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induction of autophagy interferes the tachyzoite to bradyzoite transformation of toxoplasma gondii.autophagy process in toxoplasma gondii plays a vital role in regulating parasite survival or death. thus, once having an understanding of certain effects of autophagy on the transformation of tachyzoite to bradyzoite this will allow us to elucidate the function of autophagy during parasite development. herein, we used three tgatg proteins involved in atg8 conjugation system, tgatg3, tgatg7 and tgatg8 to evaluate the autophagy level in tachyzoite and bradyzoite of toxoplasma in vitro based on pru ...201626928609
effect of toxoplasma gondii infection on the junctional complex of retinal pigment epithelial cells.ocular toxoplasmosis is the most frequent cause of uveitis, leading to partial or total loss of vision, with the retina the main affected structure. the cells of the retinal pigment epithelium (rpe) play an important role in the physiology of the retina and formation of the blood-retinal barrier. several pathogens induce barrier dysfunction by altering tight junction (tj) integrity. here, we analysed the effect of infection by toxoplasma gondii on tj integrity in arpe-19 cells. loss of tj integr ...201626928468
toxoplasma gondii infection in pork produced in france.the aim of this study was to assess the seroprevalence of the toxoplasma gondii parasite in pork produced in france, and to determine infection risk factors. an innovative survey was designed based on annual numbers of slaughtered pigs from intensive and outdoor farms in france. a total of 1549 samples of cardiac fluids were collected from pig hearts to determine seroprevalence using a modified agglutination test. of those, 160 hearts were bio-assayed in mice to isolate live parasites. the overa ...201626928081
bilateral maculopathy in a patient with ataxia telangiectasia.we report a case of toxoplasmosis with bilateral maculopathy in a 7-year-old boy diagnosed with ataxia telangiectasia (at) at age 6. at manifests as ataxia, apraxia, telangiectasia, and dysarthria. common ophthalmologic findings in at include fine conjunctival telangiectasia. patients also suffer from recurrent sinopulmonary infections; however, serious opportunistic infection is rarely diagnosed. at 8 years of age he developed disseminated toxoplasma gondii (toxoplasmosis) infection and meningo ...201626917084
the diverse role of nk cells in immunity to toxoplasma gondii infection. 201626915066
coccidian parasites of fish encompass profound phylogenetic diversity and gave rise to each of the major parasitic groups in terrestrial vertebrates.fish are the oldest and most diverse group of vertebrates; it therefore stands to reason that fish may have been the original hosts for many types of extant vertebrate parasites. here, we sought to determine whether coccidian parasites of fish are especially diverse. we therefore sampled such parasites from thirty-nine species of fish and tested phylogenetic hypotheses concerning their relationships, using 18s rdna. we found compelling phylogenetic support for distinctions among at least four li ...201626911642
chronic infection with toxoplasma gondii induces death of submucosal enteric neurons and damage in the colonic mucosa of rats.intestinal epithelial secretion is coordinated by the submucosal plexus (smp). chemical mediators from smp regulate the immunobiological response and direct actions against infectious agents. toxoplasma gondii is a worldwide parasite that causes toxoplasmosis. this study aimed to determine the effects of chronic infection with t. gondii on the morphometry of the mucosa and the submucosal enteric neurons in the proximal colon of rats. male adult rats were distributed into a control group (n = 10) ...201626902605
role of the 52 kda thioredoxin protein disulfide isomerase of toxoplasma gondii during infection to human cells.toxoplasma protein disulfide isomerase (pdi) is a 52 kda thioredoxin of interest because have a great immunogenicity for humans. we cloned and produced a recombinant protein (rectgpdi) used to test its effect during infection to different human cell lines (epithelial and retinal). we also determine if there were differences in gen expression during in vitro infection. expression of the gen was lower after entry into the host cells. pdi's inhibitors bacitracin and nitroblue tetrazolium reduced th ...201626896642
neurons are the primary target cell for the brain-tropic intracellular parasite toxoplasma gondii.toxoplasma gondii, a common brain-tropic parasite, is capable of infecting most nucleated cells, including astrocytes and neurons, in vitro. yet, in vivo, toxoplasma is primarily found in neurons. in vitro data showing that interferon-γ-stimulated astrocytes, but not neurons, clear intracellular parasites suggest that neurons alone are persistently infected in vivo because they lack the ability to clear intracellular parasites. here we test this theory by using a novel toxoplasma-mouse model cap ...201626895155
immune response: intracellular pathogens under attack.antimicrobial proteins deliver a double punch that can destroy the toxoplasma gondii parasite and its niche inside cells.201626894956
a new type of quinoxalinone derivatives affects viability, invasion, and intracellular growth of toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites in vitro.quinoxalinone derivatives, identified as vam2 compounds (7-nitroquinoxalin-2-ones), were evaluated against toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites of the rh strain. the vam2 compounds were previously synthesized based on the design obtained from an in silico prediction with the software tomocomd-cardd. from the ten vam2 drugs tested, several showed a deleterious effect on tachyzoites. however, vam2-2 showed the highest toxoplasmicidal activity generating a remarkable decrease in tachyzoite viability (in a ...201626888289
is toxoplasma gondii infection related to brain and behavior impairments in humans? evidence from a population-representative birth cohort.toxoplasma gondii (t. gondii) is a protozoan parasite present in around a third of the human population. infected individuals are commonly asymptomatic, though recent reports have suggested that infection might influence aspects of the host's behavior. in particular, toxoplasma infection has been linked to schizophrenia, suicide attempt, differences in aspects of personality and poorer neurocognitive performance. however, these studies are often conducted in clinical samples or convenience sampl ...201626886853
morbid attraction to leopard urine in toxoplasma-infected chimpanzees.parasites are sometimes capable of inducing phenotypic changes in their hosts to improve transmission [1]. toxoplasma gondii, a protozoan that infects a broad range of warm-blooded species, is one example that supports the so-called 'parasite manipulation hypothesis': it induces modifications in rodents' olfactory preferences, converting an innate aversion for cat odor into attraction and probably favoring trophic transmission to feline species, its only definitive hosts [2]. in humans, t. gondi ...201626859275
