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il-22 levels are associated with trichomonas vaginalis infection in the lower genital tract.il-22 has important functions at mucosal surfaces, including the induction of antimicrobial peptides and maintenance of epithelium. however, il-22 has not been investigated in the genital tract during tv infection.201323445169
the pathogenic microorganisms in papanicolaou vaginal smears and correlation with inflammation.non-specific cervicitis or inflammatory changes in a smear report are common which are usually unclear for clinical approaches. to investigate the frequency of inflammation and pathogenic vaginal microorganisms in cervical smears among an iranian population sample.201324971098
il-10 release by bovine epithelial cells cultured with trichomonas vaginalis and tritrichomonas foetus.trichomonas vaginalis and tritrichomonas foetus are parasitic protists of the human and bovine urogenital tracts, respectively. several studies have described the cytotoxic effects of trichomonads on urogenital tract epithelial cells. however, little is known about the host cell response against trichomonads. the aim of this study was to determine whether t. foetus and t. vaginalis stimulated the release of the cytokine interleukin (il)-10 from cultured bovine epithelial cells. to characterise t ...201323440124
trichomonas vaginalis contact-dependent cytolysis of epithelial cells.trichomonas vaginalis is an extracellular protozoan parasite that binds to the epithelium of the human urogenital tract during infection. in this study, we examined the propensities of 26 t. vaginalis strains to bind to and lyse prostate (bph-1) and ectocervical (ect1) epithelium and to lyse red blood cells (rbcs). we found that only three of the strains had a statistically significant preference for either bph-1 (msa1103) or ect1 (la1 and msa1123). overall, we observed that levels of adherence ...201323429535
basic biology of trichomonas vaginalis: current explorations and future directions. 201323956295
prevalent, treatable and significant: barriers to the control of trichomonas vaginalis in women. 201323956294
intravaginal metronidazole/miconazole for the treatment of vaginal trichomoniasis.trichomonas vaginalis is the causative agent of the most common curable sexually transmitted disease in the world. the infection is treated with a single oral dose of metronidazole or tinidazole, currently the only licensed class of drugs available for this indication; however, both of these antimicrobials are associated with significant gastrointestinal adverse effects, and some individuals are unable to tolerate them because of these adverse effects.201323949586
insights into trichomoniasis as a result of highly sensitive molecular diagnostics screening in a high-prevalence sexually transmitted infection community.we briefly examine the clinical significance and pathogenesis of trichomonas vaginalis and provide a comprehensive summary of non-molecular and molecular diagnostics for the organism. transcription-mediated amplification (tma) identifies more cases of trichomoniasis than other detection modalities. in our high-prevalence sexually transmitted infection community, tma has allowed us to investigate female and male trichomoniasis epidemiology. distribution of the organism is community-wide and simil ...201323944153
trichomoniasis: how do we diagnose in a resource poor setting?diagnosis of trichomonas vaginalis vaginalis infection based solely on clinical symptoms and signs is unreliable because the spectrum of infection is broad and other sexually transmitted pathogens cause similar signs and symptoms.201323919051
superoxide anion production by human neutrophils activated by trichomonas vaginalis.neutrophils are the predominant inflammatory cells found in vaginal discharges of patients infected with trichomonas vaginalis. in this study, we examined superoxide anion (o2 (.-)) production by neutrophils activated by t. vaginalis. human neutrophils produced superoxide anions when stimulated with either a lysate of t. vaginalis, its membrane component (mc), or excretory-secretory product (esp). to assess the role of trichomonad protease in production of superoxide anions by neutrophils, t. va ...201324039294
activation of an unusual g-protein in the simple protist trichomonas vaginalis. 201324013419
diagnostic rates differ on the basis of the number of read days with the use of the inpouch culture system for trichomonas vaginalis screening.the inpouch trichomonas vaginalis test is the gold standard for clinical culture for trichomonas vaginalis screening. the current package insert recommends an examination period of 3 days. after review of 2,499 inpouch tests spanning 13 years, we observed that examination up to 3 days will detect only 82.8% (95% confidence interval [ci], 79.0% to 86.2%) of positive specimens.201324006006
prevalence of the trichomonas vaginalis infection in a tertiary care hospital in rural bangalore, southern india.the infection with trichomonas vaginalis is one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases (stds) in humans. the prevalence of this infection has been reported to be between 2 to 8%, depending on the different socio-cultural conditions. this study aimed to determine the prevalence of t. vaginalis in the women who were referred to the gynaecologic clinics at the mvj medical college, bangalore, india.201323998075
trichomonas vaginalis: an audit of clinical practice and the demography of infected patients at three london genitourinary medicine clinics.this audit aimed to review clinical standards for trichomonas vaginalis against british association of sexual health and hiv (bashh) guidelines. case notes for patients who had a positive microscopy or culture result were reviewed retrospectively. there was a 0.23% positivity rate for t. vaginalis (n = 84 cases); 96% were female with an average age of 33 years, with proportionally more patients seen in the african/caribbean population, despite the number of cases being comparable between white ( ...201323970607
trichomonas vaginalis in selected u.s. sexually transmitted disease clinics: testing, screening, and prevalence.trichomonas vaginalis is the most prevalent nonviral sexually transmitted infection in the united states, affecting 3.1% of women of reproductive age. infection is associated with hiv acquisition and pelvic inflammatory disease. in the united states, centers for disease control and prevention guidelines recommend testing all women with vaginal discharge for t. vaginalis, but except for hiv-infected women, there are no national guidelines for screening asymptomatic persons. the objective of this ...201324113409
