Publications

unexpectedly slow homogenisation within a repetitive dna family shared between two subspecies of tsetse fly.	repetitive dna families in sexual species are subject to a variety of turnover mechanisms capable of homogenising newly arising mutations. very high levels of homogeneity in dna families in some species of drosophila indicate that the rate of turnover is fast relative to that of mutation. to gauge the generality of such phenomena, we cloned and sequenced individual members of homologous repetitive dna families from two subspecies of tsetse fly, glossina morsitans centralis and g. morsitans morsi ...	1984	6439886
tsetse fly feeding preference as determined by vehicular trapping in tanzania.	in eastern tanzania an electric grid trap carried in the back of a moving pick-up truck was used to capture engorged glossina morsitans morsitans and g. pallidipes for an analysis of their food sources. although 12 000 head of domestic cattle represented c. 75% of the animal biomass in the survey area, they provided only 5.6% of the total blood meals, while 74.8% were from warthogs and bushpigs. the percentage of females among the captured flies was 12 and 47 for g. m. morsitans and g. pallidipe ...	1984	6486936
occurrence of glossina nashi potts 1955 diptera-glossinidae in the republic of gabon.	glossina nashi, a little known species of tsetse fly, inhabits the forests of central africa. it has recently been detected in the province of haut ogooué in the south-east of the republic of gabon.	1984	6506846
genetic relationships between subspecies of the tsetse fly glossina morsitans inferred from variation in mitochondrial dna sequences.	a 750 base pair segment of dna from the tsetse fly glossina morsitans morsitans was isolated by means of molecular cloning. it was shown by dna hybridization to have substantial sequence homology with a defined region of the mitochondrial genomes of several drosophila species. when used as a probe against dna prepared from single tsetse flies, the cloned sequence revealed local restriction site variation between members of the g. morsitans subspecies complex. this feature was used to demonstrate ...	1984	6525570
experimental aerial release of sterile males of glossina palpalis gambiensis and of glossina tachinoides in a biological control operation.		1984	6544956
attraction of the tsetse fly glossina morsitans submorsitans to acetone, 1-octen-3-ol, and the combination of these compounds in west africa.		1984	6545841
characterization of the genes specifying two metacyclic variable antigen types in trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense.	bloodstream trypanosomes evade the immune system of their mammalian host by sequentially expressing a large number of different variable surface glycoproteins (vsgs). in contrast, metacyclic trypanosomes, the final developmental stage in the tsetse fly, express a much more restricted set of vsgs. these metacyclic vsgs are the first to be exposed to the immune system of the mammalian host after infection and may offer the potential for the eventual development of a vaccine. we have identified cdn ...	1984	6593722
parasite development and host responses during the establishment of trypanosoma brucei infection transmitted by tsetse fly.	following inoculation of trypanosoma brucei into large mammals by the tsetse fly a local skin reaction, the 'chancre', develops due to trypanosome proliferation. we have cannulated the afferent and efferent lymphatics of the draining lymph node in goats and examined the onset of a cellular reaction, the emigration of the parasite from the chancre and the development of both antigenic variation and the specific immune response. the chancre first became detectable by day 3 post-infection, peaked b ...	1984	6709396
maintaining zebu maure cattle in a tsetse infested area of mali.	a study was initiated to evaluate two trypanocidal drugs, the prophylactic isometamidium chloride (trypamidium) and the curative diminazene aceturate (berenil) as to their potential for long-term maintenance of zebu cattle in a tsetse infested area of mali. trypamidium was administered quarterly and berenil was administered only as animals were found to be positive for trypanosomes. during the 21-month study trypanosomiasis was the most frequently encountered disease in the cattle in the berenil ...	1984	6729998
first record of a reptile trypanosome isolated from glossina pallidipes in kenya.	trypanosomes, isolated from the gut of a naturally infected glossina pallidipes in kiboko, kenya, were grown in vitro. the cultured trypanosomes ("f4"-stock) showed a wide variety in morphological stages, not characteristic of the salivarian trypanosomes that are known to occur in the kiboko area. identification of the "f4"-stock was attempted by isoenzyme studies, infection of tsetse flies and of experimental animals. electrophoretic isoenzyme patterns of the "f4"-organisms were developed for t ...	1983	6837099
the susceptibility of gamma-irradiated glossina palpalis palpalis at different ages to infection with trypanosoma congolense.		1983	6859970
