Publications

polymerase discordance in novel swine influenza h3n2v constellations is tolerated in swine but not human respiratory epithelial cells.	swine-origin h3n2v, a variant of h3n2 influenza virus, is a concern for novel reassortment with circulating pandemic h1n1 influenza virus (h1n1pdm09) in swine because this can lead to the emergence of a novel pandemic virus. in this study, the reassortment prevalence of h3n2v with h1n1pdm09 was determined in swine cells. reassortants evaluated showed that the h1n1pdm09 polymerase (pa) segment occurred within swine h3n2 with ∼ 80% frequency. the swine h3n2-human h1n1pdm09 pa reassortant (swh3n2-h ...	2014	25330303
severity of clinical disease and pathology in ferrets experimentally infected with influenza viruses is influenced by inoculum volume.	ferrets are a valuable model for influenza virus pathogenesis, virus transmission, and antiviral therapy studies. however, the contributions of the volume of inoculum administered and the ferret's respiratory tract anatomy to disease outcome have not been explored. we noted variations in clinical disease outcomes and the volume of inoculum administered and investigated these differences by administering two influenza viruses (a/california/07/2009 [h1n1 pandemic] and a/minnesota/11/2010 [h3n2 var ...	2014	25187553
heterogeneous pathological outcomes after experimental ph1n1 influenza infection in ferrets correlate with viral replication and host immune responses in the lung.	the swine-origin pandemic (p) h1n1 influenza a virus causes mild upper-respiratory tract disease in most human patients. however, some patients developed severe lower-respiratory tract infections with fatal consequences, and the cause of these infections remain unknown. recently, it has been suggested that different populations have different degrees of susceptibility to ph1n1 strains due to host genetic variations that are associated with inappropriate immune responses against viral genetic cha ...	2014	25163545
the temperature-sensitive and attenuation phenotypes conferred by mutations in the influenza virus pb2, pb1, and np genes are influenced by the species of origin of the pb2 gene in reassortant viruses derived from influenza a/california/07/2009 and a/wsn/33 viruses.	live attenuated influenza vaccines in the united states are derived from a human virus that is temperature sensitive (ts), characterized by restricted (≥ 100-fold) replication at 39 °c. the ts genetic signature (ts sig) has been mapped to 5 loci in 3 genes: pb1 (391 e, 581 g, and 661 t), pb2 (265 s), and np (34 g). however, when transferred into avian and swine influenza viruses, only partial ts and attenuation phenotypes occur. to investigate the reason for this, we introduced the ts sig into t ...	2014	25122786
influenza a virus acquires enhanced pathogenicity and transmissibility after serial passages in swine.	genetic and phylogenetic analyses suggest that the pandemic h1n1/2009 virus was derived from well-established swine influenza lineages; however, there is no convincing evidence that the pandemic virus was generated from a direct precursor in pigs. furthermore, the evolutionary dynamics of influenza virus in pigs have not been well documented. here, we subjected a recombinant virus (rh1n1) with the same constellation makeup as the pandemic h1n1/2009 virus to nine serial passages in pigs. the seve ...	2014	25100840
effect of receptor binding specificity on the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of influenza virus a h1 vaccines.	the biological basis for the poor immunogenicity of unadjuvanted avian influenza a virus vaccines in mammals is not well understood. here, we mutated the hemagglutinin (ha) of two h1n1 virus vaccines to determine whether virus receptor binding specificity contributes to the low immunogenicity of avian influenza virus vaccines. mutations were introduced into the ha of an avian influenza virus, a/duck/new york/15024-21/96 (dk/96) which switched the binding preference from α2,3- to α2,6-linked sial ...	2014	25078114
impact of potential permissive neuraminidase mutations on viral fitness of the h275y oseltamivir-resistant influenza a(h1n1)pdm09 virus in vitro, in mice and in ferrets.	neuraminidase (na) mutations conferring resistance to na inhibitors (nais) generally compromise the fitness of influenza viruses. the only nai-resistant virus that widely spread in the population, the a/brisbane/59/2007 (h1n1) strain, contained permissive mutations that restored the detrimental effect caused by the h275y change. computational analysis predicted other permissive na mutations for a(h1n1)pdm09 viruses. here, we investigated the effect of t289m and n369k mutations on the viral fitne ...	2014	24257597
alternative reassortment events leading to transmissible h9n1 influenza viruses in the ferret model.	influenza a h9n2 viruses are common poultry pathogens that occasionally infect swine and humans. it has been shown previously with h9n2 viruses that reassortment can generate novel viruses with increased transmissibility. here, we demonstrate the modeling power of a novel transfection-based inoculation system to select reassortant viruses under in vivo selective pressure. plasmids containing the genes from an h9n2 virus and a pandemic h1n1 (ph1n1) virus were transfected into hek 293t cells to po ...	2014	24131710
development and pre-clinical evaluation of two laiv strains against potentially pandemic h2n2 influenza virus.	h2n2 influenza a caused the asian flu pandemic in 1957, circulated for more than 10 years and disappeared from the human population after 1968. given that people born after 1968 are naïve to h2n2, that the virus still circulates in wild birds and that this influenza subtype has a proven pandemic track record, h2n2 is regarded as a potential pandemic threat. to prepare for an h2n2 pandemic, here we developed and tested in mice and ferrets two live attenuated influenza vaccines based on the haemag ...	2014	25058039
evaluation of three live attenuated h2 pandemic influenza vaccine candidates in mice and ferrets.	h2 influenza viruses have not circulated in humans since 1968, and therefore a significant portion of the population would be susceptible to infection should h2 influenza viruses reemerge. h2 influenza viruses continue to circulate in avian reservoirs worldwide, and these reservoirs are a potential source from which these viruses could emerge. three reassortant cold-adapted (ca) h2 pandemic influenza vaccine candidates with hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na) genes derived from the wild-ty ...	2014	24371061
risk assessment of h2n2 influenza viruses from the avian reservoir.	h2n2 influenza a viruses were the cause of the 1957-1958 pandemic. historical evidence demonstrates they arose from avian virus ancestors, and while the h2n2 subtype has disappeared from humans, it persists in wild and domestic birds. reemergence of h2n2 in humans is a significant threat due to the absence of humoral immunity in individuals under the age of 50. thus, examination of these viruses, particularly those from the avian reservoir, must be addressed through surveillance, characterizatio ...	2014	24227848
respiratory transmission of an avian h3n8 influenza virus isolated from a harbour seal.	the ongoing human h7n9 influenza infections highlight the threat of emerging avian influenza viruses. in 2011, an avian h3n8 influenza virus isolated from moribund new england harbour seals was shown to have naturally acquired mutations known to increase the transmissibility of highly pathogenic h5n1 influenza viruses. to elucidate the potential human health threat, here we evaluate a panel of avian h3n8 viruses and find that the harbour seal virus displays increased affinity for mammalian recep ...	2014	25183346