"cannon balls or pus balls" in pap smears: a case report.a 50-year old female presented with the chief complaint of a discharge per vaginum, which was there for the past 15 days. a routine pap smear was received in the department of pathology, government medical college, patiala, india. after its fixation and staining, it was examined under the microscope. it showed the trichomonas vaginalis infection, with the neutrophils forming cannon balls at places. neutrophils in the pap smear are a nonspecific finding, particularly if they are low in numbers or ...201324086888
use of culture and immunochromatographic technique for diagnosis of trichomoniasis in sri lanka.as a majority of the trichomoniasis patients are asymptomatic, laboratory tests are crucial in case detection. the usefulness of culture and immunochromatographic technique (ict) compared to microscopy for detection of trichomoniasis in sri lanka was assessed. females (16-45 years) from colombo district were screened for trichomonas vaginalis using three laboratory tests namely, microscopy of wet smear, trichomonas liquid culture and ict (osom® trichomonas rapid test). trichomoniasis by at least ...201324081173
reply to letter: increased prevalence of trichomonas vaginalis in mid-aged women is linked to sexual activity and not to hormonal changes. 201324077312
increased prevalence of trichomonas vaginalis in mid-aged women is linked to sexual activity and not to hormonal changes. 201324077311
the iron-induced cysteine proteinase tvcp4 plays a key role in trichomonas vaginalis haemolysis.trichomonas vaginalis has multiple proteinases, mainly of the cysteine type (cps), including a 34 kda precursor cathepsin l-like cp dubbed tvcp4. tvcp4 is an iron-up-regulated cp. the goal of this work was to identify the role of tvcp4 in the virulence of t. vaginalis. we cloned, expressed, and purified the recombinant mature enzyme region of tvcp4 (tvcp4r) to produce a rabbit polyclonal antibody (α-tvcp4r). this antibody reacted with a ∼24 kda protein band in total protein extracts that could c ...201324076365
clinical and laboratory evidence of trichomonas vaginalis infection among women of reproductive age in rural area of malwa region of punjab. 201324064657
effects of different extracts of eucalyptus camaldulensis on trichomonas vaginalis parasite in culture medium.trichomonas vaginalis is considered one of the main causes of vulvovaginitis in women. metronidazole with vast side effects is now the drug of choice for treatment of this infection. in an attempt to find an alternative drug, the effect of eucalyptus camaldulensis on this parasite was shown in previous studies. in this investigation, the effect of different extracts of this plant on t. vaginalis in culture medium has been investigated.201324516847
spectrum of vaginal discharge in a tertiary care setting.vaginal discharge is one of the common reasons for gynecological consultation. many of the causes of vaginitis have a disturbed vaginal microbial ecosystem associated with them. effective treatment of vaginal discharge requires that the etiologic diagnosis be established and identifying the same offers a precious input to syndromic management and provides an additional strategy for human immunodeficiency virus prevention. the present study was thus carried out to determine the various causes of ...201324470998
in vitro effects of various plants extracts on the growth of trichomonas vaginalis.trichomoniasis is a common sexually transmitted disease (std) caused by a protozoan parasite called trichomonas vaginalis. this disease, with roughly 170 million new infected people worldwide per year, is associated with various problems such as pre-term delivery, high infant mortality or low birth weight. in addition, trichomoniasis increases patient susceptibility to hiv infection. the mainstay medication for trichomoniasis is metronidazole, but some resistant strains to this treatment have be ...201324712672
trichomonas vaginalis: reviewing the available diagnostic testing options. 201324205535
analysis of the sam50 translocase of excavate organisms supports evolution of divergent organelles from a common endosymbiotic event.as free-living organisms the ancestors of mitochondria and plastids encoded complete genomes, proteomes and metabolomes. as these symbionts became organelles all these aspects were reduced - genomes have degenerated with the host nucleus now encoding the most of the remaining endosymbiont proteome, while the metabolic processes of the symbiont have been streamlined to the functions of the emerging organelle. by contrast, the topology of the endosymbiont membrane has been preserved, necessitating ...201324147756
trichomonas vaginalis acidic phospholipase a2: isolation and partial amino acid sequence.sexually transmitted diseases are a major cause of acute disease worldwide, and trichomoniasis is the most common and curable disease, generating more than 170 million cases annually worldwide. trichomonas vaginalis is the causal agent of trichomoniasis and has the ability to destroy in vitro cell monolayers of the vaginal mucosa, where the phospholipases a2 (pla2) have been reported as potential virulence factors. these enzymes have been partially characterized from the subcellular fraction s30 ...201324338313
prevalence and factors associated with trichomonas vaginalis infection among high-risk women in los angeles.remnant specimen from 1215 women screening for chlamydia/gonorrhea at 4 different venue types (sexually transmitted disease clinics, home-test kit users, juvenile and adult detention) in los angeles, california, were tested for trichomonas vaginalis. prevalence of t. vaginalis varied by screening population, and concurrent chlamydia or gonorrhea was independently associated with t. vaginalis.201324275733
trichomoniasis: the "neglected" sexually transmitted disease.trichomonas vaginalis is the most prevalent nonviral sexually transmitted infection, affecting an estimated 3.7 million people in the united states. although trichomoniasis is common, it has been considered a "neglected" sexually transmitted disease, due to limited knowledge of its sequelae and associated costs. this article reviews current epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnostic methods, clinical management recommendations and special considerations, research on associated conditions and cost ...201324275268
