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morphology of the transverse ligament of the atlas and the alar ligaments in the silver fox (vulpes vulpes var).recent new anatomical and histological features of craniocervical junction in dogs and cats were described providing evidence of differences between the carnivore species. no information on these structures in foxes exists.201323557095
comparison of metal concentrations in bones of long-living mammals.the aim of this study was to compare zinc, copper, lead, cadmium, and mercury concentrations in the bones of long-living mammals-humans (homo sapiens) and canidae (dogs canis familiaris and foxes vulpes vulpes) from northwestern poland and to determine the usefulness of canidae as bioindicators of environmental exposure to metals in humans. zinc concentrations in cartilage with adjacent compact bone and in spongy bone were highest in foxes (∼120 mg/kg dry weight (dw)) and lowest in dogs (80 mg/k ...201323377610
red foxes (vulpes vulpes) bioindicator of lead and copper pollution in sicily (italy).the aim of this study was to evaluate pb and cu accumulation in muscle and skin samples of red fox (vulpes vulpes) from sicily, for monitoring of environmental metals pollution. metals determination, carried out by atomic absorption spectrophotometer (aas), showed the presence of pb and cu in all samples analyzed. pb concentrations were similar in muscle (0.04±0.009 mg/kg) and skin (0.03±0.004 mg/kg) samples, while cu levels resulted higher in muscle (1.842±0.178 mg/kg) than in skin (1.22±0.151 ...201323313116
pathology of sarcoptic mange in red foxes (vulpes vulpes): macroscopic and histologic characterization of three disease stages.sarcoptic mange is a highly contagious skin disease that can have a devastating impact on affected wild mammal populations. there are notable variations in the clinical and pathologic picture of sarcoptic mange among species and among conspecifics. however, the origin of these variations is unclear. we propose a classification scheme for skin lesions associated with sarcoptes scabiei infestation to provide a basis for a subsequent risk factor analysis. we conducted a case-control study focused o ...201323307375
occurrence of trichinella spp. in wild animals in northwestern libya.the present study determined the occurrence of trichinella spp. in captured and some perished wildlife animals which included 70 hedgehogs, 19 red foxes, 13 common jackals and 8 crested porcupines in northwestern libya. muscle samples of these animals were examined by trichinoscopy. trichinella larvae were detected only in 4 (5.7%) of the hedgehogs (erinaceus algirus) and 2 (10.5%) of the red foxes (vulpes vulpes). larvae were found in the muscles of the diaphragm, abdomen, tongue, forelimb, hin ...201326623318
[crossing blue fox (alopex lagopus) to red fox (vulpes vulpes) using artificial insemination].an experiment with breeding red fox to blue fox by artificial insemination is described. the conception rate obtained was low. of five blue fox vixens three whelped, and average litter size was 6.5. none of the six red fox vixens whelped. examination of semen from the hybrid males showed aspermia. the testosterone levels in the male hybrids were significantly lower than those in male blue fox, the difference was less outstanding between the hybrids and the red fox males. the histological investi ...20137383839
relationship between hyponeophagia and adrenal cortex function in farmed foxes.the adrenal cortex function of farmed blue (alopex lagopus) and silver foxes (vulpes vulpes) differing in their reaction in the feeding test were assessed. the urine cortisol:creatinine ratio was lower for those animals eating in the feeding test in comparison to those not eating in both species. in addition, eater silver foxes had lower baseline serum cortisol concentration and also lower serum cortisol concentration 2 h after acth administration than noneaters. there were no differences in any ...201310073480
insights into korean red fox (vulpes vulpes) based on mitochondrial cytochrome b sequence variation in east asia.the red fox (vulpes vulpes) is the most widely distributed terrestrial carnivore in the world, occurring throughout most of north america, europe, asia, and north africa. in south korea, however, this species has been drastically reduced due to habitat loss and poaching. consequently, it is classified as an endangered species in korea. as a first step of a planned red fox restoration project, preserved red fox museum specimens were used to determine the genetic status of red foxes that had previ ...201223106560
first european interlaboratory comparison of tetracycline and age determination with red fox teeth following oral rabies vaccination programs.the first european interlaboratory comparison of tetracycline and age determination with red fox (vulpes vulpes) tooth samples was organized by the european union reference laboratory for rabies. performance and procedures implemented by member states were compared. these techniques are widely used to monitor bait uptake in european oral rabies vaccination campaigns. a panel of five red fox half-mandibles comprising one weak positive juvenile sample, two positive adult samples, one negative juve ...201223060487
red fox (vulpes vulpes linnaeus, 1758) as biological indicator for environmental pollution in hungary.our aim were to establish the metal (cu, ni, zn, co, cd, and pb) levels of red fox liver and the kidney samples (n = 10) deriving from central part of hungary and compare the results with other countries' data. according to our results the concentrations of residues of the targeted elements (mg/kg dry weight) in liver and kidney samples were, respectively in liver: cu: 21.418, zn: 156.928, ni: 2.079, co: 1.611, pb: 1.678 and cd: 0.499; and kidney samples: cu: 9.236; zn: 87.159; ni: 2.514; co: 2. ...201222864592
relative abundance of american badger (taxidea taxus) and red fox (vulpes vulpes) in landscapes with high and low rodenticide poisoning levels.over the past decade, extensive poisoning campaigns have been conducted in southern saskatchewan to control richardson's ground squirrel spermophilus richardsonii (sabine, 1822) populations. such campaigns might impact on predator abundance by decreasing prey levels, and also through secondary poisoning. using spotlighting, we investigated the relative abundance of american badgers taxidea taxus (schreber, 1777) and red fox vulpes vulpes (linnaeus, 1758) in 2 study areas with road access and cro ...201222405447
[the melatonin influences on neutrophils/lymphocytes ratio of mammals blood depends on age of animals].the influence of melatonin on age dynamics of neutrophils and lymphocytes in blood of laboratory rats kept under different light conditions and predatory mammals--farmer silver fox, raccoon dog kept under natural light (nl) was investigated. the decrease of lymphocyte level, increase neutrophils content and alteration of neutrophils/lymphocytes ratio of aged rats (24 months) kept under natural light (nl) and standard light (ld) and adult silver foxes (2-5 years) kept under natural light in compa ...201223289215
comparative cytogenetic analysis of sex chromosomes in several canidae species using zoo-fish.sex chromosome differentiation began early during mammalian evolution. the karyotype of almost all placental mammals living today includes a pair of heterosomes: xx in females and xy in males. the genomes of different species may contain homologous synteny blocks indicating that they share a common ancestry. one of the tools used for their identification is the zoo-fish technique. the aim of the study was to determine whether sex chromosomes of some members of the canidae family (the domestic do ...201222428301