tracing amino acid exchange during host-pathogen interaction by combined stable-isotope time-resolved raman spectral imaging.this study investigates the temporal and spatial interchange of the aromatic amino acid phenylalanine (phe) between human retinal pigment epithelial cell line (arpe-19) and tachyzoites of the apicomplexan protozoan parasite toxoplasma gondii (t. gondii). stable isotope labelling by amino acids in cell culture (silac) is combined with raman micro-spectroscopy to selectively monitor the incorporation of deuterium-labelled phe into proteins in individual live tachyzoites. our results show a very ra ...201626857158
chronic toxoplasma gondii infection enhances β-amyloid phagocytosis and clearance by recruited monocytes.alzheimer's disease (ad) is associated with the accumulation of β-amyloid (aβ) as senile plaques in the brain, thus leading to neurodegeneration and cognitive impairment. plaque formation depends not merely on the amount of generated aβ peptides, but more importantly on their effective removal. chronic infections with neurotropic pathogens, most prominently the parasite toxoplasma (t.) gondii, are frequent in the elderly, and it has been suggested that the resulting neuroinflammation may influen ...201626984535
recombinant toxoplasma gondii phosphoglycerate mutase 2 confers protective immunity against toxoplasmosis in balb/c mice.toxoplasmosis is one of the most widespread zoonoses worldwide. it has a high incidence and can result in severe disease in humans and livestock. effective vaccines are needed to limit and prevent infection with toxoplasma gondii. in this study, we evaluated the immuno-protective efficacy of a recombinant toxoplasma gondii phosphoglycerate mutase 2 (rtgpgam 2) against t. gondii infection in balb/c mice. we report that the mice nasally immunised with rtgpgam 2 displayed significantly higher level ...201626984115
experimental ovine toxoplasmosis: influence of the gestational stage on the clinical course, lesion development and parasite distribution.the relation between gestational age and foetal death risk in ovine toxoplasmosis is already known, but the mechanisms involved are not yet clear. in order to study how the stage of gestation influences these mechanisms, pregnant sheep of the same age and genetic background were orally dosed with 50 oocysts of toxoplasma gondii (m4 isolate) at days 40 (g1), 90 (g2) and 120 (g3) of gestation. in each group, four animals were culled on the second, third and fourth week post infection (pi) in order ...201626983883
elevated toxoplasma gondii infection rates for retinas from eye banks, southern brazil.we found significantly higher incidence of toxoplasma gondii dna in eye bank specimens from joinville in southern brazil (13/15, 87%) than in são paulo (3/42, 7%; p = 2.1 × 10e-8). pcr dna sequence analysis was more sensitive at locus nts2 than at locus b1; a high frequency of mixed co-infections was detected.201626982526
anti-cd8 (sp57) rabbit monoclonal antibody is a useful tool for detecting toxoplasma gondii on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections. 201626980035
oxidative stress generated during monensin treatment contributes to altered toxoplasma gondii mitochondrial function.the ionophore monensin displays potent activities against several coccidian parasites of veterinary and medical importance including the opportunistic pathogen of humans, toxoplasma gondii. while monensin is used widely in animals, toxicity impedes its use in humans. nonetheless, given its potency, understanding its mode of action would reveal vulnerable aspects of the parasite that can be exploited for drug development. we previously established that monensin induces toxoplasma to undergo cell ...201626976749
toxoplasmosis awareness, seroprevalence and risk behavior among pregnant women in the gampaha district, sri lanka.primary gestational toxoplasmosis can be transmitted to the fetus with deleterious effects on the pregnancy. there is very little information regarding gestational toxoplasmosis in sri lanka. this survey was done to determine the prevalence and awareness of toxoplasmosis and to identify risk factors of infection among pregnant women in the gampaha district, sri lanka.201627092763
functional analysis of the role of toxoplasma gondii nucleoside triphosphate hydrolases i and ii in acute mouse virulence and immune suppression.bioluminescent reporter assays have been widely used to study the effect of toxoplasma gondii on host gene expression. in the present study, we extend these studies by engineering novel reporter cell lines containing a gamma-activated sequence (gas) element driving firefly luciferase (fluc). in raw264.7 macrophages, t. gondii type i strain (gt1) infection blocked interferon gamma (ifn-γ)-induced fluc activity to a significantly greater extent than infection by type ii (me49) and type iii (ctg) s ...201627091930
vaccination with toxoplasma gondii calcium-dependent protein kinase 6 and rhoptry protein 18 encapsulated in poly(lactide-co-glycolide) microspheres induces long-term protective immunity in mice.toxoplasmosis is a worldwide zoonosis caused by the intracellular parasite toxoplasma gondii. however, no effective vaccine is yet available. poly(lactide-co-glycolide) polymers can reduce protein degradation and sustain the release of antigens over a long period, which could generate a long-lasting immune response in vivo. using a mouse model of toxoplasmosis, we evaluated the protective efficacy of vaccination with two recombinant proteins, which are formulated in biodegradable polymers.201627090890
behavioral abnormalities in a mouse model of chronic toxoplasmosis are associated with mag1 antibody levels and cyst burden.there is marked variation in the human response to toxoplasma gondii infection. epidemiological studies indicate associations between strain virulence and severity of toxoplasmosis. animal studies on the pathogenic effect of chronic infection focused on relatively avirulent strains (e.g. type ii) because they can easily establish latent infections in mice, defined by the presence of bradyzoite-containing cysts. to provide insight into virulent strain-related severity of human toxoplasmosis, we e ...201627124472
toxoplasma gondii infection and schizophrenia: an inter-kingdom communication perspective.the apicomplexan protozoan toxoplasma gondii has a striking predilection for infecting the central nervous system and has been suggested as a risk factor for schizophrenia. here, we address some of the mechanisms by which t. gondii achieves this by manipulating signaling pathways of the host brain cells.201627120002
parasitic zoonoses present some risks with low-temperature cooking of pork.a recent article in this journal documents enhanced sensory qualities of pork cooked to low temperatures. the aim of this letter is to point out that the incidence of trichinella spiralis in many countries and the more widespread incidence of toxoplasma gondii present a concern for the adoption of low temperature cooking of pork unless extended cooking times are used.201627115863