association of trichomonas vaginalis and cytological abnormalities of the cervix in low risk women.is trichomonas vaginalis (tv) an inducing factor for the development of (pre-)cancerous lesions of the cervix?201324386492
ferredoxin gene mutation in iranian trichomonas vaginalis isolates.trichomonas vaginalis causes trichomoniasis and metronidazole is its chosen drug for treatment. ferredoxin has role in electron transport and carbohydrate metabolism and the conversion of an inactive form of metronidazole (co) to its active form (cpr). ferredoxin gene mutations reduce gene expression and increase its resistance to metronidazole. in this study, the frequency of ferredoxin gene mutations in clinical isolates of t.vaginalis in tehran has been studied.201324454433
prevalence of bacterial vaginosis in grenadian women of reproductive age.to determine the prevalence of bacterial vaginosis (bv) among grenadian women of reproductive age using the routinely collected pap smear data for the period january 2009 to december 2011.201324831896
to determine of the prevalence of bacterial vaginosis, candida sp, mixed infections (bacterial vaginosis + candida sp), trichomonas vaginalis, actinomyces sp in turkish women from ankara, turkey.to determine of the prevalence of bacterial vaginosis, candida sp, mixed infections (bacterial vaginosis + candida sp), trichomonas vaginalis, actinomyces sp in ankara, turkey and analyze whether there is seasonal variation in these infectious agents.201223383559
genotyping of trichomonas vaginalis isolates in iran by using single stranded conformational polymorphism-pcr technique and internal transcribed spacer regions.infection with trichomonas vaginalis, the causative agent of human urogenital infection, is the most prevalent nonviral sexually transmitted disease worldwide. in spite of the high prevalence and medical importance of trichomoniasis, there is little knowledge about genetic epidemiology and genetic characterisation of this parasite. for this purpose, a single stranded conformation polymorphism-pcr (sscp-pcr) typing method was conducted for iranian t. vaginalis isolates using 5.8s ribosomal gene ( ...201223202606
prevalence and predictors of trichomonas infection in newly incarcerated women.trichomonas vaginalis is the most prevalent curable sexually transmitted infection in the united states and may lead to preterm delivery, infertility, and increased hiv transmission. incarcerated women may be at especially high risk for infection, although few studies have examined routine screening for trichomonas infection in this population.201223191953
trichomonas vaginalis prevalence increases with remoteness in rural and remote new south wales, australia.trichomonas has been reported to be rare in australia's major cities while remaining very common in some extremely remote aboriginal communities. this study examined the trichomonas prevalence and relationship to remoteness among patients attending sexual health clinics in rural and remote areas of new south wales, australia.201223191946
iron-inducible nuclear translocation of a myb3 transcription factor in the protozoan parasite trichomonas vaginalis.in trichomonas vaginalis, a novel nuclear localization signal spanning the folded r2r3 dna-binding domain of a myb2 protein was previously identified. to study whether a similar signal is used for nuclear translocation by other myb proteins, nuclear translocation of myb3 was examined in this report. when overexpressed, hemagglutinin-tagged myb3 was localized to nuclei of transfected cells, with a cellular distribution similar to that of endogenous myb3. fusion to a bacterial tetracycline repress ...201223042127
the effects of environmental factors on the virulence of trichomonas vaginalis.this review focused on potential regulatory mechanisms of trichomonas vaginalis virulence properties, cytoadherence, cytotoxicity, phagocytosis, hemolysis, induction of apoptosis, and immune evasion in response to environmental factors of the human urogenital tract, iron, zinc, and polyamines. understanding the multifactorial nature of trichomonal pathogenesis and its regulation may help to unravel the survival strategies of trichomonads and to implement prevention policies, opportune diagnosis, ...201223022315
[the influence of cervicovaginitis agents on epithelial cell changes: comparison of mardin city's data with the literature].the aim of this paper was to observe the reactive changes of epithelial cells exposed to the influence of cervicovaginitis agents that play an important role in the cytology practice and may cause an exaggerated appearance.201223011825
association between trichomonas vaginalis and vaginal bacterial community composition among reproductive-age women.some vaginal bacterial communities are thought to prevent infection by sexually transmitted organisms. prior work demonstrated that the vaginal microbiota of reproductive-age women cluster into 5 types of bacterial communities; 4 dominated by lactobacillus species (l. iners, l. crispatus, l. gasseri, l. jensenii) and 1 (termed community state type (cst) iv) lacking significant numbers of lactobacilli and characterized by higher proportions of atopobium, prevotella, parvimonas, sneathia, gardnere ...201223007708
accuracy and trust of self-testing for bacterial vaginosis.two point-of-care tests are available to detect bacterial vaginosis (bv), a common vaginal condition. this study aimed to (1) compare the accuracy of two self-performed bv tests with clinician-performed bv tests and with clinical diagnosis of bv; and (2) compare trust of results for self-performed bv testing with clinician-performed bv testing.201222999842
trichomoniasis and lactoferrin: future prospects.trichomonas vaginalis is a parasitic protozoan which infects the urogenital tract and requires iron as an essential nutrient. iron is known to upregulate various adhesins required for cytoadherance and other factors involved in pathogenesis. at mucosal surfaces, iron is chelated by lactoferrin resulting in low levels of free iron. however, pathogens have evolved mechanisms for an increased uptake of iron. the present review highlights the role of iron in survival of trichomonas during fluctuatin ...201222988421
