Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted descending) Filter | PMID Filter |
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| effects of bacillus thuringiensis israelensis on anopheles arabiensis. | studies have shown that culex quinquefasciatus oviposits fewer eggs in water treated with bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (bti). the present study examined the effects of bti on adults of anopheles arabiensis. anopheles arabiensis oviposited in both treated and untreated water with a similar frequency. the number of eggs laid did not significantly differ between the treatments. adult mosquitoes ingested bti solution, but it did not significantly shorten their survival time. the neutral e ... | 2011 | 21476453 |
| increased proportions of outdoor feeding among residual malaria vector populations following increased use of insecticide-treated nets in rural tanzania. | abstract: | 2011 | 21477321 |
| a longitudinal study on anopheles mosquito larval abundance in distinct geographical and environmental settings in western kenya. | abstract: | 2011 | 21477340 |
| density-dependent effects in experimental larval populations of anopheles arabiensis (diptera: culicidae) can be negative, neutral, or overcompensatory depending on density and diet levels. | anopheles arabiensis patton (diptera: culicidae) larvae were reared from hatching to the adult stage in the laboratory under a range of diet and larval concentrations using a factorial design. the range circumscribed most of the larval densities and diet concentrations that would allow larval growth and survival using the particular diet formulation and water volume we tested. we determined how these variables affected three outcomes, as follows: larval development rate, survival, and wing lengt ... | 2011 | 21485365 |
| larval habitat segregation between the molecular forms of the mosquito anopheles gambiae in a rice field area of burkina faso, west africa. | in west africa, lineage splitting between the m and s molecular forms of the major afro-tropical malaria mosquito, anopheles gambiae (diptera: culicidae), is thought to be driven by ecological divergence, occurring mainly at the larval stage. here, we present evidence for habitat segregation between the two molecular forms in and around irrigated rice fields located within the humid savannahs of western burkina faso. longitudinal sampling of adult mosquitoes emerging from a range of breeding sit ... | 2011 | 21501199 |
| identification and distribution of a gaba receptor mutation conferring dieldrin resistance in the malaria vector anopheles funestus in africa. | growing problems of pyrethroid resistance in anopheles funestus have intensified efforts to identify alternative insecticides. many agrochemicals target the gaba receptors, but cross-resistance from dieldrin resistance may preclude their introduction. dieldrin resistance was detected in an. funestus populations from west (burkina faso) and central (cameroon) africa, but populations from east (uganda) and southern africa (mozambique and malawi) were fully susceptible to this insecticide. partial ... | 2011 | 21501685 |
| divergent transcriptional response to thermal stress by anopheles gambiae larvae carrying alternative arrangements of inversion 2la. | the african malaria mosquito anopheles gambiae is polymorphic for chromosomal inversion 2la, whose frequency strongly correlates with degree of aridity across environmental gradients. recent physiological studies have associated 2la with resistance to desiccation in adults and thermal stress in larvae, consistent with its proposed role in aridity tolerance. however, the genetic basis of these traits remains unknown. to identify genes that could be involved in the differential response to thermal ... | 2011 | 21535279 |
| the emergence of insecticide resistance in central mozambique and potential threat to the successful indoor residual spraying malaria control programme. | abstract: | 2011 | 21535872 |
| larvicidal effects of chinaberry (melia azederach) powder on anopheles arabiensis in ethiopia. | abstract: | 2011 | 21569263 |
| establishing the extent of malaria transmission and challenges facing pre-elimination in the republic of djibouti. | abstract: background: countries aiming for malaria elimination require a detailed understanding of the current intensity of malaria transmission within their national borders. national household sample surveys are now being used to define infection prevalence but these are less efficient in areas of exceptionally low endemicity. here we present the results of a national malaria indicator survey in the republic of djibouti, the first in sub-saharan africa to combine parasitological and serologica ... | 2011 | 21569328 |
| plasmodium falciparum transmission and aridity: a kenyan experience from the dry lands of baringo and its implications for anopheles arabiensis control. | abstract: background: the ecology of malaria vectors particularly in semi-arid areas of africa is poorly understood. accurate knowledge on this subject will boost current efforts to reduce the burden of malaria in sub-saharan africa. the objective of this study was to describe the dynamics of malaria transmission in two model semi-arid sites (kamarimar and tirion) in baringo in kenya. methods: adult mosquitoes were collected indoors by pyrethrum spray collections (psc) and outdoors by centers fo ... | 2011 | 21569546 |
| laboratory selection for an accelerated mosquito sexual development rate. | abstract: background: separating males and females at the early adult stage did not ensure the virginity of females of anopheles arabiensis (dongola laboratory strain), whereas two years earlier this method had been successful. in most mosquito species, newly emerged males and females are not able to mate successfully. for anopheline species, a period of 24 h post-emergence is generally required for the completion of sexual maturation, which in males includes a 180degrees rotation of the genital ... | 2011 | 21595988 |
| high frequency of plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistance marker (pfcrt t76 mutation) in yemen: an urgent need to re-examine malaria drug policy. | abstract: background: malaria remains a significant health problem in yemen with plasmodium falciparum being the predominant species which is responsible for 90% of the malaria cases. despite serious concerns regarding increasing drug resistance, chloroquine is still the drug of choice used for the prevention and treatment of malaria in yemen. this study was carried out to determine the prevalence of choloroquine resistance (cqr) of p. falciparum isolated from yemen based on the pfcrt t76 mutati ... | 2011 | 21619624 |