trophic enrichment factors for blood serum in the european badger (meles meles).ecologists undertaking stable isotopic analyses of animal diets require trophic enrichment factors (tefs) for the specific animal tissues that they are studying. such basic data are available for a small number of species, so values from trophically or phylogenetically similar species are often substituted for missing values. by feeding a controlled diet to captive european badgers (meles meles) we determined tefs for carbon and nitrogen in blood serum. tefs for nitrogen and carbon in blood seru ...201223300863
contamination of soil with eggs of geohelminths in recreational areas in the lublin region of poland.recreational areas cover parks, bicycle paths, lawns, urban squares, sports complexes, holiday camp areas, playgrounds for children, beaches, and even spontaneously used green field open spaces. while using recreational areas, people take with them accompanying animals (dogs, cats). these animals constitute the main source and reservoir of many dangerous zoonoses, including parasitoses caused by roundworms of the genus toxocara and trichuris. the objective of the presented study was determinatio ...201222742799
trace metals and micronutrients in bone tissues of the red fox vulpes vulpes (l., 1758).in this study we determined the levels of trace elements (zinc, copper, lead, cadmium and mercury) in three layers of bones of the hip joint (cartilage, compact bone and spongy bone) of 30 red foxes (vulpes vulpes) from north-western poland. concentrations of cu, zn, pb and cd were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (icp-aes) in inductively coupled argon plasma using a perkin-elmer optima 2000 dv. determination of hg concentration was performed by atomic absorption spectroscopy. i ...201222707758
territorial dynamics and stable home range formation for central place foragers.uncovering the mechanisms behind territory formation is a fundamental problem in behavioural ecology. the broad nature of the underlying conspecific avoidance processes are well documented across a wide range of taxa. scent marking in particular is common to a large range of terrestrial mammals and is known to be fundamental for communication. however, despite its importance, exact quantification of the time-scales over which scent cues and messages persist remains elusive. recent work by the pr ...201222479510
complete mitochondiral genome of the korean red fox vulpes vulpes (carnivora, canidae).the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of vulpes vulpes consists of 13 protein-coding genes, 22 trna genes, 2 rrna genes, and 1 control region (cr). cr is located between the trna-pro and trna-phe genes and is 1173 base pairs (bp) in length. it consists of a short non-repetitive sequence followed by 8-bp 5'-acacacgt-3' tandem repeat between conserved sequence black i and conserved sequence black ii.201222409760
comparison of reliability of five patellar position indices at various stifle joint angles in pelvic limbs obtained from cadavers of red foxes (vulpes vulpes).to compare 5 patellar position indices at various stifle joint angles in cadavers of red foxes, determine measurement reliability, and assess the suitability of these indices for clinical use.201222280388
the quadriceps angle: reliability and accuracy in a fox (vulpes vulpes) pelvic limb model.to evaluate the effect of measurement technique and limb positioning on quadriceps (q) angle measurement, intra- and interobserver reliability, potential sources of error, and the effect of q angle variation.201222239602
genetics of behavior in the silver fox.the silver fox provides a rich resource for investigating the genetics of behavior, with strains developed by intensely selective breeding that display markedly different behavioral phenotypes. until recently, however, the tools for conducting molecular genetic investigations in this species were very limited. in this review, the history of development of this resource and the tools to exploit it are described. although the focus is on the genetics of domestication in the silver fox, there is a ...201222108806
temporal genetic variation of the red fox, vulpes vulpes, across western europe and the british isles.quaternary climatic fluctuations have had profound effects on the phylogeographic structure of many species. classically, species were thought to have become isolated in peninsular refugia, but there is limited evidence that large, non-polar species survived outside traditional refugial areas. we examined the phylogeographic structure of the red fox (vulpes vulpes), a species that shows high ecological adaptability in the western palaearctic region. we compared mitochondrial dna sequences (cytoc ...201224068852
top predators as biodiversity regulators: the dingo canis lupus dingo as a case study.top-order predators often have positive effects on biological diversity owing to their key functional roles in regulating trophic cascades and other ecological processes. their loss has been identified as a major factor contributing to the decline of biodiversity in both aquatic and terrestrial systems. consequently, restoring and maintaining the ecological function of top predators is a critical global imperative. here we review studies of the ecological effects of the dingo canis lupus dingo, ...201222051057
anthropogenic influences on macro-level mammal occupancy in the appalachian trail corridor.anthropogenic effects on wildlife are typically assessed at the local level, but it is often difficult to extrapolate to larger spatial extents. macro-level occupancy studies are one way to assess impacts of multiple disturbance factors that might vary over different geographic extents. here we assess anthropogenic effects on occupancy and distribution for several mammal species within the appalachian trail (at), a forest corridor that extends across a broad section of the eastern united states. ...201222880038
matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry combined with multidimensional scaling, binary hierarchical cluster tree and selected diagnostic masses improves species identification of neolithic keratin sequences from furs of the tyrolean iceman oetzi.the identification of fur origins from the 5300-year-old tyrolean iceman's accoutrement is not yet complete, although definite identification is essential for the socio-cultural context of his epoch. neither have all potential samples been identified so far, nor there has a consensus been reached on the species identified using the classical methods. archaeological hair often lacks analyzable hair scale patterns in microscopic analyses and polymer chain reaction (pcr)-based techniques are often ...201222777774
prevalence of toxoplasma gondii infection diagnosed by pcr in farmed red foxes, arctic foxes and raccoon dogs.the aim of this study was to compare toxoplasma gondii infection in three canid species: red fox vulpes vulpes, arctic fox vulpes lagopus and raccoon dog nyctereutesprocyonoides kept at the same farm. anal swabs were taken from 24 adult and 10 juvenile red foxes, 12 adult arctic foxes, three adult and seven juvenile raccoon dogs. additionally, muscle samples were taken from 10 juvenile red foxes. pcr was used to detect t. gondii dna. t. gondii infection was not detected in any of the arctic foxe ...201222428309