transcriptomic identification of iron-regulated and iron-independent gene copies within the heavily duplicated trichomonas vaginalis genome.gene duplication is an important evolutionary mechanism and no eukaryote has more duplicated gene families than the parasitic protist trichomonas vaginalis. iron is an essential nutrient for trichomonas and plays a pivotal role in the establishment of infection, proliferation, and virulence. to gain insight into the role of iron in t. vaginalis gene expression and genome evolution, we screened iron-regulated genes using an oligonucleotide microarray for t. vaginalis and by comparative est (expre ...201222975721
effect of echinophora platyloba, stachys lavandulifolia, and eucalyptus camaldulensis plants on trichomonas vaginalis growth in vitro.trichomonas vaginalis is a protozoan parasite which causes vaginitis in women worldwide. metronidazole with vast side effects is drug of choice for this infection. in search for an alternative drug, in this study the effect of three plants on trichomonas vaginalis has been investigated in vitro.201223326809
endobiont viruses sensed by the human host - beyond conventional antiparasitic therapy.wide-spread protozoan parasites carry endosymbiotic dsrna viruses with uncharted implications to the human host. among them, trichomonas vaginalis, a parasite adapted to the human genitourinary tract, infects globally ∼250 million each year rendering them more susceptible to devastating pregnancy complications (especially preterm birth), hiv infection and hpv-related cancer. while first-line antibiotic treatment (metronidazole) commonly kills the protozoan pathogen, it fails to improve reproduct ...201223144878
species typing of cuban trichomonas vaginalis virus by rt-pcr, and association of tvv-2 with high parasite adhesion levels and high pathogenicity in patients.the viral infection of the parasite with t. vaginalis virus (tvv) may have important implications for trichomonal virulence. in this study we identified the tvv species isolated from cuban t. vaginalis, using specie specific reverse transcriptase-pcr. of the 37 clinical isolates studied, 21 were infected with tvv, 6 contained tvv-1, 12, tvv- 2 and 3 were co-infected with tvv-1 and -2. the strains infected with tvv showing highest adhesion level in comparison to not infected strains, with high st ...201222653538
trichomonas vaginalis antimicrobial drug resistance in 6 us cities, std surveillance network, 2009-2010.nitroimidazoles (metronidazole and tinidazole) are the only recommended drugs for treating trichomonas vaginalis infection, and previous samples that assessed resistance of such isolates have been limited in geographic scope. we assessed the prevalence of in vitro aerobic metronidazole and tinidazole resistance among t. vaginalis isolates from multiple geographic sites in the united states. swab specimens were obtained from women who underwent routine pelvic examinations at sexually transmitted ...201222608054
untreated trichomonas vaginalis for 20 years: lessons to be learnt? 201222581883
s-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase of the protozoan parasite trichomonas vaginalis: potent inhibitory activity of 9-(2-deoxy-2-fluoro-β,d-arabinofuranosyl)adenine.in the present study, we carried out a structure-activity analysis in trichomonas vaginalis of a series of adenosine and uridine analogues. the most potent compounds were found to be 2' and 3' modified adenosine analogues some of which are potent inhibitors of s-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase. the 9-(2-deoxy-2-fluoro-β,d-arabinofuranosyl)adenine compound was more potent than metronidazole, a current fda approved and commonly prescribed drug for treatment of trichomoniasis. its ic(50) was 0.09 μm ...201222579483
diagnosis of trichomonas vaginalis from vaginal specimens by wet mount microscopy, in pouch tv culture system, and pcr.in recent years, trichomoniasis has emerged as the most common sexually transmitted disease and limited data are available on the effective screening technique for the diagnosis of trichomonas vaginalis.201222529623
clinical features and sociodemographic factors affecting trichomonas vaginalis infection in women attending a central sexually transmitted diseases clinic in sri lanka.trichomoniasis is a relatively neglected area of research in sri lanka. given the number of infections observed, an analysis of sociodemographic characteristics of patients would be valuable in prevention.201222529450
phenotypic 'variant' forms of trichomonas vaginalis trophozoites from cervical neoplasia patients.the protozoan trichomonas vaginalis a sexually transmitted protozoan parasite causes vaginitis, urethritis and cervicitis in humans. the present study highlights phenotypic 'variant' forms of trophozoites isolated from patients suffering from cervical neoplasia condition. the growth curve of 10 isolates i.e., four non-cervical neoplasia (ncn) isolates (ncn1-ncn4) and six cervical neoplasia (cn) isolates (cn1-cn6) showed two distinct and different in vitro growth profiles. the parasite count and ...201222525014
effects of hormonal contraception on vaginal flora.the sector of the market that deals with contraception offers a long list of different contraceptive methods. within the estroprogestinic choice, the routes of administration are oral, transdermic and vaginal one. even though efficacy is comparable with these methods, secondary and adverse effects are directly involved in the acceptability of the method.201222520642
extensive genetic diversity, unique population structure and evidence of genetic exchange in the sexually transmitted parasite trichomonas vaginalis.trichomonas vaginalis is the causative agent of human trichomoniasis, the most common non-viral sexually transmitted infection world-wide. despite its prevalence, little is known about the genetic diversity and population structure of this haploid parasite due to the lack of appropriate tools. the development of a panel of microsatellite makers and snps from mining the parasite's genome sequence has paved the way to a global analysis of the genetic structure of the pathogen and association with ...201222479659