| malaria in kakuma refugee camp, turkana, kenya: facilitation of anopheles arabiensis vector populations by installed water distribution and catchment systems. | abstract: background: malaria is a major health concern for displaced persons occupying refugee camps in sub-saharan africa, yet there is little information on the incidence of infection and nature of transmission in these settings. kakuma refugee camp, located in a dry area of north-western kenya, has hosted ca. 60,000 to 90,000 refugees since 1992, primarily from sudan and somalia. the purpose of this study was to investigate malaria prevalence and attack rate and sources of anopheles vectors ... | 2011 | 21639926 |
| the contribution of aestivating mosquitoes to the persistence of anopheles gambiae in the sahel. | abstract: background: persistence of african anophelines throughout the long dry season (4-8 months) when no surface waters are available remains one of the enduring mysteries of medical entomology. recent studies demonstrated that aestivation (summer diapause) is one mechanism that allows the african malaria mosquito, anopheles gambiae, to persist in the sahel. however, migration from distant localities - where reproduction continues year-round - might also be involved. methods: to assess the c ... | 2011 | 21645385 |
| malaria prevalence pattern observed in the highland fringe of butajira, southern ethiopia: a longitudinal study from parasitological and entomological survey. | abstract: background: in ethiopia, information regarding highland malaria transmission is scarce, and no report has been presented from butajira highland so far whether the appearance of malaria in the area was due to endemicity or due to highland malaria transmission. thus this study aimed to determine the presence and magnitude of malaria transmission in butajira. methods: for parasitological survey, longitudinal study was conducted from october to december 2006. the entomological surveys were ... | 2011 | 21649923 |
| validation of oral fluid samples to monitor serological changes to plasmodium falciparum: an observational study in southern zambia. | in formerly endemic areas where malaria transmission has declined, levels of population immunity to plasmodium falciparum provide information on continued malaria transmission and potentially susceptible populations. traditional techniques for measuring serological responses to p. falciparum antigens use plasma or dried blood spots (dbs). these invasive procedures pose a biohazard and may be unacceptable to communities if performed frequently. the use of oral fluid (of) samples to detect antibod ... | 2011 | 21663660 |
| extensive permethrin and ddt resistance in anopheles arabiensis from eastern and central sudan. | abstract: background: the distribution of insecticide treated nets (itn) has been dramatically scaled up in eastern and central sudan. resistance to insecticides has already been reported in this region and there is an urgent need to develop appropriate resistance management strategies, which requires detailed information on the extent and causes of resistance. this study assessed resistance to permethrin and ddt in seven populations of anopheles arabiensis from sudan. results: three out of the ... | 2011 | 21812972 |
| human malaria in the highlands of yemen. | <title/> between june 2008 and march 2009, a cross-sectional study of human malaria was carried out in four governorates of yemen, two (taiz and hodiedah) representing the country's highlands and the others (dhamar and raymah) the country's coastal plains/foothills. the main aims were to determine the prevalences of plasmodium infection among 455 febrile patients presenting for care at participating health facilities and to investigate the potential risk factors for such infection. malarial infe ... | 2011 | 21801497 |
| wide cross-reactivity between anopheles gambiae and anopheles funestus sg6 salivary proteins supports exploitation of gsg6 as a marker of human exposure to major malaria vectors in tropical africa. | abstract: background: the anopheles gambiae gsg6 is an anopheline-specific salivary protein which helps female mosquitoes to efficiently feed on blood. besides its role in haematophagy, gsg6 is immunogenic and elicits in exposed individuals an igg response, which may be used as indicator of exposure to the main african malaria vector a. gambiae. however, malaria transmission in tropical africa is sustained by three main vectors (a. gambiae, anopheles arabiensis and anopheles funestus) and a gene ... | 2011 | 21794142 |
| surveillance of vector populations and malaria transmission during the 2009/10 el niño event in the western kenya highlands: opportunities for early detection of malaria hyper-transmission. | abstract: | 2011 | 21781291 |
| malaria, oromia regional state, ethiopia, 2001-2006. | to the editor: in ethiopia, malaria is unstable and commonly occurs as intraannual and interannual epidemics. transmission is associated with altitude, temperature, and rainfall, generally peaking twice a year, after the 2 rainy seasons (march-may and july-september) (1). cases are caused by plasmodium falciparum and p. vivax. anopheles arabiensis mosquitoes are the main vector for both species. although malaria is the most common communicable disease in ethiopia (2), few longitudinal case data ... | 2011 | 21762615 |
| variation in metabolic rate of anopheles gambiae and a. arabiensis in a sahelian village. | in the sahel, the anopheles gambiae complex consists of anopheles arabiensis and the m and s molecular forms of a. gambiae sensu stricto. however, the composition of these malaria vectors varies spatially and temporally throughout the region and is thought to be linked to environmental factors such as rainfall, larval site characteristics and duration of the dry season. to examine possible physiological divergence between these taxa, we measured metabolic rates of mosquitoes during the wet seaso ... | 2011 | 21697426 |
| development of environmental tools for anopheline larval control. | malaria mosquitoes spend a considerable part of their life in the aquatic stage, rendering them vulnerable to interventions directed to aquatic habitats. recent successes of mosquito larval control have been reported using environmental and biological tools. here, we report the effects of shading by plants and biological control agents on the development and survival of anopheline and culicine mosquito larvae in man-made natural habitats in western kenya. trials consisted of environmental manipu ... | 2011 | 21733150 |
| efficacy of permanet-« 2.0 and permanet-« 3.0 against insecticide-resistant anopheles gambiae in experimental huts in c+¦te d'ivoire. | pyrethroid resistance in vectors could limit the efficacy of long-lasting insecticidal nets (llins) because all llins are currently treated with pyrethroids. the goal of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and wash resistance of permanet-« 3.0 compared to permanet-« 2.0 in an area of high pyrethroid in c+¦te d'ivoire. permanet-« 3.0 is impregnated with deltamethrin at 85 mg/m2 on the sides of the net and with deltamethrin and piperonyl butoxide on the roof. permanet-« 2.0 is impregnated with ... | 2011 | 21699703 |