development of a surveillance scheme for equine influenza in the uk and characterisation of viruses isolated in europe, dubai and the usa from 2010-2012.	equine influenza viruses are a major cause of respiratory disease in horses worldwide and undergo antigenic drift. several outbreaks of equine influenza occurred worldwide during 2010-2012, including in vaccinated animals, highlighting the importance of surveillance and virus characterisation. virus isolates were characterised from more than 20 outbreaks over a 3-year period, including strains from the uk, dubai, germany and the usa. the haemagglutinin-1 (ha1) sequence of all isolates was determ ...	2014	24480583
performance characteristics of qualified cell lines for isolation and propagation of influenza viruses for vaccine manufacturing.	cell culture is now available as a method for the production of influenza vaccines in addition to eggs. in accordance with currently accepted practice, viruses recommended as candidates for vaccine manufacture are isolated and propagated exclusively in hens' eggs prior to distribution to manufacturers. candidate vaccine viruses isolated in cell culture are not available to support vaccine manufacturing in mammalian cell bioreactors so egg-derived viruses have to be used. recently influenza a (h3 ...	2014	24975811
influenza vaccination accelerates recovery of ferrets from lymphopenia.	ferrets are a useful animal model for human influenza virus infections, since they closely mimic the pathogenesis of influenza viruses observed in humans. however, a lack of reagents, especially for flow cytometry of immune cell subsets, has limited research in this model. here we use a panel of primarily species cross-reactive antibodies to identify ferret t cells, cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ctl), b cells, and granulocytes in peripheral blood. following infection with seasonal h3n2 or h1n1pdm09 i ...	2014	24968319
live attenuated influenza h7n3 vaccine is safe, immunogenic and confers protection in animal models.	in 2003 the outbreak of highly pathogenic h7 avian influenza occurred in the netherlands. the avian h7 virus causing the outbreak was also detected in humans; one person died of pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. our paper describes preclinical studies of a h7n3 live attenuated influenza a vaccine (laiv) candidate in various animal models.	2014	25685247
an update on feline infectious peritonitis: diagnostics and therapeutics.	this review is concerned with what has been learned about feline infectious peritonitis (fip) diagnostics and therapeutics since the publication of an extensive overview of literature covering the period 1963-2009. although progress has been made in both areas, obtaining a definitive diagnosis of fip remains a problem for those veterinarians and/or cat owners who require absolute certainty. this review will cover both indirect and direct diagnostic tests for the disease and will emphasize their ...	2014	24857253
detection of evolutionarily distinct avian influenza a viruses in antarctica.	abstract distinct lineages of avian influenza viruses (aivs) are harbored by spatially segregated birds, yet significant surveillance gaps exist around the globe. virtually nothing is known from the antarctic. using virus culture, molecular analysis, full genome sequencing, and serology of samples from adélie penguins in antarctica, we confirmed infection by h11n2 subtype aivs. their genetic segments were distinct from all known contemporary influenza viruses, including south american aivs, sugg ...	2014	24803521
occurrence and molecular typing of giardia isolates in pet rabbits, chinchillas, guinea pigs and ferrets collected in europe during 2006-2012.	a total of 1180 faecal samples (528 from rabbits, 531 from chinchillas and 121 from guinea pigs) collected during 2006-2012 by veterinarians in germany and in other european countries were submitted to a diagnostic laboratory for giardia testing by means of coproantigen elisa. of these samples, 40 rabbits (7.6 per cent), 326 chinchillas (61.4 per cent) and five guinea pigs (4.1 per cent ) were found to be positive. to gain insights into the genetic identity of giardia in small mammals, elisa-pos ...	2014	24696441
experimental oral immunization of ferret badgers (melogale moschata) with a recombinant canine adenovirus vaccine cav-2-e3δ-rgp and an attenuated rabies virus srv9.	ferret badgers (melogale moschata) are a major reservoir of rabies virus in southeastern china. oral immunization has been shown to be a practical method for wildlife rabies management in europe and north america. two groups of 20 ferret badgers were given a single oral dose of a recombinant canine adenovirus-rabies vaccine, cav-2-e3δ-rgp, or an experimental attenuated rabies virus vaccine, srv9. at 21 days, all ferret badgers had seroconverted, with serum virus-neutralizing antibodies ranging f ...	2014	24506428
corynebacterium ulcerans in ferrets.		2014	24377676
feline immunodeficiency virus envelope glycoproteins antagonize tetherin through a distinctive mechanism that requires virion incorporation.	bst2/tetherin inhibits the release of enveloped viruses from cells. primate lentiviruses have evolved specific antagonists (vpu, nef, and env). here we characterized tetherin proteins of species representing both branches of the order carnivora. comparison of tiger and cat (feliformia) to dog and ferret (caniformia) genes demonstrated that the tiger and cat share a start codon mutation that truncated most of the tetherin cytoplasmic tail early in the feliformia lineage (19 of 27 amino acids, inc ...	2014	24390322
h5 n-terminal β sheet promotes oligomerization of h7-ha1 that induces better antibody affinity maturation and enhanced protection against h7n7 and h7n9 viruses compared to inactivated influenza vaccine.	initiation of mass vaccination is critical in response to influenza pandemic. there is an urgent need of a simple, rapid method for production of influenza vaccine that is more effective than current traditional influenza vaccines. recent h7n9 transmissions to humans in china with high morbidity/mortality initiated extensive vaccine evaluation. we produced the ha1 domains (amino acids 1-320) from h7n9 and h7n7 strains in e. coli. both were found to contain primarily monomers/trimers with low oli ...	2014	25284811
an orally available, small-molecule polymerase inhibitor shows efficacy against a lethal morbillivirus infection in a large animal model.	measles virus is a highly infectious morbillivirus responsible for major morbidity and mortality in unvaccinated humans. the related, zoonotic canine distemper virus (cdv) induces morbillivirus disease in ferrets with 100% lethality. we report an orally available, shelf-stable pan-morbillivirus inhibitor that targets the viral rna polymerase. prophylactic oral treatment of ferrets infected intranasally with a lethal cdv dose reduced viremia and prolonged survival. ferrets infected with the same ...	2014	24739760
using the ferret model to study morbillivirus entry, spread, transmission and cross-species infection.	canine distemper virus (cdv) is an animal morbillivirus with a worldwide circulation that infects carnivores, including domestic dogs and an assortment of wildlife hosts. the development of reverse genetics systems for wild-type strains of cdv and the use of the resulting recombinant (r) viruses to infect ferrets by a natural route has shed new light on the temporal pathogenesis of distemper. combining fluorescent protein expressing recombinant viruses and multimodal, macroscopic and microscopic ...	2014	24525290
