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prevalence of and risk factors associated with viral and bacterial pathogens in farmed european wild boar.the aim of this study was to estimate in farmed european wild boars the prevalence of and risk factors associated with a range of common porcine viral and bacterial infections, namely, porcine parvovirus (ppv), porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), swine influenza virus (siv), aujeszky's disease virus (adv), classical swine fever virus (csfv), swine vesicular disease virus (svdv), coronavirus causing transmissible gastroenteritis (tgev), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv), m ...201222516920
characterization of c-strain "riems" tav-epitope escape variants obtained through selective antibody pressure in cell culture.classical swine fever virus (csfv) c-strain "riems" escape variants generated under selective antibody pressure with monoclonal antibodies and a peptide-specific antiserum in cell culture were investigated. candidates with up to three amino acid exchanges in the immunodominant and highly conserved linear tav-epitope of the e2-glycoprotein, and additional mutations in the envelope proteins erns and e1, were characterized both in vitro and in vivo.it was further demonstrated, that intramuscular im ...201222515281
a t-cell epitope on ns3 non-structural protein enhances the b and t cell responses elicited by dendrimeric constructions against csfv in domestic pigs.it has been recently reported by our group that dendrimeric constructs combining b- and t-cell epitopes from classical swine fever virus (csfv) provided partial protection against experimental infection. this research evaluated four newly designed constructions while taking into account our previous work, including the direct implication that a t-cell epitope from the ns3 protein contributes to the generation of the immune response against csfv. to this end, the dendrimeric constructions, includ ...201222959286
efficacy of marker vaccine candidate cp7_e2alf in piglets with maternally derived c-strain antibodies.marker vaccines offer the possibility to differentiate classical swine fever (csf) infected from csf vaccinated animals based on serology and their implementation will ensure free trade with pigs. therefore, new generations of promising marker vaccines have been developed, among them the chimeric vaccine cp7_e2alf. however, in populations previously vaccinated with live attenuated vaccines like the c-strain, passive immunity through maternal antibodies can interfere with efficacy of cp7_e2alf va ...201222939909
in vitro infection with classical swine fever virus inhibits the transcription of immune response genes.classical swine fever virus (csfv) can evade the immune response and establish chronic infection under natural and experimental conditions. some genes related to antigen processing and presentation and to cytokine regulation are known to be involved in this response, but the precise mechanism through which each gene responds to csfv infection remains unclear.201222925563
comparison of pcr methods for detection of classical swine fever virus and other pestiviruses.classical swine fever (csf) is a notifiable, highly contagious disease of swine controlled mainly with costly administrative methods. swine may be infected not only with classical swine fever virus (csfv), but also with other, non porcine, genetically and antigenically related pestiviruses. differentiation of infections with csfv and other pestiviruses is a crucial element of diagnostics. in the present study two real-time pcr methods and conventional one-tube nested pcr for specific detection o ...201223390749
new insights into the antigenic structure of the glycoprotein e(rns) of classical swine fever virus by epitope mapping.the e(rns) glycoprotein of classical swine fever virus (csfv) has been studied in detail concerning biochemical and functional properties, whereas less is known about its antigenic structure. in order to define epitopes recognized by csfv-specific antibodies, the binding sites of seven e(rns)-specific monoclonal antibodies were investigated. mapping experiments using chimeric e(rns) proteins, site-directed mutagenesis and an overlapping peptide library identified one antigenic region located bet ...201222868042
detection of antibodies against classical swine fever virus in fecal samples from wild boar.classical swine fever (csf) is a contagious viral disease that affects pigs. wild boars can play an important epidemiological role in csf outbreaks. in the past decades, studies conducted in many countries have reported that the csf virus (csfv) may persist in wild boar populations. the existence of csfv in the free-ranging wild boar populations was indirectly confirmed by determining the prevalence of antibodies against csfv in the serum of hunted wild boars. however, analyzing sero-prevalence ...201222841406
classical swine fever virus ns5a regulates viral rna replication through binding to ns5b and 3'utr.in this report, classical swine fever virus (csfv) ns5a inhibit viral rna replication when its concentration reached and surpassed the level of ns5b. three amino acid fragments of csfv ns5a, 137-172, 224-268 and 390-414 individually were shown to be essential to ns5b binding. the former two fragments were independently necessary for regulation of viral rna replication and correlated with ns5b and 3'utr binding activity. we also found that amino acids w143, v145, p227, t246, p257, k399, t401, e40 ...201222795973
outbreaks of highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome in jiangxi province, china.in 2007, herds of pigs in jiangxi province, china experienced outbreaks of a severe form of suspected porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (prrs) characterized by high fever, high morbidity and mortality in animals of different ages. 152 swine sera and 42 tissues (consisting of liver, lung, lymph node and kidney) from five herds of pigs were collected. pigs were diagnosed as infected with a highly pathogenic form of the prrs virus (prrsv) based on elisa and reverse transcriptase polymer ...201222784793
a real-time pcr to detect and analyze virulent emcv loads in sows and piglets.a real-time polymerase chain reaction with sybr green was developed for the detection and quantification of encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) in porcine tissues; the method uses two primers specific for the 3d gene. the detection limit of this assay was 22 gene copies/reaction, equivalent to 0.001 tcid(50)/ml. the assay was linear over a 10(7) dilution range of template concentrations and was specific for emcv; it did not amplify other porcine pathogens (porcine circovirus 2, porcine reproductiv ...201222752806
identification of conformational epitopes and antigen-specific residues at the d/a domains and the extramembrane c-terminal region of e2 glycoprotein of classical swine fever virus.envelope glycoprotein e2 of classical swine fever virus (csfv) is the major antigen that induces neutralizing antibodies in infected pigs. previous studies revealed that both conformation-dependent and linear epitopes are most present within domains b/c/d/a in the n-terminal half of e2. however, studies of antigenicity beyond the b/c domains remain limited. this study revealed that conformational epitopes were present on the d/a domains as well as the proximal c-terminal of e2, since the mutatio ...201222727685