| male mating competitiveness of a wolbachia-introgressed aedes polynesiensis strain under semi-field conditions. | lymphatic filariasis (lf), a global public health problem affecting approximately 120 million people worldwide, is a leading cause of disability in the developing world including the south pacific. despite decades of ongoing mass drug administration (mda) in the region, some island nations have not yet achieved the threshold levels of microfilaremia established by the world health organization for eliminating transmission. previously, the generation of a novel aedes polynesiensis strain (cp) inf ... | 2011 | 21829750 |
| spatial and temporal distribution patterns of anopheles arabiensis breeding sites in la reunion island - multi-year trend analysis of historical records from 1996-2009. | abstract: | 2011 | 21708013 |
| the influence of mosquito resting behaviour and associated microclimate for malaria risk. | abstract: | 2011 | 21736735 |
| evaluating rnalater-« as a preservative for using near-infrared spectroscopy to predict anopheles gambiae age and species. | abstract: | 2011 | 21740582 |
| screening for adulticidal bioactivity of south african plants against anopheles arabiensis. | abstract: | 2011 | 21835000 |
| lethal and pre-lethal effects of a fungal biopesticide contribute to substantial and rapid control of malaria vectors. | rapidly emerging insecticide resistance is creating an urgent need for new active ingredients to control the adult mosquitoes that vector malaria. biopesticides based on the spores of entomopathogenic fungi have shown considerable promise by causing very substantial mortality within 7-14 days of exposure. this mortality will generate excellent malaria control if there is a high likelihood that mosquitoes contact fungi early in their adult lives. however, where contact rates are lower, as might r ... | 2011 | 21897846 |
| Dynamics of insecticide resistance in malaria vectors in Benin: first evidence of the presence of L1014S kdr mutation in Anopheles gambiae from West Africa. | Insecticide resistance monitoring is essential to help national programmers to implement more effective and sustainable malaria control strategies in endemic countries. This study reported the spatial and seasonal variations of insecticide resistance in malaria vectors in Benin, West Africa. | 2011 | 21910856 |
| Insecticide resistance in Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes after the introduction of insecticide-treated bed nets in Macha, Zambia. | Culex quinquefasciatus, an arboviral and filarial vector, is present in high numbers throughout sub-Saharan Africa, and insecticide-resistant populations have been reported worldwide. In order to determine the insecticide resistance status of Cx. quinquefasciatus in Macha, Zambia, adult mosquitoes reared from eggs collected from oviposition traps were tested by bioassay. High levels of resistance to DDT, pyrethroids, malathion, and deltamethrin-treated net material were detected, and molecular a ... | 2011 | 22129413 |
| Larval source management for malaria control in Africa: myths and reality. | ABSTRACT: As malaria declines in many African countries there is a growing realization that new interventions need to be added to the front-line vector control tools of long-lasting impregnated nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) that target adult mosquitoes indoors. Larval source management (LSM) provides the dual benefits of not only reducing numbers of house-entering mosquitoes, but, importantly, also those that bite outdoors. Large-scale LSM was a highly effective method of malar ... | 2011 | 22166144 |
| identification of mosquito repellent odours from ocimum forskolei. | native mosquito repellent plants have a good potential for integrated mosquito control in local settings. ocimum forskolei, lamiaceae, is used in eritrea as a spatial mosquito repellent inside houses, either through crushing fresh plants or burning dry plants. we verified whether active repellent compounds could be identified using gas-chromatography coupled electroantennogram recordings (gc-ead) with headspace extracts of crushed plants. | 2011 | 21936953 |
| Population genetic structure of Anopheles arabiensis and Anopheles gambiae in a malaria endemic region of southern Tanzania. | Genetic diversity is a key factor that enables adaptation and persistence of natural populations towards environmental conditions. It is influenced by the interaction of a natural population's dynamics and the environment it inhabits. Anopheles gambiae s.s. and Anopheles arabiensis are the two major and widespread malaria vectors in sub-Saharan Africa. Several studies have examined the ecology and population dynamics of these vectors. Ecological conditions along the Kilombero valley in Tanzania ... | 2011 | 21975087 |
| Reproductive success in Anopheles arabiensis and the M and S molecular forms of Anopheles gambiae: Do natural sporozoite infection and body size matter? | Malaria parasites stages prior to sporozoite formation are known to affect the fecundity of several species of mosquitoes in the laboratory, but little is known about this phenomenon in natural conditions especially with sporozoite-infected anophelines. The reproductive success of wild-caught Anopheles arabiensis and the M and S molecular forms of Anopheles gambiae was investigated by comparing females infected with Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites to females free of sporozoites. Association be ... | 2011 | 22198241 |
| seasonal climate effects anemotaxis in newly emerged adult anopheles gambiae giles in mali, west africa. | the direction and magnitude of movement by the malaria vector anopheles gambiae giles has been of great interest to medical entomologists for over 70 years. this direction of movement is likely to be affected by many factors, from environmental conditions and stage of life history of the mosquito to the existence of attractants in the vicinity. we report here the direction of movement of newly emerged an. gambiae in nature, around the village of donéguébougou, mali. we assessed the direction of ... | 2011 | 22114663 |
| fresh, dried or smoked? repellent properties of volatiles emitted from ethnomedicinal plant leaves against malaria and yellow fever vectors in ethiopia. | abstract: background: in the search for plant-based mosquito repellents, volatile emanations were investigated from five plant species, corymbia citriodora, ocimum suave, ocimum lamiifolium, olea europaea and ostostegia integrifolia, traditionally used in ethiopia as protection against mosquitoes. methods: the behaviour of two mosquitoes, the malaria vector anopheles arabiensis and the arbovirus vector aedes aegypti, was assessed towards volatiles collected from the headspace of fresh and dried ... | 2011 | 22182798 |
| Comparative susceptibility to Plasmodium falciparum of the molecular forms M and S of Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles arabiensis. | The different taxa belonging to Anopheles gambiae complex display phenotypic differences that may impact their contribution to malaria transmission. More specifically, their susceptibility to infection, resulting from a co-evolution between parasite and vector, might be different. The aim of this study was to compare the susceptibility of M and S molecular forms of Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles arabiensis to infection by Plasmodium falciparum. | 2011 | 21929746 |