wildlife reservoirs of canine distemper virus resulted in a major outbreak in danish farmed mink (neovison vison).	a major outbreak of canine distemper virus (cdv) in danish farmed mink (neovison vison) started in the late summer period of 2012. at the same time, a high number of diseased and dead wildlife species such as foxes, raccoon dogs, and ferrets were observed. to track the origin of the outbreak virus full-length sequencing of the receptor binding surface protein hemagglutinin (h) was performed on 26 cdv's collected from mink and 10 cdv's collected from wildlife species. subsequent phylogenetic anal ...	2014	24454897
morbillivirus control of the interferon response: relevance of stat2 and mda5 but not stat1 for canine distemper virus virulence in ferrets.	the v proteins of paramyxoviruses control the innate immune response. in particular, the v protein of the genus morbillivirus interferes with the signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (stat1), stat2, and melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (mda5) signaling pathways. to characterize the contributions of these pathways to canine distemper virus (cdv) pathogenesis, we took advantage of the knowledge about the mechanisms of interaction between the measles virus v protein with ...	2014	24371065
influenza virus infectivity and virulence following ocular-only aerosol inoculation of ferrets.	respiratory pathogens have traditionally been studied by examining the exposure and infection of respiratory tract tissues. however, these studies typically overlook the role of ocular surfaces, which represent both a potential site of virus replication and a portal of entry for the establishment of a respiratory infection. to model transocular virus entry in a mammalian species, we established a novel inoculation method that delivers an aerosol inoculum exclusively to the ferret ocular surface. ...	2014	24920819
evaluation of oseltamivir prophylaxis regimens for reducing influenza virus infection, transmission and disease severity in a ferret model of household contact.	the emergence of the pandemic influenza a(h1n1)pdm09 virus in 2009 saw a significant increase in the therapeutic and prophylactic use of neuraminidase inhibitors (nais) to mitigate the impact of this highly transmissible virus. prior to the pandemic, many countries stockpiled nais and developed pandemic plans for the use of antiviral drugs, based on either treatment of high-risk individuals and/or prophylaxis of contacts. however, to date there has been a lack of in vivo models to test the effic ...	2014	24840623
influenza h1n1pdm-specific maternal antibodies offer limited protection against wild-type virus replication and influence influenza vaccination in ferrets.	the objective was to study passively acquired influenza h1n1 pandemic (h1n1pdm) maternal antibody kinetics and its impact on subsequent influenza infection and vaccination in ferrets during an outbreak of the h1n1pdm.	2014	24734293
estimating the fitness advantage conferred by permissive neuraminidase mutations in recent oseltamivir-resistant a(h1n1)pdm09 influenza viruses.	oseltamivir is relied upon worldwide as the drug of choice for the treatment of human influenza infection. surveillance for oseltamivir resistance is routinely performed to ensure the ongoing efficacy of oseltamivir against circulating viruses. since the emergence of the pandemic 2009 a(h1n1) influenza virus (a(h1n1)pdm09), the proportion of a(h1n1)pdm09 viruses that are oseltamivir resistant (or) has generally been low. however, a cluster of or a(h1n1)pdm09 viruses, encoding the neuraminidase ( ...	2014	24699865
intranasally administered endocine formulated 2009 pandemic influenza h1n1 vaccine induces broad specific antibody responses and confers protection in ferrets.	influenza is a contagious respiratory disease caused by an influenza virus. due to continuous antigenic drift of seasonal influenza viruses, influenza vaccines need to be adjusted before every influenza season. this allows annual vaccination with multivalent seasonal influenza vaccines, recommended especially for high-risk groups. there is a need for a seasonal influenza vaccine that induces broader and longer lasting protection upon easy administration. endocine is a lipid-based mucosal adjuvan ...	2014	24690149
mammalian pathogenesis of oseltamivir-resistant pandemic (h1n1) 2009 influenza virus isolated in south korea.	oseltamivir, a neuraminidase (na) inhibitor, has been widely used for the treatment of patients infected with the pandemic (h1n1) 2009 influenza virus. with the increasing use of oseltamivir, drug-resistant mutants emerged rapidly and 11 cases of resistant viruses were detected during the 2009 h1n1 pandemic in south korea. to better understand the differences between oseltamivir-susceptible and oseltamivir-resistant virus, we compared the replication and pathogenesis of the na h275y mutant virus ...	2014	24657788
humans and ferrets with prior h1n1 influenza virus infections do not exhibit evidence of original antigenic sin after infection or vaccination with the 2009 pandemic h1n1 influenza virus.	the hypothesis of original antigenic sin (oas) states that the imprint established by an individual's first influenza virus infection governs the antibody response thereafter. subsequent influenza virus infection results in an antibody response against the original infecting virus and an impaired immune response against the newer influenza virus. the purpose of our study was to seek evidence of oas after infection or vaccination with the 2009 pandemic h1n1 (2009 ph1n1) virus in ferrets and human ...	2014	24648486
protection of ferrets from pulmonary injury due to h1n1 2009 influenza virus infection: immunopathology tractable by sphingosine-1-phosphate 1 receptor agonist therapy.	influenza infection of humans remains an important public health problem. vaccine strategies result in a significant but only partial control (65-85%) of infection. thus, chemotherapeutic approaches are needed to provide a solution both for vaccine failures and to limit infection in the unvaccinated population. previously (walsh et al., 2011; teijaro et al., 2011) documented that sphingosine-1-phosphate 1 receptor (s1p1r) agonists significantly protected mice against pathogenic h1n1 influenza vi ...	2014	24606692
the pathology and pathogenesis of experimental severe acute respiratory syndrome and influenza in animal models.	respiratory viruses that emerge in the human population may cause high morbidity and mortality, as well as concern about pandemic spread. examples are severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) and novel variants of influenza a virus, such as h5n1 and pandemic h1n1. different animal models are used to develop therapeutic and preventive measures against such viruses, but it is not clear which are most suitable. therefore, this review compares animal models of sars and influenza, wit ...	2014	24581932
influenza a virus infections in marine mammals and terrestrial carnivores.	influenza a viruses (iav), members of the orthomyxoviridae, cover a wide host spectrum comprising a plethora of avian and, in comparison, a few mammalian species. the viral reservoir and gene pool are kept in metapopulations of aquatic wild birds. the mammalian-adapted iavs originally arose by transspecies transmission from avian sources. in swine, horse and man, species-adapted iav lineages circulate independently of the avian reservoir and cause predominantly respiratory disease of highly vari ...	2014	24511825