classical swine fever virus ns5a protein localizes to endoplasmic reticulum and induces oxidative stress in vascular endothelial cells.classical swine fever virus (csfv) causes a severe disease of pigs that is characterized by hemorrhage, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and leucopenia. until now, the role of the nonstructural protein 5a (ns5a) produced by csfv in the pathogenesis of csf is not well known. in this study, we investigated the function of csfv ns5a by examining its role in the induction of oxidative stress and related intracellular events. stable swine umbilical vein endothelial cell lines expressing csfv n ...201222718084
improved strategy for phylogenetic analysis of classical swine fever virus based on full-length e2 encoding sequences.molecular epidemiology has proven to be an essential tool in the control of classical swine fever (csf) and its use has significantly increased during the past two decades. phylogenetic analysis is a prerequisite for virus tracing and thus allows implementing more effective control measures. so far, fragments of the 5´ntr (150 nucleotides, nt) and the e2 gene (190 nt) have frequently been used for phylogenetic analyses. the short sequence lengths represent a limiting factor for differentiation o ...201222676246
modulation of translation initiation efficiency in classical swine fever virus.modulation of translation initiation efficiency on classical swine fever virus (csfv) rna can be achieved by targeted mutations within the internal ribosome entry site (ires). in this study, cdnas corresponding to the wild-type (wt) or mutant forms of the ires of csfv strain paderborn were amplified and inserted into dicistronic reporter plasmids encoding fluc and rluc under the control of a t7 promoter. the mutations were within domains ii, iiid(1), and iiif of the ires. the plasmids were trans ...201222674994
selection of classical swine fever virus with enhanced pathogenicity reveals synergistic virulence determinants in e2 and ns4b.classical swine fever virus (csfv) is the causative agent of classical swine fever (csf), a highly contagious disease of pigs. there are numerous csfv strains that differ in virulence, resulting in clinical disease with different degrees of severity. low-virulent and moderately virulent isolates cause a mild and often chronic disease, while highly virulent isolates cause an acute and mostly lethal hemorrhagic fever. the live attenuated vaccine strain gpe(-) was produced by multiple passages of t ...201222674973
interactive cellular proteins related to classical swine fever virus non-structure protein 2 by yeast two-hybrid analysis.classical swine fever is caused by the classical swine fever virus (csfv), which has a special affinity to endothelial cells. this fever is characterized by hemorrhage and necrosis of vascular injury. very little information is available on the interaction between vascular endothelial cells and csfv. in the current report, the cdna library of swine umbilical vein endothelial cell (suvec) was constructed by the switching mechanism at 5' end of the rna transcript approach. the yeast two-hybrid (y2 ...201223076522
strain-specific monoclonal antibodies to the e2 protein of classical swine fever virus, paderborn strain.monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against the e2 protein of classical swine fever virus (csfv) are useful for diagnosis and strain characterization. a purified, baculovirus-expressed csfv e2 protein from the paderborn strain was formulated with a saponin adjuvant and successfully used to induce an antigen-specific immune response in mice. after cell fusion a panel, designated f92g, of 12 mouse hybridomas (5-2, 11-1, 14-1, 25-2, 28-2, 31-1, 34-1, 35-2, 37-3, 38-2, 39-1, 41-1) producing csfv-e2 specifi ...201223098300
classical swine fever virus failed to activate nuclear factor-kappa b signaling pathway both in vitro and in vivo.classical swine fever virus (csfv) is the cause of csf which is a severe disease of pigs, leading to heavy economic losses in many regions of the world. nuclear factor-kappa b (nf-κb) is a critical regulator of innate and adaptive immunity, and commonly activated upon viral infection. in our previous study, we found that csfv could suppress the maturation and modulate the functions of monocyte-derived dendritic cells (mo-dcs) without activating nf-κb pathway. to further prove the effects of csfv ...201223186553
prokaryotic expression and purification of highly soluble partial glycoprotein erns of indian strain of classical swine fever virus.classical swine fever (csf) or hog cholera, caused by a positive stranded rna virus belonging to the genus pestivirus of the flaviviridae family, is highly contagious and fatal disease of pigs. we report the novel design of construct for production of highly soluble glycoprotein erns fragment using prokaryotic expression system. a truncated fragment of the erns gene (coding for aa 109-170) denoted as 'erns-ag' was subcloned and expressed as hexa-histidine tag fusion on both terminus of protein i ...201224293833
detection of foot-and-mouth disease serotype o by elisa using a monoclonal antibody.an elisa assay with monoclonal antibody (melisa) was used to type serotype o of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). all fmdv serotype o reference strains were positive by melisa, while other viruses such as fmdv serotypes asia 1, c, a and classical swine fever virus, swine vesicular disease virus, and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus remained negative. further, fmdv serotype o positive samples were able to be detected by melisa. this assay may be particularly suitable for dia ...201223244327
a serosurvey for brucella suis, classical swine fever virus, porcine circovirus type 2, and pseudorabies virus in feral swine (sus scrofa) of eastern north carolina.as feral swine (sus scrofa) populations expand their range and the opportunity for feral swine hunting increases, there is increased potential for disease transmission that may impact humans, domestic swine, and wildlife. from september 2007 to march 2010, in 13 north carolina, usa, counties and at howell woods environmental learning center, we conducted a serosurvey of feral swine for brucella suis, pseudorabies virus (prv), and classical swine fever virus (csfv); the samples obtained at howell ...201222493123
development and evaluation of indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for a screening test to detect antibodies against classical swine fever virus.an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was developed for a screening test to detect antibodies against classical swine fever virus (csfv). viral glycoproteins, which were purified from swine kidney cells infected with csfv ald/a76 strain by the immunoaffinity purification using monoclonal antibody against e2 protein, were adsorbed on a microtiter plate as the antigen for the antibody detection. each antibody titer of serum sample was expressed as a sample per positive value calcul ...201223094583
production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against a local isolate of classical swine fever virus.monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against a classical swine fever virus (csfv; subgenogroup 1:1) isolate from assam, india were produced and characterized. four fusions of myeloma cells (sp2/0ag) were made with spleenocytes of 8-10 weeks old balb/c mice immunized with the viral antigen. several hybridoma clones secreting antibodies to the virus were obtained after four fusions, but five hybridoma clones secreting antibody specific to the virus could be stabilized. all the mabs belong to the igg2a iso ...201222822524