african trypanosomiasis in the united states.	african trypanosomiasis of the rhodesian variety occurred in an american who recently traveled to tanzania. skin findings included a fluctuant, indurated, tsetse-fly bite site (chancre) and a fleeting, erythematous, macular eruption. the diagnosis was confirmed by the presence of the organism in peripheral blood smears. the patient's condition responded to intravenous suramin. african trypanosomiasis should be included in the differential diagnosis of patients who have visited areas where this d ...	1983	6870320
a reassessment of the expected development consequences of tsetse control efforts in africa.	since the world food conference (1974) recommended a long term program of tsetse control, increasing attention of governments and international agencies has focused on the problem. this paper briefly outlines the strategies potentially available for tsetse control operations before assessing the likely consequences of any large scale tsetse control endeavor. the implications for both natural and human systems are shown to be profound and, in many cases, counter-productive to development goals. s ...	1983	6879252
vector--parasite relationships: the effect of trypanosoma (nannomonas) congolense on glossina pallidipes.	an electron microscope study was made on the infection by trypanosoma (nannomonas) congolense of the tsetse fly glossina pallidipes. infected flies showed many clear abnormalities in their gut cells and peritrophic membrane. these features are described and illustrated.	1983	6625732
investigations on development of an artificial diet for in vitro rearing of glossina palpalis palpalis (diptera: glossinidae).		1983	6630713
infection, immunity and the development of local skin reactions in rabbits infected with cyclically-transmitted stocks of trypanosoma congolense.	the development of local skin reactions following bites by tsetse flies (glossina morsitans) infected with trypanosoma congolense was observed in normal rabbits, in rabbits with concurrent infections with t. congolense and in rabbits challenged after immunization by infection and treatment. local reactions developed in normal rabbits within seven days of fly bite and were resolved by approximately 19 days after infection. in rabbits with concurrent infections no typical local reactions developed ...	1983	6660964
[efficacy of barriers made from screens or biconical traps impregnated with ddt, deltamethrin or dieldrin against glossina palpalis gambiensis and glossina tachinoides].		1983	6665271
the tsetse fly glossina fuscipes in the sleeping sickness epidemic area of busoga, uganda.		1983	6673958
[nocturnal resting sites of glossina species (diptera: glossinidae) of western upper volta. ii. glossina palpalis gambiensis vanderplank].		1983	6687016
all metacyclic variable antigen types of trypanosoma congolense identified using monoclonal antibodies.	vaccination against the tsetse-borne trypanosomiases has proved impossible because of the trypanosome's ability to generate a seemingly inexhaustible number of variable antigen types in the blood or tissues of the host. each variable antigen is a glycoprotein which forms a surface coat on the trypanosome and each glycoprotein is the product of a single gene. the full repertoire of such antigens has not been identified for any trypanosome serodeme (genotype) as yet, but the number of genes coding ...	1983	6196642
early events following challenge of cattle with tsetse infected with trypanosoma congolense: development of the local skin reaction.	a local skin reaction (chancre) was elicited in susceptible cattle after the successful feeding of glossina morsitans morsitans infected with one of two different cloned isolates of trypanosoma congolense. the chancre first appeared as a small 2 to 3 mm nodule at the site of the challenge as early as day 5 and reached maximum activity by days 10 to 13 when it had developed into a raised, indurated, hot, painful swelling measuring up to 100 mm in diameter. thereafter it declined in size and activ ...	1982	7072104
sex recognition pheromone in the tsetse fly glossina pallidipes austen.	sexual responses of adult male g. pallidipes towards baited decoys show that a contact sex pheromone for this species is present in the hydrocarbon fraction of the adult female cuticle. results are consistent with the view that the pheromone is a c35 compound and is present in sufficient quantity in newly emerged females to elicit maximum responses from males. thus, maturation of sexual responsiveness is considered to be behavioral in females of this species.	1982	7084410
heterosis, additive maternal and additive direct effects of the red poll and boran breeds of cattle.	data on 202 calves born, 191 calves weaned and 182 calves at 30 mo of age produced in 1969 from the boran and red poll breeds and their reciprocal crosses were analyzed to estimate heterosis, additive maternal effects and additive direct effects on survival and growth traits from birth to 30 mo of age. the calves were produced in the ankole district of south-western uganda as a part of a beef cattle research program designed to provide information to support a commercial ranching development sch ...	1982	7085511