potential application of serological tests on fluids from carcasses: detection of antibodies against toxoplasma gondii and sarcoptes scabiei in red foxes (vulpes vulpes).serological surveys for disease investigation of wild animal populations require obtaining blood samples for analysis, which has logistic, ethic and economic difficulties. applying serological test to fluids collected from dead animals is an alternative. the aim of this study was to assess if antibodies could be detected in two types of fluids collected from 56 carcasses of red foxes (vulpes vulpes): pleural fluid and lung extract.201222380986
foxes as a potential wildlife reservoir for meca-positive staphylococci.methicillin-resistant staphylococci (mrs), and methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) in particular, have become a public and veterinary health concern. the search for mrs reservoirs outside human hospitals is needed in order to understand the reasons for their persistence and to control their spread. mrs have been isolated from rats, but little is known about their occurrence in foxes. in view of the perceived increasing proximity between people and foxes in the u.k. and the well-do ...201222448723
antibodies to west nile virus and related flaviviruses in wild boar, red foxes and other mesomammals from spain.red foxes (vulpes vulpes), wild boar (sus scrofa) and iberian pigs (sus scrofa domestica) that are raised extensively outdoors, as well as other wild mesomammals from south central spain and wild boar from doñana national park (dnp), were tested for antibodies against related flaviviruses by elisa and for antibodies against wnv by vnt. mean flavivirus seroprevalence according to elisa was 20.4 ± 7.8% (21 out of 103) in red foxes, 12.6 ± 2.8% (69 out of 545) in wild boars, and 3.3±2.7% (6 out of ...201222595138
diversity of currently circulating rabies virus strains in croatia.sylvatic rabies has been present in croatia for more than three decades, with the red fox (vulpes vulpes) as the main reservoir. the present epidemic of sylvatic rabies in croatia started already in 1977 and in the past ten years the disease has become enzootic in the entire country and thus represents a considerable veterinary and public health threat. a genetic characterization and phylogenetic analysis of rabies virus isolates (rabv) from croatia was performed using panel of 32 selected rabie ...201222712423
canid progesterone receptors lack activation function 3 domain-dependent activity.progesterone regulates multiple behavioral, physiological, and pathological aspects of female reproductive biology through its two progesterone receptors (prs), pr-b and the truncated pr-a. pr-b is necessary for mammary gland development in mice and, compared with pr-a, is overall a stronger transactivator of target genes due to an additional activation function 3 (af3) domain. in dogs, known for their high sensitivity to progesterone-induced mammary cancer, the pr-b function was studied. canine ...201223041671
echinococcus multilocularis in svalbard, norway: microsatellite genotyping to investigate the origin of a highly focal contamination.echinococcus multilocularis is a threatening cestode involved in the human alveolar echinococcosis. the parasite, mainly described in temperate regions of the northern hemisphere was described for the first time in 1999 in the high arctic svalbard archipelago, norway. the origin of this contamination could be due to an anthropogenic introduction from mainland europe by domestic dogs or with the introduction of the sibling vole, perhaps from mainland russia (st. petersburg area), or with roaming ...201222465539
a diagnostic study of echinococcus multilocularis in red foxes (vulpes vulpes) from great britain.alveolar echinococcosis is caused by a parasitic tapeworm echinococcus multilocularis and is a serious disease with high fatality in humans. the definitive primary host is the red fox (vulpes vulpes) but domestic animals (dogs and to a lesser extent cats) as well as several genera of rodents can also be infected with the parasite. there is, to date, no evidence of indigenous cases of e. multilocularis in great britain (gb) but in most of continental europe the parasite is considered to be endemi ...201222840643
specific detection of echinococcus spp. from the tibetan fox (vulpes ferrilata) and the red fox (v. vulpes) using copro-dna pcr analysis.there are three echinococcus species, echinococcus granulosus, e. multilocularis, and e. shiquicus, which are distributed on the vast area of pastureland on the eastern tibetan plateau in china. tibetan foxes (vulpes ferrilata) have been determined to be the main wild definitive host of e. multilocularis and e. shiquicus, but little information is available on the prevalence of these two parasites in tibetan foxes. consequently, the copro-prevalence of these parasites in foxes from the eastern t ...201222744713
emergence of canine distemper virus strains with modified molecular signature and enhanced neuronal tropism leading to high mortality in wild carnivores.an ongoing canine distemper epidemic was first detected in switzerland in the spring of 2009. compared to previous local canine distemper outbreaks, it was characterized by unusually high morbidity and mortality, rapid spread over the country, and susceptibility of several wild carnivore species. here, the authors describe the associated pathologic changes and phylogenetic and biological features of a multiple highly virulent canine distemper virus (cdv) strain detected in and/or isolated from r ...201222362965
large-scale serosurvey of besnoitia besnoiti in free-living carnivores in spain.the disease bovine besnoitiosis is responsible for severe economic losses caused by the protozoan besnoitia besnoiti. the identity of the definitive host (dh) of this parasite has yet to be determined, although it is presumed to be a carnivore. with the aim of advancing in the identification of b. besnoiti dh, a necessary step in implementing control strategies, the contact rate of 205 free-roaming carnivores with this parasite in spain was studied. the study included 16 wolves (canis lupus), 41 ...201222770702
colonization of abandoned land by juniperus thurifera is mediated by the interaction of a diverse dispersal assemblage and environmental heterogeneity.land abandonment is one of the most powerful global change drivers in developed countries where recent rural exodus has been the norm. abandonment of traditional land use practices has permitted the colonization of these areas by shrub and tree species. for fleshy fruited species the colonization of new areas is determined by the dispersal assemblage composition and abundance. in this study we showed how the relative contribution to the dispersal process by each animal species is modulated by th ...201223071692
deer, predators, and the emergence of lyme disease.lyme disease is the most prevalent vector-borne disease in north america, and both the annual incidence and geographic range are increasing. the emergence of lyme disease has been attributed to a century-long recovery of deer, an important reproductive host for adult ticks. however, a growing body of evidence suggests that lyme disease risk may now be more dynamically linked to fluctuations in the abundance of small-mammal hosts that are thought to infect the majority of ticks. the continuing an ...201222711825