comparative [corrected] codon usage between the three main viruses in pestivirus genus and their natural susceptible livestock.classical swine fever virus, bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv), and border disease virus can cause serious livestock diseases. the relative synonymous codon usage value, the "effective number of codons" (enc), the ratio of k(s) value to k(a) value and the principle component analysis were employed to analyze the genetic characteristics of open reading frame (orf) and the four genes (the n(pro), erns, e1, e2 genes) of the three viruses and the relationship of codon usage pattern between each vir ...201222395914
pathology of porcine peripheral white blood cells during infection with african swine fever virus.african swine fever virus (asfv) is the causative agent of african swine fever (asf) that is the significant disease of domestic pigs. several studies showed that asfv can influence on porcine blood cells in vitro. thus, we asked ourselves whether asfv infection results in changes in porcine blood cells in vivo. a series of experiments were performed in order to investigate the effects of asfv infection on porcine peripheral white blood cells. nine pigs were inoculated by intramuscular injection ...201222373449
sequential deletion of genes from the african swine fever virus genome using the cre/loxp recombination system.a method has been established to sequentially delete combinations of genes from the asfv genome to test the effect on virus replication and host responses to infection. initially the asfv genes mgf505 2r and mgf505 3r and a truncated mgf360 9l gene were deleted from the genome of the tissue-culture adapted asfv strain ba71v and replaced with bacteriophage loxp sequences flanking the beta-glucuronidase (gus) marker gene to create recombinant virus vδmgf-gus. subsequently the gus gene was removed ...201222902236
african swine fever virus excretion patterns in persistently infected animals: a quantitative approach.the continuing circulation of african swine fever (asf) in russia and in the trans-caucasian countries has led to increased efforts in characterizing the epidemiology of asf. for a better insight in epidemiology, quantitative data on virus excretion is required. until now, excretion data has mainly focused on the initial stages of the disease. in our study we have studied asf virus (asfv) excretion dynamics in persistently infected animals. for this purpose, virus excretion through different rou ...201222795261
african swine fever virus uses macropinocytosis to enter host cells.african swine fever (asf) is caused by a large and highly pathogenic dna virus, african swine fever virus (asfv), which provokes severe economic losses and expansion threats. presently, no specific protection or vaccine against asf is available, despite the high hazard that the continued occurrence of the disease in sub-saharan africa, the recent outbreak in the caucasus in 2007, and the potential dissemination to neighboring countries, represents. although virus entry is a remarkable target for ...201222719252
diagnosis of porcine teschovirus encephalomyelitis in the republic of haiti.in february and march 2009, approximately 1,500 backyard pigs of variable age became sick, and approximately 700 of them died or were euthanized in the lower artibonite valley and the lower plateau of the republic of haiti. the main clinical sign was posterior ataxia followed by paresis and/or paralysis on the second or third day of illness. no gross lesions were observed at postmortem examinations. the morbidity and mortality were approximately 60% and 40%, respectively. diagnostic samples (who ...201222604774
neoplastic transformation of t lymphocytes through transgenic expression of a virus host modification protein.virus host evasion genes are ready-made tools for gene manipulation and therapy. in this work we have assessed the impact in vivo of the evasion gene a238l of the african swine fever virus, a gene which inhibits transcription mediated by both nf-κb and nfat. the a238l gene has been selectively expressed in mouse t lymphocytes using tissue specific promoter, enhancer and locus control region sequences for cd2. the resulting two independently derived transgenic mice expressed the transgene and dev ...201222558084
tick-borne viruses in europe.the aim of this review is to present briefly background information on 27 tick-borne viruses ("tiboviruses") that have been detected in europe, viz flaviviruses tick-borne encephalitis (tbev), louping-ill (liv), tyuleniy (tyuv), and meaban (meav); orthobunyaviruses bahig (bahv) and matruh (mtrv); phleboviruses grand arbaud (gav), ponteves (ptvv), uukuniemi (uukv), zaliv terpeniya (ztv), and st. abb's head (sahv); nairoviruses soldado (solv), puffin island (piv), avalon (avav), clo mor (cmv), cri ...201222526290
novel approach for the generation of recombinant african swine fever virus from a field isolate using gfp expression and 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine selection.generation of african swine fever virus (asfv) recombinants has so far relied mainly on the manipulation of virus strains which had been adapted to growth in cell culture, since field isolates do not usually replicate efficiently in established cell lines. using wild boar lung cells (wsl) which allow for propagation of asfv field isolates, a novel approach for the generation of recombinant asfv directly from field isolates was developed which includes the integration into the viral thymidine kin ...201222498259
high virulence of african swine fever virus caucasus isolate in european wild boars of all ages. 201222469497
molecular characterization of african swine fever virus isolates originating from outbreaks in the russian federation between 2007 and 2011.african swine fever is one of the most important viral diseases of pigs and which caused significant economic damage on the pig production worldwide. nowadays, it is still present on the african continent, in transcaucasus countries (tcc), on island of sardinia and in russia. outbreaks of the disease have been reported in russia for the last four years, affected especially the southern federal district of the country. since 2010, a new outbreak area has been observed in the northwestern federal ...201222445729
dna vaccination partially protects against african swine fever virus lethal challenge in the absence of antibodies.the lack of available vaccines against african swine fever virus (asfv) means that the evaluation of new immunization strategies is required. here we show that fusion of the extracellular domain of the asfv hemagglutinin (sha) to p54 and p30, two immunodominant structural viral antigens, exponentially improved both the humoral and the cellular responses induced in pigs after dna immunization. however, immunization with the resulting plasmid (pcmv-shapq) did not confer protection against lethal c ...201223049728
african swine fever virus, tanzania, 2010-2012. 201223171814
poly(c)-binding protein 1, a novel n(pro)-interacting protein involved in classical swine fever virus growth.n(pro) is a multifunctional autoprotease unique to pestiviruses. the interacting partners of the n(pro) protein of classical swine fever virus (csfv), a swine pestivirus, have been insufficiently defined. using a yeast two-hybrid screen, we identified poly(c)-binding protein 1 (pcbp1) as a novel interacting partner of the csfv n(pro) protein and confirmed this by coimmunoprecipitation, glutathione s-transferase (gst) pulldown, and confocal assays. knockdown of pcbp1 by small interfering rna supp ...201223221550