randomized controlled ferret study to assess the direct impact of 2008-09 trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine on a(h1n1)pdm09 disease risk.	during spring-summer 2009, several observational studies from canada showed increased risk of medically-attended, laboratory-confirmed a(h1n1)pdm09 illness among prior recipients of 2008-09 trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (tiv). explanatory hypotheses included direct and indirect vaccine effects. in a randomized placebo-controlled ferret study, we tested whether prior receipt of 2008-09 tiv may have directly influenced a(h1n1)pdm09 illness. thirty-two ferrets (16/group) received 0.5 ml i ...	2014	24475142
vaccination of monoglycosylated hemagglutinin induces cross-strain protection against influenza virus infections.	the 2009 h1n1 pandemic and recent human cases of h5n1, h7n9, and h6n1 in asia highlight the need for a universal influenza vaccine that can provide cross-strain or even cross-subtype protection. here, we show that recombinant monoglycosylated hemagglutinin (hamg) with an intact protein structure from either seasonal or pandemic h1n1 can be used as a vaccine for cross-strain protection against various h1n1 viruses in circulation from 1933 to 2009 in mice and ferrets. in the hamg vaccine, highly c ...	2014	24469815
evaluation of heterosubtypic cross-protection against highly pathogenic h5n1 by active infection with human seasonal influenza a virus or trivalent inactivated vaccine immunization in ferret models.	the threat of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n1 viruses to cause the next pandemic remains a major concern. here, we evaluated the cross-protection induced by natural infection of human seasonal influenza strains or immunization with trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (tiv) against hpai h5n1 (a/vietnam/1203/2004) virus in ferrets. groups were treated with pbs (group a), infected with h1n1 (group b) or h3n2 (group c) virus, or immunized with tiv (group d). twelve weeks after the ...	2014	24421115
assessment of influenza virus hemagglutinin stalk-based immunity in ferrets.	therapeutic monoclonal antibodies that target the conserved stalk domain of the influenza virus hemagglutinin and stalk-based universal influenza virus vaccine strategies are being developed as promising countermeasures for influenza virus infections. the pan-h1-reactive monoclonal antibody 6f12 has been extensively characterized and shows broad efficacy against divergent h1n1 strains in the mouse model. here we demonstrate its efficacy against a pandemic h1n1 challenge virus in the ferret model ...	2014	24403585
a single amino acid in the stalk region of the h1n1pdm influenza virus ha protein affects viral fusion, stability and infectivity.	the 2009 h1n1 pandemic (h1n1pdm) viruses have evolved to contain an e47k substitution in the ha2 subunit of the stalk region of the hemagglutinin (ha) protein. the biological significance of this single amino acid change was investigated by comparing a/california/7/2009 (ha2-e47) with a later strain, a/brisbane/10/2010 (ha2-k47). the e47k change was found to reduce the threshold ph for membrane fusion from 5.4 to 5.0. an inter-monomer salt bridge between k47 in ha2 and e21 in ha1, a neighboring ...	2014	24391498
novel avian-origin human influenza a(h7n9) can be transmitted between ferrets via respiratory droplets.	the outbreak of human infections caused by novel avian-origin influenza a(h7n9) in china since march 2013 underscores the need to better understand the pathogenicity and transmissibility of these viruses in mammals. in a ferret model, the pathogenicity of influenza a(h7n9) was found to be less than that of an influenza a(h5n1) strain but comparable to that of 2009 pandemic influenza a(h1n1), based on the clinical signs, mortality, virus dissemination, and results of histopathologic analyses. inf ...	2014	23990570
natural a(h1n1)pdm09 influenza virus infection case in a pet ferret in taiwan.	ferrets have demonstrated high susceptibility to the influenza virus. this study discusses a natural 2009 pandemic influenza a (h1n1) (a(h1n1)pdm09) virus infection in a pet ferret (mustela putorius furo) identified in taiwan in 2013. the ferret was in close contact with family members who had recently experienced an influenza-like illness (ili). the ferret nasal swab showed positive results for influenza a virus using one-step rt-pcr. the virus was isolated and the phylogenetic analysis indicat ...	2014	25597188
lung phenotype of juvenile and adult cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator-knockout ferrets.	chronic bacterial lung infections in cystic fibrosis (cf) are caused by defects in the cf transmembrane conductance regulator chloride channel. previously, we described that newborn cf transmembrane conductance regulator-knockout ferrets rapidly develop lung infections within the first week of life. here, we report a more slowly progressing lung bacterial colonization phenotype observed in juvenile to adult cf ferrets reared on a layered antibiotic regimen. even on antibiotics, cf ferrets were s ...	2014	24074402
gastrointestinal pathology in juvenile and adult cftr-knockout ferrets.	cystic fibrosis (cf) is a multiorgan disease caused by loss of a functional cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (cftr) chloride channel in many epithelia of the body. here we report the pathology observed in the gastrointestinal organs of juvenile to adult cftr-knockout ferrets. cf gastrointestinal manifestations included gastric ulceration, intestinal bacterial overgrowth with villous atrophy, and rectal prolapse. metagenomic phylogenetic analysis of fecal microbiota by deep seq ...	2014	24637292
the spectral transmission of ocular media suggests ultraviolet sensitivity is widespread among mammals.	although ultraviolet (uv) sensitivity is widespread among animals it is considered rare in mammals, being restricted to the few species that have a visual pigment maximally sensitive (λmax) below 400 nm. however, even animals without such a pigment will be uv-sensitive if they have ocular media that transmit these wavelengths, as all visual pigments absorb significant amounts of uv if the energy level is sufficient. although it is known that lenses of diurnal sciurid rodents, tree shrews and pri ...	2014	24552839
novel avian-origin influenza a (h7n9) virus attachment to the respiratory tract of five animal models.	we determined the pattern of attachment of the avian-origin h7n9 influenza viruses a/anhui/1/2013 and a/shanghai/1/2013 to the respiratory tract in ferrets, macaques, mice, pigs, and guinea pigs and compared it to that in humans. the h7n9 attachment pattern in macaques, mice, and to a lesser extent pigs and guinea pigs resembled that in humans more closely than the attachment pattern in ferrets. this information contributes to our knowledge of the different animal models for influenza.	2014	24478425
h1n1, but not h3n2, influenza a virus infection protects ferrets from h5n1 encephalitis.	seasonal influenza causes substantial morbidity and mortality because of efficient human-to-human spread. rarely, zoonotic strains of influenza virus spread to humans, where they have the potential to mediate new pandemics with high mortality. we studied systemic viral spread after intranasal infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (h5n1 [a/viet nam/1203/2004]) in ferrets with or without prior pandemic h1n1pdm09 (a/mexico/4108/2009) or h3n2 (a/victoria/361/2011) infection. after i ...	2013	24371072