sleeping sickness and the factors affecting it in botswana.	from the first appearance of sleeping sickness in botswana in 1934 outbreaks increased in severity up to 1971. all populated areas around the fly belt were affected. rates of infection are highest in the hot wet season and males aged between 30 and 50 years most affected. rates vary considerably between tribes and have greatly increased in one tribe since 1966. between 5 and 20% of cases die each year. increase both in area of tsetse fly infestation and in human population size can account for t ...	1982	7086926
the susceptibility of glossina palpalis palpalis at different ages to infection with trypanosoma congolense.		1982	7103580
[observations on tsetse flies in a forest focus of human trypanosomiasis in ivory coast. 3. dispersal and distribution of fly populations around a village (author's transl)].	in the vavoua human trypanosomiasis focus (forest zone of ivory coast) four tsetse fly catching series, of nine days each, were made during the rainy season using eighty five biconical traps. the dispersion of flies in the study area was studied by the mark-release-recapture method. two series of two sets of capture-mark-release were carried out. in the first set flies were captured, marked and released in their point of origin and in the second set captured and marked in the village periphery b ...	1982	6287688
[the use of screens in the anti-tsetse campaign in the forest zone].	after preliminary studies on the ecodistribution of glossina palpalis s.l. in the sleeping sickness focus of vavoua (ivory coast) trials with screens impregnated with decamethrine were carried out. artificial supports for insecticide present several advantages: less pollution, less costly, simplicity, facility of use by local personnel, possibility of re-use, integration with other methods. on the other hand, its action based on the attraction of flies which come into contact with the screen is ...	1982	6291199
infectivity of monomorphic and pleomorphic trypanosoma brucei stocks cultivated at 28 c with various tsetse fly tissues.	noninfective procyclic forms of trypanosoma brucei stocks derived from the pleomorphic eve 10 were cultivated at 28 c in cunningham's liquid medium in the presence of head-salivary gland, alimentary tract, and abdominal body wall explants of glossina morsitans morsitans. after 8 to 10 days of cultivation some of the procyclic forms transformed into metacyclic stages infective for mice. infectivity persisted for varying periods up to 66 days, when the experiments were terminated. only 10 explants ...	1981	6115002
genetic polymorphism in three species of tsetse flies (diptera: glossinidae) in upper volta.	natural populations of glossina morsitans submorsitans newstead, glossina palpalis gambiensis vanderplank and glossina tachinoides westwood occurring within 150 km of bobo-dioulasso, upper volta were examined using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. no variation was found in the banding pattern for arginine phosphokinase (ec 2.7.3.3). g. p. gambiensis and g. tachinoides had three alleles for each of the thoracic enzymes octanol dehydrogenase (ec 1.1.1.73), malic dehydrogenase (ec 1.1.1.37) and ...	1981	6115554
[pathological evaluation of 4 years of breeding domestic rabbits used as feeding hosts for tsetse flies (glossina palpalis gambiensis vanderplank 1949) in upper volta].	for the last 6 years, c. r. t. a. has experimented the sterile male release method for the control of tsetse flies. a breeding unit of 400 rabbits has supplied the blood needed for feeding a colony of 40 000 tsetse females. the main diseases of the rabbit under tropical humid conditions are pneumopathies, coccidioses, affections connected to the great variations of humidity and temperature and side effects as host feeding. despite regular preventive treatments against pasteurelloses and coccidio ...	1981	7202248
some phenomena associated with the development of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense infections in the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans.	immature salivary gland (sg) infections averaging 10(3) parasites per fly can apparently develop into mature gland infections averaging 10(5) parasites per fly in as little as 4 days. frequently flies which extrude parasites in their saliva prove to have no parasites in the sg, but often show trypanosomes in the esophagus, cibarial pump, and proboscis. in some instances, sg infections have cleared, resulting in a loss of infectivity. results of studying numbers of parasites regurgitated upon fee ...	1981	7258478
