Publications

TitleAbstractYear(sorted descending)
Filter
PMID
Filter
cell-mediated immune responses in the head-associated lymphoid tissues induced to a live attenuated avian coronavirus vaccine.humoral immunity is important for controlling viral diseases of poultry, but recent studies have indicated that cytotoxic t cells also play an important role in the immune response to infectious bronchitis virus (ibv). to better understand the cell mediated immune responses to ibv in the mucosal and systemic immune compartments chickens were ocularly vaccinated with ibv. this induced a lymphocyte expansion in head-associated lymphoid tissues (halt) and to a lesser extent in the spleen, followed ...201323948147
simultaneous detection of five major serotypes of avian coronavirus by a multiplex microsphere-based assay.avian coronavirus (commonly known as infectious bronchitis virus [ibv]) is of major economic importance to commercial chicken producers worldwide. due to the existence of multiple serotypes and variants of the virus that do not cross-protect, it is important to diagnose circulating serotypes and choose the right vaccine type for successful protection. in an effort to improve conventional diagnostic tests, a microsphere-based assay was developed and evaluated for simultaneous detection of the mos ...201323847226
infectious bronchitis virus as a vector for the expression of heterologous genes.the avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is the causative agent of the respiratory disease infectious bronchitis of domestic fowl, and is controlled by routine vaccination. to explore the potential use of ibv as a vaccine vector a reverse genetics system was utilised to generate infectious recombinant ibvs (ribvs) expressing the reporter genes enhanced green fluorescent protein (egfp) or humanised renilla luciferase (hrluc). infectious ribvs were obtained following the replacement ...201323840781
association of the chicken mhc b haplotypes with resistance to avian coronavirus.clinical respiratory illness was compared in five homozygous chicken lines, originating from homozygous b2, b8, b12 and b19, and heterozygous b2/b12 birds after infection with either of two strains of the infectious bronchitis virus (ibv). all chickens used in these studies originated from white leghorn and ancona linages. ibv gray strain infection of mhc homozygous b12 and b19 haplotype chicks resulted in severe respiratory disease compared to chicks with b2/b2 and b5/b5 haplotypes. demonstrati ...201323178407
molecular characterization of major structural protein genes of avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus isolates in southern china.to gain comprehensive genetic information of circulating avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) isolates in china, analysis of the phylogenetic tree, entropy of the amino acid sequences, and the positive selection as well as computational recombinations of s1, m and n genes of 23 ibv isolates was conducted in the present study. the phylogenetic trees based on the s1, m and n genes exhibited considerably different topology and the ck/ch/lsc/99i-type isolates were the predominant ibvs ...201324304696
molecular survey of enteric viruses in commercial chicken farms in korea with a history of enteritis.several enteric viruses have increasingly received attention as potential causative agents of runting-stunting syndrome (rss) in chickens. a molecular survey was performed to determine the presence of a broad range of enteric viruses, namely chicken astrovirus (castv), avian nephritis virus (anv), chicken parvovirus (chpv), infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), avian rotavirus (avrv), avian reovirus (arv), and fowl adenovirus (fadv), in intestinal samples derived from 34 commercial chicken flocks t ...201324135590
serosurvey for selected infectious agents in two sympatric species of cormorants (phalacrocorax atriceps and phalacrocorax magellanicus) from coastal patagonia, argentina.we conducted a serologic survey for selected infectious agents on two sympatric cormorants, the imperial cormorant (phalacrocorax atriceps) and the rock shag (phalacrocorax magellanicus). blood was collected from 267 imperial cormorants and 106 rock shags at 17 colonies along the patagonia atlantic shore during nine breeding seasons (1994, 1999-2001-2005-2008-2010). antibodies to four pathogens were common to both species and frequently observed: avian paramyxovirus type 1 (56% of imperial cormo ...201323778597
avian metapneumoviruses expressing infectious bronchitis virus genes are stable and induce protection.the study investigates the ability of subtype a avian metapneumovirus (ampv) to accept foreign genes and be used as a vector for delivery of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) qx genes to chickens. initially the gfp gene was added to ampv at all gene junctions in conjunction with the development of cassetted full length dna ampv copies. after recombinant virus had been recovered by reverse genetics, gfp positions supporting gene expression while maintaining virus viability in vitro, were determin ...201323588091
development of an antigen-capture elisa for the detection of avian leukosis virus p27 antigen.an antigen-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ac-elisa) employing monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies against p27 was developed for the detection of the avian leukosis virus (alv). the specificity of the optimized ac-elisa was evaluated using avian leukosis virus subgroup j (alv-j), avian leukosis virus subgroup a (alv-a), avian leukosis virus subgroup b (alv-b), avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), marek's disease virus (mdv), avian infectious laryngotracheitis virus (iltv), fowlpo ...201323201286
production and immunogenicity of chimeric virus-like particles containing the spike glycoprotein of infectious bronchitis virus.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) poses a severe threat to the poultry industry and causes heavy economic losses worldwide. vaccination is the most effective method of preventing infection and controlling the spread of ibv, but currently available inactivated and attenuated virus vaccines have some disadvantages. we developed a chimeric virus-like particle (vlp)-based candidate vaccine for ibv protection. the chimeric vlp was composed of matrix 1 protein from avian influenza h5n1 virus and a fus ...201324378590
emerging viral diseases of livestock in the developing world.emerging and reemerging viral diseases of livestock and human beings are in sharp rise in recent years. importantly, many of these viruses, including influenza, hendra, nipah and corona are of zoonotic importance. several viral diseases of livestock such as bluetongue, peste des petits ruminants, camel pox, equine infectious anaemia, chicken anaemia and sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever are crossing their traditional boundaries. emergence of new serotypes and variant forms of viruses as ...201324426290
[development of a gexp assay for simultaneous differentiation of six chicken respiratory viruses].a gexp based multiplex pcr assay was developed to simultaneously detect six different chicken respiratory viruses including h5, h7, h9 subtypes of avian influenza virus(aiv), new castle disease virus (ndv), infectious bronchitis virus(ibv) and infectious laryngotracheitis virus(iltv). according to the conserved sequences of genes of each pathogen, seven pairs of specific primers were designed, and the reaction conditions were optimized. the specificity and accuracy of gexp were examined using sa ...201323905467