type i ifn triggers rig-i/tlr3/nlrp3-dependent inflammasome activation in influenza a virus infected cells.	influenza a virus (iav) triggers a contagious and potentially lethal respiratory disease. a protective il-1β response is mediated by innate receptors in macrophages and lung epithelial cells. nlrp3 is crucial in macrophages; however, which sensors elicit il-1β secretion in lung epithelial cells remains undetermined. here, we describe for the first time the relative roles of the host innate receptors rig-i (ddx58), tlr3, and nlrp3 in the il-1β response to iav in primary lung epithelial cells. to ...	2013	23592984
hepatic vascular neoplasms in a colony of ferrets.		2013	3824828
the severe pathogenicity of alveolar macrophage-depleted ferrets infected with 2009 pandemic h1n1 influenza virus.	the in vivo role of alveolar macrophages in the infections with 2009 pandemic h1n1 influenza virus is not as yet known. ferret study shows that alveolar macrophages are critical for lowering the risk of severe outcomes in 2009 pandemic h1n1 influenza virus infections. up to 40% of the infected ferrets depleted of alveolar macrophages died, with elevated body temperature and major loss of body weight in contrast to infected ferrets not depleted of alveolar macrophages. the higher viral titers in ...	2013	23890814
a computational pipeline for quantification of pulmonary infections in small animal models using serial pet-ct imaging.	infectious diseases are the second leading cause of death worldwide. in order to better understand and treat them, an accurate evaluation using multi-modal imaging techniques for anatomical and functional characterizations is needed. for non-invasive imaging techniques such as computed tomography (ct), magnetic resonance imaging (mri), and positron emission tomography (pet), there have been many engineering improvements that have significantly enhanced the resolution and contrast of the images, ...	2013	23879987
the homologous tripartite viral rna polymerase of a/swine/korea/ct1204/2009(h1n2) influenza virus synergistically drives efficient replication and promotes respiratory droplet transmission in ferrets.	we previously reported that influenza a/swine/korea/1204/2009(h1n2) virus was virulent and transmissible in ferrets in which the respiratory-droplet-transmissible virus (ct-sw/1204) had acquired simultaneous hemagglutinin (had225g) and neuraminidase (nas315n) mutations. incorporating these mutations into the nonpathogenic a/swine/korea/1130/2009(h1n2, sw/1130) virus consequently altered pathogenicity and growth in animal models but could not establish efficient transmission or noticeable disease ...	2013	23864624
the short stalk length of highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 virus neuraminidase limits transmission of pandemic h1n1 virus in ferrets.	h5n1 influenza viruses pose a pandemic threat but have not acquired the ability to support sustained transmission between mammals in nature. the restrictions to transmissibility of avian influenza viruses in mammals are multigenic, and overcoming them requires adaptations in hemagglutinin (ha) and pb2 genes. here we propose that a further restriction to mammalian transmission of the majority of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n1 viruses may be the short stalk length of the neuraminida ...	2013	23864615
immune history shapes specificity of pandemic h1n1 influenza antibody responses.	human antibody responses against the 2009 pandemic h1n1 (ph1n1) virus are predominantly directed against conserved epitopes in the stalk and receptor-binding domain of the hemagglutinin (ha) protein. this is in stark contrast to ph1n1 antibody responses generated in ferrets, which are focused on the variable sa antigenic site of ha. here, we show that most humans born between 1983 and 1996 elicited ph1n1 antibody responses that are directed against an epitope near the ha receptor-binding domain. ...	2013	23857983
characterization of h7n9 influenza a viruses isolated from humans.	avian influenza a viruses rarely infect humans; however, when human infection and subsequent human-to-human transmission occurs, worldwide outbreaks (pandemics) can result. the recent sporadic infections of humans in china with a previously unrecognized avian influenza a virus of the h7n9 subtype (a(h7n9)) have caused concern owing to the appreciable case fatality rate associated with these infections (more than 25%), potential instances of human-to-human transmission, and the lack of pre-existi ...	2013	23842494
asparagine substitution at pb2 residue 701 enhances the replication, pathogenicity, and transmission of the 2009 pandemic h1n1 influenza a virus.	the 2009/2010 pandemic influenza virus (h1n1pdm) contains an avian-lineage pb2 gene that lacks e627k and d701n substitutions important in the pathogenesis and transmission of avian-origin viruses in humans or other mammals. previous studies have shown that pb2-627k is not necessary because of a compensatory q591r substitution. the role that pb2-701n plays in the h1n1pdm phenotype is not well understood. therefore, pb2-d701n was introduced into an h1n1pdm virus (a/new york/1682/2009 (ny1682)) and ...	2013	23799150
carbohydrate determinants in ferret conjunctiva are affected by infection with influenza h1n1 virus.	carbohydrates often accomplish as cell-surface receptors for microorganisms and influenza virus preferentially binds to sialic acid through the viral haemagglutinin. the virus may attach not only to the epithelium in the airways, but also to the surface ocular epithelium.	2013	23790131
intranasal antibody gene transfer in mice and ferrets elicits broad protection against pandemic influenza.	the emergence of a new influenza pandemic remains a threat that could result in a substantial loss of life and economic disruption worldwide. advances in human antibody isolation have led to the discovery of monoclonal antibodies (mabs) that have broad neutralizing activity against various influenza strains, although their direct use for prophylaxis is impractical. to overcome this limitation, our approach is to deliver antibody via adeno-associated virus (aav) vectors to the site of initial inf ...	2013	23720583
glycosylations in the globular head of the hemagglutinin protein modulate the virulence and antigenic properties of the h1n1 influenza viruses.	with the global spread of the 2009 pandemic h1n1 (ph1n1) influenza virus, there are increasing worries about evolution through antigenic drift. one way previous seasonal h1n1 and h3n2 influenza strains have evolved over time is by acquiring additional glycosylations in the globular head of their hemagglutinin (ha) proteins; these glycosylations have been believed to shield antigenically relevant regions from antibody immune responses. we added additional ha glycosylation sites to influenza a/net ...	2013	23720581
prolonged influenza virus shedding and emergence of antiviral resistance in immunocompromised patients and ferrets.	immunocompromised individuals tend to suffer from influenza longer with more serious complications than otherwise healthy patients. little is known about the impact of prolonged infection and the efficacy of antiviral therapy in these patients. among all 189 influenza a virus infected immunocompromised patients admitted to erasmusmc, 71 were hospitalized, since the start of the 2009 h1n1 pandemic. we identified 11 (15%) cases with prolonged 2009 pandemic virus replication (longer than 14 days), ...	2013	23717200
self-assembling influenza nanoparticle vaccines elicit broadly neutralizing h1n1 antibodies.	influenza viruses pose a significant threat to the public and are a burden on global health systems. each year, influenza vaccines must be rapidly produced to match circulating viruses, a process constrained by dated technology and vulnerable to unexpected strains emerging from humans and animal reservoirs. here we use knowledge of protein structure to design self-assembling nanoparticles that elicit broader and more potent immunity than traditional influenza vaccines. the viral haemagglutinin w ...	2013	23698367