presence of a peculiar pathway of glucose metabolism in infective forms of trypanosoma brucei cultured from salivary glands of tsetse flies.	we have studied metabolism of glucose by infective forms of trypanosoma brucei brucei isolated from tsetse fly salivary glands and grown in continuous culture for more than 700 days. the end products of glucose metabolism under aerobic conditions were found to be pyruvate and glycerol in the ratio 3:1. this changed to equimolar formation of pyruvate and glycerol when glucose was metabolized under aerobic conditions in the presence of 1.5 mm salicylhydroxamic acid (sham), a situation analogous to ...	1981	7328458
the distribution of repetitive dnas between regular and supernumerary chromosomes in species of glossina (tsetse): a two-step process in the origin of supernumeraries.	several species of tsetse fly within the morsitans and fusca subgenera of glossina contain supernumerary (b) chromosomes. previous studies on the meiotic behaviour of chromosomes (southern and pell, 1973) and the c-band patterns (jordan et al., 1977) have indicated a close similarity between the y chromosome and the supernumeraries. the distributions of the highly abundant families of dna (satellite dnas) between the autosomes, sex chromosomes and b chromosomes of g.m. morsitans, g. austeni and ...	1981	6258877
absence of detectable alteration in the kinetoplast dna of a trypanosoma brucei clone following loss of ability to infect the insect vector (glossina morsitans).	a monomorphic bloodstream population of trypanosoma brucei eatro 1244 was derived from a cloned pleomorphic parental population by 77 rapid passages through mice. loss of pleomorphism was accompanied by increased virulence of trypanosomes towards the mammal, by loss of ability to infect the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans, loss of ability to transform to the procyclic stage in vitro at 26 degrees c, and by loss of oligomycin-sensitive atpase activity in trypanosome homogenates. no differences in ...	1981	6275264
traps to control and estimate populations of glossina species.	biconical traps were used to capture continuously glossina palpalis s.l. in ivory coast and g. morsitans centralis in zambia for 19 and 20 days respectively. both fly populations declined markedly during the continuous trapping period though populations subjected to intermittent trapping or where the traps were very widely spaced did not do so to the same extent. fly density was estimated by applying the principles of removal trapping and were compared with other trapping studies. the results de ...	1981	6285562
studies on trypanosoma (nannomonas) congolense iv. experimental immunization of mice against tsetse fly challenge.	groups of mice were exposed to multiple bites by tsetse flies (glossina morsitans morsitans) infected with a clone of trypanosoma congolense spread over a periof of 8 days. the mice were subsequently treated with berenil 10 days after the first fly bite as were uninfected control mice. the group of mice which received 12--15 infectious fly bites on two occasions, 21 days apart, were subsequently resistant to infection when re-challenged by flies infected with the same clone of t. congolense. the ...	1980	6155654
antigenic analysis by immunofluorescence of in vitro-produced metacyclics of trypanosoma brucei and their infections in mice.	the antigenic types in populations of metacyclic trypanosomes of trypanosoma brucei isolated from glossina morsitans head-salivary gland trypanosome cultures and bloodstream forms in the early parasitemias produced from whole culture supernatant fluids containing metacyclic forms, were analyzed by the indirect fluorescent antibody test using clone-specific antisera. metacyclic trypanosomes in cultures initiated with cloned bloodstream forms with heterogeneous with respect to their variable antig ...	1980	6161247
resistance of vectors of disease to pesticides. fifth report of the who expert committee in vector biology and control.	the resistance of vectors (the term includes primary and intermediate vertebrate and invertebrate hosts and animal reservoirs of human and animal diseases) of disease to pesticides is a major problem faced by who member states in the control of vectorborne diseases. since the meeting of the who expert committee on insecticides in 1975, resistance has continued to increase and to affect disease control programs in many countries. the appearance of multiresistance in several important vectors ha ...	1980	6111866
feeding behaviour of tsetse flies infected with salivarian trypanosomes.	although much is known about factors which determine infection rates of salivarian trypanosomes (subgenera nannomonas, duttonella and tryanozoon) in the tsetse fly glossina, it is not clear why infection rates of trypanozoon are high in mammalian hosts but low in wild-caught glossina and why trypanosomiasis occurs where glossina is not readily detectable. we report here that the feeding behaviour of trypanosome-infected glossina differed from that of uninfected control flies. infected flies prob ...	1980	7352013
the construction of laboratory studies on tsetse fly behaviour [proceedings].		1980	7385313
environmental aspects of field trials with pyrethroids to eradicate tsetse fly in nigeria.		1980	7389632