seroprevalence of toxoplasma gondii and direct genotyping using minisequencing in free-range pigs in burkina faso.swine are a major source of meat for humans. as such, they can play an important role in the epidemiology of human toxoplasmosis. therefore, we performed an epidemiological study to determine the prevalence and genotypes of toxoplasma gondii in burkina fasan swine.201627111796
nanostructural characterization of sf9 cells during virus-like particles generation.sf9 cells (a clonal isolate of spodoptera frugiperda sf21 cells) are commonly used to generate recombinant virus-like particles (vlps). for vlps generation, sf9 cells are infected with recombinant baculoviruses (rbv) expressing desired proteins. during rbv infections, sf9 cells have changes in cell diameters and surface structures. in this study, for the first time, we investigated nanostructural changes of sf9 cells using atomic force microscopy (afm) during vlps generation containing toxoplasm ...201627111226
cerebral complement c1q activation in chronic toxoplasma infection.exposure to the neurotropic parasite, toxoplasma gondii, causes significant brain and behavioral anomalies in humans and other mammals. understanding the cellular mechanisms of t. gondii-generated brain pathologies would aid the advancement of novel strategies to reduce disease. complement factor c1q is part of a classic immune pathway that functions peripherally to tag and remove infectious agents and cellular debris from circulation. in the developing and adult brain, c1q modifies neuronal arc ...201627109609
in silico and in vivo analysis of toxoplasma gondii epitopes by correlating survival data with peptide-mhc-i binding affinities.protein antigens comprising peptide motifs with high binding affinity to major histocompatibility complex class i (mhc-i) molecules are expected to induce a stronger cytotoxic t-lymphocyte response and thus provide better protection against infection with microorganisms where cytotoxic t-cells are the main effector arm of the immune system.201627109108
toxoplasma gondii: effects of diphenyl diselenide in experimental toxoplasmosis on biomarkers of cardiac function.this study aimed to investigate the effects of diphenyl diselenide (phse)2 to treat mice experimentally infected by toxoplasma gondii on seric biomarkers of cardiac function (creatine kinase, creatine kinase mb, troponin, and myoglobin), and lactate dehydrogenase, as well as to evaluate the enzymatic activity of creatine kinase (ck) and adenylate kinase (ak) in heart tissue. for the study, 40 female mice were divided into four groups of 10 animals each: the group a (uninfected and untreated), th ...201627107930
toxoplasmosis and alzheimer: can toxoplasma gondii really be introduced as a risk factor in etiology of alzheimer?alzheimer is a progressive neurological disease that results in irreversible loss of neurons and includes about two thirds of all cases of dementia. toxoplasma gondii may be an important infectious agent involved in neurodegenerative diseases. the aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between toxoplasma as an etiologic agent in the progress of alzheimer's disease. this case control study was conducted on 75 alzheimer's patients and 75 healthy volunteers. blood samples were obtaine ...201627106237
the gene expression level of ifn-γr1 and ifn-γr2 in a murine model treated with toxoplasma gondii and its products.to evaluate the effect of active t. gondii tachyzoites and its products on the gene expression level of ifn-γr1 and ifn-γr2 in a murine model.201627099672
effects of thymus vulgaris ethanolic extract on chronic toxoplasmosis in a mouse model.the current work was undertaken to investigate the potential effectiveness of thymus vulgaris ethanolic extract (tve) against toxoplasma gondii infection in chronic experimental toxoplasmosis. to evaluate prophylactic effects, mice received 500 mg/kg tve for 5 days before they were infected by an avirulent me49 t. gondii strain. to investigate the therapeutic effects of the extract postinfection, daily treatment with tve was initiated at 6 weeks postinfection and continued for 10 days. the follo ...201627098159
serological and molecular survey of toxoplasmosis in renal transplant recipients and hemodialysis patients in kashan and qom regions, central iran.toxoplasma gondii is one of the important opportunistic pathogen among solid-organ transplant recipients and hemodialysis patients (hd). this study was aimed to detect toxoplasmosis among 50 renal transplant recipients (rtr), 135 hd and 120 healthy individuals in two cities (kashan and qom) that located in the center of iran, from 2014 to 2015. serological detection (igg and igm antibodies) was performed among all individuals in case and control groups. molecular detection was performed on all i ...201627097530
toxoplasma gondii infection: relationship with aggression in psychiatric subjects.toxoplasma gondii (t. gondii), a protozoan parasite that persists in host tissues, including brain, has been associated with several psychiatric disorders and with suicidal behavior. we sought to test the hypothesis that latent t. gondii infection, as manifest by circulating immunoglobulin g (igg) antibodies to t. gondii, is associated with both categorical and dimensional measures of aggression.201627046307
follow-up of the 1977 georgia outbreak of toxoplasmosis.in 1977, an outbreak of toxoplasmosis occurred among 37 persons associated with exposure to an indoor horse arena. cat feces containing the organism were most likely stirred up when horses ran on the dirt floor, and were inhaled or ingested by riders and observers. after 25 or more years, we attempted to locate persons from the outbreak and offer them an eye examination. of the 37 persons in the outbreak, 18 (49%) were located; four had died, and the remaining 14 agreed to an examination. among ...201627044565
the known and missing links between toxoplasma gondii and schizophrenia.toxoplasma gondii, an intracellular protozoan parasite, has a striking predilection for infecting the central nervous system and has been linked to an increased incidence of a number of psychiatric diseases. several in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that t. gondii infection can affect the structure, bioenergetics and function of brain cells, and alters several host cell processes, including dopaminergic, tryptophan-kynurenine, gabaergic, akt1, jak/stat, and vasopressinergic pathways. these ...201627041387
an alternative nested-pcr assay for the detection of toxoplasma gondii strains based on gra7 gene sequences.toxoplasma gondii is a widespread parasite able to infect virtually any nucleated cells of warm-blooded hosts. in some cases, t. gondii detection using already developed pcr primers can be inefficient in routine laboratory tests, especially to detect atypical strains. here we report a new nested-pcr protocol able to detect virtually all t. gondii isolates. analyzing 685 sequences available in genbank, we determine that gra7 is one of the most conserved genes of t. gondii genome. based on an alig ...201627036222