functional analysis of sequence motifs involved in the polyadenylation of trichomonas vaginalis mrnas.synthesis of functional mrna in eukaryotes involves processing of precursor transcripts, including the addition of a poly(a) tail at the 3' end. a multiprotein complex recognizes a polyadenylation signal, generally the hexanucleotide aauaaa in metazoans, to direct processing of the pre-mrna. based on sequence analysis of several cdnas, we have previously suggested that the uaaa tetranucleotide (which may include the uaa translation stop codon) could be the polyadenylation signal in trichomonas v ...201222467744
down-regulation of flavin reductase and alcohol dehydrogenase-1 (adh1) in metronidazole-resistant isolates of trichomonas vaginalis.the microaerophilic parasite trichomonas vaginalis is a causative agent of painful vaginitis or urethritis, termed trichomoniasis, and can also cause preterm delivery or stillbirth. treatment of trichomoniasis is almost exclusively based on the nitroimidazole drugs metronidazole and tinidazole. metronidazole resistance in t. vaginalis does occur and is often associated with treatment failure. in most cases, metronidazole-resistant isolates remain susceptible to tinidazole, but cross resistance b ...201222449940
sexually transmitted infections in hiv-infected patients in kabale hospital, uganda.acquisition of sexually transmitted infections (stis) is an epidemiological marker of high-risk sexual behavior in hiv-infected patients. we assessed the prevalence of stis among patients attending an hiv care and support centre.201222421610
insight into trichomonas vaginalis genome evolution through metabolic pathways comparison.trichomonas vaginalis causes the trichomoniasis, in women and urethritis and prostate cancer in men. its genome draft published by tigr in 2007 presents many unusual genomic and biochemical features like, exceptionally large genome size, the presence of hydrogenosome, gene duplication, lateral gene transfer mechanism and the presence of mirna. to understand some of genomic features we have performed a comparative analysis of metabolic pathways of the t. vaginalis with other 22 significant common ...201222419839
analysis of the ntpdase and ecto-5'-nucleotidase profiles in serum-limited trichomonas vaginalis.trichomonas vaginalis is a parasite of the human urogenital tract that causes trichomonosis, the most prevalent non-viral sexually transmitted disease. ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase (ntpdase) family members, which hydrolyse extracellular atp and adp and ecto-5'-nucleotidase, which hydrolyses amp, have been characterised in t. vaginalis. for trichomonad culture, the growth medium is supplemented with 10% serum, which is an important source of nutrients, such as adenosine. here, w ...201222415254
histone h3 variants in trichomonas vaginalis.the parabasalid protist trichomonas vaginalis is a widespread parasite that affects humans, frequently causing vaginitis in infected women. trichomonad mitosis is marked by the persistence of the nuclear membrane and the presence of an asymmetric extranuclear spindle with no obvious direct connection to the chromosomes. no centromeric markers have been described in t. vaginalis, which has prevented a detailed analysis of mitotic events in this organism. in other eukaryotes, nucleosomes of centro ...201222408228
acquisition of hydrogenosomal presequences: examples from trichomonas vaginalis.presequences play an important role in protein import into mitochondria-like organelles. acquisition pathways have been revealed for some mitochondrial presequences, but little is known about hydrogenosomal presequences. here we investigated the hydrogenosomal proteins of trichomonas vaginalis and suggest that several hydrogenosomal presequences probably evolved from pre-existing sequences that were thereafter modified.201222404599
pseudocyst forms of trichomonas vaginalis from cervical neoplasia.trichomonas vaginalis, a flagellated protozoan parasite causes a variety of adverse health consequences in both men and women. the parasite exists in the trophozoite and the pseudocystic stage. the study reports for the first time that pseudocyst forms of t. vaginalis isolated from cervical neoplasia (cn) patients demonstrated distinct, different and significant in vitro growth profiles when grown in vitro cultures from day 1 up to day 5 (p<0.05, mann-whitney test) when compared with the same li ...201222398830
the role of bacterial vaginosis and trichomonas in hiv transmission across the female genital tract.bacterial vaginosis (bv) and trichomonas vaginalis (tv) infections are both very common and are associated with increased risk of sexual transmission of hiv. there are several mechanisms by which bv and tv could affect susceptibility including inducing pro-inflammatory cytokines and disrupting mucosal barrier function. this review highlights recent advances in our understanding of how these genital conditions lead to an increased risk of hiv infection in women.201222384839
efficacy of the mentha crispa in the treatment of women with trichomonas vaginalis infection.the aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of mentha crispa in the treatment of women with trichomonas vaginalis infection (tvi).201222350328
trichomonas vaginalis: treatment questions and challenges. 201222339182
potentiating metronidazole scaffold against resistant trichomonas: design, synthesis, biology and 3d-qsar analysis.metronidazole (mtz), the fda-approved drug against trichomonas vaginalis (tv), is being challenged seriously by drug resistance, while its inertness to sperm makes it ineffective as a vaginal contraceptive. thirteen piperidine dithiocarbamate hybrids of 2-(2-methyl-5-nitro-1h-imidazol-1-yl)ethane (8-20) were designed to potentiate the mtz framework against drug resistance and sperm. new compounds were 1.2-12.1 times more effective against mtz-susceptible and -resistant strains of tv. all of the ...201224900434
lycorine derivatives against trichomonas vaginalis.six lycorine derivatives were prepared, characterized, and evaluated for their in vitro anti-trichomonas vaginalis activity. compounds bearing an acetyl (2), lauroyl (3), benzoyl (4 and 5), and p-nitrobenzoyl (6 and 7) groups were synthesized. the best activity was achieved with lycorine esterified at c-2 position with lauroyl group. preliminary structure-activity relationship points that unprotected oh group at c-1 and c-2 is not necessary to the antiparasitic activity, and none of the derivati ...201222260620