immune responses to infectious laryngotracheitis virus.infectious laryngotracheitis (ilt) is an upper respiratory tract disease in chickens caused by infectious laryngotracheitis virus (iltv), an alphaherpesvirus. despite the extensive use of attenuated, and more recently recombinant, vaccines for the control of this disease, ilt continues to affect the intensive poultry industries worldwide. innate and cell-mediated, rather than humoral immune responses, have been identified as responsible for protection against disease. this review examines the cu ...201323567343
fine level epitope mapping and conservation analysis of two novel linear b-cell epitopes of the avian infectious bronchitis coronavirus nucleocapsid protein.the nucleocapsid (n) protein of the infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) may play an essential role in the replication and translation of viral rna. the n protein can also induce high titers of cross-reactive antibodies and cell-mediated immunity, which protects chickens from acute infection. in this study, we generated two monoclonal antibodies (mabs), designated as 6d10 and 4f10, which were directed against the n protein of ibv using the whole viral particles as immunogens. both of the mabs do no ...201323123213
characterization of nephropathogenic infectious bronchitis virus dmv/1639/11 recovered from delmarva broiler chickens in 2011.a limited outbreak of nephropathogenic infectious bronchitis (nib) occurred in three delmarva (dmv) commercial broiler chicken flocks in 2011. isolates of nib virus (nibv)--dmv/1639/11, dmv/3432/11, and dmv/3902/11--were characterized by sequence analysis of the n-terminal subunit (s1) of the spike (s) gene. findings indicated that the isolates were identical to each other and to pa/9579a/10, a 2010 isolate from poultry in pennsylvania. the 2010 and 2011 isolates appear to have originated from a ...201323678731
role of chicken astrovirus as a causative agent of gout in commercial broilers in india.several outbreaks of gout were reported in commercial broilers in india during 2011 and 2012, causing up to 40% mortality in the birds. gross and histopathological observations confirmed gout. quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qrt-pcr) analysis from kidney samples of gout-affected birds indicated the presence of chicken astrovirus (castv) in 41.7% of cases and a mixed infection of castv and avian nephritis virus (anv) in 36.4% of cases. castv isolated from gout-affect ...201324015918
negatively charged residues in the endodomain are critical for specific assembly of spike protein into murine coronavirus.coronavirus spike (s) protein assembles into virions via its carboxy-terminus, which is composed of a transmembrane domain and an endodomain. here, the carboxy-terminal charge-rich motif in the endodomain was verified to be critical for the specificity of s assembly into mouse hepatitis virus (mhv). recombinant mhvs exhibited a range of abilities to accommodate the homologous s endodomains from the betacoronaviruses bovine coronavirus and human sars-associated coronavirus, the alphacoronavirus p ...201323628137
decay of maternal antibodies in broiler chickens.the objective of this study was to determine the decay rate of maternal antibodies against major broiler chicken pathogens. a total of 30 one-day-old broiler chicks were obtained from a commercial hatchery and reared in isolation. these chicks were retrieved from a parent flock that received a routine vaccination program. chicks were bled at hatch and sequentially thereafter every 5 d through 30 d of age. maternal antibody titers were measured by elisa for avian encephalomyelitis (aev), avian in ...201323960115
development of a chick bioassay for determination of infectivity of viral pathogens in poultry litter.to develop a chicken bioassay to detect infective viral pathogens in poultry litter and to determine the effects of type of chicken and age of exposure, as well as the effect of simulated litter transportation, on the level of viral infectivity detected.201323356376
application of a new bivalent marek's disease vaccine does not interfere with infectious bronchitis or newcastle disease vaccinations and proves efficacious.a possible interference after marek's disease (md) vaccination using an experimental bivalent vaccine, consisting of a redesigned cvi-988/rispens-type mdv-1 strain and herpesvirus of turkeys, with vaccination against infectious bronchitis (ib) virus (ibv) or newcastle disease (nd) virus (ndv) was examined. day-old specific-pathogen-free chicks were concomitantly vaccinated with the bivalent md vaccine (either intramuscularly or subcutaneously) and with commercially available vaccines against nd ...201323901767
burden of respiratory tract infections among paediatric in and out-patient units during 2010-11.respiratory tract infections due to viral etiology were studied with an objective to identify and compare the pathogens between hospital indoor and outdoor units.201323609364
evaluation of infectious bronchitis virus arkansas-type vaccine failure in commercial broilers.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) causes an upper respiratory tract disease in chickens and is highly contagious. many different types of the virus exist, but only a few types are used as attenuated live vaccines in the commercial poultry industry. of the vaccine types used, the arkansas (ark)-type virus is most frequently reisolated from vaccinated broilers. previous research has suggested that incomplete clearance of ark-type vaccine virus plays a role in the inadequate protection observed whe ...201324689182
emergence of a new genotype of avian infectious bronchitis virus in brazil.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is the agent of a highly contagious disease that affects domestic fowl (gallus gallus). recent reports showed a high prevalence of one main ibv genotype (brazil or br-i) with low genetic diversity in commercial poultry flocks from brazil. this research analyzed ibv positive poultry flocks from different rearing regions to verify the s1 gene variability and geographic distribution of variant ibv strains in recent years (2010 and 2011). samples of ibv-positive flo ...201324689178
identification of a noncanonically transcribed subgenomic mrna of infectious bronchitis virus and other gammacoronaviruses.coronavirus subgenomic mrna (sgmrna) synthesis occurs via a process of discontinuous transcription involving transcription regulatory sequences (trss) located in the 5' leader sequence (trs-l) and upstream of each structural and group-specific gene (trs-b). several gammacoronaviruses including infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) contain a putative open reading frame (orf), localized between the m gene and gene 5, which is controversial due to the perceived absence of a trs. we have studied the tra ...201323221558
sequencing, phylogenetic analysis, and potential recombination events of infectious bronchitis viruses isolated in korea.the s2 glycoprotein and membrane (m) protein genes and s1 glycoprotein and nucleocapsid (n) genes of 11 korean infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) isolates were amplified by rt-pcr, cloned, and sequenced. the resultant nucleotide sequences were compared with the published sequences for non-korean ibv strains. korean ibv isolates formed two independent subclusters within the phylogenetic tree based on s2 glycoprotein gene sequences. however, four and two different clusters were formed in the phylog ...201323203570