the separation and structure of infective trypanosomes from cultures of trypanosomas brucei grown in association with tsetse fly salivary glands.	infective trypanosomes developed when trypanosoma brucei was cultivated at 28 c in a liquid medium containing tsetse fly head-salivary gland explants. they were separated from the noninfective culture forms using deae-cellulose column chromatography. it was demonstrated by light and electron microscopy that the separated organisms were morphologically similar to metacyclic stages found in a tsetse fly and that they had a characteristic surface coat. single metacyclic trypanosomes isolated from t ...	1980	7400995
[combination of an insecticide treatment with the sterile male method in the control of glossina palpalis gambiensis : value of the implementation of several methods].		1980	7192877
[glossina, domestic livestock and wild fauna: is a conciliation possible?].	animal trypanosomiasis is one of the major obstacles to livestock production in africa. south of the sahara. tsetse fly control is considered to be the best method of overcoming the disease. the adverse effect of glossina on cattle rearing and their role in the protection of the environment in west africa is discussed. meat production possibilities in infested areas, difficulties encountered in tsetse control and related problems are reviewed. lastly solutions which would assure both livestock d ...	1980	7196143
[main ovario-uterine abnormalities in female glossina palpalis gambiensis (vanderplank 1949) in bodo-diulasso breeding units (upper volta)].		1980	7197388
[preliminary study on the longevity and the distribution of glossina palpalis gambiensis irradiated males in their natural biotope].		1980	6935708
studies on trypanosoma (nannomonas) congolense iii. antigenic variation in three cyclically transmitted stocks.	cyclical transmission of different variable antigen types of trypanosoma congolense stib 228 resulted in the development of metacyclic trypanosome populations which were similar in their variable antigen composition as judged by immunofluorescence and neutralization assays. the variable antigen types present in the ingested bloodstream populations were not found in the metacyclic populations. the bloodstream populations which were obtained from cyclically infected, irradiated (900 rad.) mice con ...	1980	6992057
tsetse fly reactions to light and humidity gradients.	tsetse flies are positively phototactic below about 30 degree c and negatively phototactic above it. the flies show a preference for the wet end of a humidity gradient and the bright end of a dorsal light intensity gradient. studies of activity levels indicate that tsetse flies should aggregate in damp situations where the activity levels is minimal, whereas in practice the flies are distributed throughout the whole of gradient. analyses of the water and fat content of experimental flies indicat ...	1979	570508
[field trial of genetic control by sterile male release: longevity and dispersion of irradiated males of glossina palpalis gambiensis (upper volta)].		1979	575474
the feeding habits and ecology of the tsetse fly glossina morsitans submorsitans newstead in relation to nagana transmission in the gambia.	the source of blood meals from 174 fed glossina morsitans submorsitans newstead, captured in malaise traps in savanna woodland in the gambia, were identified by the precipitin test. warthog accounted for 90% of the meals and single bushbuck and ox feeds were identified. nagana is a major problem in the area, but contact between tsetse and livestock is reduced by restricted grazing. in this situation, warthog, with a ubiquitous distribution, appear to be major maintenance hosts for g. m. submorsi ...	1979	35933
the endosymbionts of glossina morsitans and g. palpalis: cultivation experiments and some physiological properties.	pyruvate, malate, and succinate are the main substrates for bacteroid respiration; oxygen uptake can be inhibited by rotenone and antimycin a, but not by cyanide. the symbionts displayed limited growth and survival for over 80 days in a medium with succinate and pyruvate as main substrates, and supplemented with nucleotides. it was not possible to cultivate the endosymbionts of g. morsitans and g. palpalis intracellularly in cell cultures of the tsetse fly or of vertebrates. a high attraction be ...	1979	43084
[effect of bacterial infections and antibiotics on tsetse flies (diptera, glossinidae) (author's transl)].	the membrane feeding technique (in vitro feeding) used for the rearing of tsetse flies has advantages over the conventional method of feeding the flies on host animals. however, as long as blood remains the sole source of tsetse fly nutrition, the risk remains of blood being contaminated during collection, storage or feeding with bacteria pathogenic to the flies. the resulting high mortality of the tsetse flies endangers the success of this rearing. the experiments described here have shown that ...	1979	44947