high prevalence of toxoplasmosis in free-range chicken of the fernando de noronha archipelago, brazil.the present study aimed to determine the prevalence of toxoplasmosis in free-range chickens of the fernando de noronha archipelago, brazil and to identify risk factors associated with toxoplasma gondii infection. blood samples were collected from all the adult chickens raised in the archipelago and screened by indirect fluorescent antibody test (430 samples, in total). univariate analysis (chi-square) and logistic regression were used to investigate the relationship between various variables pos ...201627032879
gitr activation positively regulates immune responses against toxoplasma gondii.toxoplasma gondii is a widespread parasite responsible for causing clinical diseases especially in pregnant and immunosuppressed individuals. glucocorticoid-induced tnf receptor (gitr), which is also known as tnfrs18 and belongs to the tnf receptor superfamily, is found to be expressed in various cell types of the immune system and provides an important costimulatory signal for t cells and myeloid cells. however, the precise role of this receptor in the context of t. gondii infection remains elu ...201627027302
toxoplasma gondii rop18: potential to manipulate host cell mitochondrial apoptosis.toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite that may manipulate host cell mitochondrial apoptosis pathways. in our experiment, 293t cells were transfected with the p3×flag-cmv-myc-rop18 vector and expressed the rop18-myc fusion protein. cell apoptosis was induced by 0.5 μg/ml actinomycin d (actd) and was detected by annexin v-fitc/pi assay. the cell mitochondrial membrane potential was determined by jc-1. cytochrome c (cyto-c) from mitochondria and the cytoplasm was measured by weste ...201627021182
toxoplasma gondii inhibits differentiation of c17.2 neural stem cells through wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.toxoplasma gondii is a major cause of congenital brain disease. t. gondii infection in the developing fetus frequently results in major neural developmental damage; however, the effects of the parasite infection on the neural stem cells, the key players in fetal brain development, still remain elusive. this study is aiming to explore the role of t. gondii infection on differentiation of neural stem cells (nscs) and elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms that regulate the inhibited differe ...201627012204
survey of toxoplasma gondii antibodies in magellanic penguins (spheniscus magellanicus forster, 1781).magellanic penguins (spheniscus magellanicus) breed on the atlantic and pacific coasts of the southernmost parts of south america and migrate northward as far as peru and brazil. serum samples (n = 100) from magellanic penguins from three zoos and two rehabilitation centers (rcs) in brazil were assayed for the presence of antibodies to toxoplasma gondii by means of the modified agglutination test (mat, cut-off ≥ 20). the penguins were categorized as young (≤4 yr old) or adults (≥4 yr old) and se ...201627010304
multiplexed anti-toxoplasma igg, igm, and iga assay on plasmonic gold chips: towards making mass screening possible with dye test precision.toxoplasmosis is an infection caused by the protozoan parasite toxoplasma gondii that can lead to severe sequelae in the fetus during pregnancy. definitive serologic diagnosis of the infection during gestation is made mostly by detecting t. gondii-specific antibodies, including igg and igm, individually in a single serum sample by using commercially available kits. the iga test is used by some laboratories as an additional marker of acute infection. most of the commercial tests have failed to re ...201627008879
occurrence of anti-toxoplasma gondii antibodies and parasite dna in backyard chicken breeding in northeast, brazil.the aim of the present study was to investigate the occurrence of anti-toxoplasma gondii antibodies and parasite dna in backyard chickens bred in the metropolitan area of recife, brazil. in total, 212 serum samples were collected from 16 properties, and 12 backyard chickens were collected in the six sanitary districts of recife. an indirect immunofluorescence assay (ifa) was used to investigate the occurrence of anti-toxoplasma gondii antibodies. polymerase chain reaction (pcr) was used to detec ...201627007250
effects of (+)-usnic acid and (+)-usnic acid-liposome on toxoplasma gondii.toxoplasma gondii pathogen is a threat to human health that results in economic burden. unfortunately, there are very few high-efficiency and low-toxicity drugs for toxoplasmosis in the clinic. (+)-usnic acid derived from lichen species has been reported to have anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anti-parasitology, and even anti-cancer activities. herein, the systematic effect of (+)-usnic acid and (+)-usnic acid-liposome on toxoplasma were studied in vitro and in vivo. the viability of toxoplasm ...201627004468
seroprevalence of toxoplasma gondii infection among patients admitted to al-zahra hospital, isfahan, iran.toxoplasma gondii (t. gondii) infection is one of the most common parasitic infections among humans and other warm-blooded animals worldwide. the aim of this study was to evaluate toxoplasmosis status in patients admitted to al-zahra hospital, isfahan, iran.201627004318
surface binding properties of aged and fresh (recently excreted) toxoplasma gondii oocysts.the surfaces of aged (10 years) and fresh (recently excreted) oocysts of toxoplasma gondii were investigated using monoclonal antibody (mab) and lectin-binding assays. fresh oocysts bound a wall-specific mab labelled with fluorescein isothiocyanate while aged oocysts did not. in contrast, the walls of aged oocysts bound a lectin (wheat germ agglutinin, wga), but not the walls of fresh oocysts. exposure of oocysts to detergent solutions or trypsin did not affect the binding properties of the wall ...201627003461
proteomic profiling of mouse liver following acute toxoplasma gondii infection.toxoplasma gondii remains a global public health problem. however, its pathophysiology is still not-completely understood particularly the impact of infection on host liver metabolism. we performed itraq-based proteomic analysis to evaluate early liver protein responses in balb/c mice following infection with t. gondii pys strain (genotype toxodb#9) infection. our data revealed modification of protein expression in key metabolic pathways, as indicated by the upregulation of immune response and d ...201627003162
antiparasitic effects of oxymatrine and matrine against toxoplasma gondii in vitro and in vivo.toxoplasma gondii (t. gondii) is an important pathogen which can causes serious public health problems. since the current therapeutic drugs for toxoplasmosis present serious host toxicity, research on effective and new substances of relatively low toxicity is urgently needed. this study was carried out to evaluate the anti-parasitic effect of oxymatrine (om) and matrine (me) against t. gondii in vitro and in vivo. in our study, the anti-t. gondii activities of me and om were evaluated in vitro u ...201626993085