design, synthesis and crystallographic analysis of nitrile-based broad-spectrum peptidomimetic inhibitors for coronavirus 3c-like proteases.coronaviral infection is associated with up to 5% of respiratory tract diseases. the 3c-like protease (3cl(pro)) of coronaviruses is required for proteolytic processing of polyproteins and viral replication, and is a promising target for the development of drugs against coronaviral infection. we designed and synthesized four nitrile-based peptidomimetic inhibitors with different n-terminal protective groups and different peptide length, and examined their inhibitory effect on the in-vitro enzyma ...201323202846
diagnostic and clinical observation on the infectious bronchitis virus strain q1 in italy.this paper describes the diagnostic and clinical observations of an infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) variant, referred to as q1, in clinically ill chickens in italy. this ibv variant was described for the first time in 1998 in china. in the autumn of 2011 it caused a small-scale epidemic in nonvaccinated meat chickens in farms located in northern italy. the disease was characterized by increased mortality, kidney lesions and proventriculitis. histopathological observations confirmed the nephrit ...201324362775
cross-protective immune responses elicited by a korean variant of infectious bronchitis virus.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) infections cause great economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide. ibvs continuously evolve by developing mutations in antigenic sites; therefore, an ibv vaccine that provides broad cross-protection can be a highly relevant and practical method in ibv control strategies. although some ibv vaccine strains are known to provide protection against multiple ibv serotypes, in general commercially available ibv vaccine strains provide protection against antigeni ...201324283135
transcriptome analysis of chicken kidney tissues following coronavirus avian infectious bronchitis virus infection.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), a prototype of the coronaviridae family, is an economically important causative agent of infectious bronchitis in chickens and causes an acute and highly contagious upper respiratory tract infections that may lead to nephritis. however, the molecular antiviral mechanisms of chickens to ibv infection remain poorly understood. in this study, we conducted global gene expression profiling of chicken kidney tissue after nephropathogenic ibv infection to better under ...201324168272
complete genome sequence of a nephropathogenic infectious bronchitis virus strain isolated in china.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) causes tremendous economic losses to the poultry industry. here, we report the complete genome analysis results for a new natural recombination nephropathogenic ibv strain named saibk, which was isolated in the sichuan province of china in 2005.201324115543
altered pro-inflammatory cytokine mrna levels in chickens infected with infectious bronchitis virus.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) replicates primarily in the respiratory tract and grows in various organs in chickens, with or without pathological effects. the diversity of this virus has been verified by sequence analysis of the s1 glycoprotein gene, but this method must be supplemented with further analysis for characterization of the agent. to increase our understanding of the pathogenesis of the disease caused by this virus, we investigated the response of chickens to 2 ibv with different ...201323960111
sialic acid binding properties of soluble coronavirus spike (s1) proteins: differences between infectious bronchitis virus and transmissible gastroenteritis virus.the spike proteins of a number of coronaviruses are able to bind to sialic acids present on the cell surface. the importance of this sialic acid binding ability during infection is, however, quite different. we compared the spike protein of transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) and the spike protein of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv). whereas sialic acid is the only receptor determinant known so far for ibv, tgev requires interaction with its receptor aminopeptidase n to initiate infectio ...201323896748
changes of several acute phase factors in broiler chickens in response to infectious bronchitis virus infection.this study was performed to clarify the acute phase response following infectious bronchitis virus inoculation. ninety clinically healthy 1-d-old ross chicks were randomly assigned into 2 groups: control (n = 20) and infected group (n = 70). at the age of 20 d, all birds in the infected group were challenged intranasally with allantoic fluid containing 10(5) embryo lethal dose (eld50)/0.1 ml of the infectious bronchitis virus. blood samples were collected from 20 clinically healthy and 70 infect ...201323873545
humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to different doses of attenuated vaccine against avian infectious bronchitis virus.the antibody and cellular immune responses against infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) were evaluated at mucosal sites of chickens after immunization with various doses of an attenuated vaccine at 1 day of age. the correlation of these immune responses with protection of tracheal tissues was evaluated after experimental infection of these birds. significantly reduced tracheal pathologic effects, measured according to ciliostasis and histology lesions, and reduced viral load were observed only in t ...201323865943
identification of two atr-dependent phosphorylation sites on coronavirus nucleocapsid protein with nonessential functions in viral replication and infectivity in cultured cells.coronavirus encodes an extensively phosphorylated and highly basic nucleocapsid (n) protein. previous studies have identified ser190, ser192, thr378 and ser379 as the phosphorylation sites for coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) n protein. in this study, we show that phosphorylation at thr378 and ser379 sites is dependent on the ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (atm) and rad3-related (atr), a kinase activated during ibv replication. introduction of ala substitutions at these two sites ind ...201323849791
lactococcus lactis anchoring avian infectious bronchitis virus multi-epitope peptide epic induced specific immune responses in chickens.mucosal immunity is critical in preventing infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) infection. to deliver viral antigens to the mucosal immune system of chickens safely and effectively, we constructed a lactococcus lactis strain carrying ibv multi-epitope gene epic fused with the gene of the cell-wall anchoring domain of staphylococcus aureus protein a. sds-page and western blot results indicated that the fused peptide was located partially on the cell surface. oral and nasal inoculation with the recom ...201323832344
a duplex sybr green i-based real-time rt-pcr assay for the simultaneous detection and differentiation of massachusetts and non-massachusetts serotypes of infectious bronchitis virus.infectious bronchitis is a highly contagious viral disease of poultry caused by infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) and is considered one of the most economically important viral diseases of chickens. control of ibv has been attempted using live attenuated and inactivated vaccines. live attenuated vaccines of the massachusetts (mass.) serotype are the most commonly used for this purpose. due to the continuous emergence of new variants of the infectious bronchitis virus, the identification of the t ...201323810983