| Impact of insecticide-treated bed nets on malaria transmission indices on the south coast of Kenya. | ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Besides significantly reducing malaria vector densities, prolonged usage of bed nets has been linked to decline of Anopheles gambiae s.s. relative to Anopheles arabiensis, changes in host feeding preference of malaria vectors, and behavioural shifts to exophagy (outdoor biting) for the two important malaria vectors in Africa, An. gambiae s.l. and Anopheles funestus. In southern coastal Kenya, bed net use was negligible in 1997-1998 when Anopheles funestus and An. gambiae s ... | 2011 | 22165904 |
| requirements for effective malaria control with homing endonuclease genes. | malaria continues to impose a substantial burden on human health. we have previously proposed that biological approaches to control the mosquito vector of disease could be developed using homing endonuclease genes (hegs), a class of selfish or parasitic gene that exists naturally in many microbes. recent lab studies have demonstrated that hegs can function in mosquitoes. we constructed and analyzed a model of mosquito population genetics and malaria epidemiology to determine how well hegs need t ... | 2011 | 21976487 |
| kdr-based insecticide resistance in anopheles gambiae s.s populations in. | abstract: background: the spread of insecticide resistance in the malaria mosquito, anopheles gambiae is a serious threat for current vector control strategies which rely on the use of insecticides. two mutations at position 1014 of the s6 transmembrane segment of domain ii in the voltage gated sodium channel, known as kdr (knockdown resistance) mutations leading to a change of a leucine to a phenylalanine (l1014f) or to a serine (l1014s) confer resistance to ddt and pyrethroid insecticides in ... | 2011 | 22035176 |
| evaluating the potential of the sterile insect technique for malaria control: relative fitness and mating compatibility between laboratory colonized and a wild population of anopheles arabiensis from the kruger national park, south africa. | the successful suppression of a target insect population using the sterile insect technique (sit) partly depends on the premise that the laboratory insects used for mass rearing are genetically compatible with the target population, that the mating competitiveness of laboratory reared males is at least comparable to that of their wild counterparts, and that mass rearing and sterilization processes do not in themselves compromise male fitness to a degree that precludes them from successfully comp ... | 2011 | 22041133 |
| efficacy of long-lasting insecticidal nets in use in macha, zambia, against the local anopheles arabiensis population. | the mosquito anopheles arabiensis is the primary vector of plasmodium falciparum in macha, zambia. a major portion of zambia's current malaria control programme relies on long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (llins) and indoor residual spraying (irs) with insecticides. currently, the efficacy of these measures against an. arabiensis in macha is unknown, and previous data has shown that an. arabiensis has continued to feed on human hosts, despite high itn coverage. it is possible that this could ... | 2011 | 21880143 |
| degradation of insecticides used for indoor spraying in malaria control and possible solutions. | the insecticide dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (ddt) is widely used in indoor residual spraying (irs) for malaria control owing to its longer residual efficacy in the field compared to other world health organization (who) alternatives. suitable stabilization to render these alternative insecticides longer lasting could provide a less controversial and more acceptable and effective alternative insecticide formulations than ddt. | 2011 | 22008292 |
| variations of insecticide residual bio-efficacy on different types of walls: results from a community-based trial in south cameroon. | determination of residual activity of insecticides is essential information for the selection of appropriate indoor spraying operation. the present study was undertaken to evaluate the residual effect of three candidate insecticide formulations on different indoor surfaces in order to guide future interventions, in the context of cameroon and other african countries. | 2011 | 22047173 |
| insecticide resistance and the future of malaria control in zambia. | in line with the global trend to improve malaria control efforts a major campaign of insecticide treated net distribution was initiated in 1999 and indoor residual spraying with ddt or pyrethroids was reintroduced in 2000 in zambia. in 2006, these efforts were strengthened by the president's malaria initiative. this manuscript reports on the monitoring and evaluation of these activities and the potential impact of emerging insecticide resistance on disease transmission. | 2011 | 21915314 |
| mosquito mass rearing technology: a cold-water vortex device for continuous unattended separation of anopheles arabiensis pupae from larvae. | in mass rearing of anopheline mosquitoes, pupae are usually separated from larvae on a daily basis to prevent unwanted adult emergence from trays. depending on the device and species, 2 physical characteristics have most often been used for separation: buoyant density and size. in this report, we describe a system for continuous separation of anopheles arabiensis larvae from pupae based on the natural difference in buoyant density and behavior between the 2 stages. we determined that temperature ... | 2011 | 22017086 |
| malaria antifolate resistance with contrasting plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr) polymorphisms in humans and anopheles mosquitoes. | surveillance for drug-resistant parasites in human blood is a major effort in malaria control. here we report contrasting antifolate resistance polymorphisms in plasmodium falciparum when parasites in human blood were compared with parasites in anopheles vector mosquitoes from sleeping huts in rural zambia. dna encoding p. falciparum dihydrofolate reductase (ec 1.5.1.3) was amplified by pcr with allele-specific restriction enzyme digestions. markedly prevalent pyrimethamine-resistant mutants wer ... | 2011 | 22065788 |
| distribution of a knockdown resistance mutation (l1014s) in anopheles gambiae s.s. and anopheles arabiensis in western and southern kenya. | in kenya, insecticide-treated mosquito nets (itns) distributed to pregnant women and children under 5 years old through various programs have resulted in a significant reduction in malaria deaths. all of the world health organization-recommended insecticides for mosquito nets are pyrethroids, and vector mosquito resistance to these insecticides is one of the major obstacles to an effective malaria control program. anopheles gambiae s.s. and anopheles arabiensis are major malaria vectors that are ... | 2011 | 21931682 |