kinetics of acute infection with toxoplasma gondii and histopathological changes in the duodenum of rats.toxoplasma gondii crosses the intestinal barrier to spread into the body. we investigate the intestinal wall and epithelial cells of the duodenum of rats infected with t. gondii during different time points of acute infection. male wistar rats, 60 days of age, were assigned into groups that were orally inoculated with 5000 sporulated oocysts t. gondii for 6 h (g6), 12 h (g12), 24 h (g24), 48 h (g48), 72 h (g72), 7 days (g7d), and 10 days (g10d). the control group (cg) received saline. the rats w ...201626993084
use of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons as a model for cerebral toxoplasmosis.toxoplasma gondii is a ubiquitous protozoan parasite with approximately one-third of the worlds' population chronically infected. in chronically infected individuals, the parasite resides primarily in cysts within neurons in the central nervous system. the chronic infection in immunocompetent individuals has been considered to be asymptomatic but increasing evidence indicates the chronic infection can lead to neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, prenatal depression and suicidal thou ...201627083472
molecular diagnosis of toxoplasma gondii infection in libya.toxoplasma gondii infections are prevalent in humans and animals throughout libya. current diagnosis is based on detection of toxoplasma-specific igm and igg. in this study, we established and optimized a diagnostic pcr assay for molecular diagnosis of t. gondii in libya.201627083153
investigating the determinants of toxoplasma gondii prevalence in meat: a systematic review and meta-regression.toxoplasma gondii is one of the most widespread parasites in humans and can cause severe illness in immunocompromised individuals. however, its role in healthy people is probably under-appreciated. the complex epidemiology of this protozoan recognizes several infection routes but consumption of contaminated food is likely to be the predominant one. among food, consumption of raw and undercooked meat is a relevant route of transmission, but the role of different meat producing animal species and ...201627082633
association between toxoplasma gondii exposure and heart disease: a case-control study.the parasite toxoplasma gondii causes infections all around the world. infections with t. gondii are systemic and the parasite can persist in the heart muscle. very little is known about the impact of t. gondii on patients with heart disease. we determined the association between t. gondii exposure and patients suffering from heart diseases attending in a public hospital in durango, mexico; the association of t. gondii exposure with socio-demographic, behavioral, and clinical characteristics of ...201627081427
production of anti-sag1 igy antibody against toxoplasma gondii parasites and evaluation of antibody activity by elisa method.chicken egg yolk antibody, also known as immunoglobulin y (igy), is the predominant class of serum immunoglobulin in birds. igy has many advantages over mammalian antibodies, such as enhanced immunogenicity conserved mammalian proteins exhibited in birds due to their phylogenetic distance, non-invasive rapid, and economical collection system. however, there are limited studies about igy production against toxoplasma, which is a worldwide veterinary and public health problem. in this study, the p ...201627079459
seroprevalence of toxoplasma gondii among turkeys on family farms in the state of northeastern brazil.the aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of antibodies against toxoplasma gondii in turkeys and chickens on family farms in the semi-arid region of the state of pernambuco, brazil. in order to do so, 204 sera samples from turkeys were analyzed using the modified agglutination test (mat) and 322 sera samples from chickens were assessed using the immunofluorescence assay (ifa). twenty-eight properties contained turkeys and 23 of these properties also contained chickens. the r ...201627078666
bioinformatics analysis and expression of a novel protein rop48 in toxoplasma gondii.toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular apicomplexan parasite, and can infect warmblooded animals and humans all over the world. in the past years, rop family genes encoding particular proteins of t. gondii had made a great contribution to toxoplasmosis. in this study, we used multiple bioinformatics approaches to predict the physical and chemical characteristics, transmembrane domain, epitope, and topological structure of the rhoptry protein 48 (rop48). the results indicated that rop48 p ...201627078655
towards a preventive strategy for toxoplasmosis: current trends, challenges, and future perspectives for vaccine development.with its facultative ability to induce various types of infection in its hosts, toxoplasma gondii remains a fascinating and enigmatic pathogen. as a parasite, despite its primitive unicellular structure, it possesses a highly sophisticated arsenal of invasive and defensive tools. toxoplasmosis has gained widespread significance as a zoonotic disease capable of inducing severe illnesses in humans and drastic economic losses in the veterinary field. although around a third of the world's populatio ...201627076296
the morphological analysis of autophagy in primary skeletal muscle cells infected with toxoplasma gondii.toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite, the causative agent of toxoplasmosis, one of the most widespread zoonoses in the world. during the host immune response, tissue cysts are formed, allowing the maintenance of the parasite within the host cell. autophagy, a degradation process of cellular components, is critical for cellular homeostasis. recently, it has been proposed that autophagy participates in host-pathogen interactions. autophagic inducers (rapamycin or gluco ...201627075305
isolation and genotyping of toxoplasma gondii in seronegative urban rats and presence of antibodies in communicating dogs in brazil.the role of rodents in the epidemiology of toxoplasmosis was investigated in londrina, paraná state, brazil. one hundred and eighty-one rattus rattus and one mus musculus were caught in 37 places. blood and tissues were collected and submitted to the indirect fluorescence antibody test (ifat) and the bioassay. serum samples from 61 contacting dogs were also collected. sixteen rats (8.8%) were positive for toxoplasma gondii, but just two of them were positive by serology and bioassay test. antibo ...201627074322
in vitro effect of the synthetic cal14.1a conotoxin, derived from conus californicus, on the human parasite toxoplasma gondii.toxins that are secreted by cone snails are small peptides that are used to treat several diseases. however, their effects on parasites with human and veterinary significance are unknown. toxoplasma gondii is an opportunistic parasite that affects approximately 30% of the world's population and can be lethal in immunologically compromised individuals. the conventional treatment for this parasitic infection has remained the same since the 1950s, and its efficacy is limited to the acute phase of i ...201627070627