the core protein of classical swine fever virus is dispensable for virus propagation in vitro.core protein of flaviviridae is regarded as essential factor for nucleocapsid formation. yet, core protein is not encoded by all isolates (gbv- a and gbv- c). pestiviruses are a genus within the family flaviviridae that affect cloven-hoofed animals, causing economically important diseases like classical swine fever (csf) and bovine viral diarrhea (bvd). recent findings describe the ability of ns3 of classical swine fever virus (csfv) to compensate for disabling size increase of core protein (rie ...201222457622
endosomal maturation, rab7 gtpase and phosphoinositides in african swine fever virus entry.here we analyzed the dependence of african swine fever virus (asfv) infection on the integrity of the endosomal pathway. using confocal immunofluorescence with antibodies against viral capsid proteins, we found colocalization of incoming viral particles with early endosomes (ee) during the first minutes of infection. conversely, viral capsid protein was not detected in acidic late endosomal compartments, multivesicular bodies (mvbs), late endosomes (les) or lysosomes (ly). using an antibody agai ...201223133661
the 3'-terminal hexamer sequence of classical swine fever virus rna plays a role in negatively regulating the ires-mediated translation.the 3' untranslated region (utr) is usually involved in the switch of the translation and replication for a positive-sense rna virus. to understand the 3' utr involved in an internal ribosome entry site (ires)-mediated translation in classical swine fever virus (csfv), we first confirmed the predicted secondary structure (designated as sli, slii, sliii, and sliv) by enzymatic probing. using a reporter assay in which the luciferase expression is under the control of csfv 5' and 3' utrs, we found ...201222432046
viral metagenomics demonstrates that domestic pigs are a potential reservoir for ndumu virus.the rising demand for pork has resulted in a massive expansion of pig production in uganda. this has resulted in increased contact between humans and pigs. pigs can act as reservoirs for emerging infectious diseases. therefore identification of potential zoonotic pathogens is important for public health surveillance. in this study, during a routine general surveillance for african swine fever, domestic pigs from uganda were screened for the presence of rna and dna viruses using a high-throughput ...201223006778
development of multiple elisas for the detection of antibodies against classical swine fever virus in pig sera.the major immunogenic proteins (e(rns), e2 and ns3) of classical swine fever virus (csfv) (shimen strain) were expressed in e. coli and purified by affinity chromatography. the recombinant antigens were applied to develop multiple enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisas) for the detection of specific antibodies in pig sera. optimum cut-off values were determined by receiver operating characteristic (roc) analysis after testing 201 sera of vaccinated pigs and 64 negative sera of unvaccinated p ...201222270806
classical swine fever virus ns5b protein suppresses the inhibitive effect of ns5a on viral translation by binding to ns5a.in order to investigate molecular mechanisms of internal ribosome entry site (ires)-mediated translation in classical swine fever virus (csfv), an important pathogen of pigs, expression level was evaluated in the context of genomic rnas and reporter rna fragments. all data showed that ns5a protein has an inhibitory effect on ires-mediated translation and ns5b proteins suppress the inhibitory effect of ns5a on viral translation but csfv ns5b gdd mutants do not. furthermore, gst pull-down assay an ...201222258858
the atf6 branch of unfolded protein response and apoptosis are activated to promote african swine fever virus infection.african swine fever virus (asfv) infection induces apoptosis in the infected cell; however, the consequences of this activation on virus replication have not been defined. in order to identify the role of apoptosis in asfv infection, we analyzed caspase induction during the infection and the impact of caspase inhibition on viral production. caspases 3, 9 and 12 were activated from 16 h post-infection, but not caspase 8. indeed, caspase 3 activation during the early stages of the infection appear ...201222764100
a new cloning system based on the opri lipoprotein for the production of recombinant bacterial cell wall-derived immunogenic formulations.the conjugation of antigens with ligands of pattern recognition receptors (prr) is emerging as a promising strategy for the modulation of specific immunity. here, we describe a new escherichia coli system for the cloning and expression of heterologous antigens in fusion with the opri lipoprotein, a tlr ligand from the pseudomonas aeruginosa outer membrane (om). analysis of the opri expressed by this system reveals a triacylated lipid moiety mainly composed by palmitic acid residues. by offering ...201222115954
challenge of pigs with classical swine fever viruses after c-strain vaccination reveals remarkably rapid protection and insights into early immunity.pre-emptive culling is becoming increasingly questioned as a means of controlling animal diseases, including classical swine fever (csf). this has prompted discussions on the use of emergency vaccination to control future csf outbreaks in domestic pigs. despite a long history of safe use in endemic areas, there is a paucity of data on aspects important to emergency strategies, such as how rapidly csfv vaccines would protect against transmission, and if this protection is equivalent for all viral ...201222235283
suppression of immune responses in pigs by nonstructural protein 1 of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus.porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (prrs) is characterized by a delayed and defective adaptive immune response. the viral nonstructural protein 1 (nsp1) of the prrs virus (prrsv) is able to suppress the type i interferon (ifn) response in vitro. in this study, recombinant adenoviruses (rads) expressing nsp1 (rad-nsp1), glycoprotein 5 (gp5) (rad-gp5), and the nsp1-gp5 fusion protein (rad-nsp1-gp5) were constructed, and the effect of nsp1 on immune responses was investigated in pigs. pi ...201223543950
increased viral load and prevalence of torque teno sus virus 2 (ttsuv2) in pigs experimentally infected with classical swine fever virus (csfv).torque teno sus viruses (ttsuvs) are considered non-pathogenic viruses, although lately they have been linked to porcine circovirus diseases, mainly with post weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws). these associations point out a possible pathogenic role of ttsuvs or, alternatively, that ttsuv replication is up-regulated under disease conditions. in order to further explore the association of ttsuvs with disease occurrence, ttsuvs prevalence and viral load were assessed before and after a ...201223274109
african swine fever in the north caucasus region and the russian federation in years 2007-2012.since the introduction of the virus into the republic of georgia in 2007 african swine fever (asf) has become a large-scale epidemic involving the domestic pig population but wild boars are involved as well. from 2008 to 2009 the asf epidemic affected wild and domestic pigs in all the southern regions of the russian federation (rf). the driving force of the epidemic in its initial stages was direct contact between infected wild boars and between wild boars and traditionally free-ranging domestic ...201223266725
modulation of chemokine and chemokine receptor expression following infection of porcine macrophages with african swine fever virus.african swine fever virus (asfv) is the only member of the asfarviridae, a large dna virus family which replicates predominantly in the cytoplasm. most isolates cause a fatal haemorrhagic disease in domestic pigs, although some low virulence isolates cause little or no mortality. the modulation of chemokine responses following infection of porcine macrophages with low and high virulence isolates was studied to indicate how this may be involved in the induction of pathogenesis and of effective im ...201223265239