| Conditions of malaria transmission in Dakar from 2007 to 2010. | Previous studies in Dakar have highlighted the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of Anopheles gambiae s.l. biting rates. In order to improve the knowledge of the determinants of malaria transmission in this city, the present study reports the results of an extensive entomological survey that was conducted in 45 areas in Dakar from 2007 to 2010. | 2011 | 22018223 |
| large-scale use of mosquito larval source management for malaria control in africa: a cost analysis. | at present, large-scale use of two malaria vector control methods, long-lasting insecticidal nets (llins) and indoor residual spraying (irs) is being scaled up in africa with substantial funding from donors. a third vector control method, larval source management (lsm), has been historically very successful and is today widely used for mosquito control globally, except in africa. with increasing risk of insecticide resistance and a shift to more exophilic vectors, lsm is now under re-evaluation ... | 2011 | 22067606 |
| knockdown resistance (kdr)-like mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel of a malaria vector anopheles stephensi and pcr assays for their detection. | knockdown resistance (kdr) in insects, resulting from mutation(s) in the voltage-gated sodium channel (vgsc) gene is one of the mechanisms of resistance against ddt and pyrethroid-group of insecticides. the most common mutation(s) associated with knockdown resistance in insects, including anophelines, has been reported to be present at residue leu1014 in the iis6 transmembrane segment of the vgsc gene. this study reports the presence of two alternative kdr-like mutations, l1014s and l1014f, at t ... | 2011 | 21401946 |
| genetic analysis of scattered populations of the indian eri silkworm, samia cynthia ricini donovan: differentiation of subpopulations. | deforestation and exploitation has led to the fragmentation of habitats and scattering of populations of the economically important eri silkworm, samia cynthia ricini, in north-east india. genetic analysis of 15 eri populations, using issr markers, showed 98% inter-population, and 23% to 58% intra-population polymorphism. nei's genetic distance between populations increased significantly with altitude (r(2) = 0.71) and geographic distance (r(2) = 0.78). on the dendrogram, the lower and upper ass ... | 2011 | 21931526 |
| combining indoor residual spraying and insecticide-treated nets for malaria control in africa: a review of possible outcomes and an outline of suggestions for the future. | insecticide-treated nets (itns) and indoor residual spraying (irs) are currently the preferred methods of malaria vector control. in many cases, these methods are used together in the same households, especially to suppress transmission in holoendemic and hyperendemic scenarios. though widespread, there has been limited evidence suggesting that such co-application confers greater protective benefits than either itns or irs when used alone. since both methods are insecticide-based and intradomici ... | 2011 | 21798053 |
| a malaria transmission-directed model of mosquito life cycle and ecology. | malaria is a major public health issue in much of the world, and the mosquito vectors which drive transmission are key targets for interventions. mathematical models for planning malaria eradication benefit from detailed representations of local mosquito populations, their natural dynamics and their response to campaign pressures. | 2011 | 21999664 |
| progress towards understanding the ecology and epidemiology of malaria in the western kenya highlands: opportunities and challenges for control under climate change risk. | following severe malaria epidemics in the western kenya highlands after the late 1980s it became imperative to undertake eco-epidemiological assessments of the disease and determine its drivers, spatial-temporal distribution and control strategies. extensive research has indicated that the major biophysical drivers of the disease are climate change and variability, terrain, topography, hydrology and immunity. vector distribution is focalized at valley bottoms and abundance is closely related wit ... | 2011 | 22015426 |
| preventing the reintroduction of malaria in mauritius: a programmatic and financial assessment. | sustaining elimination of malaria in areas with high receptivity and vulnerability will require effective strategies to prevent reestablishment of local transmission, yet there is a dearth of evidence about this phase. mauritius offers a uniquely informative history, with elimination of local transmission in 1969, re-emergence in 1975, and second elimination in 1998. towards this end, mauritius's elimination and prevention of reintroduction (por) programs were analyzed via a comprehensive review ... | 2011 | 21912645 |
| target product profile choices for intra-domiciliary malaria vector control pesticide products: repel or kill? | the most common pesticide products for controlling malaria-transmitting mosquitoes combine two distinct modes of action: 1) conventional insecticidal activity which kills mosquitoes exposed to the pesticide and 2) deterrence of mosquitoes away from protected humans. while deterrence enhances personal or household protection of long-lasting insecticidal nets and indoor residual sprays, it may also attenuate or even reverse communal protection if it diverts mosquitoes to non-users rather than kill ... | 2011 | 21798023 |
| relationship between care-givers' misconceptions and non-use of itns by under-five nigerian children. | malaria has been a major public health problem in nigeria and many other sub-saharan african countries. insecticide-treated nets have shown to be cost-effective in the prevention of malaria, but the number of people that actually use these nets has remained generally low. studies that explore the determinants of use of itn are desirable. | 2011 | 21696622 |
| comparison of the cdc backpack aspirator and the prokopack aspirator for sampling indoor- and outdoor-resting mosquitoes in southern tanzania. | resting mosquitoes can easily be collected using an aspirating device. the most commonly used mechanical aspirator is the cdc backpack aspirator. recently, a simple, and low-cost aspirator called the prokopack has been devised and proved to have comparable performance. the following study evaluates the prokopack aspirator compared to the cdc backpack aspirator when sampling resting mosquitoes in rural tanzania. | 2011 | 21718464 |
| efficacy of aquatain, a monomolecular film, for the control of malaria vectors in rice paddies. | rice paddies harbour a large variety of organisms including larvae of malaria mosquitoes. these paddies are challenging for mosquito control because their large size, slurry and vegetation make it difficult to effectively apply a control agent. aquatain, a monomolecular surface film, can be considered a suitable mosquito control agent for such breeding habitats due to its physical properties. the properties allow aquatain to self-spread over a water surface and affect multiple stages of the mosq ... | 2011 | 21738774 |