mouse model of congenital infection with a non-virulent toxoplasma gondii strain: vertical transmission, "sterile" fetal damage, or both?congenital transmission of toxoplasma gondii may occur if the mother gets infected for the first time while pregnant. the risk of mother-to-child transmission depends on the gestation trimester at infection, being lowest in the first and highest in the last. conversely, fetal damage is frequent and more severe at the beginning of pregnancy. the objective of this study was to evaluate congenital transmission and pathological aspects in the placenta and the fetus using a mouse model of congenital ...201627068784
outbreak of ovine congenital toxoplasmosis in iran, confirmed by different diagnostic methods.toxoplasma gondii is a zoonotic obligatory intracellular protozoan parasite with the capability to infect all warm-blooded animals. one of the great concerns is that it can lead to ovine abortion in sheep growing industry. different diagnostic methods such as serology, pathology, immunohistochemistry, bioassay and molecular detection have been used in order to detect ovine abortion associated with t. gondii. in this case, an outbreak of congenital toxoplasmosis based on serological, macroscopic, ...201627065616
unconventional endosome-like compartment and retromer complex in toxoplasma gondii govern parasite integrity and host infection.membrane trafficking pathways play critical roles in apicomplexa, a phylum of protozoan parasites that cause life-threatening diseases worldwide. here we report the first retromer-trafficking interactome in toxoplasma gondii. this retromer complex includes a trimer vps35-vps26-vps29 core complex that serves as a hub for the endosome-like compartment and parasite-specific proteins. conditional ablation of tgvps35 reveals that the retromer complex is crucial for the biogenesis of secretory organel ...201627064065
identification of toxoplasma tgph1, a pleckstrin homology domain-containing protein that binds to the phosphoinositide pi(3,5)p2.the phosphoinositide phosphatidylinositol-3,5-bisphosphate (pi(3,5)p2) plays crucial roles in the maintenance of lysosome/vacuole morphology, membrane trafficking and regulation of endolysosome-localized membrane channel activity. in toxoplasma gondii, we previously reported that pi(3,5)p2 is essential for parasite survival by controlling homeostasis of the apicoplast, a particular organelle of algal origin. here, by using a phosphoinositide pull-down assay, we identified tgph1 in toxoplasma a p ...201627063980
toxoplasma gondii: protective immunity induced by a dna vaccine expressing gra1 and mic3 against toxoplasmosis in balb/c mice.the intracellular parasite toxoplasma gondii is a major cause of abortion and neonatal loss in livestock, and can cause severe illness to human with weakened immune system. the heavy incidence and severe consequence indicate the development of vaccines against t. gondii is required. in this study, dna vaccines encoding gra1 and mic3 antigens were developed. the parasite-specific immune responses and protection efficiency against toxoplasmosis by these dna vaccines were evaluated in balb/c mice. ...201627059254
synergistic effects of resveratrol (free and inclusion complex) and sulfamethoxazole-trimetropim treatment on pathology, oxidant/antioxidant status and behavior of mice infected with toxoplasma gondii.this study aimed to investigate the synergistic effects of resveratrol and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (st) on the treatment of mice experimentally infected by toxoplasma gondii during the chronic phase of the disease considering infection, behavior, and oxidative/antioxidants profile aspects. for the study, 60 mice were initially divided into two groups: uninfected (n = 24) and infected by t. gondii (n = 36). these two groups were later subdivided into other groups and treated with resveratro ...201627057672
mif promotes classical activation and conversion of inflammatory ly6c(high) monocytes into tipdcs during murine toxoplasmosis.macrophage migration inhibitory factor (mif) mediates immunity against toxoplasma gondii infection by inducing inflammatory cytokines required to control the parasite replication. however, the role of this inflammatory mediator in the cell-mediated immune response against this infection is still poorly understood. here, we used t. gondii-infected wt and mif (-/-) mice to analyze the role of mif in the maturation of cd11b(+) and cd8α (+) dendritic cells (dcs). we found that mif promotes maturatio ...201627057101
epitope analysis and protection by a rop19 dna vaccine against toxoplasma gondii.we used bioinformatics approaches to identify b-cell and t-cell epitopes on the rop19 protein of toxoplasma gondii. then, we constructed plasmids with rop19 (pegfp-c1-rop19) and injected them into balb/c mice to test the immunoprotection induced by this vaccine candidate. the results showed that immunization with pegfp-c1-rop19 induced effective cellular and humoral immune responses in mice; specifically, high serum levels of t. gondii-specific igg and increased interferon-gamma production by sp ...201627055564
performance of polymerase chain reaction analysis of the amniotic fluid of pregnant women for diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.congenital infection caused by toxoplasma gondii can cause serious damage that can be diagnosed in utero or at birth, although most infants are asymptomatic at birth. prenatal diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis considerably improves the prognosis and outcome for infected infants. for this reason, an assay for the quick, sensitive, and safe diagnosis of fetal toxoplasmosis is desirable.201627055272
cns infections in patients with hematological disorders (including allogeneic stem-cell transplantation)-guidelines of the infectious diseases working party (agiho) of the german society of hematology and medical oncology (dgho).infections of the central nervous system (cns) are infrequently diagnosed in immunocompetent patients, but they do occur in a significant proportion of patients with hematological disorders. in particular, patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation carry a high risk for cns infections of up to 15%. fungi and toxoplasma gondii are the predominant causative agents. the diagnosis of cns infections is based on neuroimaging, cerebrospinal fluid examination and biopsy of su ...201627052648
multi-scale occupancy approach to estimate toxoplasma gondii prevalence and detection probability in tissues: an application and guide for field sampling.increasingly, birds are recognised as important hosts for the ubiquitous parasite toxoplasma gondii, although little experimental evidence exists to determine which tissues should be tested to maximise the detection probability of t. gondii. also, arctic-nesting geese are suspected to be important sources of t. gondii in terrestrial arctic ecosystems, but the parasite has not previously been reported in the tissues of these geese. using a domestic goose model, we applied a multi-scale occupancy ...201627155329