changes in the geographical distribution and abundance of the tick ixodes ricinus during the past 30 years in sweden.abstract: background: ixodes ricinus is the main vector in europe of human-pathogenic lyme borreliosis (lb) spirochaetes, the tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) and other pathogens of humans and domesticated mammals. the results of a previous 1994 questionnaire, directed at people living in central and north sweden (svealand and norrland) and aiming to gather information about tick exposure for humans and domestic animals, suggested that ixodes ricinus ticks had become more widespread in cent ...201222233771
screening for trichinella britovi infection in red fox (vulpes vulpes) and wild boar (sus scrofa) in southeastern france.from 2006 to 2009 we screened 108 red foxes (vulpes vulpes) and 894 wild boars (sus scrofa) in haut-var, france for trichinella britovi infection. prevalences were 2.7 and 0% respectively. the fox may be considered a predictive sentinel for trichinella in the haut-var ecosystem.201222247397
the who rabies bulletin europe: a key source of information on rabies and a pivotal tool for surveillance and epidemiology.rabies is one of the most, if not the most, prominent and feared zoonotic diseases in the world and the world health organization (who) estimates that 55,000 people die of the disease every year. most of these deaths occur in asia and africa and are usually the result of dog-mediated rabies. in europe, the red fox is considered the main reservoir species for wildlife rabies caused by the rabies virus. besides foxes, bats have also been identified as a reservoir for european bat lyssaviruses in m ...201223520734
effects of selection for behavior, human approach mode and sex on vocalization in silver fox.this study presents a first direct comparison of vocal type, call rate and time spent vocalizing among unselected, tame and aggressive strains of silver fox (vulpes vulpes) in three modes of human approach (provoking, approach-retreat, and static). also, it provides a first comparison of male and female vocal output in the provoking test. vocal types were found strain-specific irrespective of the fox sex or the test. males had higher call rates and spent shorter times vocalizing than females. th ...201223525128
missense polymorphisms in the mc1r gene of the dog, red fox, arctic fox and chinese raccoon dog.coat colour variation is determined by many genes, one of which is the melanocortin receptor type 1 (mc1r) gene. in this study, we examined the whole coding sequence of this gene in four species belonging to the canidae family (dog, red fox, arctic fox and chinese raccoon dog). although the comparative analysis of the obtained nucleotide sequences revealed a high conservation, which varied between 97.9 and 99.1%, we altogether identified 22 snps (10 in dogs, six in farmed red foxes, two in wild ...201223496014
molecular epidemiology of the rabies virus in slovenia 1994-2010.a molecular epidemiology study was performed on a selection of 30 rabies-positive brain samples collected between 1994 and 2010 in slovenia and originating from the red fox (n=19), badger (n=3), cattle (n=3), dog (n=2), cat (n=1), marten (n=1) and horse (n=1). based on the comparison of 1092 and 672 nucleotide sequences of nucleoprotein (n) and partial glycoprotein (g) gene regions, a low genetic diversity of the circulating strains was detected, but both phylogenetic trees were consistent with ...201121571453
new techniques for an old disease: sarcoptic mange in the iberian wolf.sarcoptic mange, a parasitic skin infection caused by the burrowing mite sarcoptes scabiei, has been reported in over 100 mammals, including humans. in endangered species, mange causes conservation concerns because it may decimate isolated populations and contribute to extinction. the iberian peninsula still maintains one of the largest wolf (canis lupus) populations in europe. in iberia, sarcoptic mange is endemic in red foxes (vulpes vulpes) and the first confirmed wolf mange cases were recent ...201121600696
teeth of the red fox vulpes vulpes (l., 1758) as a bioindicator in studies on fluoride pollution.an examination was made of fluoride content in the mandibular first molars of the permanent teeth of the red fox vulpes vulpes living in north-west (nw) poland. the teeth were first dried to a constant weight at 105°c and then ashed. fluorides were determined potentiometrically, and their concentrations were expressed in dry weight (dw) and ash. the results were used to perform an indirect estimation of fluoride pollution in the examined region of poland. the collected specimens (n = 35) were cl ...201121957316
the effects of sex, age, season and habitat on diet of the red fox vulpes vulpes in northeastern poland.the diet of the red fox vulpes vulpes was investigated in five regions of northeastern poland by stomach content analysis of 224 foxes collected from hunters. the red fox is expected to show the opportunistic feeding habits. our study showed that foxes preyed mainly on wild prey, with strong domination of microtus rodents, regardless of sex, age, month and habitat. voles microtus spp. were found in 73% of stomachs and constituted 47% of food volume consumed. other food items were ungulate carrio ...201121765531
red fox vulpes vulpes (l., 1758) as a bioindicator of mercury contamination in terrestrial ecosystems of north-western poland.in this study, we determined the concentrations of total mercury (hg) in samples of liver, kidney and skeletal muscle of 27 red foxes vulpes vulpes (l., 1758) from north-western poland, and examined the morphometric characteristics of the collected specimens. the analysis also included the relationship between hg concentration and the fox size, and the suitability of individual organs as bioindicators in indirect evaluation of environmental mercury contamination. determination of hg concentratio ...201121892722
evaluation of selenium status and its distribution in organs of free living foxes (vulpes vulpes) from an se deficient area.the objective of the study was to determine selenium status and its distribution in the organs of free living foxes from selenium deficient areas of north-western poland. samples of organs harvested from 40 foxes shot during the 2008-2009 hunting seasons served as experimental material. selenium concentration in the organs was determined spectrofluorometrically. selenium distribution in tissues depends largely on its dietary content. our study indicated that concentrations of selenium in the exa ...201121957741
mother knows best: dominant females determine offspring dispersal in red foxes (vulpes vulpes).relatedness between group members is central to understanding the causes of animal dispersal. in many group-living mammals this can be complicated as extra-pair copulations result in offspring having varying levels of relatedness to the dominant animals, leading to a potential conflict between male and female dominants over offspring dispersal strategies. to avoid resource competition and inbreeding, dominant males might be expected to evict unrelated males and related females, whereas the rever ...201121799780
modern and ancient red fox (vulpes vulpes) in europe show an unusual lack of geographical and temporal structuring, and differing responses within the carnivores to historical climatic change.despite phylogeographical patterns being well characterised in a large number of species, and generalised patterns emerging, the carnivores do not all appear to show consistent trends. while some species tend to fit with standard theoretical phylogeographic expectations (e.g. bears), others show little obvious modern phylogeographic structure (e.g. wolves). in this study we briefly review these studies, and present a new phylogeographical study of the red fox (vulpes vulpes) throughout europe, u ...201121774815