a cholesterol tag at the n terminus of the relatively broad-spectrum fusion inhibitory peptide targets an earlier stage of fusion glycoprotein activation and increases the peptide's antiviral potency in vivo.in previous work, we designed peptides that showed potent inhibition of newcastle disease virus (ndv) and infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) infections in chicken embryos. in this study, we demonstrate that peptides modified with cholesterol or 3 u of polyethylene glycol (peg3) conjugated to the peptides' n termini showed even more promising antiviral activities when tested in animal models. both cholesterol- and cholesterol-peg3-tagged peptides were able to protect chicken embryos from infection ...201323804636
experimental study on histopathological changes and tissue tropism of iranian infectious bronchitis serotype 793/b-like virus in spf chickens.avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is prevalent in all countries with intensive poultry flocks. this disease is characterised primarily by respiratory signs, but some ibv strains may also infect other organs such as the intestinal and urogenital tracts. the aim of this study was to characterise the histopathological lesions and tissue tropism of iranian isolate ir/773/2001(793/b) of avian infectious bronchitis virus in different organs of experimentally infected spf chickens. forty-two one- ...201323718717
the toxicological impacts of the fusarium mycotoxin, deoxynivalenol, in poultry flocks with special reference to immunotoxicity.deoxynivalenol (don) is a common fusarium toxin in poultry feed. chickens are more resistant to the adverse impacts of deoxynivalenol (don) compared to other species. in general, the acute form of don mycotoxicosis rarely occurs in poultry flocks under normal conditions. however, if diets contain low levels of don (less than 5 mg don/kg diet), lower productivity, impaired immunity and higher susceptibility to infectious diseases can occur. the molecular mechanism of action of don has not been co ...201323628787
regulation of macrophage and dendritic cell function by pathogens and through immunomodulation in the avian mucosa.macrophages (mph) and dendritic cells (dc) are members of the mononuclear phagocyte system. in chickens, markers to distinguish mph from dc are lacking, but whether mph and dc can be distinguished in humans and mice is under debate, despite the availability of numerous markers. mucosal mph and dc are strategically located to ingest foreign antigens, suggesting they can rapidly respond to invading pathogens. this review addresses our current understanding of dc and mph function, the receptors exp ...201323542704
continuous evolution of avian infectious bronchitis virus resulting in different variants co-circulating in southern china.sixty field strains of avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) were isolated from chicken flocks in different regions of guangxi from 1985 to 2012. phylogenetic analysis of s1 subunit glycoprotein genes revealed that field isolates from 2009-2011 mostly belonged to the lx4 type, while those from 1985-2008 belonged to the hn08 type, and a few others belonged to the 4/91 type, the tw type and the mass type. in addition, it is noteworthy that no obvious regional differences were found among these 6 ...201323474985
detection of infectious bronchitis virus serotypes by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in broiler chickens.infectious bronchitis (ib) is a highly contagious disease of the respiratory and urogenital tract of chickens, caused by infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), a member of the family coronaviridae. the disease is common throughout the world where chickens are produced commercially. pcr on reverse transcribed rna is a potent technique for the detection of ibv. in comparison with classical detection methods, pcr-based techniques are both sensitive and fast. dozens of serotypes and genotypes of ibv hav ...201323450039
genetic diversity of spike, 3a, 3b and e genes of infectious bronchitis viruses and emergence of new recombinants in korea.the nucleotide sequences of a region including s1, s2, 3a, 3b and e genes of twenty-seven infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) isolates in korea between 1990-2011 were determined and phylogenetic and computational recombination analyses were conducted. the sizes of coding regions of some genes varied among ibv isolates due to deletion or insertion of nucleotides; the nucleotide similarities of s1, s2, 3a, 3b and e genes among the 27 isolates were 75.9%-100.0%, 85%-100.0%, 64.0%-100.0%, 60.4%-100.0% ...201323435235
the required sample size in vaccination-challenge experiments with infectious bronchitis virus, a meta-analysis.for statistical, animal welfare and financial reasons the choice of the number of chickens per group in experiments is important. this estimation, together with the number of tracheal organ cultures (tocs) that need to be examined from each chicken in order to assess protection, should be based on the difference in level of protection that one would like to be able to detect (effect size), the expected variability of the results between and within the chickens, the desired confidence level and t ...201323391176
protection of chickens against infectious bronchitis virus with a multivalent dna vaccine and boosting with an inactivated vaccine.the protective efficacy of dna plasmids encoding avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) s1, n, or m protein was investigated in chickens. chickens were inoculated monovalently (with plasmid pvax1-16s1, pvax1-16m, or pvax1-16n alone) or multivalently (combination of the three different plasmids, pvax1-16s1/m/n). a prime-boost immunization protocol against ibv was developed. chickens were immunized with the multivalent dna vaccine twice and then boosted with an inactivated vaccine once. antibody ...201323388447
analysis of a qx-like avian infectious bronchitis virus genome identified recombination in the region containing the orf 5a, orf 5b, and nucleocapsid protein gene sequences.the complete genome of a qx-like infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) strain sczy3 isolated recently in sichuan was sequenced. the genome contains 27,695 nucleotides (nt), and possesses a genomic structure similar to other ibv strains. sequence comparisons demonstrated that the sczy3 genome had the highest nt sequence identity with qx-like ibvs and was most dissimilar to the massachusetts type ibv. differences in the sequences of genes present in the sczy3 genome and other ibvs gene sequences were ...201323355072
multiplex nested rt-pcr for detecting avian influenza virus, infectious bronchitis virus and newcastle disease virus.in this study, multiplex nested rt-pcr (mnrt-pcr) was applied to simultaneous detect multiplex pcr with the higher sensitivity of nested pcr that is required for avian influenza, infectious bronchitis and newcastle disease virus using two steps of amplification. for the first pcr, primers that were specific for each virus were newly designed from the nucleoprotein gene of aiv, the nucleocapsid protein gene of ibv and the fusion protein gene of ndv to amplify products of 665, 386 and 236 nucleoti ...201323261801