reversible association of tetraspanin with trichomonas vaginalis flagella upon adherence to host cells.the parasite trichomonas vaginalis is the causative agent of trichomoniasis, a prevalent sexually transmitted infection. here, we report the cellular analyses of t. vaginalis tetraspanin 6 (tvtsp6). this family of membrane proteins has been implicated in cell adhesion, migration and proliferation in vertebrates. we observed that tvtsp6 expression is upregulated upon contact with vaginal ectocervical cells (vecs) and that parasite strains that are highly adherent to vecs express higher levels of ...201222882837
symptomatic trichomonas vaginalis infection in the setting of severe nitroimidazole allergy: successful treatment with boric acid.this report describes a patient with symptomatic trichomonas vaginalis infection who was unable to tolerate nitroimidazole drugs because of severe hypersensitivity, for which desensitisation was not possible. use of intravaginal clotrimazole, intravaginal paromomycin, intravaginal furazolidone, povidone-iodine douches, and oral nitazoxanide were unsuccessful in eradicating the patient's t. vaginalis infection. a 2-month course of intravaginal topical boric acid subsequently achieved a complete s ...201222877600
genetic characterization of trichomonas vaginalis isolates by use of multilocus sequence typing.in this study, we introduce a multilocus sequence typing (mlst) scheme, comprised of seven single-copy housekeeping genes, to genetically characterize trichomonas vaginalis. sixty-eight historical and recent isolates of t. vaginalis were sampled from the american type culture collection and female patients at area health care facilities, respectively, to assess the usefulness of this typing method. forty-three polymorphic nucleotide sites, 51 different alleles, and 60 sequence types were disting ...201222855512
validation of a modified fluorimetric assay for the screening of trichomonacidal drugs.a fluorimetric microassay that uses a redox dye to determine the viability of the flagellate trichomonas vaginalis has been optimised to provide a more sensitive method to evaluate potential trichomonacidal compounds. resazurin has been used in recent years to test drugs against different parasites, including trichomonadid protozoa; however, the reproducibility of these resazurin-based methods in our laboratory has been limited because the flagellate culture medium spontaneously reduces the resa ...201222850954
performance of rapid immunochromatographic assay in the diagnosis of trichomoniasis vaginalis.trichomonas vaginalis accounts for nearly half of all curable sexually transmitted diseases worldwide with serious health consequences. effort to increase the sensitivity of its diagnosis is critical to both control measures and epidemiologic studies. this study was conducted to evaluate the osom® trichomonas rapid test (sekisui diagnostics, framingham, ma, usa), a qualitative antigen-detection immunochromatographic (ic) assay in the diagnosis of vaginal trichomoniasis comparable to the conventi ...201222727836
the atp-binding cassette proteins of the deep-branching protozoan parasite trichomonas vaginalis.the atp binding cassette (abc) proteins are a family of membrane transporters and regulatory proteins responsible for diverse and critical cellular process in all organisms. to date, there has been no attempt to investigate this class of proteins in the infectious parasite trichomonas vaginalis. we have utilized a combination of bioinformatics, gene sequence analysis, gene expression and confocal microscopy to investigate the abc proteins of t. vaginalis. we demonstrate that, uniquely among euka ...201222724033
a protein phosphatase 1 gamma (pp1γ) of the human protozoan parasite trichomonas vaginalis is involved in proliferation and cell attachment to the host cell.in this work, evidence for a critical role of trichomonas vaginalis protein phosphatase 1 gamma (tvpp1γ) in proliferation and attachment of the parasite to the mammalian cell is provided. firstly, proliferation and attachment of t. vaginalis parasites to hela cells was blocked by calyculin a (ca), a potent pp1 inhibitor. secondly, it was demonstrated that the enzyme activity of native and recombinant tvpp1γ proteins was inhibited by ca. thirdly, reverse genetic studies confirmed that antisense o ...201222713760
pcr for diagnosis of male trichomonas vaginalis infection with chronic prostatitis and urethritis.the aim of this study was to assess the usefulness of pcr for diagnosis of trichomonas vaginalis infection among male patients with chronic recurrent prostatitis and urethritis. between june 2001 and december 2003, a total of 33 patients visited the department of urology, hanyang university guri hospital and were examined for t. vaginalis infection by pcr and culture in tym medium. for the pcr, we used primers based on a repetitive sequence cloned from t. vaginalis (tv-e650). voided bladder urin ...201222711929
genotypic characterization of trichomonas vaginalis isolates among women who have sex with women in sexual partnerships.the random amplified polymorphic dna technique was used to delineate the genetic relatedness of trichomonas vaginalis isolates among 3 pairs of mutually infected women who have sex with women in sexual partnerships. one of the 3 pairs of women shared a t. vaginalis isolate with the same random amplified polymorphic dna banding patterns. shared use of washcloths to cleanse the vaginal area after receptive oral sex was the most likely method of t. vaginalis transmission among this pair of women.201222706219
comparison of resistant and susceptible strains of trichomons vaginalis to metronidazole using pcr method.metronidazole is drug of choice recommended by who for treatment of trichomoniasis, however, some reports claims drug resistance in trichomonas vaginalis isolates recently. the objective of this study was to determine the minimum lethal concentration (mlc) of metronidazole in resistant and sensitive strains, as well as genetic patterns of these stains by pcr method.201223109958
prevalence of trichomonas vaginalis infection in hamadan city, western iran.infection with trichomonas vaginalis is one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases (stds) in humans. the prevalence of infection in iran has been reported between 2 to 8%, depending on deferent socio-cultural conditions. this study aimed to determine the prevalence of t. vaginalis in women referred to gynecologic clinics in hamadan city, west of iran.201223109948