on the origin of a domesticated species: identifying the parent population of russian silver foxes (vulpes vulpes).the foxes at novosibirsk, russia, are the only population of domesticated foxes in the world. these domesticated foxes originated from farm-bred silver foxes (vulpes vulpes), whose genetic source is unknown. in this study we examined the origin of the domesticated strain of foxes and two other farm-bred fox populations (aggressive and unselected) maintained in novosibirsk. to identify the phylogenetic origin of these populations we sequenced two regions of mtdna, cytochrome b and d-loop, from 24 ...201121625363
does small mammal prey guild affect the exposure of predators to anticoagulant rodenticides?ireland has a restricted small mammal prey guild but still includes species most likely to consume anticoagulant rodenticide (ar) baits. this may enhance secondary exposure of predators to ars. we compared liver ar residues in foxes (vulpes vulpes) in northern ireland (ni) with those in foxes from great britain which has a more diverse prey guild but similar agricultural use of ars. liver ars were detected in 84% of ni foxes, more than in a comparable sample of foxes from scotland and similar to ...201121616571
geographical information systems in the management of the 2009-2010 emergency oral anti-rabies vaccination of foxes in north-eastern italy.emergency oral fox vaccination campaigns, targeting a recent rabies epidemic in wild foxes (vulpes vulpes) in north-eastern italy, were implemented twice, first in the winter of 2009 and then in the spring of 2010. following on an unsuccessful manual bait distribution campaign, vaccine baits were aerially distributed by helicopters using a satellite-navigated, computer-supported, automatic bait drop system. the flight paths were traced with distance of 500-1,000 m from one another to optimise he ...201121590672
animal interactions and the emergence of territoriality.inferring the role of interactions in territorial animals relies upon accurate recordings of the behaviour of neighbouring individuals. such accurate recordings are rarely available from field studies. as a result, quantification of the interaction mechanisms has often relied upon theoretical approaches, which hitherto have been limited to comparisons of macroscopic population-level predictions from un-tested interaction models. here we present a quantitative framework that possesses a microscop ...201121423708
concentration of heavy metals in hair and skin of silver and red foxes (vulpes vulpes).the structure of hair and levels of main chemical elements (c, n, o, s, cl, ca, p, al, na) in the external layer of hair of silver and red foxes (vulpes vulpes) in a non-industrialised, typically agricultural region of middle-west poland was assessed using a scanning microscope. additionally, analysis of the accumulation of certain heavy metals (cr, cu, ni, pb and zn) in hair (washed) and skin (non-tanned) of those foxes was conducted. heavy metal levels were determined using a spectrophotometri ...201121327483
a restricted hybrid zone between native and introduced red fox (vulpes vulpes) populations suggests reproductive barriers and competitive exclusion.introduced species can threaten native taxa in multiple ways, including competition and hybridization, which can reduce fitness, alter ecological niches or swamp native genomes. encroachment and hybridization by introduced species also provide opportunities to study the dynamics of invasiveness and hybridization during early stages following contact. we used 33 microsatellites, 51 single nucleotide polymorphisms and a mtdna marker to characterize the extent and spatial pattern of encroachment an ...201121143330
association of mc3r gene polymorphisms with body weight in the red fox and comparative gene organization in four canids.there are five genes encoding melanocortin receptors. among canids, the genes have mainly been studied in the dog (mc1r, mc2r and mc4r). the mc4r gene has also been analysed in the red fox. in this report, we present a study of chromosome localization, comparative sequence analysis and polymorphism of the mc3r gene in the dog, red fox, arctic fox and chinese raccoon dog. the gene was localized by fish to the following chromosome: 24q24-25 in the dog, 14p16 in the red fox, 18q13 in the arctic fox ...201120477806
a retrospective economic analysis of the ontario red fox oral rabies vaccination programme.ontario initiated a red fox (vulpes vulpes) oral rabies vaccination (orv) programme in 1989. this study utilized a benefit-cost analysis to determine if this orv programme was economically worthwhile. between 1979 and 1989, prior to orv baiting, the average annual human post-exposure treatments, positive red fox rabies diagnostic tests and indemnity payments for livestock lost to rabies were 2248, 1861 and $246,809, respectively. after baiting, from 1990 to 2000, a 35%, 66% and 41% decrease in p ...201120819201
fox defecation behaviour in relation to spatial distribution of voles in an urbanised area: an increasing risk of transmission of echinococcus multilocularis?urbanisation of alveolar echinococcosis is a new phenomenon that has been highlighted during the last few decades. it has thus become necessary to understand the dynamics of transmission of echinococcus multilocularis in urbanised areas. spatial heterogeneity of infection by e. multilocularis has been explained as the result of a multifactorial dependence of the transmission in which the factors depend on the scale of the investigation. the aim of this study was to assess, in an urbanised area, ...201120833171
hammondia triffittae n. comb. of foxes ( vulpes spp.): biological and molecular characteristics and differentiation from hammondia heydorni of dogs.genomic dnas from 3 oocyst isolates of hammondia sp. from foxes (vulpes vulpes and v. lagopus) and 1 oocyst isolate of hammondia heydorni from a dog, were examined by pcr and sequence analysis of 6 loci in order to determine whether the isolates were conspecific. consistent genetic differences were found between the fox and dog isolates, respectively, at the its-2 region, the lsu rrna gene, the alpha tubulin gene and the hsp70 gene, but not at the ssu rrna gene or its-1 locus. infection experime ...201120854709
the complete mitochondrial genome of dhole cuon alpinus: phylogenetic analysis and dating evolutionary divergence within canidae.the dhole (cuon alpinus) is the only existent species in the genus cuon (carnivora: canidae). in the present study, the complete mitochondrial genome of the dhole was sequenced. the total length is 16672 base pairs which is the shortest in canidae. sequence analysis revealed that most mitochondrial genomic functional regions were highly consistent among canid animals except the csb domain of the control region. the difference in length among the canidae mitochondrial genome sequences is mainly d ...201120859694
segmental sedimentation and counting technique (ssct): an adaptable method for qualitative diagnosis of echinococcus multilocularis in fox intestines.a modified segmental sedimentation and counting technique (ssct) to examine the presence of echinococcus multilocularis helminths in segments of fox (vulpes vulpes) intestine is described and compared to the "gold standard", sct. out of the 358 intestines collected, 117 were e. multilocularis positive. using ssct methods we compare the sensitivity of individual or pairs of segments to establish a tradeoff between saving time and the reliability of the diagnosis, especially in areas with low infe ...201121256846
