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the role of exosomes in infectious diseases.an exosome is a nano vesicle that buds from the endosomal compartment; it is produced and released by all kinds of mammalian cells. this vesicle contains a variety of proteins, lipids, mrnas and mirnas. these components are specific to the origin of the exosomes and contribute to cell-cell communications. recently, it has been reported that a few single cell eukaryotic pathogens such as cryptoccoccus neoformance and leishmania major and donovanican secrete an exosome and influence the host immun ...201323441990
t cell hypo-responsiveness against leishmania major in map kinase phosphatase (mkp) 2 deficient c57bl/6 mice does not alter the healer disease phenotype.we have recently demonstrated that map kinase phosphatase 2 (mkp-2) deficient c57bl/6 mice, unlike their wild-type counterparts, are unable to control infection with the protozoan parasite leishmania mexicana. increased susceptibility was associated with elevated arginase-1 levels and reduced inos activity in macrophages as well as a diminished t(h)1 response. by contrast, in the present study footpad infection of mkp-2(-/-) mice with l. major resulted in a healing response as measured by lesion ...201323437409
leishmania major methionine sulfoxide reductase a is required for resistance to oxidative stress and efficient replication in macrophages.leishmania are protozoan parasites that proliferate within the phagolysome of mammalian macrophages. while a number of anti-oxidant systems in these parasites have been shown to protect against endogenous as well as host-generated reactive oxygen species, the potential role of enzymes involved in the repair of oxidatively damaged proteins remains uncharacterized. the leishmania spp genomes encode a single putative methionine sulfoxide reductase (msra) that could have a role in reducing oxidized ...201323437085
oral treatment of rodents with fipronil for feed-through and systemic control of sand flies (diptera: psychodidae).the sand fly phlebotomus papatasi scopoli is the vector of leishmania major (yakimoff & schokhor), which is maintained in populations of burrowing rodents. the purpose of this study was to conduct a laboratory study to determine the efficacy of oral treatment of rodents with fipronil for control of sand flies that feed on rodent feces as larvae or on rodent blood as adults. we determined through larval bioassays that fipronil was eliminated in feces of orally-treated hamsters at a level that was ...201323427660
telomeric gene deletion and intrachromosomal amplification in antimony-resistant leishmania.antimonials are still the mainstay of treatment against leishmaniasis but drug resistance is increasing. we carried out short read next-generation sequencing (ngs) and comparative genomic hybridization (cgh) of three independent leishmania major antimony-resistant mutants. copy number variations were consistently detected with both ngs and cgh. a major attribute of antimony resistance was a novel terminal deletion of variable length (67 kb to 204 kb) of the polyploid chromosome 31 in the three m ...201323421749
discovery of novel trypanosoma brucei phosphodiesterase b1 inhibitors by virtual screening against the unliganded tbrpdeb1 crystal structure.trypanosoma brucei cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase b1 (tbrpdeb1) and tbrpdeb2 have recently been validated as new therapeutic targets for human african trypanosomiasis by both genetic and pharmacological means. in this study we report the crystal structure of the catalytic domain of the unliganded tbrpdeb1 and its use for the in silico screening for new tbrpdeb1 inhibitors with novel scaffolds. the tbrpdeb1 crystal structure shows the characteristic folds of human pde enzymes but also contai ...201323409953
topical paromomycin with or without gentamicin for cutaneous leishmaniasis.there is a need for a simple and efficacious treatment for cutaneous leishmaniasis with an acceptable side-effect profile.201323388004
development of liposomes loaded with anti-leishmanial drugs for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis.cutaneous leishmaniasis is caused by different species of leishmania parasites and its available treatments have not yet provided a strong consistent result. the weak response of current chemotherapeutics is due to their deficient effects on stealth parasites inside macrophages, rapid clearance from the site of action and systemic side effects in high doses. liposomal formulation of anti-leishmanial drugs could overcome these problems. in this study, different liposomal formulations of three fam ...201323350940
unc93b1 and nucleic acid-sensing toll-like receptors mediate host resistance to infection with leishmania major.the mammalian homolog b1 of unc-93 caenorhabditis elegans known as unc93b1 is a chaperone protein that mediates translocation of the nucleic acid-sensing toll-like receptors (tlrs) from the endoplasmic reticulum to the endolysosomes. the triple deficient (unc93b1 mutant) mice have a functional single point mutation in the unc93b1 that results in non-functional tlr3, tlr7, and tlr9. herein, we demonstrate that unc93b1 mutant mice, in the c57bl/6 (resistant) genetic background, are highly suscepti ...201323325805