rapid nk-cell activation in chicken after infection with infectious bronchitis virus m41.natural killer (nk) cells are cytotoxic lymphocytes and play an important role in the early defence against viruses. in this study we focussed on nk cell and interferon (ifn) responses after infection with infectious bronchitis virus (ibv). based on surface expression of cd107+, enhanced activation of lung nk cells was observed at 1 dpi, whereas in blood prolonged nk-cell activation was found. ifn-α and ifn-β mrna and proteins were not rapidly induced whereas ifn-γ production in lung, measured b ...201323245429
neuraminidase subtyping of avian influenza viruses with primerhunter-designed primers and quadruplicate primer pools.we have previously developed a software package called primerhunter to design primers for pcr-based virus subtyping. in this study, 9 pairs of primers were designed with primerhunter and successfully used to differentiate the 9 neuraminidase (na) genes of avian influenza viruses (aivs) in multiple pcr-based assays. furthermore, primer pools were designed and successfully used to decrease the number of reactions needed for na subtyping from 9 to 4. the quadruplicate primer-pool method is cost-sav ...201324312367
evolution of infectious bronchitis virus in taiwan: positively selected sites in the nucleocapsid protein and their effects on rna-binding activity.rna recombination has been shown to underlie the sporadic emergence of new variants of coronavirus, including the infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), a highly contagious avian pathogen. we have demonstrated that rna recombination can give rise to a new viral population, supported by the finding that most isolated taiwanese (tw) ibvs, similar to chinese (ch) ibvs, exhibit a genetic rearrangement with the american (us) ibv at the 5' end of the nucleocapsid (n) gene. here, we further show that posit ...201323159091
characterization of a recombinant coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus with distinct s1 subunits of spike and nucleocapsid genes and a 3' untranslated region.an infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), ck/ch/lzj/111113, was isolated from a h120-vaccinated chicken which showed disease suspected of ibv infection. neutralization testing showed that ck/ch/lzj/111113 was distinct from either the chinese predominant ibv lx4-type or mass-type vaccine strains. phylogenetic analysis confirmed that ck/ch/lzj/111113 is of the 4/91 type; however, further extensive analyses of full-length genomes identified occurrence of recombination events. therefore, ck/ch/lzj/11111 ...201323182435
comparative analysis of four massachusetts type infectious bronchitis coronavirus genomes reveals a novel massachusetts type strain and evidence of natural recombination in the genome.four massachusetts-type (mass-type) strains of infectious bronchitis coronavirus (ibv) were compared genetically with the pathogenic m41 and h120 vaccine strains using the complete genomic sequences. the results revealed that strains ck/ch/lnm/091017 and ck/ch/ldl/101212 were closely related to the h120 vaccine, which suggests that they might represent re-isolations of vaccine strains or variants of vaccine strains that have resulted from the accumulated point mutations after several passages in ...201323178317
establishment of reverse genetics system for infectious bronchitis virus attenuated vaccine strain h120.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) strain h120 was successfully rescued as infectious clone by reverse genetics. thirteen 1.5-2.8 kb fragments contiguously spanning the virus genome were amplified and cloned into pmd19-t. transcription grade complete length cdna was acquired by a modified "no see'm" ligation strategy, which employed restriction enzyme bsa i and bsmb i and ligated more than two fragments in one t4 ligase reaction. the full-length genomic cdna was transcribed and its transcript was ...201322999521
identification of three h-2k(d) restricted ctl epitopes of ns4a and ns4b protein from yellow fever 17d vaccine.in this study, 12 nonamers derived from the nonstructural protein ns4a and ns4b of a chinese attenuated yellow fever 17d (yf-17d) vaccine strain were screened for their ability to elicit a recall interferon-γ (ifn-γ) response from the splenocytes of balb/c mice following dna vaccination and a booster vaccination with recombinant vaccinia virus expressing ns4a or ns4b protein. three peptides (amino acid residues s(106)yimliffv from ns4a protein and v(43)yvgivtml and l(174)ylllalsl from ns4b prote ...201323123122
sequence analysis of infectious bronchitis virus isolates from the 1960s in the united states.to better understand the molecular epidemiology of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) in the united states following the introduction of commercial ibv vaccines, we sequenced the s1 and n structural protein genes of thirteen ibv field isolates collected in the 1960s. analysis of the s1 sequence showed that seven isolates were of the massachusetts (mass) genotype, five were se17, and one was of the connecticut (conn) genotype, suggesting that these three ibvs were circulating in commercial poultry ...201323065112
[biochemical research on avian infectious bronchitis. behavior of cholesterol, urea and uric acid in the amnio-allantoid fluids of normal and infected embryonated eggs]. 20135496205
molecular characterization of infectious bronchitis viruses isolated from broiler and layer chicken farms in egypt during 2012.one of the major problems of avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is the frequent emergence of new variants. in the present study 205 tracheal swabs and organs were collected from broilers and layers chicken farms during january to august 2012 from 19 governorates all over egypt. the chickens demonstrated respiratory signs and mortality. out of the examined samples, 130 of which (about 64%) of suspected farms were positive for ibv with real time rt-pcr. 13 ibv-positive samples were selected f ...201332289036
protection conferred by a recombinant marek's disease virus that expresses the spike protein from infectious bronchitis virus in specific pathogen-free chicken.in many countries, the predominant field isolates of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) have been classified as qx-like strains since 1996. however, no commercial vaccines that are specific for this type of ibv are currently available. therefore, there is an urgent need to develop novel vaccines that prevent qx-like ibv infection.201222559869
effects of chicken anaemia virus and infectious bursal disease virus-induced immunodeficiency on infectious bronchitis virus replication and genotypic drift.we followed changes in a portion of the s1 gene sequence of the dominant populations of an infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) arkansas (ark) vaccine strain during serial passage in chickens infected with the immunosuppressive chicken anaemia virus (cav) and/or infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) as well as in immunocompetent chickens. the ibv-ark vaccine was applied ocularly and tears were collected from infected chickens for subsequent ocular inoculation in later passages. the experiment was ...201222897690
development of fpv140 antigen-specific elisa differentiating fowlpox virus isolates from all other viral pathogens of avian origin.the fpv140 gene encodes an envelope protein of fowlpox virus (fpv). in this study, the fpv140 gene of fpv chinese isolate hh2008 was cloned and the comparison of its sequence with other fpv isolates showed it to be highly conserved across all fpv isolates. a recombinant plasmid pet-fpv140 carrying fpv140 gene was constructed and transformed into escherichia coli. the optimal expression condition for the fpv140 gene was developed and purified fpv140 recombinant protein was used to produce rabbit ...201222991535