risk factors of toxoplasma gondii infection in hunting, pet and watchdogs from southern spain and northern africa.dogs can act as reservoirs of toxoplasma gondii infections for humans and other hosts. here we determined seroprevalence and risk factors of t. gondii infection in dogs from andalusia (southern spain) and ceuta (northern africa). antibodies to t. gondii were detected in 235 out of 769 dogs (30.6%; ci95%: 27.3-33.8) by the modified agglutination test (mat, cut-off of 1:25) with titers of 1:25 in 91, 1:50 in 43, 1:100 in 84, and ≥1:500 in 17 dogs. the main risk factors associated with t. gondii in ...201627155133
is toxoplasma gondii infection a risk factor for leukemia? an evidence-based meta-analysis.background possible associations of parasite infection with cancer risk have recently attracted much attention. published studies concerning the association between toxoplasma gondii (t. gondii) infection and leukemia risk have generated inconsistent results. in the present study, we aimed to address this topic by conducting a quantitative meta-analysis. material and methods relevant publications were searched in electronic databases and eligible studies were rigorously screened and selected. es ...201627155015
tgerk7 is involved in the intracellular proliferation of toxoplasma gondii.toxoplasma gondii uses a unique mechanism to fulfill its asexual life cycles by which the parasite can infect all the warm-blooded animals including humans. mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) or extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk) pathway widely existed in eukaryotic cells mediates the conversion of environmental stimuli to intracellular events such as proliferation and differentiation. their counterparts have been identified in apicomplexan parasites such as erk7 in t. gondii. to c ...201627150970
acute toxoplasmosis in pigs in brazil caused by toxoplasma gondii genotype chinese 1.this study reports the clinicopathological, immunohistochemical, and molecular findings from two cases of systemic toxoplasmosis in pigs showing apathy and dyspnea. in the post-mortem examination, severe diffuse necrotizing bronchointerstitial pneumonia with numerous intralesional tachyzoites of toxoplasma gondii was observed. the lungs had not collapsed but were diffusely reddened, and the parenchyma showed friable whitish subpleural nodules with multifocal to coalescent distribution and diamet ...201627150968
oocyst-derived extract of toxoplasma gondii serves as potent immunomodulator in a mouse model of birch pollen allergy.previously, we have shown that oral infection with toxoplasma gondii oocysts prevented type i allergy in mice. here we investigated whether the application of a t. gondii oocyst lysate antigen (ola) could also reduce allergy development. balb/c mice were immunised twice with ola followed by sensitisation with the major birch pollen (bp) allergen bet v 1 and an aerosol challenge with bp extract.201627149118
is toxoplasma gondii type related to clinical outcome in human congenital infection? systematic and critical review.in human congenital toxoplasmosis the effects of parasite burden and pregnancy time at infection on clinical outcome are well known, but there is controversy regarding the role of toxoplasma gondii type. through a systematic review of the literature, we aimed to discern if t. gondii type has a role on clinical outcome in human congenital toxoplasmosis. we built up a database of congenital toxoplasmosis from reports of cases, case series and screening-based cohorts, which had information about pa ...201627146878
dense granule trafficking in toxoplasma gondii requires a unique class 27 myosin and actin filaments.the survival of toxoplasma gondii within its host cell requires protein release from secretory vesicles, called dense granules, to maintain the parasite's intracellular replicative niche. despite the importance of dgs, nothing is known about the mechanisms underlying their transport. in higher eukaryotes, secretory vesicles are transported to the plasma membrane by molecular motors moving on their respective cytoskeletal tracks (i.e., microtubules and actin). because the organization of these cy ...201627146112
toxoplasmosis in blood donors: a systematic review and meta-analysis.transfusion-transmissible infections include pathogens that may cause severe and debilitating diseases. toxoplasmosis is a cosmopolitan neglected parasitic infection that can lead to severe complications including death in immune-compromised patients or following infection in utero. multiple studies have demonstrated the transmission of toxoplasma gondii by blood transfusion. the objective of this review was to comprehensively assess the seroprevalence rate of toxoplasma in blood donors from a w ...201627145927
is toxoplasma gondii a threat to the conservation of free-ranging australian marsupial populations?it has often been asserted that australian marsupial species are particularly susceptible to toxoplasma gondii infection and to clinical toxoplasmosis following infection. this implicates t. gondii as a potential threat to marsupial population viability, and contrasts to what is known of t. gondii in populations of several other host species. we reviewed the literature, and found a lack of scientifically robust evidence addressing the occurrence of t. gondii infection in free-ranging populations ...201627141439
attenuated toxoplasma gondii therapy of disseminated pancreatic cancer generates long-lasting immunity to pancreatic cancer.we have recently reported that treatment of disseminated pancreatic cancer with an attenuated toxoplasma gondii uracil auxotroph vaccine promoted antitumor cd8(+) t cell responses and long-term survival. here, we optimized the treatment strategy for disseminated pancreatic cancer and show that attenuated toxoplasma gondii therapy stimulated effective long-term immunity to pancreatic cancer through mechanisms involving cd4(+) t cells and pancreatic tumor-specific igg. our results suggest that cel ...201627141388
influence of toxoplasma gondii infection on symptoms and signs of menopause.some symptoms of menopause have also been described in patients with toxoplasmosis. whether toxoplasma gondii (t. gondii) infection has any influence on clinical manifestations of menopause is yet unknown. we sought to determine whether t. gondii exposure is associated with symptoms and signs of menopause. we performed a cross-sectional study of women attending a public health center in durango city, mexico. participants were examined for the presence of anti-toxoplasma igg and igm antibodies us ...201627141314
keep up the good (bench) work!professor silvia moreno studies toxoplasmosis, one of the most common parasitic infections in the world, caused by toxoplasma gondii. about one-third of the human population is chronically infected with t. gondii cysts, the dormant form of the parasite. although most immunocompetent infected individuals remain asymptomatic throughout life, serious complications such as loss of vision, mother-to-fetus transmission, and fatal cases can occur. the drugs currently available to treat toxoplasmosis ar ...201627133187