african swine fever virus-cell interactions: from virus entry to cell survival.viruses have adapted to evolve complex and dynamic interactions with their host cell. the viral entry mechanism determines viral tropism and pathogenesis. the entry of african swine fever virus (asfv) is dynamin-dependent and clathrin-mediated, but other pathways have been described such as macropinocytosis. during endocytosis, asfv viral particles undergo disassembly in various compartments that the virus passes through en route to the site of replication. this disassembly relies on the acid ph ...201223262167
evaluation of classical swine fever virus antibody detection assays with an emphasis on the differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals.the aim of this study was to evaluate the general characteristics of commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisas) to detect antibody against classical swine fever (csf), as well as to assess their potential use as accompanying marker tests able to differentiate infected from vaccinated animals (diva). the chekit* csf-sero and the herdchek* csfv ab, both of which detect antibodies against the e2 protein of classical swine fever virus (csfv), had the highest sensitivity. both ...201223520753
mechanism of collapse of endoplasmic reticulum cisternae during african swine fever virus infection.infection of cells with african swine fever virus (asfv) can lead to the formation of zipper-like stacks of structural proteins attached to collapsed endoplasmic reticulum (er) cisternae. we show that the collapse of er cisternae observed during asfv infection is dependent on the viral envelope protein, j13lp. expression of j13lp alone in cells is sufficient to induce collapsed er cisternae. collapse was dependent on a cysteine residue in the n-terminal domain of j13lp exposed to the er lumen. l ...201221951707
antigenic mimicking with cysteine-based cyclized peptides reveals a previously unknown antigenic determinant on e2 glycoprotein of classical swine fever virus.envelope glycoprotein e2 of classical swine fever virus (csfv) is the major antigen that induces neutralizing antibodies in infected pigs. the conformational epitope(s) on b/c domains were mapped to the n-terminal 90 residues of e2 between amino acids 690 and 779 (chang et al., 2010a). to mimic the conformational epitopes, a set of synthetic cyclized peptides spanning the b/c domains of e2 were used to react with monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against e2 and with swine anti-csfv polyclonal sera. a ...201121945636
immunogenicity of recombinant classic swine fever virus cd8(+) t lymphocyte epitope and porcine parvovirus vp2 antigen coexpressed by lactobacillus casei in swine via oral vaccination.classical swine fever virus (csfv) and porcine parvovirus (ppv) are highly contagious pathogens, resulting in enormous economic losses in pig industries worldwide. because vaccines play an important role in disease control, researchers are seeking improved vaccines that could induce antiviral immune responses against csfv and ppv at the mucosal and systemic levels simultaneously. in this study, a genetically engineered lactobacillus strain coexpressing the csfv-specific cytotoxic t lymphocyte (c ...201121940406
diagnostic value of meat juice in early detection of classical swine fever virus infection.to evaluate the diagnostic potential of meat juice for early detection of classical swine fever virus (csfv), meat juice and serum samples from pigs experimentally infected with different strains of csfv were compared for virus load. from all samples, viral rna was extracted by automated procedure before real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis was performed. viral rna was detected in meat juice, but at a lower level than in corresponding serum. sensitivity was calculat ...201121908364
detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus rna by reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification.a reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp) assay was developed for foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) rna. the amplification was able to finish in 45 min under isothermal condition at 64°c by employing a set of four primers targeting fmdv 2b. the assay showed higher sensitivity than rt-pcr. no cross reactivity was observed from other rna viruses including classical swine fever virus, swine vesicular disease, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, japa ...201122070774
a novel spatial and stochastic model to evaluate the within and between farm transmission of classical swine fever virus: ii validation of the model.a new, recently published, stochastic and spatial model for the evaluation of classical swine fever virus (csfv) spread into spain has been validated by using several methods. internal validity, sensitivity analysis, validation using historical data, comparison with other models and experiments on data validity were used to evaluate the overall reliability and consistency of the model. more than 100 modifications in input data and parameters were evaluated. outputs were obtained after 1000 itera ...201121899960
development, optimization, and validation of a classical swine fever virus real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay.classical swine fever (csf) is an economically devastating disease of pigs. instrumental to the control of csf is a well-characterized assay that can deliver a rapid, accurate diagnosis prior to the onset of clinical signs. a real-time fluorogenic-probe hydrolysis (taqman) reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) for csf was developed by the united states department of agriculture (usda) at the plum island animal disease center (csf piadc assay) and evaluated for analytical and d ...201121908362
microbial ecology of swine farms and prrs vaccine vaccination strategies.the present study investigated the microbial ecology and vaccination strategies against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (prrs) in field condition. four representative farms with a history of prrs were included in this study. over the almost 3-year period, the average detection rate was 68.9%, making prrsv the first most frequently detected virus, followed by porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) (64.2%), pseudorabies virus (prv) (11.03%) and classical swine fever virus (csfv) (4.41%). s ...201122014373
porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) infection decreases the efficacy of an attenuated classical swine fever virus (csfv) vaccine.abstract: the lapinized philippines coronel (lpc) vaccine, an attenuated strain of classical swine fever virus (csfv), is an important tool for the prevention and control of csfv infection and is widely and routinely used in most csf endemic areas, including taiwan. the aim of this study was to investigate whether pcv2 infection affects the efficacy of the lpc vaccine. eighteen 6-week-old, cesarean-derived and colostrum-deprived (cdcd), crossbred pigs were randomly assigned to four groups. a tot ...201122129109