antigenic analysis by agglutination of trypanosoma brucei brucei parasitemias initiated in mice with in vitro-produced metacyclics.	trypanosomes from 14 first-peak parasitemias initiated in mice by injection of in vitro-produced metacyclics were stabilated. strains derived from these stabilates were analyzed for their antigenic composition by cross-agglutination with immune sera produced in rabbits against 12 of the stabilates. the antigenic composition of the 14 stabilates was compared also with two first-peak parasitemias from mice inoculated with fly-derived metacyclics, the variant-specific antigen of the strain used to ...	1979	86245
trypanosoma theileri: in vitro cultivation in tsetse fly and vertebrate cell culture systems.		1979	120349
trypanosoma brucei: in vitro propagation of metacyclic forms derived from the salivary glands of glossina morsitans.	1 metacyclic forms of trypanosoma brucei obtained from the salivary glands of the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans have been cultured for the first time in their infective forms for more than 200 days in continuous culture. the parasites were grown at 25 c and 30 c on a bovine embryonic spleen (besp) feeder layer in buffered rpmi 1640 medium supplemented with 20% heat-inactivated bovine fetal serum (bfs) and 5% lactalbumin hydrolysate. initial growth rate was enhanced when normal, noninfected, sal ...	1979	512767
[effects of drugs given to the rabbit feeding host on glossina palpalis gambiensis. 1].		1979	523727
infectivity of trypanosoma brucei cultivated at 28 c with tsetse fly salivary glands.	when transformed procyclic noninfective trypanosomes of several unrelated stocks of trypanosoma brucei were cultivated in t-30 falcon flasks at 28 c in a liquid medium containing head-salivary gland explants of glossina morsitans morsitans some of the organisms developed into forms infective for mice. infective trypanosomes were detected 7 to 14 days after the cultures were prepared and they persisted for varying periods of up to 88 days when the cultures were terminated. a few of the salivary g ...	1979	536931
[effect of drugs given to the feeding host (rabbit) on glossina palpalis gambiensis. part two].		1979	554283
[report on the 4 years' maintenance of a colony of glossina palpalis gambiensis vanderplank 1949 (diptera, muscidae) reared on rabbit and guinea pig hosts].		1979	555005
fluctuations in numbers and eventual collapse of a glossina palpalis (r.-d.) population in anara forest reserve of nigeria.		1978	31779
studies on trypanosoma (nannomonas) congolense ii. observations on the cyclical transmission of three field isolates by glossina morsitans morsitans.	teneral flies of glossina morsitans morsitans were fed on mice infected with cloned and uncloned derivatives of three recent field isolates of trypanosoma (nannomonas) congolense. flies with mature infections were identified by the warm-slide probe method and phase-contrast microscopy. high infection rates were achieved when such flies were fed on mice at peak parasitaemia. the infection rates were low when flies were fed on mice prior to or late after peak parasitaemia. the duration of the deve ...	1978	32753
[the impact of releasing sterilized males on the ratio of 2 wild fly populations of glossina palpalis gambiensis in upper volta (black volta sources)].		1978	575569
cyclic amp is a likely mediator of ovulation in the tsetse fly.	ovulation in tsetse flies is normally induced by mating, but virgins can be stimulated to ovulate with an injection of dibutyryl cyclic amp, cholera toxin (a cyclic amp generator), or aminophylline (a phosphodiesterase inhibitor). thus, elevation of cyclic amp is a likely link in the events leading to ovulation.	1978	216570
[tsetse fly distribution in the north of the ivory coast].		1978	232290
phospholipases of the tsetse fly glossina morsitans.		1978	299642
a microscopical study of the innervation of flight muscles in the tsetse fly.	the gross morphology of the nervous system supplying the dorsal longitudinal flight muscles of tsetse flies is described. electron microscopical investigation of the nerves reveals that the dorsal longitudinal muscles are innervated by branches from four main axons. a detailed description of the neuromuscular junctions in the flight muscle is presented.	1978	619162
antigenic variation in trypanosomes.	in its mammalian host, trypanosoma brucei is able to change the antigenic character of its glycoprotein surface coat and so evade the host's immune response. this phenotypic change seems to occur spontaneously in 1 in 10,000 individuals but is not due to genetic mutation: host antibody is not necessary for its induction but plays a selective part in bringing about the gross changes in parasite numbers and antigenic character observed in the bloodstream by destroying the main component of what is ...	1978	661969
sex pheromone of the tsetse fly: isolation, identification, and synthesis of contact aphrodisiacs.	sex pheromones isolated from the cuticle of the female tsetse fly, glossina morsitans morsitans westwood, release mating behavior in the male fly at ultrashort range or upon contact with baited decoys. three active components were identified as 15,19-dimethylheptatriacontane, 17,21-dimethylheptatriacontane, and 15,19,23-trimethylheptatriacontane. chemical and biological comparisons show that the natural and synthetic compounds are identical.	1978	675256