transcriptional changes of mouse splenocyte organelle components following acute infection with toxoplasma gondii.toxoplasmosis is a globally spread zoonosis. the pathogen toxoplasma gondii can hijack cellular organelles of host for replication. although a number of important cellular life events are controlled by cell organelles, very little is known of the transcriptional changes of host cellular organelles after infection with t. gondii. herein, we performed rna-sequencing (rna-seq) and bioinformatics analyses to study the global organelle component changes. it was found that many transcripts of the mous ...201627132051
seroprevalence and genotypes of toxoplasma gondii isolated from pigs intended for human consumption in liaoning province, northeastern china.genetic information for toxoplasma gondii isolates from pigs in eastern, south, and southwestern regions of china has been reported previously. however, there are no data from pigs in the northeastern area of the country. to better understand the epidemiology of t. gondii, we determined the seroprevalence and genotypes of t. gondii from pigs slaughtered for human consumption in liaoning province, northeastern china.201627129860
the impact of toxoplasma gondii on the mammalian genome.nobody doubts that infections have imposed specialisations on the mammalian genome. however sufficient information is usually missing to attribute a specific genomic modification to pressure from a specific pathogen. recent studies on mechanisms of mammalian resistance against the ubiquitous protozoan parasite, toxoplasma gondii, have shown that the small rodents presumed to be largely responsible for transmission of the parasite to its definitive host, the domestic cat, possess distinctive reco ...201627128504
detection of toxoplasma gondii in diabetic patients using the nested pcr assay via re and b1 genes.toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite that exists worldwide. various techniques have been developed for t. gondii detection.201627127588
functional analysis of the rhoptry kinome during chronic toxoplasma gondii infection.toxoplasma gondii is one of the most common parasitic infections of humans worldwide. once exposed, humans remain infected with t. gondii for life, and there are no therapeutics capable of eliminating a chronic infection. in the search for novel drug targets, t. gondii is known to contain several unique secretory organelles, one of which is called the rhoptries. rhoptry organelles contain and secrete numerous proteins with kinase domains, but the roles of most of these kinases during infection r ...201627302762
toxoplasma gondii infection and mixed anxiety and depressive disorder: a case-control seroprevalence study in durango, mexico.the parasite toxoplasma gondii (t. gondii) may invade the brain and might induce behavioral changes. we sought to determine the association of t. gondii infection and mixed anxiety and depressive disorder.201627298660
a novel chemiluminescent immunoassay for detection of toxoplasma gondii igg in human sera.this study describes toxoplasma gondii igg chemiluminescent immunoassay (clia) based on the use of a novel immunochemical reagents in the form of the conjugates of original acridinium ester (ae) labels attached to antibodies and sag2-gra1-rop1l chimeric antigen and shows that this test is useful for diagnostic purposes.201627298047
detection of antibodies against toxoplasma gondii in cattle raised in gyeongbuk province, korea.this study investigated the seroprevalence of toxoplasma gondii in cattle in gyeongbuk province, the largest producer of cattle in korea. of blood samples obtained from 568 animals, 0.5% (3 of 568) tested seropositive for t. gondii by using a commercial elisa kit. among young individuals (≤1 year old), adult individuals (2 years old), and old individuals (≥3 years old), 0 (0%) of 37, 3 (0.6%) of 474, and 0 (0%) of 57 were seropositive, respectively. among male, female, and castrated individuals, ...201627296432
high seroprevalence of toxoplasma gondii and hiv-1 co-infection among drug users in yunnan province, southwest china. 201627294834
recovery of toxoplasma gondii dna in experimentally mummified skin and bones: prospects for paleoparasitological studies to unveil the origin of toxoplasmosis.paleoparasitology studies parasite infections by finding the parasites' remains in preserved organic remains such as natural or artificial mummy tissues, skeletons, teeth, and coprolites, among others. however, some currently important infections like toxoplasmosis have not been studied by paleoparasitology. the reasons include this parasite's complex life cycle, the resulting difficulties in locating this protozoan in the intermediate host tissues, and the limitation of coprolite studies to fel ...201627292545
detection and isolation of toxoplasma gondii from fresh semen of naturally infected dogs in southern brazil.the aim of this study was to isolate toxoplasma gondii and determine the viability of the parasite in fresh semen samples of clinically healthy adult dogs naturally infected. eleven seropositive dogs with t. gondii igg antibodies from southern brazil were selected to confirm the presence and viability of t. gondii in fresh semen samples using in vitro isolation in vero cell culture, polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and sequencing analysis. the presence of viable t. gondii was confirmed by in vitr ...201627287987
glt-1-dependent disruption of cns glutamate homeostasis and neuronal function by the protozoan parasite toxoplasma gondii.the immune privileged nature of the cns can make it vulnerable to chronic and latent infections. little is known about the effects of lifelong brain infections, and thus inflammation, on the neurological health of the host. toxoplasma gondii is a parasite that can infect any mammalian nucleated cell with average worldwide seroprevalence rates of 30%. infection by toxoplasma is characterized by the lifelong presence of parasitic cysts within neurons in the brain, requiring a competent immune syst ...201627281462
ethanol extracts of achillea millefolium and hypericum perforatum low anti-toxoplasma activity.this study was performed to determine the lethal and the inhibitory effects of ethanol extracts of achillea millefolium (a. millefolium) and hypericum perforatum (h. perforatum) on toxoplasma gondii (t. gondii) rh strain tachyzoites in vitro.201627280052
first study on seroepidemiology and isolation of toxoplasma gondii in free-range chickens in the semi-arid region of paraíba state, brazil.the aim of this study was to investigate the seroprevalence and isolation of toxoplasma gondii in free-range chickens in the state of paraíba, northeastern brazil. for this, blood samples were collected from 483 chickens in five municipalities in the state of paraíba. the indirect immunofluorescence assay for anti-t. gondii antibodies was performed. the seropositive birds were slaughtered, and their brains and hearts were collected in order to perform a bioassay in mice. an epidemiological quest ...201627277434
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