purification, crystallization and preliminary x-ray analysis of nonstructural protein 2 (nsp2) from avian infectious bronchitis virus.avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is a member of the group iii coronaviruses, which differ from the other groups of coronaviruses in that they do not encode the essential pathogenic factor nonstructural protein 1 (nsp1) and instead start with nsp2. ibv nsp2 is one of the first replicase proteins to be translated and processed in the viral life cycle; however, it has an entirely unknown function. in order to better understand the structural details and functional mechanism of ibv nsp2, the ...201222684079
effect of anti-inflammatory drugs on colibacillosis lesions in broilers after infectious bronchitis virus and subsequent escherichia coli infection.in case of persistent and sterile inflammation, anti-inflammatory drugs should be considered as first choice treatment instead of antibiotics.201222475186
immune responses to mucosal vaccination by the recombinant a1 and n proteins of infectious bronchitis virus.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is prevented primarily by the use of live attenuated vaccines, which are known to have a limited strain range of protection. alternative vaccines against the emerging new virus strains can improve control of the disease. the aim of this study was to evaluate the immunogenic potential of two recombinant viral proteins, when administered by eyedrop, without the assistance of a vector. the recombinant s1 (rs1) and n (rn) proteins of the m41 strain expressed in e. c ...201222225471
avian reovirus sigma c enhances the mucosal and systemic immune responses elicited by antigen-conjugated lactic acid bacteria.mucosal surfaces are common sites of pathogen colonization/entry. effective mucosal immunity by vaccination should provide protection at this primary infection site. our aim was to develop a new vaccination strategy that elicits a mucosal immune response. a new strain of enterococcus faecium, a non pathogenic lactic acid bacteria (lab) with strong cell adhesion ability, was identified and used as a vaccine vector to deliver two model antigens. specifically, sigma (σ) c protein of avian reovirus ...201222531554
detection of avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus type qx infection in switzerland.infectious bronchitis, a disease of chickens caused by avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), leads to severe economic losses for the poultry industry worldwide. various attempts to control the virus based on vaccination strategies are performed. however, due to the emergence of novel genotypes, an effective control of the virus is hindered. in 1996, a novel viral genotype named ibv-qx was reported for the first time in qingdao, shandong province, china. the first appearance of an ...201223051829
complete genome sequences of two chinese virulent avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus variants.avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is variable, which causes many serotypes. here we reported the complete genome sequences of two virulent ibv variants from china, gx-yl5 and gx-yl9, belonging to different serotypes. differences between gx-yl5 and gx-yl9 were found mainly in stem-loop structure i in the predicted rna secondary structure of open reading frame (orf) 1b and the s protein gene fusion region, which will help us understand the molecular evolutionary mechanism of ibv ...201222966194
avian coronavirus spike glycoprotein ectodomain shows a low codon adaptation to gallus gallus with virus-exclusive codons in strategic amino acids positions.this is a study on the avian coronavirus ibv and chicken host-relationship from the codon usage point of view based on fifty-nine non-redundant ibv s1 sequences (nt 1-507) from strains detected worldwide and chicken tissue-specific protein genes sequences from ibv-replicating sites. the effective number of codons (enc) values ranged from 36 to 47.8, indicating a high-to-moderate codon usage bias. the highest ibv codon adaptation index (cai) value was 0.7, indicating a distant virus versus host s ...201222903606
molecular evolution and emergence of avian gammacoronaviruses.coronaviruses, which are single stranded, positive sense rna viruses, are responsible for a wide variety of existing and emerging diseases in humans and other animals. the gammacoronaviruses primarily infect avian hosts. within this genus of coronaviruses, the avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) causes a highly infectious upper-respiratory tract disease in commercial poultry. ibv shows rapid evolution in chickens, frequently producing new antigenic types, which adds to the multip ...201222609285
expression of the c-type lectins dc-sign or l-sign alters host cell susceptibility for the avian coronavirus, infectious bronchitis virus.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), an avian coronavirus, is a cause of great economic loss in the poultry industry. the virus mainly infects respiratory epithelium, but can be also detected in other organs. the functional receptor for the virus has not been found and field strains of ibv do not infect conventional cell lines. recently, it has been shown that the c-type lectins dc-sign/l-sign can promote entry of several coronaviruses. here we examine whether dc-sign/l-sign are entry determinants ...201222340967
bioinformatics and evolutionary insight on the spike glycoprotein gene of qx-like and massachusetts strains of infectious bronchitis virus.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is a gammacoronavirus of the family coronaviridae and is a causative agent of an economically important disease in poultry. the spike glycoprotein of ibv is essential for host cell attachment, neutralization, and is involved in the induction of protective immunity. previously obtained sequence data of the spike gene of ibv qx-like and massachusetts strains were subjected to bioinformatics analysis.201222992336
co-infection of broilers with ornithobacterium rhinotracheale and h9n2 avian influenza virus.since 2008, a progressive pneumonia has become prevalent in broilers and laying hens. this disease occurrs the first day after hatching and lasts more than 30 days, resulting in approximately 70% morbidity and 30% mortality in broilers. the objective of this study was to isolate and identify the pathogens that are responsible for the progressive pneumonia and establish an animal model for drug screening.201222748160
up-regulation of mcl-1 and bak by coronavirus infection of human, avian and animal cells modulates apoptosis and viral replication.virus-induced apoptosis and viral mechanisms that regulate this cell death program are key issues in understanding virus-host interactions and viral pathogenesis. like many other human and animal viruses, coronavirus infection of mammalian cells induces apoptosis. in this study, the global gene expression profiles are first determined in ibv-infected vero cells at 24 hours post-infection by affymetrix array, using avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) as a model system. it reveals ...201222253918