Characterization of the monoclonal antibody against classical swine fever virus glycoprotein E(rns) and its application to an indirect sandwich ELISA.Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) E(rns) is an envelope glycoprotein possessing RNase activity. The E(rns)-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has been considered a discriminating diagnostic test for differentiating infected from vaccinated animals. The purpose of this study was to produce a specific monoclonal antibody (MAb) to E(rns) for further developing an indirect sandwich ELISA. The MAb CW813 was shown to specifically recognize both the monomer and dimer forms of Pichia pasto ...201121972132
RNA self-cleavage activated by ultraviolet light-induced oxidation.A novel UV-C-light-induced ribozyme activity was discovered within the highly structured 5'-genomic regions of both Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) and the related Classic Swine Fever Virus (CSFV). Cleavage is mediated by exposure to UV-C light but not by exogenous oxygen radicals. It is also very selective, occurring at base positions HCV C(79) and CSFV A(45) in some molecules and at the immediately adjacent 5'-positions HCV U(78) and CSFV U(44) in others. Among other reaction products, the majority of ...201121989404
effects of glycosylation on antigenicity and immunogenicity of classical swine fever virus envelope proteins.classical swine fever virus (csfv) harbors three envelope glycoproteins (e(rns), e1 and e2). previous studies have demonstrated that removal of specific glycosylation sites within these proteins yielded attenuated and immunogenic csfv mutants. here we analyzed the effects of lack of glycosylation of baculovirus-expressed e(rns), e1, and e2 proteins on immunogenicity. interestingly, e(rns), e1, and e2 proteins lacking proper post-translational modifications, most noticeable lack of glycosylation, ...201121968199
A novel alphavirus replicon-vectored vaccine delivered by adenovirus induces sterile immunity against classical swine fever.Low efficacy of gene-based vaccines due to inefficient gene delivery and expression has been major bottleneck of their applications. Efforts have been made to improve the efficacy, such as gene gun and electroporation, but the strategies are difficult to put into practical use. In this study, we developed and evaluated an adenovirus-delivered, alphavirus replicon-vectored vaccine (chimeric vector-based vaccine) expressing the E2 gene of classical swine fever virus (CSFV) (rAdV-SFV-E2). Rabbits i ...201121888938
Comparison of methods for improved RNA extraction from blood for early detection of Classical swine fever virus by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction.Classical swine fever (CSF) is a highly contagious disease of pigs. Early detection of the Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) in infected animals and routine surveillance is important for a rapid response and control of an outbreak of CSF. The current study investigated whole blood as a clinical specimen for the detection of CSFV by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (real-time RT-PCR) in experimentally infected pigs. The virus was detectable in pre-clinical animals in who ...201121908315
small rho gtpases and cholesterol biosynthetic pathway intermediates in african swine fever virus infection.the integrity of the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway is required for efficient african swine fever virus (asfv) infection. incorporation of prenyl groups into rho gtpases plays a key role in several stages of asfv infection, since both geranylgeranyl and farnesyl pyrophosphates are required at different infection steps. we found that rho gtpase inhibition impaired virus morphogenesis and resulted in an abnormal viral factory size with the accumulation of envelope precursors and immature virions ...201122114329
Clustering of classical swine fever virus isolates by codon pair bias.ABSTRACT:201122126254
SARS Coronavirus nsp1 Protein Induces Template-Dependent Endonucleolytic Cleavage of mRNAs: Viral mRNAs Are Resistant to nsp1-Induced RNA Cleavage.SARS coronavirus (SCoV) nonstructural protein (nsp) 1, a potent inhibitor of host gene expression, possesses a unique mode of action: it binds to 40S ribosomes to inactivate their translation functions and induces host mRNA degradation. Our previous study demonstrated that nsp1 induces RNA modification near the 5'-end of a reporter mRNA having a short 5' untranslated region and RNA cleavage in the encephalomyocarditis virus internal ribosome entry site (IRES) region of a dicistronic RNA template ...201122174690
Application of GP5 protein to develop monoclonal antibody against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus.In this study, a panel of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus(PRRSV), named as 8C9 and4B4, were produced by fusing SP2/0 myeloma cells and spleen cells of BALB/c mice immunized with the PRRSV (TCID(50)=5.5), screened by the indirect ELISA and subjected to several limiting dilutions. mAbs were then identified by biological characterization. Among the two fusion cell strains, 8C9 belonged to the IgG1 subclass and 4B4 belonged to the IgG2a subcla ...201121847758
identification of an ntpase motif in classical swine fever virus ns4b protein.classical swine fever (csf) is a highly contagious and often fatal disease of swine caused by csf virus (csfv), a positive-sense single-stranded rna virus within the pestivirus genus of the flaviviridae family. here, we have identified conserved sequence elements observed in nucleotide-binding motifs (nbm) that hydrolyze ntps within the csfv non-structural (ns) protein ns4b. expressed ns4b protein hydrolyzes both atp and gtp. substitutions of critical residues within the identified ns4b nbm walk ...201121236462
characterisation of interaction between ns3 and ns5b protein of classical swine fever virus by deletion of terminal sequences of ns5b.the ns3-ns5b interaction of classical swine fever virus (csfv) is important for viral replication. for characterisation of the interaction between the ns3 and ns5b, a series of ns5b mutants with deletion of n-, c-terminal amino acids and quadruple alanine substitution mutations were produced. gst pull-down assays and immunoprecipitation analyses showed that ns5b and some ns5b mutants have ns3 binding activity. further experimental data indicated that csfv ns5b might contain two ns3 binding sites ...201121237222
phylogenetic analysis of ns5b gene of classical swine fever virus isolates indicates plausible chinese origin of indian subgroup 2.2 viruses.twenty-three csfv isolates recovered from field outbreaks in various parts of india during 2006-2009 were used for genetic analysis in the ns5b region (409 nts). seventeen of these were studied earlier [16] in the 5'utr region. phylogenetic analysis indicated the continued dominance of subgroup 1.1 strains in the country. detailed analysis of a subgroup 2.2 virus indicated the plausible chinese origin of this subgroup in india and provided indirect evidence of routes of csfv movement within sout ...201121246270
processing and localization of the african swine fever virus cd2v transmembrane protein.the african swine fever virus (asfv)-encoded cd2v transmembrane protein is required for the hemadsorption of red blood cells around infected cells and is also required for the inhibition of bystander lymphocyte proliferation in response to mitogens. we studied the expression of cd2v by expressing the gene with a v5 tag downstream from the signal peptide near the n terminus and a hemagglutinin (ha) tag at the c terminus. in asfv-infected cells, a full-length glycosylated form of the cd2v protein, ...201121248037
human mxa protein inhibits the replication of classical swine fever virus.classical swine fever virus (csfv) has a spherical enveloped particle with a single stranded rna genome, the virus belonging to a pestivirus of the family flaviviridae is the causative agent of an acute contagious disease classical swine fever (csf). the interferon-induced mxa protein has been widely shown to inhibit the life cycle of certain rna viruses as members of the bunyaviridae family and others. interestingly, it has been reported that expression of mxa in infected cells was blocked by c ...201121255621