the antimicrobial peptide, shrimp anti-lipopolysaccharide factor (salf), inhibits proinflammatory cytokine expressions through the mapk and nf-κb pathways in trichomonas vaginalis adherent to hela cells.trichomonas vaginalis is a parasitic protozoan that causes sexually transmitted infections (stis) worldwide. the infection is dangerous and easily spreads within a community. also, some cases of drug resistance were reported. previously, we reported that the shrimp anti-lipopolysaccharide factor (salf), an antimicrobial peptide of 24 amino acids, modulates inflammatory responses and inhibits t. vaginalis growth. to date, there is no report on the mechanism of salf's actions in t. vaginalis' adhe ...201223088922
localisation of a family of complex-forming β-barrels in the t. vaginalis hydrogenosomal membrane.crucial to organellogenesis was the development of membrane translocases responsible for delivering proteins to new cellular compartments. this investigation examines the trichomonas vaginalis hydrogenosome, a mitochondrially derived organelle. we identify an expanded family of putative β-barrel proteins (thom a-i) comprising nine related sequences. sub-cellular localisation by immunofluorescence and biochemical fractionation is consistent with thoms being localised to the hydrogenosomal membran ...201223068613
secondary alcohol dehydrogenase catalyzes the reduction of exogenous acetone to 2-propanol in trichomonas vaginalis.secondary alcohols such as 2-propanol are readily produced by various anaerobic bacteria that possess secondary alcohol dehydrogenase (s-adh), although production of 2-propanol is rare in eukaryotes. specific bacterial-type s-adh has been identified in a few unicellular eukaryotes, but its function is not known and the production of secondary alcohols has not been studied. we purified and characterized s-adh from the human pathogen trichomonas vaginalis. the kinetic properties and thermostabilit ...201222686835
comparative analysis of the 5s rrna and its associated proteins reveals unique primitive rather than parasitic features in giardia lamblia.5s rrna is a highly conserved ribosomal component. eukaryotic 5s rrna and its associated proteins (5s rrna system) have become very well understood. giardia lamblia was thought by some researchers to be the most primitive extant eukaryote while others considered it a highly evolved parasite. previous reports have indicated that some aspects of its 5s rrna system are simpler than that of common eukaryotes. we here explore whether this is true to its entire system, and whether this simplicity is a ...201222685540
trichomonas vaginalis ribosomal rna: identification and characterisation of the transcription promoter and terminator sequences.trichomonas vaginalis is a parasitic protozoan of both medical and biological relevance. transcriptional studies in this organism have focused mainly on type ii pol promoters, whereas the elements necessary for transcription by poli or poliii have not been investigated. here, with the aid of a transient transcription system, we characterised the rdna intergenic region, defining both the promoter and the terminator sequences required for transcription. we defined the promoter as a compact region ...201222677340
prevalence of urethral trichomonas vaginalis in black and white men who have sex with men. 201222902674
anti-trichomonas vaginalis activity of saponins from quillaja, passiflora, and ilex species.trichomonas vaginalis is a flagellated protozoan that causes trichomonosis, the most prevalent non-viral std worldwide. the pathogen has been associated with serious health consequences including predisposition to cervical cancer and adverse pregnancy outcomes and infertility. it also acts as a co-factor in hiv transmission and acquisition. the 5-nitroimidazole drugs are used in the treatment, however, treatment noncompliance is observed, and a growing number of t. vaginalis isolates resistant t ...201222218924
molecular confirmation of trichomonas gallinae and other parabasalids from brazil using the 5.8s and its-1 rrna regions.clinical, gross, and histopathology lesions and molecular characterization of trichomonas spp. infection were described in two striped owls (asio (rhinoptynx) clamator), one american kestrel (falco sparverius), two green-winged saltators (saltator similis), and in a toco toucan (ramphastos toco) from brazil. these birds presented clinical signs including emaciation, ruffled feathers, abundant salivation and open mouth breathing presumably due to abundant caseous material. gross lesions were char ...201222749289
cysteine peptidases, secreted by trichomonas gallinae, are involved in the cytopathogenic effects on a permanent chicken liver cell culture.trichomonas gallinae, the aetiological agent of avian trichomonosis, was shown to secrete soluble factors involved in cytopathogenic effect on a permanent chicken liver (lmh) cell culture. the present study focused on the characterization of these molecules. the addition of specific peptidase inhibitors to the cell-free filtrate partially inhibited the monolayer destruction, which implied the presence of peptidases in the filtrate and their involvement in the cytopathogenic effect. one-dimension ...201222649527
box h/aca snornas are preferred substrates for the trimethylguanosine synthase in the divergent unicellular eukaryote trichomonas vaginalis.the 2,2,7-trimethylguanosine caps of eukaryal snrnas and snorna are formed by the enzyme tgs1, which catalyzes sequential guanine-n2 methylations of m(7)g caps. atypically, in the divergent unicellular eukaryote trichomonas vaginalis, spliceosomal snrnas lack a guanosine cap and the recombinant t. vaginalis trimethylguanosine synthase (tvtgs) produces only m(2,7)g in vitro. here, we show by direct metabolic labeling that endogenous t. vaginalis rnas contain m(7)g, m(2,7)g, and m(2,2,7)g caps. im ...201222847815
glycogen accumulation and degradation by the trichomonads trichomonas vaginalis and trichomonas tenax.several species of trichomonad have been shown to accumulate significant quantities of glycogen during growth, suggesting an important role for this compound in cell physiology. we provide the first analysis of the changes in glycogen content and glycogen phosphorylase activity that occur during in vitro growth of two trichomonad species: trichomonas vaginalis and trichomonas tenax. both species accumulated glycogen following inoculation into fresh medium and utilized this compound during logari ...201222612314