| malaria epidemiology and control in southern africa. | the burden of malaria has decreased dramatically within the past several years in parts of sub-saharan africa, following the scale-up of interventions supported by the roll back malaria partnership, the president's malaria initiative and other partners. it is important to appreciate that the reductions in malaria have not been uniform between and within countries, with some areas experiencing resurgence instead. furthermore, while interventions have greatly reduced the burden of malaria in many ... | 2011 | 21756864 |
| use of remote sensing to identify spatial risk factors for malaria in a region of declining transmission: a cross-sectional and longitudinal community survey. | the burden of malaria has decreased dramatically within the past several years in parts of sub-saharan africa. further malaria control will require targeted control strategies based on evidence of risk. the objective of this study was to identify environmental risk factors for malaria transmission using remote sensing technologies to guide malaria control interventions in a region of declining burden of malaria. | 2011 | 21663661 |
| the clinical burden of malaria in nairobi: a historical review and contemporary audit. | widespread urbanization over the next 20 years has the potential to drastically change the risk of malaria within africa. the burden of the disease, its management, risk factors and appropriateness of targeted intervention across varied urban environments in africa remain largely undefined. this paper presents a combined historical and contemporary review of the clinical burden of malaria within one of africa's largest urban settlements, nairobi, kenya. | 2011 | 21599931 |
| climatic variables and malaria transmission dynamics in jimma town, south west ethiopia. | in ethiopia, malaria is seasonal and unstable, causing frequent epidemics. it usually occurs at altitudes < 2,000 m above sea level. occasionally, transmission of malaria occurs in areas previously free of malaria, including areas > 2,000 m above sea level. for transmission of malaria parasite, climatic factors are important determinants as well as non-climatic factors that can negate climatic influences. indeed, there is a scarcity of information on the correlation between climatic variability ... | 2011 | 21366906 |
| changing individual-level risk factors for malaria with declining transmission in southern zambia: a cross-sectional study. | malaria elimination will require that both symptomatic- and asymptomatic-infected persons be identified and treated. however, well-characterized, individual-level risk factors for malaria may not be valid in regions with declining malaria transmission. changes in individual-level correlates of malaria infection were evaluated over three years in a region of declining malaria transmission in southern zambia. | 2011 | 22039751 |
| early detection of malaria foci for targeted interventions in endemic southern zambia. | zambia has achieved significant reductions in the burden of malaria through a strategy of "scaling-up" effective interventions. progress toward ultimate malaria elimination will require sustained prevention coverage and further interruption of transmission through active strategies to identify and treat asymptomatic malaria reservoirs. a surveillance system in zambia's southern province has begun to implement such an approach. an early detection system could be an additional tool to identify foc ... | 2011 | 21910855 |
| a method of active case detection to target reservoirs of asymptomatic malaria and gametocyte carriers in a rural area in southern province, zambia. | asymptomatic reservoirs of malaria parasites are common yet are difficult to detect, posing a problem for malaria control. if control programmes focus on mosquito control and treatment of symptomatic individuals only, malaria can quickly resurge if interventions are scaled back. foci of parasite populations must be identified and treated. therefore, an active case detection system that facilitates detection of asymptomatic parasitaemia and gametocyte carriers was developed and tested in the mach ... | 2010 | 20920328 |
| the influence of the gilgel-gibe hydroelectric dam in ethiopia on caregivers' knowledge, perceptions and health-seeking behaviour towards childhood malaria. | malaria remains the most important public health problem in tropical and subtropical areas. mothers' or caregivers' ability to recognize childhood malaria-related morbidity is crucial as knowledge, attitudes and health seeking behavior of caregivers towards childhood malaria could influence response to signs of the disease. | 2010 | 20146830 |
| the potential of a new larviciding method for the control of malaria vectors. | malaria pathogens are transmitted to humans by the bite of female anopheles mosquitoes. the juvenile stages of these mosquitoes develop in a variety of water bodies and are key targets for vector control campaigns involving the application of larvicides. the effective operational implementation of these campaigns is difficult, time consuming, and expensive. new evidence however, suggests that adult mosquitoes can be co-opted into disseminating larvicides in a far more targeted and efficient mann ... | 2010 | 20500865 |
| effect of incentives on insecticide-treated bed net use in sub-saharan africa: a cluster randomized trial in madagascar. | insecticide-treated bed nets (itns) have been shown to reduce morbidity and mortality due to malaria in sub-saharan africa. strategies using incentives to increase itn use could be more efficient than traditional distribution campaigns. to date, behavioural incentives have been studied mostly in developed countries. no study has yet looked at the effect of incentives on the use of itns. reported here are the results of a cluster randomized controlled trial testing household-level incentives for ... | 2010 | 20579392 |
| sleeping arrangement and house structure affect bed net use in villages along lake victoria. | although insecticide-treated bed nets are effective tools, use often does not follow ownership. house structure and space arrangements may make the attempt to use bed nets difficult, especially for school age children. the objectives of this study were to explore whether an individual's sleeping arrangements and house structure affect bed net use in villages along lake victoria in western kenya. | 2010 | 20569459 |
| leveraging skewed transcript abundance by rna-seq to increase the genomic depth of the tree of life. | assembling the tree of life is a major goal of biology, but progress has been hindered by the difficulty and expense of obtaining the orthologous dna required for accurate and fully resolved phylogenies. next-generation dna sequencing technologies promise to accelerate progress, but sequencing the genomes of hundreds of thousands of eukaryotic species remains impractical. eukaryotic transcriptomes, which are smaller than genomes and biased toward highly expressed genes that tend to be conserved, ... | 2010 | 20080632 |