rabid foxes, rabid raccoons, and the odds of a human bite exposure, new york state, 1999-2007.anecdotal evidence suggests that rabid foxes are more likely to attack humans than are other rabid terrestrial animals. to examine this issue, we analyzed rabies surveillance data (1999-2007) maintained by the new york state department of health. compared to rabid raccoons (procyon lotor), foxes infected with raccoon variant rabies were more likely to bite during a human exposure incident (p<0.01). additionally, rabid gray foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus) were significantly more likely to bite a ...201121270014
combining information from surveys of several species to estimate the probability of freedom from echinococcus multilocularis in sweden, finland and mainland norway.the fox tapeworm echinococcus multilocularis has foxes and other canids as definitive host and rodents as intermediate hosts. however, most mammals can be accidental intermediate hosts and the larval stage may cause serious disease in humans. the parasite has never been detected in sweden, finland and mainland norway. all three countries require currently an anthelminthic treatment for dogs and cats prior to entry in order to prevent introduction of the parasite. documentation of freedom from e. ...201121314948
a real-time multiplex-nested pcr system for coprological diagnosis of echinococcus multilocularis and host species.a hybridization probe-based real-time multiplex-nested pcr system was developed for the simultaneous detection of echinococcus multilocularis and host species directly from faecal samples. species identification was determined by melting curve analysis. specificity was assessed by using dna extracted from various cestodes (e. multilocularis, echinococcus granulosus (g1), echinococcus ortleppi, echinococcus canadensis (g6, g7), taenia crassiceps, taenia hydatigena, taenia mustelae, taenia pisifor ...201121327991
trichinella sp. in red foxes (vulpes vulpes) from catalonia, ne spain.european legislation allows the official recognition of trichinella-free pig holdings, provided trichinella sp. infection is absent from humans and prevalence of trichinella sp. infection in red foxes (vulpes vulpes) is below 0.1% in the area, region or country. tibialis anterior muscle samples from 1,319 red foxes captured in catalonia (ne spain) between 1998 and 2007 were analyzed for trichinella sp. using the digestion method. four foxes resulted positive (one in 1999, one in 2002 and two in ...201121327993
molecular and morphological circumscription of mesocestoides tapeworms from red foxes (vulpes vulpes) in central europe.here we examine 3157 foxes from 6 districts of the slovak republic in order to determine for the first time the distribution, prevalence and identity of mesocestodes spp. endemic to this part of central europe. during the period 2001-2006, an average of 41.9% of foxes were found to harbour mesocestoides infections. among the samples we confirmed the widespread and common occurrence of m. litteratus (batsch, 1786), and report the presence, for the first time, of m. lineatus (goeze, 1782) in the s ...201121349216
identification of the tibetan fox (vulpes ferrilata) and the red fox (vulpes vulpes) by copro-dna diagnosis.studies on feeding habits based on faeces dissecting are imperative to understand the natural history of tibetan foxes and their functions in the transmission of a lethal zoonotic parasite, echinococcus multilocularis. however, tibetan foxes and red foxes live sympatrically on the tibetan plateau, china. therefore, the faeces of tibetan foxes must be distinguished from those of red foxes. we established a diagnostic method to distinguish the faeces of the two species by amplifying a portion of t ...201121429124
disappearance rate of praziquantel-containing bait around villages and small towns in southern bavaria, germany.in recent years, the red fox (vulpes vulpes) has increasingly occupied urban areas in central europe. meanwhile, prevalence of infection in foxes with the small fox tapeworm (echinococcus multilocularis) has increased, thereby increasing the human risk of infection with the parasite, which causes alveolar echinococcosis. baiting strategies to counteract e. multilocularis have been implemented in cities and the open countryside, but there are few data on the situation in villages and small towns ...201121441190
[studies on the role of the red fox (vulpes vulpes) as a potential definitive host of neospora caninum].neospora (n.) caninum is a protozoan parasite which is regarded as a major cause of abortion in cattle. dogs and coyotes are definitive hosts of n. caninum which may shed environmentally resistant stages, oocysts, in their feces. epidemiological studies in germany showed that the presence of dogs increased the risk of a bovine herd to be n. caninum-positive in a bulk-milk elisa test. however, there were also n. caninum-positive herds where dogs were not kept together with cattle.this leads to th ...201121465771
the importance of marine vs. human-induced subsidies in the maintenance of an expanding mesocarnivore in the arctic tundra.1. most studies addressing the causes of the recent increases and expansions of mesopredators in many ecosystems have focused on the top-down, releasing effect of extinctions of large apex predators. however, in the case of the northward expansion of the red fox into the arctic tundra, a bottom-up effect of increased resource availability has been proposed, an effect that can counteract prey shortage in the low phase of the multi-annual rodent cycle. resource subsidies both with marine and with ...201121477201
gastrointestinal parasites and their prevalence in the arabian red fox (vulpes vulpes arabica) from the kingdom of saudi arabia.the gastrointestinal parasites and prevalence of infestation in the arabian red fox vulpes vulpes arabica thomas, were investigated at the king khalid wildlife research centre (kkwrc) in thumamah, riyadh province, saudi arabia. faecal samples were collected from 58 wild caught foxes while under anaesthesia and examined for gastrointestinal parasites stages. male and female foxes were infected with three major groups of parasites; cestodes, nematodes, protozoa as well as an acanthocephalan. faeca ...201121524855
temporal stability in the genetic structure of sarcoptes scabiei under the host-taxon law: empirical evidences from wildlife-derived sarcoptes mite in asturias, spain.abstract: background: implicitly, parasite molecular studies assume temporal genetic stability. in this study we tested, for the first time to our knowledge, the extent of changes in genetic diversity and structure of sarcoptes mite populations from pyrenean chamois (rupicapra pyrenaica) in asturias (spain), using one multiplex of 9 microsatellite markers and sarcoptes samples from sympatric pyrenean chamois, red deer (cervus elaphus), roe deer (capreolus capreolus) and red fox (vulpes vulpes). ...201121794141
[tick (ixodoidea) and flea (siphonaptera) species on three red foxes (vulpes vulpes) in erzurum province].in this study, three red foxes (vulpes vulpes) which died after traffic accidents were examined in terms of ectoparasites, in the province of erzurum in january of 2009. 13 ticks and 74 fleas were collected from the foxes and taken to the laboratory in separate glasses containing 70% alcohol. ticks were taken directly from 70% alcohol and have been identified under the stereo microscope. fleas were cleared in 10% koh solution during 4-13 days and washed in distilled water 3-4 times and were iden ...201121776598