influenza c virus-associated community-acquired pneumonia in children.to evaluate the impact of influenza c (icv) infection in children with community-acquired pneumonia (cap), all of the children consecutively seen during 4 influenza seasons with respiratory symptoms and radiographically confirmed cap were prospectively evaluated. icv was identified in the respiratory secretions of five of 391 patients (1·3%). in children with icv-associated cap, clinical data were similar to those observed in children with iav-associated cap and worse than those observed in chil ...201223594251
the proportion of specific viral subpopulations in attenuated arkansas delmarva poultry industry infectious bronchitis vaccines influences vaccination outcome.we investigated the significance of differing proportions of specific subpopulations among commercial arkansas (ark) delmarva poultry industry (dpi) vaccines with regard to vaccination outcome. two arkdpi-derived vaccines that contain a higher proportion of viruses with s1 genes that become selected during replication in chickens exhibited more rapid establishment of those selected subpopulations in chickens, produced significantly higher viral loads in tears, and induced higher antibody respons ...201223397834
review of infectious bronchitis virus around the world.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is a gamma coronavirus that causes a highly contagious disease in chickens. the virus can affect the upper respiratory tract and the reproductive tract, and some strains can cause a nephritis. different serotypes and genetic types of the virus have been identified worldwide and for the most part do not cross-protect. in addition, new types of the virus continue to arise due to mutations and recombination events in the viral genome, making this virus difficult to ...201223397833
[evaluation of antigenic relationship of guangxi isolates of infectious bronchitis virus].monovalent antisera of 3 vaccine strains and 7 representative field isolates were prepared based on the comparison of genetic diversity of the hypervariable region i of s1 gene (hvr i from 3 infectious bronchitis (ib) vaccine strains (h120, ma5 and 4/91) ,one reference strain m41 and 26 ib field isolates. these 30 strains were classified in 7 different genotypes, respectively. virus-neutralizing test on tracheal organ cultures (toc) with chicken embryo were used to evaluate relatedness values of ...201223367560
Modification of the avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus for vaccine development.Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) causes an infectious respiratory disease of domestic fowl that affects poultry of all ages causing economic problems for the poultry industry worldwide. Although IBV is controlled using live attenuated and inactivated vaccines it continues to be a major problem due to the existence of many serotypes, determined by the surface spike protein resulting in poor cross-protection, and loss of immunogenicity associated with vaccine production. Live attenuated IBV vacci ...201222179147
Antiviral activity of arbidol, a broad-spectrum drug for use against respiratory viruses, varies according to test conditions.The therapeutic activity of arbidol was investigated against representatives of seven different virus families. Its 50% median effective concentration (EC(50) ) was 0.22-11.8?µg/ml (0.41-22?nM). Therapeutic indices of 91 were obtained for type 1 poliovirus and 1.9-8.5 for influenza A and B, human paramyxo-3, avian infectious bronchitis-, and Marek's disease viruses. Arbidol was more inhibitory for influenza A/Aichi/2/68 (H3N2) virus than rimantadine or amantadine (EC(50) 10 vs. >15 and >31.6?µg/ ...201222028179
Live attenuated nephropathogenic infectious bronchitis virus vaccine provides broad cross protection against new variant strains.Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) infections cause great economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide, and the emergence of new variant strains complicates disease control. The present study investigated the genetic and protectotypic features of newly emerged Korean IBV strains. A phylogenetic analysis showed that several recent isolates formed 2 different clusters (new cluster 1 and 2), which were distinct from other preexisting clusters. New cluster 1 IBV strains represented recombinants ...201222184432
preparation and characterization of egg yolk immunoglobulin y specific to influenza b virus.the aim of this study was to prepare egg yolk immunoglobulin (igy) for use in the prevention and treatment of influenza b viral infections. laying hens were immunized with inactivated influenza b virus (ibv), and igy was isolated from the egg yolk by multiple polyethylene glycol (peg) 6000 extraction and ammonium sulfate purification steps. the titers and specificity of the purified antibodies were assessed. the specific igy titer increased beginning the second week after the first immunization, ...201222127067
efficacy of intranasal and spray delivery of adjuvanted live vaccine against infectious bronchitis virus in experimentally infected poultry.live vaccines are widely used in the avian industry. such vaccines can be either injected or delivered on animal mucosa and are usually not adjuvanted. in this study we show that live vaccines efficacy can be improved by formulation with adjuvants in a model of mucosal delivery of live infectious bronchitis vaccine in chicken. three adjuvant technologies have been tested using intranasal and spray delivery methods to poultry. those technologies are water in oil in water emulsion, nanoparticles a ...201232288918
s1 gene sequence analysis of new variant isolates of avian infectious bronchitis virus in tunisia.tissue samples were collected from suspected broiler flocks showing respiratory signs to identify infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), characterize emerging field strains, and study their relationships with the massachusetts h120 strain, the only ib vaccine used in tunisia.201230155432
optimization of transfection methods for huh-7 and vero cells: a comparative study.availability of an efficient transfection protocol is the first determinant in success of gene transferring studies in mammalian cells which is accomplished experimentally for every single cell type. herein, we provide data of a comparative study on optimization of transfection condition by electroporation and chemical methods for huh-7 and vero cells. different cell confluencies, dna/reagent ratios and total transfection volumes were optimized for two chemical reagents including jetpei™ and lip ...201232214542
infectious bronchitis virus subpopulations in vaccinated chickens after challenge.infectious bronchitis coronavirus (ibv) shows extensive genotypic and phenotypic variability. the evolutionary process involves generation of genetic diversity by mutations and recombination followed by replication of those phenotypes favored by selection. in the current study, we examined changes occurring in a wild arkansas (ark) challenge strain in chickens that were vaccinated either ocularly with commercially available attenuated arkdpi-derived vaccines or in ovo with a replication-defectiv ...201223050466
genetic diversity and selection regulates evolution of infectious bronchitis virus.conventional and molecular epidemiologic studies have confirmed the ability of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) to rapidly evolve and successfully circumvent extensive vaccination programs implemented since the early 1950s. ibv evolution has often been explained as variation in gene frequencies as if evolution were driven by genetic drift alone. however, the mechanisms regulating the evolution of ibv include both the generation of genetic diversity and the selection process. ibv's generation of ...201223050459