recombinant iga is sufficient to prevent influenza virus transmission in guinea pigs.	a serum hemagglutination inhibition (hai) titer of 40 or greater is thought to be associated with reduced influenza virus pathogenesis in humans and is often used as a correlate of protection in influenza vaccine studies. we have previously demonstrated that intramuscular vaccination of guinea pigs with inactivated influenza virus generates hai titers greater than 300 but does not protect vaccinated animals from becoming infected with influenza virus by transmission from an infected cage mate. o ...	2013	23698296
antigenic drift of the pandemic 2009 a(h1n1) influenza virus in a ferret model.	surveillance data indicate that most circulating a(h1n1)pdm09 influenza viruses have remained antigenically similar since they emerged in humans in 2009. however, antigenic drift is likely to occur in the future in response to increasing population immunity induced by infection or vaccination. in this study, sequential passaging of a(h1n1)pdm09 virus by contact transmission through two independent series of suboptimally vaccinated ferrets resulted in selection of variant viruses with an amino ac ...	2013	23671418
evaluation of the humoral and cellular immune responses elicited by the live attenuated and inactivated influenza vaccines and their roles in heterologous protection in ferrets.	the humoral and cellular immune responses elicited by the trivalent live attenuated influenza vaccine (laiv) and the trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (tiv) were evaluated in the ferret model, using newly developed ferret immunological reagents and assays. in contrast to the tiv, which only induced immune responses in primed animals, laiv induced strong influenza virus-specific serum antibody and t-cell responses in both naive and influenza-seropositive animals. the laiv offered significan ...	2013	23656978
intranasal vaccination with h5, h7 and h9 hemagglutinins co-localized in a virus-like particle protects ferrets from multiple avian influenza viruses.	avian influenza h5, h7 and h9 viruses top the world health organization's (who) list of subtypes with the greatest pandemic potential. here we describe a recombinant virus-like particle (vlp) that co-localizes hemagglutinin (ha) proteins derived from h5n1, h7n2, and h9n2 viruses as an experimental vaccine against these viruses. a baculovirus vector was configured to co-express the h5, h7, and h9 genes from a/viet nam/1203/2004 (h5n1), a/new york/107/2003 (h7n2) and a/hong kong/33982/2009 (h9n2) ...	2013	23618102
immunity toward h1n1 influenza hemagglutinin of historical and contemporary strains suggests protection and vaccine failure.	evolution of h1n1 influenza a outbreaks of the past 100 years is interesting and significantly complex and details of h1n1 genetic drift remains unknown. here we investigated the clinical characteristics and immune cross-reactivity of significant historical h1n1 strains. we infected ferrets with h1n1 strains from 1943, 1947, 1977, 1986, 1999, and 2009 and showed each produced a unique clinical signature. we found significant cross-reactivity between viruses with similar ha sequences. interesting ...	2013	23608887
genetic characterization of h1n2 swine influenza virus isolated in china and its pathogenesis and inflammatory responses in mice.	in 2009, two h1n2 influenza viruses were isolated from trachea swabs of pigs in hubei in china. we compared these sequences with the other 18 complete genome sequences of swine h1n2 isolates from china during 2004 to 2010 and undertook extensive analysis of their evolutionary patterns. six different genotypes - two reassortants between triple reassortant (tr) h3n2 and classical swine (cs) h1n1 virus, three reassortants between tr h1n2, eurasian avian-like h1n1 swine virus and h9n2 swine virus, a ...	2013	23591972
immunomodulaton and attenuation of lethal influenza a virus infection by oral administration with kiom-c.	herbal medicine is used to treat many conditions such as asthma, eczema, premenstrual syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, migraine, headaches, menopausal symptoms, chronic fatigue, irritable bowel syndrome, cancer, and viral infections such as influenza. in this study, we investigated the antiviral effect of kiom-c for the treatment of influenza a virus infection. our results show that oral administration of kiom-c conferred a survival benefit to mice infected with the 2009 pandemic h1n1 [a(h1n1)pdm ...	2013	23588232
reassortment between avian h5n1 and human influenza viruses is mainly restricted to the matrix and neuraminidase gene segments.	highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 viruses have devastated the poultry industry in many countries of the eastern hemisphere. occasionally h5n1 viruses cross the species barrier and infect humans, sometimes with a severe clinical outcome. when this happens, there is a chance of reassortment between h5n1 and human influenza viruses. to assess the potential of h5n1 viruses to reassort with contemporary human influenza viruses (h1n1, h3n2 and pandemic h1n1), we used an in vitro selection method ...	2013	23527283
antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity is associated with control of pandemic h1n1 influenza virus infection of macaques.	emerging influenza viruses pose a serious risk to global human health. recent studies in ferrets, macaques, and humans suggest that seasonal h1n1 (sh1n1) infection provides some cross-protection against 2009 pandemic influenza viruses (h1n1pdm), but the correlates of cross-protection are poorly understood. here we show that seasonal infection of influenza-naïve indian rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta) with a/kawasaki/173/2001 (sh1n1) virus induces antibodies capable of binding the hemagglutinin ( ...	2013	23468501
antigenic variation of h1n1, h1n2 and h3n2 swine influenza viruses in japan and vietnam.	the antigenicity of the influenza a virus hemagglutinin is responsible for vaccine efficacy in protecting pigs against swine influenza virus (siv) infection. however, the antigenicity of siv strains currently circulating in japan and vietnam has not been well characterized. we examined the antigenicity of classical h1 sivs, pandemic a(h1n1)2009 (a(h1n1)pdm09) viruses, and seasonal human-lineage sivs isolated in japan and vietnam. a hemagglutination inhibition (hi) assay was used to determine ant ...	2013	23435952
infection of the upper respiratory tract with seasonal influenza a(h3n2) virus induces protective immunity in ferrets against infection with a(h1n1)pdm09 virus after intranasal, but not intratracheal, inoculation.	the clinical symptoms caused by infection with influenza a virus vary widely and depend on the strain causing the infection, the dose and route of inoculation, and the presence of preexisting immunity. in most cases, seasonal influenza a viruses cause relatively mild upper respiratory tract disease, while sometimes patients develop an acute severe pneumonia. heterosubtypic immunity induced by previous infections with influenza a viruses may dampen the development of clinical symptoms caused by i ...	2013	23365444
cold-adapted x-31 live attenuated 2009 pandemic h1n1 influenza vaccine elicits protective immune responses in mice and ferrets.	the 2009 pandemic influenza h1n1 (pdmh1n1) is characterized by rapid transmission among humans and disproportionate infection to children and young adults. although the pdmh1n1 demonstrated less lethality than initially expected and has now moved into its post-pandemic period, it remains highly possible that through antigenic shift or antigenic drift the pdmh1n1 might re-emerge in the future as a more virulent strain than before, underscoring the need for vaccination prior to an outbreak. using ...	2013	23313655