[mycoplasma hominis symbiosis and trichomonas vaginalis metronidazole resistance].to investigate the relation of mycoplasma hominis symbiosis and the resistance of trichomonas vaginalis to metronidazole.201223072138
mycoplasma hominis in cuban trichomonas vaginalis isolates: association with parasite genetic polymorphism.trichomonas vaginalis can be naturally infected with intracellular mycoplasma hominis. this bacterial infection may have implications for trichomonal virulence and disease pathogenesis. the objective of the study was to report the presence of m. hominis in cuban t. vaginalis isolates and to describe the association between the phenotype m. hominis infected with rapd genetic polymorphism of t. vaginalis. the random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) technique was used to determine genetic differenc ...201222584035
synthesis of 3-(1-alkyl/aminoalkyl-3-vinyl-piperidin-4-yl)-1-(quinolin-4-yl)-propan-1-ones and their 2-methylene derivatives as potential spermicidal and microbicidal agents.a series of twenty two derivatives of 3-(1-alkyl/aminoalkyl-3-vinyl-piperidin-4-yl)-1-(quinolin-4-yl)-propan-1-one and their 2-methylene derivatives were synthesized from naturally abundant cinchonine (i). tartarate salts of these compounds were prepared and evaluated for spermicidal activity. the most active compounds (24, 27, 34, 36, and 38) showing potent spermicidal activity were further evaluated against different strains of trichomonas vaginalis, for antimicrobial activity, in hela cell li ...201222846917
trichomonas vaginalis and tritrichomonas foetus: interaction with fibroblasts and muscle cells - new insights into parasite-mediated host cell cytotoxicity.trichomonas vaginalis and tritrichomonas foetus are parasitic, flagellated protists that inhabit the urogenital tract of humans and bovines, respectively. t. vaginalis causes the most prevalent non-viral sexually transmitted disease worldwide and has been associated with an increased risk for human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection in humans. infections by t. foetus cause significant losses to the beef industry worldwide due to infertility and spontaneous abortion in cows. several studies have ...201222990959
role of polymerase chain reaction in the diagnosis of trichomonas vaginalis infection in human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals from india (south).trichomonas vaginalis is a protozoan parasite and an etiological agent for trichomoniasis, a sexually transmitted infection (sti). fifty to eighty percentage of women with trichomoniasis are asymptomatic and in the absence of treatment the infection persists longer.201222565432
prevalence of human papillomavirus and co-existent sexually transmitted infections among female sex workers, men having sex with men and injectable drug abusers from eastern india.human papillomavirus (hpv) is a very common sexually transmitted disease affecting both men and women and is responsible for different ano-genital cancers in either sex. co-existing sexually transmitted infections (sti) including hiv have been considered as important co-factors for carcinogenesis induced by hpv. the purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of any hpv, hpv 16 and hpv 18 and also concomitant stis among female sex workers (fsw), men having sex with men (msm) and inject ...201222631651
no evidence for infection of uk prostate cancer patients with xmrv, bk virus, trichomonas vaginalis or human papilloma viruses.the prevalence of specific infections in uk prostate cancer patients was investigated. serum from 84 patients and 62 controls was tested for neutralisation of xenotropic murine leukaemia virus-related virus (xmrv) envelope. no reactivity was found in the patient samples. in addition, a further 100 prostate dna samples were tested for xmrv, bk virus, trichomonas vaginalis and human papilloma viruses by nucleic acid detection techniques. despite demonstrating dna integrity and assay sensitivity, w ...201222470540
[the sexual behavior characteristics and std infection status of women who have sex with women in beijing].to study sexual behavioral characteristics, infection status of hiv and sexually transmitted infections (stds) among women who have sex with women (wsw) in beijing.201222943919
live imaging of mitosomes and hydrogenosomes by halotag technology.hydrogenosomes and mitosomes represent remarkable mitochondrial adaptations in the anaerobic parasitic protists such as trichomonas vaginalis and giardia intestinalis, respectively. in order to provide a tool to study these organelles in the live cells, the halotag was fused to g. intestinalis iscu and t. vaginalis frataxin and expressed in the mitosomes and hydrogenosomes, respectively. the incubation of the parasites with the fluorescent halo-ligand resulted in highly specific organellar label ...201222558433
[microscopic examination of vaginal discharge specimens for trichomonas vaginalis and other micro-organisms in 18-45 age group women].trichomonas vaginalis is a protozoon that causes trichomoniasis which is characterised by a foamy yellowish odorous discharge and superficial defects and necrotic ulcers in vaginal mucosa. trichomoniasis is transmitted from human to human by sexual contact and can be seen in almost every part of the world. the aim of this study was to determine the incidence of trichomonas vaginalis in 18-45 years age group women with vaginal discharge complaints who applied to the gynaecology outpatient clinic ...201223169165
cellular and biochemical characterization of two closely related triosephosphate isomerases from trichomonas vaginalis.the glycolytic enzyme triosephosphate isomerase catalyses the isomerization between glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate. here we report that trichomonas vaginalis contains 2 fully functional tpi genes. both genes are located in separated chromosomal context with different promoter regulatory elements and encode orfs of 254 amino acids; the only differences between them are the character of 4 amino acids located in α-helices 1, 2 and 8. semi-quantitative rt-pcr assays showed ...201222931930
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