occurrence of cryptosporidium spp. in red foxes and brown bear in the slovak republic.wild animals can be involved in epidemiology of many important diseases and often act as reservoirs of pathogens which cause disease in domestic animals and humans. this paper aims the role of red fox (vulpes vulpes) and brown bear (ursus arctos) in the circulation of coccidian parasites from the genus cryptosporidium. cryptosporidiosis is known as an important enteric pathogen, clinical symptoms in particular in immune-compromised individuals range from mild to severe diarrhoea and dehydration, ...201121744018
clonal lineages, antibiotic resistance and virulence factors in vancomycin-resistant enterococci isolated from fecal samples of red foxes (vulpes vulpes).fourteen vana-containing enterococcal isolates were detected in seven of 52 fecal samples (13.5%) from free-ranging red foxes in portugal. nine of the vana-containing isolates were enterococcus faecium and five were e. durans. both sequence types, st262 and st273, were identified among e. faecium isolates.201121719850
molecular survey of anaplasma phagocytophilum and ehrlichia canis in red foxes (vulpes vulpes) from central italy.during the 2007-2008 hunting season, 150 spleen samples were collected from free-ranging red foxes (vulpes vulpes) in central italy. the specimens were tested by two nested pcr assays to detect dna of anaplasma phagocytophilum, etiologic agent of granulocytic ehrlichiosis of animals and humans, and dna of ehrlichia canis, which causes the monocytic ehrlichiosis in canids. none of the foxes were pcr-positive for e. canis; 25 (16.6%) were positive for a. phagocytophilum. no specific gross alterati ...201121719836
mortality factors and diseases in free-ranging eurasian cranes (grus grus) in germany.detailed postmortem examinations were performed on 167 free-ranging eurasian cranes (grus grus) from germany, collected between september 1998 and december 2008 to evaluate causes of death and diseases. the most common causes of mortality were traumatic injuries (n=105, 62.9%) from collisions with power lines (n=39, 23.4%) and wire fences (n=12, 7.2%). a group of 28 eurasian cranes (16.8%) died from organophosphate intoxication. predation by white-tailed sea eagles (haliaeetus albicilla) and red ...201121719827
Rickettsiae in arthropods collected from red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in France.The aim of our study was to detect the presence of Rickettsia spp. and Bartonella spp. in ticks and fleas collected from red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in southeastern France during 2008. Using a genus-specific quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay, which was followed by a species-specific qPCR assay for the positive samples, 45.2% (33/73) of ticks (Rhipicephalus turanicus) were found to be infected with Rickettsia massiliae. 10.5% (2/19) of the fleas (Archaeopsylla erinacei) collected in the study tested po ...201122118782
Genetic characterization of flea-derived Bartonella species from native animals in Australia suggests host-parasite co-evolution.Fleas are important arthropod vectors for a variety of diseases in veterinary and human medicine, and bacteria belonging to the genus Bartonella are among the organisms most commonly transmitted by these ectoparasites. Recently, a number of novel Bartonella species and novel species candidates have been reported in marsupial fleas in Australia. In the present study the genetic diversity of marsupial fleas was investigated; 10 species of fleas were collected from seven different marsupial and pla ...201121856444
serological evidence of coxiella burnetii exposure in native marsupials and introduced animals in queensland, australia.summarythe state of queensland has the highest incidence of q fever in australia. in recent years, there has been an increase in human cases where no contacts with the typical reservoir animals or occupations were reported. the aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of coxiella burnetii in australian native animals and introduced animals in northern and southeastern queensland. australian native marsupials sampled included the brushtail possum (trichosurus vulpecula) and common no ...201121892986
Anchoring the dog to its relatives reveals new evolutionary breakpoints across 11 species of the Canidae and provides new clues for the role of B chromosomes.The emergence of genome-integrated molecular cytogenetic resources allows for comprehensive comparative analysis of gross karyotype architecture across related species. The identification of evolutionarily conserved chromosome segment (ECCS) boundaries provides deeper insight into the process of chromosome evolution associated with speciation. We evaluated the genome-wide distribution and relative orientation of ECCSs in three wild canid species with diverse karyotypes (red fox, Chinese raccoon ...201121947954
two candidate genes (fto and insig2) for fat accumulation in four canids: chromosome mapping, gene polymorphisms and association studies of body and skin weight of red foxes.fat accumulation is a polygenic trait which has a significant impact on human health and animal production. obesity is also an increasingly serious problem in dog breeding. the fto and insig2 are considered as candidate genes associated with predisposition for human obesity. in this report we present a comparative genomic analysis of these 2 genes in 4 species belonging to the family canidae - the dog and 3 species which are kept in captivity for fur production, i.e. red fox, arctic fox and chin ...201121846970
comparing adult hippocampal neurogenesis in mammalian species and orders: influence of chronological age and life history stage.adult hippocampal neurogenesis is a prominent event in rodents. in species with longer life expectancies, newly born cells in the adult dentate gyrus of the hippocampal formation are less abundant or can be completely absent. several lines of evidence indicate that the regulatory mechanisms of adult neurogenesis differ between short- and long-lived mammals. after a critical appraisal of the factors and problems associated with comparing different species, we provide a quantitative comparison der ...201121929629
[human echinococcosis in poland in 2003-2010 according to the serological tests results of niph-nih].in 2003-2010 5483 persons suspected of echinococcosis were examined for echinococcus granulosus and echinococcus multilocularis infections using serological tests in the department of medical parasitology national institute of public health - national institute of hygiene. the screening test elisa (bordier affinity products s. a.), confirmation tests western-blot (ldbio diagnostics, lyon-france) and elisa em2 plus (bordier affinity products s.a) were applied. within 235 persons posistive for in ...201122184948
population and behavioural responses of native prey to alien predation.the introduction of invasive alien predators often has catastrophic effects on populations of naïve native prey, but in situations where prey survive the initial impact a predator may act as a strong selective agent for prey that can discriminate and avoid it. using two common species of australian small mammals that have persisted in the presence of an alien predator, the european red fox vulpes vulpes, for over a century, we hypothesised that populations of both would perform better where the ...201122042524