in vivo selection of h1n2 influenza virus reassortants in the ferret model.	although the ferret model has been extensively used to study pathogenesis and transmission of influenza viruses, little has been done to determine whether ferrets are a good surrogate animal model to study influenza virus reassortment. it has been previously shown that the pandemic 2009 h1n1 (h1n1pdm) virus was able to transmit efficiently in ferrets. in coinfection studies with either seasonal h1n1 or h3n2 strains (h1n1s or h3n2s, respectively), the h1n1pdm virus was able to outcompete these st ...	2013	23302886
neuraminidase-inhibiting antibody is a correlate of cross-protection against lethal h5n1 influenza virus in ferrets immunized with seasonal influenza vaccine.	in preparing for the threat of a pandemic of avian h5n1 influenza virus, we need to consider the significant delay (4 to 6 months) necessary to produce a strain-matched vaccine. as some degree of cross-reactivity between seasonal influenza vaccines and h5n1 virus has been reported, this was further explored in the ferret model to determine the targets of protective immunity. ferrets were vaccinated with two intramuscular inoculations of trivalent inactivated split influenza vaccine or subcompone ...	2013	23283953
pandemic influenza a h1n1 in swine and other animals.	influenza a virus infection has been reported in a variety of mammalian and avian species. wild waterfowl such as ducks and geese are considered the principal reservoir of many influenza a viruses. on may 2, 2009, the first confirmed case of pandemic 2009 h1n1 (ph1n1) in animals was reported in a small swine herd in canada. a public health investigation concluded that transmission from people to pigs was the likely source of infection. subsequently the ph1n1 virus has been reported in turkeys, c ...	2013	23254339
membrane-bound siv envelope trimers are immunogenic in ferrets after intranasal vaccination with a replication-competent canine distemper virus vector.	we are investigating canine distemper virus (cdv) as a vaccine vector for the delivery of hiv envelope (env) that closely resembles the native trimeric spike. we selected cdv because it will promote vaccine delivery to lymphoid tissues, and because human exposure is infrequent, reducing potential effects of pre-existing immunity. using siv env as a model, we tested a number of vector and gene insert designs. vectors containing a gene inserted between the cdv h and l genes, which encoded env lack ...	2013	24074564
paramyxovirus infections in ex vivo lung slice cultures of different host species.	paramyxoviruses, including measles virus (mv), human metapneumovirus (hmpv), human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) and canine distemper virus (cdv), are transmitted via the respiratory route. despite their close phylogenetic relationship, the pathogenesis of these viruses is very different. to study viral tropism and replication ex vivo, a protocol for the inflation of lungs with low-melting-point agarose mixed with culture medium was established. lung slices were prepared and remained viable ...	2013	23777750
enhanced neutralizing antibody titers and th1 polarization from a novel escherichia coli derived pandemic influenza vaccine.	influenza pandemics can spread quickly and cost millions of lives; the 2009 h1n1 pandemic highlighted the shortfall in the current vaccine strategy and the need for an improved global response in terms of shortening the time required to manufacture the vaccine and increasing production capacity. here we describe the pre-clinical assessment of a novel 2009 h1n1 pandemic influenza vaccine based on the e. coli-produced ha globular head domain covalently linked to virus-like particles derived from t ...	2013	24204639
immunogenicity and safety of h1n1 influenza hemagglutinin protein expressed in a baculovirus system.	although most influenza vaccines are produced in eggs, new types of vaccines must be developed. in this study, the immunogenicity and safety of a baculovirus-expressed hemagglutinin (ha) of h1n1 influenza virus (korea/01/2009; designated "ha-bac-k") was compared with those of a commercially available baculovirus-expressed ha (designated "ha-bac-c") and an escherichia coli-expressed ha (designated "ha-e. coli-k"). ha-bac-k succeeded in inducing hemagglutination inhibition and neutralization antib ...	2013	23822120
cloning and quantification of ferret serum amyloid a.	serum amyloid a (saa) is used as a biomarker for infections and inflammation in humans and veterinary medicine. we cloned ferret cdna encoding saa from the liver of a ferret via reverse transcription pcr (rt-pcr). the sequence of the cdna clone revealed that ferret saa has an open reading frame of 387 bp that encodes 129 amino acids. the deduced amino acid sequence of ferret saa has 96.1, 89.9, 86.0, 83.8, 83.0, 73.8 and 65.3% similarity to the mink, dog, cat, cattle, horse, human and mouse saa ...	2013	22972465
transmigration route of campylobacter jejuni across polarized intestinal epithelial cells: paracellular, transcellular or both?	intact intercellular junctions and cellular matrix contacts are crucial structural components for the formation and maintenance of epithelial barrier functions in humans to control the commensal flora and protect against intruding microbes. campylobacter jejuni is one of the most important zoonotic pathogens causing food-borne gastroenteritis and potentially more severe diseases such as reactive arthritis or guillain-barré syndrome. crossing the intestinal epithelial barrier and host cell invasi ...	2013	24079544
experimental chronic wasting disease in wild type vm mice.	chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a naturally occurring prion disease in north american deer (odocoileus species), rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) and moose (alces alces). the disease was first confirmed in the republic of korea in 2001, and subsequent cases were diagnosed in 2004, 2005 and 2010. the experimental host range of cwd includes ferrets, several species of voles, white-footed mice, deer mice and syrian golden hamsters. in addition, cwd was transmitted to the transgenic mous ...	2013	23708962
mucosal transmission and pathogenesis of chronic wasting disease in ferrets.	chronic wasting disease (cwd) of cervids is almost certainly transmitted by mucosal contact with the causative prion, whether by direct (animal-to-animal) or indirect (environmental) means. yet the sites and mechanisms of prion entry remain to be further understood. this study sought to extend this understanding by demonstrating that ferrets exposed to cwd via several mucosal routes developed infection, cwd prion protein (prp(cwd)) amplification in lymphoid tissues, neural invasion and florid tr ...	2013	23100363
substitutions near the receptor binding site determine major antigenic change during influenza virus evolution.	the molecular basis of antigenic drift was determined for the hemagglutinin (ha) of human influenza a/h3n2 virus. from 1968 to 2003, antigenic change was caused mainly by single amino acid substitutions, which occurred at only seven positions in ha immediately adjacent to the receptor binding site. most of these substitutions were involved in antigenic change more than once. equivalent positions were responsible for the recent antigenic changes of influenza b and a/h1n1 viruses. substitution of ...	2013	24264991