| the vector population monitoring tool (vpmt): high-throughput dna-based diagnostics for the monitoring of mosquito vector populations. | regular monitoring of mosquito vector populations is an integral component of most vector control programmes. contemporary data on mosquito species composition, infection status, and resistance to insecticides are a prerequisite for effective intervention. for this purpose we, with funding from the innovative vector control consortium (ivcc), have developed a suite of high-throughput assays based on a single "closed-tube" platform that collectively comprise the "vector population monitoring tool ... | 2010 | 22347668 |
| identification and characterization of odorant-binding protein 1 gene from the asian malaria mosquito, anopheles stephensi. | insect odorant-binding proteins (obps) are small, water-soluble molecules that are thought to transport the hydrophobic odorants to their receptors in the chemosensory neurones. here we report the identification and molecular characterization of the anopheles stephensi odorant-binding protein 1 gene (asteobp1), an obp1 gene in an. stephensi, a major malaria vector in asia. we show that asteobp1 and anopheles gambiae obp1 (agamobp1) are orthologues. these two genes share similar coding sequences ... | 2010 | 19909381 |
| the impact of a small-scale irrigation scheme on malaria transmission in ziway area, central ethiopia. | to assess the impact of a small-scale irrigation scheme in ziway area, a semi-arid area in the central ethiopian rift valley, on malaria transmission. | 2010 | 19917039 |
| ovipositional behavior in the context of mass rearing of anopheles arabiensis. | large-scale production of mosquitoes is a key factor for a successful sterile insect technique program. a manageable mass-production cage must contain appropriate features for adult resting, mating, feeding, and ovipositional activities. in order to maximize egg collections, tests were conducted to determine the physical characteristics of ovipositional sites for caged anopheles arabiensis. effects of texture, shade, height, and shape of the ovipositional container on female behavior were invest ... | 2010 | 21290931 |
| transgenic organisms expressing genes from bacillus thuringiensis to combat insect pests. | various subspecies (ssp.) of bacillus thuringiensis (bt) are considered the best agents known so far to control insects, being highly specific and safe, easily mass produced and with long shelf life.1 the para-crystalline body that is produced during sporulation in the exosporium includes polypeptides named δ-endotoxins, each killing a specific set of insects. the different entomopathogenic toxins of various bt ssp. can be manipulated genetically in an educated way to construct more efficient tr ... | 2010 | 21326834 |
| bt-engineered bugs versus insect pests. | 2010 | 21326839 | |
| heat shock proteins contribute to mosquito dehydration tolerance. | this study examines the responses of heat shock protein transcripts, hsp70 and hsp90, to dehydration stress in three mosquito species, aedes aegypti, anopheles gambiae and culex pipiens. we first defined the water balance attributes of adult females of each species, monitored expression of the hsp transcripts in response to dehydration, and then knocked down expression of the transcripts using rna interference (rnai) to evaluate potential functions of the hsps in maintenance of water balance. fu ... | 2010 | 19782687 |
| molecular evolution of the three short pgrps of the malaria vectors anopheles gambiae and anopheles arabiensis in east africa. | immune responses to parasites, which start with pathogen recognition, play a decisive role in the control of the infection in mosquitoes. peptidoglycan recognition proteins (pgrps) are an important family of pattern recognition receptors that are involved in the activation of these immune reactions. pathogen pressure can exert adaptive changes in host genes that are crucial components of the vector's defence. the aim of this study was to determine the molecular evolution of the three short pgrps ... | 2010 | 20067637 |
| population structure of anopheles gambiae along the kenyan coast. | in the tropics, anopheles mosquito abundance is greatest during the wet season and decline significantly during the dry season as larval habitats shrink. population size fluctuations between wet and dry seasons may lead to variation in distribution of specific alleles within natural anopheles populations, and a possible effect on the population genetic structure. we used 11 microsatellite markers to examine the effect of seasonality on population genetic structure of anopheles gambiae s.s. at tw ... | 2010 | 20122886 |
| anopheles immune genes and amino acid sites evolving under the effect of positive selection. | it has long been the goal of vector biology to generate genetic knowledge that can be used to "manipulate" natural populations of vectors to eliminate or lessen disease burden. while long in coming, progress towards reaching this goal has been made. aiming to increase our understanding regarding the interactions between plasmodium and the anopheles immune genes, we investigated the patterns of genetic diversity of four anti-plasmodium genes in the anopheles gambiae complex of species. | 2010 | 20126662 |
| malaria elimination: when the tools are great but implementation falters. | 2010 | 20133988 | |
| larvicidal activity of cymbopogon citratus (dc) stapf. and croton macrostachyus del. against anopheles arabiensis patton, a potent malaria vector. | methanol leaf extracts of two ethiopian traditional medicinal plants viz., lomisar [vernacular name (local native language, amharic); cymbopogon citratus (dc) stapf. (poaceae)] and bisana [vernacular name (local native language, amharic); croton macrostachyus del. (euphorbiaceae)] were screened for larvicidal activity against late third instar larvae of anopheles arabiensis patton, a potent malaria vector in ethiopia. the larval mortality was observed 24 h of post treatment. both plant extracts ... | 2010 | 20184090 |
| anopheles gambiae: historical population decline associated with regional distribution of insecticide-treated bed nets in western nyanza province, kenya. | high coverage of insecticide-treated bed nets in asembo and low coverage in seme, two adjacent communities in western nyanza province, kenya; followed by expanded coverage of bed nets in seme, as the kenya national malaria programme rolled out; provided a natural experiment for quantification of changes in relative abundance of two primary malaria vectors in this holoendemic region. both belong to the anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) species complex, namely a. gambiae sensu stricto (s.s.) and ... | 2010 | 20187956 |