toxoplasma gondii in foxes and rodents from the german federal states of brandenburg and saxony-anhalt: seroprevalence and genotypes.data on the genotypes of toxoplasma gondii circulating in wildlife are scarce. in the present study, foxes and rodents from two federal states in central or eastern germany were examined for t. gondii infections. body fluids were collected at necropsy or fluids were obtained from frozen tissues of naturally exposed red foxes (vulpes vulpes), voles (microtus arvalis), shrews (neomys anomalus) and a striped field mouse (apodemus agrarius) and tested for t. gondii by serology. dna isolated from tis ...201122105083
new data in france on the trematode alaria alata (goeze, 1792) obtained during trichinella inspections.the trematode alaria alata is a cosmopolite parasite found in red foxes (vulpes vulpes), the main definitive host in europe. in contrast only few data are reported in wild boars (sus scrofa), a paratenic host. the aim of this paper is to describe the importance and distribution of alaria alata mesocercariae in wild boars, information is given by findings of these larvae during trichinella mandatory meat inspection on wild boars' carcasses aimed for human consumption. more than a hundred cases of ...201121894269
zoonotic bartonella species in fleas and blood from red foxes in australia.abstract bartonella are arthropod-borne, fastidious, gram-negative, and aerobic bacilli distributed by fleas, lice, sand flies, and, possibly, ticks. the zoonotic bartonella species, bartonella henselae and bartonella clarridgeiae, which are the causes of cat scratch disease and endocarditis in humans, have been reported from cats, cat fleas, and humans in australia. however, to date, there has been no report of b. henselae or b. clarridgeiae in australian wild animals and their ectoparasites. ...201121919728
predicting the potential demographic impact of predators on their prey: a comparative analysis of two carnivore-ungulate systems in scandinavia.1. understanding the role of predation in shaping the dynamics of animal communities is a fundamental issue in ecological research. nevertheless, the complex nature of predator-prey interactions often prevents researchers from modelling them explicitly. 2. by using periodic leslie-usher matrices and a simulation approach together with parameters obtained from long-term field projects, we reconstructed the underlying mechanisms of predator-prey demographic interactions and compared the dynamics o ...201122077484
A potential novel Brucella species isolated from mandibular lymph nodes of red foxes in Austria.The wild red fox (Vulpes vulpes) is a known indicator species for natural foci of brucellosis. Here, we describe phenotypic and molecular characteristics of two atypical Brucella strains isolated from two foxes hunted 2008 in Eastern Austria. Both strains agglutinated with monospecific anti-Brucella A serum and were positive in ELISA with monoclonal antibodies directed against various Brucella lipopolysaccharide epitopes. However, negative nitrate reductase- and negative oxidase-reaction were at ...201121908110
Helminths of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides) in Lithuania.SUMMARYRed foxes and raccoon dogs are hosts for a wide range of parasites including important zoonotic helminths. The raccoon dog has recently invaded into Europe from the east. The contribution of this exotic species to the epidemiology of parasitic diseases, particularly parasitic zoonoses is unknown. The helminth fauna and the abundance of helminth infections were determined in 310 carcasses of hunted red foxes and 99 of raccoon dogs ...201121996514
Levels of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in the critically endangered Iberian lynx and other sympatric carnivores in Spain.Accumulation of organochlorine compounds is well studied in aquatic food chains whereas little information is available from terrestrial food chains. This study presents data of organochlorine levels in tissue and plasma samples of 15 critically endangered Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus) and other 55 wild carnivores belonging to five species from three natural areas of Spain (Doñana National Park, Sierra Morena and Lozoya River) and explores their relationship with species diet. The Iberian lynx, w ...201122099537
Susceptibility of carnivore hosts to strains of canine distemper virus from distinct genetic lineages.Using the complete haemagglutinin (HA) gene and partial phosphoprotein (P) gene we investigated the genotype of canine distemper virus (CDV) strains recovered from two wildlife species in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrated significant differences between the strains from raccoons Procyon lotor (family Procyonidae) obtained in 2007 and strains from red foxes Vulpes vulpes (family Canidae) obtained in 2008. The raccoon strains belonged to the CDV European wildlife ...201122024346
Sequence comparison of prefrontal cortical brain transcriptome from a tame and an aggressive silver fox (Vulpes vulpes).Two strains of the silver fox (Vulpes vulpes), with markedly different behavioral phenotypes, have been developed by long-term selection for behavior. Foxes from the tame strain exhibit friendly behavior towards humans, paralleling the sociability of canine puppies, whereas foxes from the aggressive strain are defensive and exhibit aggression to humans. To understand the genetic differences underlying these behavioral phenotypes fox-specific genomic resources are needed.201121967120
Morphological and molecular characterization and phylogenetic placement of Sarcocystis capreolicanis and Sarcocystis silva n. sp. from roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) in Norway.Sarcocysts were isolated from the muscle tissue of three roe deer from southeastern Norway and examined by light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and/or sequencing of the small subunit ribosomal RNA (ssu rRNA) gene. By light microscopy, four sarcocyst types were found, including those of Sarcocystis gracilis and Sarcocystis oviformis, which had been characterized previously. The third cyst type had about 10 µm long, flexible, hair-like surface protrusions, consistent with those of Sarcoc ...201121853224
presence of bartonella species in wild carnivores of northern spain.the genus bartonella was detected by pcr in 5.7% (12/212) of wild carnivores from northern spain. based on hybridization and sequence analyses, bartonella henselae was identified in a wildcat (felis silvestris), bartonella rochalimae in a red fox (vulpes vulpes) and in a wolf (canis lupus), and bartonella sp. in badgers (meles meles).201122138983
detection of echinococcus multilocularis in carnivores in razavi khorasan province, iran using mitochondrial dna.echinococcus multilocularis is the source of alveolar echinococcosis, a potentially fatal zoonotic disease. this investigation assessed the presence of e. multilocularis infection in definitive hosts in the chenaran region of razavi khorasan province, northeastern iran.201122132245
lack of evidence of paratuberculosis in wild canids from southwestern europe.wild carnivores are at the top of the trophic chain. they are predators and carrion consumers, and thus, prone to come in contact with disease agents contaminating the environment or infecting live or dead animals. we hypothesized that wild canids could be used as sentinels for the detection of regions with higher mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis (map) prevalence in wild and domestic animals. to test this hypothesis, we set up an elisa to test 262 wolf (canis lupus) and fox (vulpes vulpes) s ...201132214939
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