concurrent 2009 pandemic influenza a (h1n1) virus infection in ferrets and in a community in pennsylvania.	we report a fall 2010 cluster of pandemic influenza a/h1n1 (ph1n1) infections in pet ferrets in lehigh valley region of pennsylvania. the ferrets were associated with one pet shop. the influenza cluster occurred during a period when the existing human surveillance systems had identified little to no ph1n1 in humans in the lehigh valley, and there were no routine influenza surveillance systems for exotic pets. the index case was a 2.5-month-old neutered male ferret that was presented to a veterin ...	2013	22697485
impact of prior seasonal h3n2 influenza vaccination or infection on protection and transmission of emerging variants of influenza a(h3n2)v virus in ferrets.	influenza h3n2 a viruses continue to circulate in swine and occasionally infect humans, resulting in outbreaks of variant influenza h3n2 [a(h3n2)v] virus. it has been previously demonstrated in ferrets that a(h3n2)v viruses transmit as efficiently as seasonal influenza viruses, raising concern over the pandemic potential of these viruses. however, a(h3n2)v viruses have not acquired the ability to transmit efficiently among humans, which may be due in part to existing cross-reactive immunity to a ...	2013	24089569
mutation from arginine to lysine at the position 189 of hemagglutinin contributes to the antigenic drift in h3n2 swine influenza viruses.	two distinct antigenic clusters were previously identified among the h3n2 swine influenza a viruses (iavs) and were designated h3n2siv-alpha and h3n2siv-beta (feng et al., 2013. journal of virology 87 (13), 7655-7667). a consistent mutation was observed at the position 189 of hemagglutinin (r189k) between h3n2siv-alpha and h3n2siv-beta fair isolates. to evaluate the contribution of r189k mutation to the antigenic drift from h3n2siv-alpha to h3n2siv-beta, four reassortant viruses with 189r or 189 ...	2013	24074585
pathogenesis and transmission of avian influenza a (h7n9) virus in ferrets and mice.	on 29 march 2013, the chinese center for disease control and prevention confirmed the first reported case of human infection with an avian influenza a(h7n9) virus. the recent human infections with h7n9 virus, totalling over 130 cases with 39 fatalities to date, have been characterized by severe pulmonary disease and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ards). this is concerning because h7 viruses have typically been associated with ocular disease in humans, rather than severe respiratory disease ...	2013	23842497
kinetics of viral replication and induction of host responses in ferrets differs between ocular and intranasal routes of inoculation.	while influenza viruses are typically considered respiratory pathogens, the ocular system represents a secondary entry point for virus to establish a productive respiratory infection and the location for rare instances of virus-induced conjunctivitis. we used the ferret model to conduct a side-by-side comparison of virus infectivity, kinetics of viral replication, and induction of host responses following inoculation by either the intranasal or ocular routes with two viruses, a/netherlands/230/0 ...	2013	23415392
experimental infection and natural contact exposure of ferrets with canine influenza virus (h3n2).	epidemics of h3n2 canine influenza virus (civ) among dogs in south korea and southern china have raised concern over the potential for zoonotic transmission of these viruses. here, we analysed the pathogenesis and transmissibility of h3n2 civ in ferret. h3n2 civ replicated efficiently in the respiratory system of inoculated ferrets and caused acute necrotizing bronchioalveolitis and non-suppurative encephalitis. transmission of h3n2 civ was detected in three of six ferrets co-housed with inocula ...	2013	23329681
seasonal trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine does not protect against newly emerging variants of influenza a (h3n2v) virus in ferrets.	the recent increase in human cases of influenza a h3n2 variant virus [a(h3n2)v] highlights the need to assess whether seasonal influenza vaccination provides cross-protection against a(h3n2)v virus. our data demonstrate that the 2011-2012 trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (tiv) protected ferrets against homologous h3n2 virus challenge but provided minimal to no protection against a(h3n2)v virus. the complete absence of specific hemagglutination inhibition antibody response to a(h3n2)v is c ...	2013	23115290
inter- and intraspecies transmission of canine influenza virus (h3n2) in dogs, cats, and ferrets.	the emergence of zoonotic viruses in domestic animals is a significant public health concern. canine influenza virus (civ) h3n2 is a virus that can infect companion animals and is, therefore, a potential public health concern.	2013	22616918
receptor specificity does not affect replication or virulence of the 2009 pandemic h1n1 influenza virus in mice and ferrets.	human influenza viruses predominantly bind α2,6 linked sialic acid (sa) while avian viruses bind α2,3 sa-containing complex glycans. virulence and tissue tropism of influenza viruses have been ascribed to this binding preference. we generated 2009 pandemic h1n1 (ph1n1) viruses with either predominant α2,3 or α2,6 sa binding and evaluated these viruses in mice and ferrets. the α2,3 ph1n1 virus had similar virulence in mice and replicated to similar titers in the respiratory tract of mice and ferr ...	2013	24074599
emergence of h3n2pm-like and novel reassortant h3n1 swine viruses possessing segments derived from the a (h1n1)pdm09 influenza virus, korea.	human-to-swine transmission of the pandemic h1n1 2009 [a(h1n1)pdm09] virus in pig populations resulted in reassortment events with endemic swine influenza viruses worldwide.	2013	24034626
emerging antigenic variants at the antigenic site sb in pandemic a(h1n1)2009 influenza virus in japan detected by a human monoclonal antibody.	the swine-origin pandemic a(h1n1)2009 virus, a(h1n1)pdm09, is still circulating in parts of the human population. to monitor variants that may escape from vaccination specificity, antigenic characterization of circulating viruses is important. in this study, a hybridoma clone producing human monoclonal antibody against a(h1n1)pdm09, designated 5e4, was prepared using peripheral lymphocytes from a vaccinated volunteer. the 5e4 showed viral neutralization activity and inhibited hemagglutination. 5 ...	2013	24147093
the 2009 pandemic influenza virus: where did it come from, where is it now, and where is it going?	around 2008 or 2009, an influenza a virus that had been circulating undetected in swine entered human population. unlike most swine influenza infections of humans, this virus established sustained human-to-human transmission, leading to a global pandemic. the virus responsible, 2009 pandemic h1n1 (h1n1pdm), is the result of multiple reassortment events that brought together genomic segments from classical h1n1 swine influenza virus, human seasonal h3n2 influenza virus, north american avian influ ...	2013	22638836
sequential seasonal h1n1 influenza virus infections protect ferrets against novel 2009 h1n1 influenza virus.	individuals <60 years of age had the lowest incidence of infection, with ~25% of these people having preexisting, cross-reactive antibodies to novel 2009 h1n1 influenza. many people >60 years old also had preexisting antibodies to novel h1n1. these observations are puzzling because the seasonal h1n1 viruses circulating during the last 60 years were not antigenically similar to novel h1n1. we therefore hypothesized that a sequence of exposures to antigenically different seasonal h1n1 viruses can ...	2013	23115287