expression of avian infectious bronchitis virus multi-epitope based peptide epic in lactococcus lactis for oral immunization of chickens.the avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) multi-epitope based peptide epic was found to be effective in inducing strong humoral and cellular responses against ibv. in this study, the gene epic was introduced into lactococcus lactis nz3900, and three recombinant strains expressing epic in intracellular and extracellular forms were constructed. sds-page and western blot results indicated that epic was successfully expressed and had good immunoreactivity with chicken anti-ibv serum. fusion of the ...201223047098
circulation of qx-like infectious bronchitis virus in the middle east. 201223042850
effect of infection route and concurrent infectious bronchitis virus vaccination on mycoplasma gallisepticum disease pathology in an experimental model.the study of mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) infection is needed, not only to understand the disease process but also to understand the mechanisms by which mg vaccines protect the host. many model systems have been used to study the mg disease process. this work compared two different routes of infection (intratracheal versus eye drop) in commercial pullets, looking for differences in the pathology (air sac and tracheal lesion scores, and tracheal mucosal thickness) and the humoral immune response ...201223025670
qx-like infectious bronchitis virus isolated from cases of proventriculitis in commercial broilers in england. 201223118050
characterization of cellular furin content as a potential factor determining the susceptibility of cultured human and animal cells to coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus infection.in previous studies, the beaudette strain of coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) was adapted from chicken embryo to vero, a monkey kidney cell line, by serial propagation for 65 passages. to characterize the susceptibility of other human and animal cells to ibv, 15 human and animal cell lines were infected with the vero-adapted ibv and productive infection was observed in four human cell lines: h1299, hepg2, hep3b and huh7. in other cell lines, the virus cannot be propagated beyond pas ...201222995191
d1466-like genotype of infectious bronchitis virus responsible for a new epidemic in chickens in poland. 201222903901
emergence of a novel genotype of avian infectious bronchitis virus in egypt.five avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) isolates were isolated from broiler chickens showing respiratory and renal lesions. the isolated strains were characterized by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and sequence analysis of the hypervariable region 3 of the s1 spike glycoprotein gene. three out of five isolates formed a distinct phylogenetic group with the egypt/beni-suef/01 variant (var 1). two of the five isolates showed 89 and 84 % amino acid sequence identity and 89 and ...201222903394
infectious bronchitis virus nucleoprotein specific ctl response is generated prior to serum igg.infectious bronchitis (ib) is an acute and highly contagious viral respiratory disease of chickens. to understand the kinetics and relationships between the humoral (ab) and antigen specific t cell immunity as well as pathological changes during infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) infection and immunization, one-week-old spf chickens were vaccinated with live ibv h52 strain and challenged with ibv m41 15 days post primary infection. chickens were sacrificed every 3 days to monitor antigen specific ...201222835899
expression and purification of coronavirus envelope proteins using a modified β-barrel construct.coronavirus envelope (e) proteins are short (~100 residues) polypeptides that contain at least one transmembrane (tm) domain and a cluster of 2-3 juxtamembrane cysteines. these proteins are involved in viral morphogenesis and tropism, and their absence leads in some cases to aberrant virions, or to viral attenuation. in common to other viroporins, coronavirus envelope proteins increase membrane permeability to ions. although an nmr-based model for the tm domain of the e protein in the severe acu ...201222819936
recent progress in studies of arterivirus- and coronavirus-host interactions.animal coronaviruses, such as infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), and arteriviruses, such as porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv), are able to manifest highly contagious infections in their specific native hosts, thereby arising in critical economic damage to animal industries. this review discusses recent progress in studies of virus-host interactions during animal and human coronavirus and arterivirus infections, with emphasis on ibv-host cell interactions. these interact ...201222816036
the long view: 40 years of infectious bronchitis research.the remit of this review is to provide the non-specialist reader of avian pathology with an overview of research carried out on infectious bronchitis over the 40 years since the journal was first published. in order to do this, we felt it necessary to summarize the knowledge acquired previously, since the since the disease was first identified in the 1930s. infectious bronchitis virus is a significant pathogen in the domestic chicken, affecting the respiratory and renal systems as well as the fe ...201222702451
application of purified recombinant antigenic spike fragments to the diagnosis of avian infectious bronchitis virus infection.the spike (s) protein, containing two subunits, s1 and s2, is the major immunity-eliciting antigen of avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), a highly contagious disease of chickens. several immunogenic regions, mainly located within the s1 subunit, have been identified. nonetheless, these immune-dominant regions were defined using selected monoclonal antibodies or using a short peptide approach that involves only certain limited regions of the s protein. in addition, some immune-dominant regio ...201222627759
virulent avian infectious bronchitis virus, people's republic of china.a virulent avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) was isolated from 30-day-old broiler chickens that exhibited respiratory symptoms, nephropathologic lesions, and a high proportion of deaths in the people's republic of china during 2005. the strain, designated yn, was genetically and pathologically characterized. phylogenetic analysis showed that yn and most of the previously characterized ibv isolates found in china were phylogenetically classified into 2 main genetic clusters. the yn isolate ...201223171741
complete genome sequence of an infectious bronchitis virus chimera between cocirculating heterotypic strains.to date, multiple serotypes and genotypes of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) have been isolated and identified. in order to provide more information on the viral evolution of ibvs, a new virulent strain named gx-nn09032, isolated from guangxi, china, in 2009, was sequenced, and phylogenetic and recombination analyses were conducted. furthermore, potential recombination events associated with gx-nn09032 were found in four ibv strains, including gx-yl5, dy07, ck/ch/sd09/005, tc07-2. the present ...201223166279
Refresh
firstprev
12345678910...
nextlast
Displaying items 701 - 800 of 2354