase, yielded five oligopeptide fragments. two fragments exhibited both antiviral and antibacterial activities, two fragments only antiviral activity, and one fragment showed no antimicrobial activity. one of the former oligopeptides showed antiviral activity against human herpes simplex virus type 1 and bovine parainfluenza virus type 3. it consisted of the hexapeptide y-f-y-n-a-k corresponding to amino acids 21-2 ...19947514546
parainfluenza virus type 3 induced alterations in tachykinin nk1 receptors, substance p levels and respiratory functions in guinea pig airways.we have investigated the effects of parainfluenza virus type 3 (pi-3) on sensory neuropeptide levels, tachykinin receptors and their functions in guinea pig airways during the course of respiratory viral infection. pi-3 infected guinea pigs were hyperresponsive to methacholine and substance p aerosols as determined by earlier onset of dyspnea in these animals as compared with control on post-inoculation day (pid) 7 but not 19. in addition, plasma protein extravasation produced in response to the ...19947528681
a prototype recombinant vaccine against respiratory syncytial virus and parainfluenza virus type 3.we have produced a genetically-engineered chimeric protein composed of the external domains of the respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) fusion (f) protein and the parainfluenza virus type 3 (piv-3) hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (hn) protein in insect cells using the baculovirus expression system. the yield of the soluble chimeric frsv-hnpiv-3 protein could be increased approximately 2-fold by using trichoplasia ni (high five) insect cells in place of spodoptera frugiperda (sf9) for expression. the ch ...19947765021
post-infantile giant cell hepatitis in an elderly female patient with systemic lupus erythematosus.a 69-year-old japanese female was admitted because of general fatigue. laboratory data showed elevation of serum total bilirubin, transaminase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, and creatinine levels. an immunological study revealed hypergammaglobulinemia, low titer of complement, and high titers of antinuclear antibody, anti-dna antibody, and circulating immune complexes. antibodies to parainfluenza virus 3 were positive. histology of the liver disclosed numerous giant cell hepatocyte transformati ...19948061807
positions +5 and +6 can be major determinants of the efficiency of non-aug initiation codons for protein synthesis.only rarely do gug (or cug or acg) codons which precede the 5'-proximal aug function as initiators of protein synthesis, even when they are within a context that contains a purine at position -3 and a g at +4. for example, the upstream gug of the human parainfluenza virus type 1 (hpiv1) p gene is initiated by ribosomes at high frequency, whereas a seemingly similar gug codon in the hpiv3 p gene is not used at all. we have examined the reasons for this by expressing chimeric hpiv3/hpiv1 mrnas, bo ...19948062835
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