identification of a linear epitope on the capsid protein of classical swine fever virus.the capsid (c) protein of classical swine fever virus (csfv) is proposed to play an essential role in the replication and translation of the viral rna. in this study, a monoclonal antibody (mab) directed against the c protein was generated with the recombinant c protein expressed in escherichia coli as immunogen. ifa and ipma analysis showed that the native c protein of csfv virions was reactive to the mab. by truncating the c protein, we identified a linear epitope recognized by the mab, corres ...201121255622
interaction between core protein of classical swine fever virus with cellular iqgap1 protein appears essential for virulence in swine.here we show that iqgap1, a cellular protein that plays a pivotal role as a regulator of the cytoskeleton interacts with classical swine fever virus (csfv) core protein. sequence analyses identified residues within csfv core protein (designated as areas i, ii, iii and iv) that maintain homology to regions within the matrix protein of moloney murine leukemia virus (mmlv) that mediate binding to iqgap1 [embo j, 2006 25:2155]. alanine-substitution within core regions i, ii, iii and iv identified re ...201121262517
characterization of the porcine p65 subunit of nf-?b and its association with virus antibody levels.nf-?b p65 subunit plays important roles in controlling both innate and adaptive immunity. here we report the characterization of porcine nf-?b p65 subunit (pp65). pp65 shows high similarity to other mammalian counterparts. pp65 mrna expression was mainly observed in lung, spleen, liver and small intestine. furthermore, overexpression of pp65 activates nf-?b in porcine endothelial cell line piec, porcine alveolar macrophages cell line 3d4/21 and porcine primary fetal fibroblasts. a cooh-terminal ...201121269694
biosynthesis of classical swine fever virus nonstructural proteins.proteolytic processing of polyproteins is considered a crucial step in the life cycle of most positive-strand rna viruses. an enhancement of ns2-3 processing has been described as a major difference between the noncytopathogenic (non-cp) and the cytopathogenic (cp) biotypes of pestiviruses. the effects of accelerated versus delayed ns2-3 processing on the maturation of the other nonstructural proteins (nsp) have never been compared. in this study, we analyzed the proteolytic processing of nsp in ...201121270154
modeling of the toll-like receptor 3 and a putative toll-like receptor 3 antagonist encoded by the african swine fever virus.african swine fever virus (asfv) is a large double-stranded dna virus responsible for a lethal pig disease, to which no vaccine has ever been obtained. its genome encodes a number of proteins involved in virus survival and transmission in its hosts, in particular proteins that inhibit signaling pathways in infected macrophages and, thus, interfere with the host's innate immune response. a recently identified novel asfv viral protein (pi329l) was found to inhibit the toll-like receptor 3 (tlr3) s ...201121280117
phylogenetic analysis of the e2 gene of classical swine fever virus from the guangxi province of southern china.in this study, suspected classical swine fever (csf) samples from the guangxi province of china were obtained from pigs with acute csf, aborted fetuses, newborn pigs that died at 1-2 days of age, tonsils of healthy pigs, and leukocytes of immunized sows during 2001-2009. about 92 of 775 samples were found to be positive by rt-pcr, and 41 isolates were obtained. phylogenetic analysis was performed on the 31 isolates by sequencing the e2 gene, and the isolates were found to cluster into two groups ...201121287256
experimental infection of common warthogs (phacochoerus africanus) and bushpigs (potamochoerus larvatus) with classical swine fever virus. i: susceptibility and transmission.an incursion of classical swine fever virus (csfv) into the domestic pig population in south africa, identified in 2005, raised the concern that infection might spread to wildlife species and be maintained in these hosts. this study sought to determine whether two wildlife suidae species present in south africa, the bushpig (potamochoerus larvatus) and the common warthog (phacochoerus africanus), could support productive csfv infection. both species could be infected with csfv and transmitted in ...201121294855
influence of the 5'-proximal elements of the 5'-untranslated region of classical swine fever virus on translation and replication.the 5'-terminal sequence spanning nt 1-29 of the 5'-untranslated region of classical swine fever virus (csfv) forms a 5'-proximal stem-loop structure known as domain ia. deletions and replacement mutations were performed to examine the role of this domain. deletion of the 5'-proximal nucleotides and disruption of the stem-loop structure greatly increased internal ribosome entry site-mediated translation but abolished the replication of the replicons. internal deletions resulting in a change in t ...201121307229
dual promoter lentiviral vector generates transgenic mice expressing e2-csfv glycoprotein in their milk, but impairs early identification of transgenic embryos.lentiviral vectors containing the green fluorescent protein gene have been successfully used to select transgenic embryos before transfer to a surrogate mother. however, there are apparently no reports regarding early detection of transgenic embryos using a lentiviral vector carrying an additional transcription unit for tissue-specific expression of a valuable protein. in this study, two hiv-based lentiviral vectors were constructed. the first one contained the green fluorescent protein (gfp) co ...201121316751
classical swine fever virus ns2 protein promotes interleukin-8 expression and inhibits mg132-induced apoptosis.classical swine fever (csf) caused by virulent strains of classical swine fever virus (csfv) is a hemorrhagic disease of pigs and is characterized by disseminated intravascular coagulation, thrombocytopenia, and immunosuppression. until now, the role of the ns2 protein produced by csfv in the pathogenesis of csf is not well understood. in this report, we investigated the function of csfv ns2 by examining its effects on the pro-inflammatory cxc chemokine, interleukin-8 (il-8) expression, and cell ...201121318239
assessment of interactions between african swine fever virus, bushpigs (potamochoerus larvatus), ornithodoros ticks and domestic pigs in north-western madagascar.since its introduction in madagascar in 1998, african swine fever (asf) has severely affected national pig production and persists as a common disease in that country. two of its natural hosts in the african continent, the bushpig (potamochoerus larvatus) and tick vectors of the ornithodoros moubata complex, are reported in west and central regions of the island. however, their role in the maintenance and transmission of the virus has been insufficiently studied. in this work, we tried to assess ...201121320295
structural features of the seneca valley virus internal ribosome entry site (ires) element: a picornavirus with a pestivirus-like ires.the rna genome of seneca valley virus (svv), a recently identified picornavirus, contains an internal ribosome entry site (ires) element which has structural and functional similarity to that from classical swine fever virus (csfv) and hepatitis c virus, members of the flaviviridae. the svv ires has an absolute requirement for the presence of a short region of virus-coding sequence to allow it to function either in cells or in rabbit reticulocyte lysate. the ires activity does not require the tr ...201121325406