investigations on the prevalence of trypanosome carriers and the antibody response in wildlife in northern botswana.	605 buffalo, 60 lechwe, 23 kudu, 23 impala, 15 tsessebe, 22 sable and two reedbuck from northern botswana were examined for trypanosome infections by serological and/or parasitological means. the indirect fluorescent antibody test (ifat), the haematocrit centrifugation technique (hct) and rodent subinoculation were used. the overall prevalence of patent infection with trypanosomes in buffalo, lechwe and reedbuck was 15,7%. in the case of buffalo and lechwe it was possible to classify their origi ...	1978	675844
in vitro feeding in the rearing of tsetse flies (glossina m. morsitans and g.p. palpalis, diptera: glossinidae).	the increasing demand for laboratory reared tsetse flies for research and biological control makes it necessary to develop effective and standardized tsetse fly feeding methods without using live animals for the daily blood uptake. the in vitro feeding technique, described in this paper, has been used for rearing g. m. morsitans by feeding them defibrinated equine blood through a silicone membrane. the results obtained for female longevity and productivity and mean weight of puparia are satisfac ...	1978	675846
effect of gamma radiation on the tsetse fly, glossina palpalis palpalis (rob.-desv.) (diptera, glossinidae) with observations on the reproductive biology.		1978	753787
[effect of limited temperature variations and relative humidity on the duration of the pupal stage of glossina palpalis gambiensis vanderplank, 1949 bred at the bobo-dioulasso laboratory (upper volta)].		1978	757713
first tsetse fly transmission of the "antat" serodeme of trypanosoma brucei.		1977	610616
maintenance of glossina palpalis fed through bat's wing membrane on defibrinated blood.	teneral laboratory-bred glossina palpalis flies were successfully fed through bat's wing membrane on defibrinated blood by means of a technique developed in this laboratory. using this technique almost 100% of the flies engorged blood through the membrane. ten to fifteen flies were kept in standard 'geigy 10' or 'geigy 15' cages and records were kept of mortality and the weights of the pupae produced; over 78% of the flies were still after 60 days of the experiment. over 75% of the membrane-fed ...	1977	23654
[breeding of glossina palpalis gambiensis vanderplank, 1949 (diptera, muscidae) at bobo-dioulasso (upper volta)].		1977	560713
[attempted determination of the optimal radiation dosage for male glossina palpalis gambiensis (vanderplank, 1949) from the aspect of biological control by release of sterile males in the region of bobo-dioulasso (upper volta)].		1977	565070
the effects of dietary sodium and potassium on rapid diuresis in the tsetse fly glossina morsitans.		1977	858930
the role of laboratory testing of insecticides for tsetse-fly control.		1977	860315
hormonal growth stimulation and inhibition of pupal cells of the tsetse fly, glossina m. morsitans, in vitro.		1977	865642
[rearing of glossina palpalis gambiensis vanderplank, 1949 (diptera-muscidae) at maisons-alfort].		1976	959623
digestive processes of haematophagous insects. xi. partial purification and some properties of six proteolytic enzymes from the tsetse fly glossina morsitans morsitans westwood (diptera: glossinidae).		1976	991018
fluid secretion by the malpighian tubules of the tsetse fly glossina morsitans: the effects of ouabain, ethacrynic acid and amiloride.	the effects of three inhibitors of sodium transport on the secretion of fluid by the malpighian tubules of glossina morsitans have been observed. the cardiac glycoside, ouabain, affects neither the rate of secretion nor the sodium concentration of the fluid secreted when isolated tubules are bathed by solutions containing a range of sodium and potassium concentrations. secretion is inhibited, however, by ethacrynic acid and amiloride. the results confirm that fluid secretion by the malpighian tu ...	1976	1003084
[ecology of glossina palpalis gambiensis vanderplank, 1949].		1976	1013476
micro-organisms in the midgut of tsetse fly larvae.	two types of micro-organisms were found in the midgut of glossina morsitans larvae, a large gram-negative bacterial rod and a small gram-negative rickettsia-like micro-organism, although the occurrence of the rickettsial type is restricted. the location of these micro-organisms in a small area of the proventriculus of all three larval instars is discussed. the large micro-organisms resemble milk-gland bacteria, and further evidence is presented in support of a milk transmission hypothesis for th ...	1976	1031837
[preliminary attempt at the release of male sterile glossina palpalis gambiensis (upper volta)].		1976	1035431