| attracting, trapping and killing disease-transmitting mosquitoes using odor-baited stations - the ifakara odor-baited stations. | abstract: | 2010 | 20193085 |
| high resolution niche models of malaria vectors in northern tanzania: a new capacity to predict malaria risk? | malaria transmission rates in africa can vary dramatically over the space of a few kilometres. this spatial heterogeneity reflects variation in vector mosquito habitat and presents an important obstacle to the efficient allocation of malaria control resources. malaria control is further complicated by combinations of vector species that respond differently to control interventions. recent modelling innovations make it possible to predict vector distributions and extrapolate malaria risk continen ... | 2010 | 20195366 |
| laboratory evaluation of traditionally used plant-based insect repellent against the malaria vector anopheles arabiensis patton (diptera: culicidae). | a laboratory study was carried out to evaluate the repellent efficacy of a methanol-leaf extract of ethiopian traditionally used insect repellent plant viz., lomi sar [vernacular name (local native language, amharic); cymbopogon citratus (dc) stapf. (poaceae)] against anopheles arabiensis at four different concentrations viz., 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 mg/cm(2). the percentage protection in relation to the dose method was performed. c. citratus extract has shown various degrees of repellency impact ... | 2010 | 20195634 |
| distribution of the main malaria vectors in kenya. | a detailed knowledge of the distribution of the main anopheles malaria vectors in kenya should guide national vector control strategies. however, contemporary spatial distributions of the locally dominant anopheles vectors including anopheles gambiae, anopheles arabiensis, anopheles merus, anopheles funestus, anopheles pharoensis and anopheles nili are lacking. the methods and approaches used to assemble contemporary available data on the present distribution of the dominant malaria vectors in k ... | 2010 | 20202199 |
| anopheline fauna and malaria transmission in four ecologically distinct zones in cameroon. | knowledge of baseline malaria transmission intensity in a given environment is important to guide malaria control interventions. in cameroon, recent information on malaria transmission intensity is insufficient. therefore, an entomological study was conducted in four ecologically different sites throughout the country to assess the seasonal patterns in malaria transmission intensity. anopheles arabiensis was the main vector in six of the nine study sites, while an. gambiae sensu stricto was the ... | 2010 | 20206111 |
| insecticide-treated nets can reduce malaria transmission by mosquitoes which feed outdoors. | insecticide treated nets (itns) represent a powerful means for controlling malaria in africa because the mosquito vectors feed primarily indoors at night. the proportion of human exposure that occurs indoors, when people are asleep and can conveniently use itns, is therefore very high. recent evidence suggests behavioral changes by malaria mosquito populations to avoid contact with itns by feeding outdoors in the early evening. we adapt an established mathematical model of mosquito behavior and ... | 2010 | 20207866 |
| the infectivity of the entomopathogenic fungus beauveria bassiana to insecticide-resistant and susceptible anopheles arabiensis mosquitoes at two different temperatures. | control of the major african malaria vector species continues to rely extensively on the application of residual insecticides through indoor house spraying or bed net impregnation. insecticide resistance is undermining the sustainability of these control strategies. alternatives to the currently available conventional chemical insecticides are, therefore, urgently needed. use of fungal pathogens as biopesticides is one such possibility. however, one of the challenges to the approach is the poten ... | 2010 | 20210990 |
| meeting the challenges of on-host and off-host water balance in blood-feeding arthropods. | in this review, we describe water balance requirements of blood-feeding arthropods, particularly contrasting dehydration tolerance during the unfed, off-host state and the challenges of excess water that accompany receipt of the bloodmeal. most basic water balance characteristics during the off-host stage are applicable to other terrestrial arthropods, as well. a well-coordinated suite of responses enable arthropods to conserve water resources, enhance their desiccation tolerance, and increase t ... | 2010 | 20206630 |
| an extra-domiciliary method of delivering entomopathogenic fungus, metharizium anisopliae ip 46 for controlling adult populations of the malaria vector, anopheles arabiensis. | abstract: fungal biopesticides have the potential to significantly reduce densities of malaria vectors as well as associated malaria transmission. in previous field trials, entomopathogenic fungus was delivered from within human dwellings, where its efficacy was limited by low infection rates of target mosquitoes, high costs of spraying fungus inside houses, and potential public health concerns associated with introducing fungal conidia inside houses. here we have demonstrated that metarhizium a ... | 2010 | 20233423 |
| diversity in anopheline larval habitats and adult composition during the dry and wet seasons in ouagadougou (burkina faso). | several cases of malaria are frequently recorded during the dry period in ouagadougou town (burkina faso). this has led to the design of a series of studies focusing on both parasitological and entomological investigations intended to provide relevant health data on the risk of local malaria transmission according to the way of urbanisation. | 2010 | 20298619 |
| spatio-temporal patterns in kdr frequency in permethrin and ddt resistant anopheles gambiae s.s. from uganda. | the planned upscaling of vector control strategies requires insight into the epidemiological consequences of vector resistance. therefore, the pyrethroid and ddt resistance status of anopheles gambiae s.l. was assessed in uganda from 2004 to 2006, and spatial and seasonal variations in knockdown resistance (kdr) frequencies were analyzed in terms of epidemiological significance. anopheles gambiae s.l. was ddt and pyrethroid resistant in central and eastern uganda. the l1014s kdr allele frequenci ... | 2010 | 20348500 |
| biological cost of tolerance to heavy metals in the mosquito anopheles gambiae. | the global rate of heavy metal pollution is rapidly increasing in various habitats. anopheles malaria vector species (diptera: culicidae) appear to tolerate many aquatic habitats with metal pollutants, despite their normal proclivity for 'clean' water (i.e. low levels of organic matter). investigations were conducted to establish whether there are biological costs for tolerance to heavy metals in anopheles gambiae giles sensu stricto and to assess the potential impact of heavy metal pollution on ... | 2010 | 20374478 |