lack of phylogenetic evidence that the shimen strain is the parental strain of the lapinized chinese strain (c-strain) vaccine against classical swine fever.the chinese hog cholera lapinized virus (hclv), also called the "chinese strain" or "c-strain" of classical swine fever virus (csfv), was developed in china in the 1950s. there are uncertainties about the genetic heterogeneity and origin of this vaccine virus. the objectives of this study were to investigate the genetic heterogeneity of the c-strain, for which nucleotide sequences have been submitted to genbank from different laboratories, and to determine whether there is any evidence to suppor ...201121340740
isolation and identification of a bovine viral diarrhea virus from sika deer in china.bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) infections continue to cause significantly losses in the deer population. better isolation and identification of bvdv from sika deer may contribute significantly to the development of prophylactic therapeutic, and diagnostic reagents as well as help in prevention and control of bvdv. however, isolation and identification of bvdv from sika deer is seldom reported in literature. in this study, we collected some samples according to clinical sign of bvdv to isolat ...201121352530
genetic characterisation of african swine fever viruses from recent and historical outbreaks in sardinia (1978-2009).three discrete regions of the african swine fever virus (asfv) were analysed in the genomes of a wide range of isolates collected from wild and domestic pigs in sardinia, over a 31-year period (1978-2009). the analysis was conducted by genotyping based on sequence data from three single copy asf genes. the e183l gene encoding the structural protein p54 and part of the gene encoding the p72 protein were used to delineate genotypes, before intra-genotypic resolution of viral relationships by analy ...201121373994
proteomic analysis of swine serum following highly virulent classical swine fever virus infection.classical swine fever virus (csfv) belongs to the genus pestivirus within the family flaviviridae. virulent strains of classical swine fever virus (csfv) cause severe disease in pigs characterized by immunosuppression, thrombocytopenia and disseminated intravascular coagulation, which causes significant economic losses to the pig industry worldwide.201121385403
hax-1: a regulator of calcium signaling and apoptosis progression with multiple roles in human disease.introduction: hax-1, the hematopoietic cell-specific protein-associated protein x-1, is an inhibitor of apoptosis, which has been implicated in severe congenital neutropenia (scn), neurological disorders and cancer. hax-1 over-expression, as found in numerous types of cancer, results in resistance to granzyme b and caspase-3 and stabilizes the x-linked inhibitor of apoptosis, whereas its absence or knockdown promotes apoptosis. hax-1 is bound to the cytosolic faces of mitochondria and the endopl ...201121391832
identification of host cell binding peptide from an overlapping peptide library for inhibition of classical swine fever virus infection.the envelope proteins of classical swine fever virus (csfv) mediate the binding of csfv to cell surface molecules and allow csfv subsequent to enter host cells. however, the proteins binding to host cells and their binding sequences are uncertain. the results showed that the protein e1, e2, and erns were displayed on the surfaces of t7 phages. the e2 and erns phage clones showed high binding affinity to host cells, in which the e2 phage clone interacted more specifically with host cells than wit ...201121400206
attenuation of nitric oxide bioavailability in porcine aortic endothelial cells by classical swine fever virus.classical swine fever (csf) causes severe disease in pigs, characterized by hemorrhage, fever, and leucopenia. a primary target of the virus is endothelial cells, where a pro-inflammatory and pro-coagulant response occurs with downregulation of gap junctional communication; these changes establish a basis for haemostatic imbalance. the aim of this study was to gain an understanding of the effect of classical swine fever virus (csfv) on endothelial nitric oxide synthase (enos) expression and nitr ...201121424728
[pathology of lymphoid tissue cells infected by african swine fever virus in vitro].the authors studied the pathology of bone marrow (bm) lymphoid cell from pigs infected by african swine fever virus (asfv) in vitro. monocytes were shown to be primarily afflicted in unstimulated bm culture. these cells disappeared completely 72 hours after infection. just 24 hours following asfv infection, there were atypical lymphocytes amounting to 12% of the general lymphoid population at hour 72 after inoculation.the area and perimeter of minor, middle, and large lymphocytes tended to reduc ...201121427953
prevalence of classical swine fever virus in india: a 6-year study (2004-2010).a study was undertaken regarding the prevalence of classical swine fever virus (csfv) antibodies and antigens in sera and suspected tissue samples of domestic pigs. the samples were received between january 2004 and september 2010. a total of 594 serum samples from 12 states and 287 tissue samples from 13 states of india were tested using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) kits. the mean prevalence of csfv antibodies in suspected sera was 63.3% (376/594), whereas 76.7% (220/287 ...201121429182
improvement of the immunity of pig to hog cholera vaccine by recombinant plasmid with porcine interleukin-6 gene and cpg motifs.in order to observe the dosage-effect of recombinant pig interleukin-6 gene and cpg motifs on the immune responses of swine to vaccine, a novel recombinant eukaryotic vpil6c plasmid was packed with chitosan nanoparticles (cnp) prepared by ionic cross linkage, which contains pig interleukin-6 gene and immunostimulatory sequence consisted of 11 cpg motifs. cnp-vril6c was then utilized to inoculate 30-day-old piglets intramuscularly at the dosage of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5mg/per capita, respectively. mean ...201121443961
species-specific variation in rela underlies differences in nf-?b activity: a potential role in african swine fever pathogenesis.african swine fever virus (asfv) is a highly infectious disease of domestic pigs, with virulent isolates causing a rapidly fatal hemorrhagic fever. in contrast, the porcine species endogenous to africa tolerate infection. the ability of the virus to persist in one host while killing another genetically related host implies that disease severity may be, in part, modulated by host genetic variation. to complement transcription profiling approaches to identify the underlying genetic variation in th ...201121450812
genetic diversity of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) in the romanian wild boar population.in this study, we have analyzed 23 pcv2 orf2 sequences recovered from wild boar population in romania. the pcv2 sequences were originated from different geographical regions in romania, and collected between 2008 and 2009 during the classical swine fever virus (csfv) surveillance campaign. complete open reading frame 2 (orf2) nucleotide sequences were obtained and compared with sequences mainly from european and asian isolates. the romanian sequences were identified as belonging to previously de ...201121453946
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