active transport of sodium by the malpighian tubules of the tsetse fly glossian morsitans.	isolated malpighian tubules of glossina morsitans are able to transport sodium against its concentration gradient. their rate of secretion is dependent on the sodium concentration of the bathing medium. potassium must be present in the bathing solution for rapid secretion to be maintained, but it does not play an active role in fluid secretion. lithium and ammonium ions are able to substitute partially for sodium, other monovalent cations cannot. ouabain does not affect rapid secretion by glossi ...	1976	180227
development of trypanosoma (trypanozoon) brucei in glossina morsitans inoculated into the tsetse haemocoel.	classically, infective development of trypanosoma (trypanozoon) brucei in tsetse flies is thought to take the route crop-midgut-hindgut proventriculus-hypopharynx-salivary gland, where the parasites reach their infective phase. it has been shown experimentally that t. (t.) brucei is capable of developing up to the infective stage in g. morsitans following inoculation of bloodstream form trypanosomes into the haemocoel. the rabbit on which flies were maintained became infected 18 days after expos ...	1976	8974
physiology of an atp receptor in labellar sensilla of the tsetse fly glossina morsitans morsitans westw. (diptera: glossinidae).	electrophysiological recordings have been made from cells in the eight large, labellar sensilla of g. morsitans. one of these cells in each sensillum was shown to respond to atp over a concentration range of 10(-6)-10(-3) m. it was also sensitive to several other adenosine phophates, but much less sensitive to ctp, gtp and itp. the activity of the receptor was depressed below ph 7, and sometimes considerably increased above ph 9. these aspects the receptor's physiology support the results of beh ...	1976	11268
human sleeping sickness in the gboko endemic area of nigeria.	human infection with trypanosoma gambiense in the gboko endemic area was first reported in may, 1974 although t. gambiense sleeping sickness had been present there since the turn of the century. the disease is associated with the presence of the tsetse glossina tachinoides and glossina palpalis which is plentiful and widespread throughout the division as well as in thickets along the streams in the area. no successful attempt has been made to control the tsetse vector in the division. the incide ...	1976	13637
salivary secretion in wild glossina pallidipes austen. (diptera, glossinidae).	the salivation behaviour of wild g. pallidipes obtained from lambwe valley and kbwezi was studied. salivation was measured by counting the number of salivary drops secreted per minute and measuring the sizes of the stained saliva after drawing them with a camera lucida. the results confirmed observations obtained from laboratory bred flies. the quantity of saliva secreted by tsetse flies was significantly increased as the flies became hungrier. the proportion of flies salivating also increased w ...	1976	14492
atp reception by the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans west.		1976	1269607
pathogen transmission in relation to feeding and digestion by haematophagous arthropods.	the blood feeding habit, especially among opportunist feeders such as tabanids and stomoxys is known to result in transmission of diseases for which the vectors are not the obligate or alternate hosts. thus, mechanical transmission of trypanosomes such as t. vivax can occur in cattle herds outside tsetse fly areas where tabanids are actively feeding. in the case of yaws, mechanical transmission of the spirochaetes by eye flies (hippelates pallipes) in the west indies is thought to be most likely ...	1975	240257
maternal nutritive secretions as possible channels for vertical transmission of microorganisms in insects: the tsetse fly example.		1975	801109
sumbionts in the female tsetse fly glossina morsitans morsitans.	a rickettsia-like symbiont, located in the ovaries of g. m. morsitans is maternally transmitted to the offspring via the egg. it is suggested that they may be essential for normal ovarian development.	1975	806465
the micro-organisms of tsetse flies.	micro-organisms from tsetse fly mycetomes were maintained in culture, where they were more pleomorphic than in the mycetomes, but were in some cases very similar to those observed in ovaries by other authors. agglutination tests on the cultured forms indicated in affinity to rickettsia. they were sensitive to antibiotics introduced by feeding flies on hosts treated with ampicillin; this reduced the longevity and fecundity of the tsetse flies and appeared to disturb normal digestion of bloodmeals ...	1975	1986
sex recognition pheromone in tsetse fly glossina morsitans.		1975	1113875
'hunger' in the tsetse fly: the nutritional correlates of behaviour.		1975	1127248
sound production in the tsetse fly glossina morsitans morsitans.		1975	1133267
tsetse fly glossina morsitans morsitans produces ultrasound related to behavior.	the spectrum of the sounds produced by the tsetse fly glossina morsitans morsitans extends to above 80 khz and the energy distribution between 20 and 70 khz is related to behavior.	1975	1140314
temperature receptors on tarsi of the tsetse fly glossina morsitans west.		1975	1143318