animal model for cutaneous leishmaniasis.using cutaneous leishmaniasis of mice, the existence of so-called t helper (th) cells type 1 and type 2 had been identified more than 20 years ago. nowadays, it is well accepted that additional t cell populations as well as b cell-mediated immunity is required for immunity against leishmania major. finally, using inbred mouse strains, the relevance of genetical factors that influence anti-pathogen immunity as well as elements of the skin-immune system have been identified. this protocol describe ...201323325659
leishmania major, the predominant leishmania species responsible for cutaneous leishmaniasis in mali.leishmania major is the only species of leishmania known to cause cutaneous leishmanisis (cl) in mali. we amplified leishmania dna stored on archived giemsa-stained dermal scraping slides obtained from self-referral patients with clinically suspected cl seen in the center national d'appui a la lutte contre la maladie (cnam) in bamako, mali, to determine if any other leishmania species were responsible for cl in mali and evaluate its geographic distribution. polymerase chain reaction (pcr) amplif ...201323324218
evaluation of immune responses and analysis of the effect of vaccination of the leishmania major recombinant ribosomal proteins l3 or l5 in two different murine models of cutaneous leishmaniasis.four new antigenic proteins located in leishmania ribosomes have been characterized: s4, s6, l3 and l5. recombinant versions of the four ribosomal proteins from leishmania major were recognized by sera from human and canine patients suffering different clinical forms of leishmaniasis. the prophylactic properties of these proteins were first studied in the experimental model of cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by l. major inoculation into balb/c mice. the administration of two of them, lml3 or lml5 ...201323313653
antiparasitic effects of gold nanoparticles with microwave radiation on promastigots and amastigotes of leishmania major.this study aimed to determine the efficacy of thermotherapy in the presence of gold nanoparticles (gnps) and microwave (mw) radiation at a frequency of 2450 mhz on the survival of leishmania major promastigotes and amastigotes.201323311381
[laboratory and field evaluation of an imidacloprid treated rodent oral bait for a systemic control of phlebotomus papatasi scopoli, 1786 (dipetra: psychodidae)].the objective of this study was to evaluate the systemic insecticidal activity of an imidacloprid-treated rodent oral bait, against phlebotomus papatasi scopoli, 1786 vector of leishmania major yakimoff & schokhor, 1914 (kinetoplastida: trypanosomatidae), etiologic agent of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (zcl). shaw's gerbil meriones shawi duvernoy, 1842 (rodentia, gerbillidae) were treated with imidacloprid-treated bait (0.05%). in the laboratory, effects on adult and larval of phlebotomus pa ...201323299949
the changing profile of cutaneous leishmaniasis agent in a central province of iran.cutaneous leishmaniasis in iran is usually caused by leishmania major or l. tropica. however, the direct examination or the cultures of biopsies for diagnosis are not very sensitive. the objective of this study was to identify the responsible species obtained from patients suspected of cutaneous leishmaniasis referred to the reference laboratory atyazd in iran during 2010-2011 using parasitological and molecular assays. after completing a clinical/epidemiologic data questionnaire for 145 patient ...201326591671
cellular antioxidative, cytotoxic, and antileishmanial activities of homalium letestui.homalium letestui pellegr (flacourtiaceae) is used in traditional medicine in parts of nigeria for the treatment of malaria, ulcer, and inflammatory diseases and as an aphrodisiac. this investigation was aimed to evaluate the cytotoxic, immunomodulatory, and antileishmanial properties of stem extract and fractions of homalium letestui (h. letestui).201325050257
exercise improves the th1 response by modulating cytokine and no production in balb/c mice.physical exercise can improve health and may lead to changes in the functionality of the immune system. moderate intensity exercise can reduce the risk of infection by shifting the overall immune response towards a t helper type 1 pattern. this study investigates the effect of 12 weeks of swimming on the cytokine profile of lymph node cells and macrophages and of the nitric oxide production by these cells. balb/c mice were divided into 2 groups. the exercise group was subjected to swimming exerc ...201323258605
molecular characterization of cutaneous leishmaniasis in al-madinah al-munawarah province, western saudi arabia.leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease affecting a large number of people worldwide. in this study we carried out the molecular characterization of cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl) in al-madinah al-munawarah province, saudi arabia, confirming leishmania major and leishmania tropica as the prevalent species using molecular techniques.201323253909
galectin-3 facilitates neutrophil recruitment as an innate immune response to a parasitic protozoa cutaneous infection.when infection occurs, neutrophils rapidly migrate to the affected site. although the neutrophils neutralize microorganisms, they can also cause tissue damage or render invasion pathways to pathogens. thus, the migration could be either beneficial or unfavorable in the initial control of infection. studies on neutrophil recruitment revealed its complexity, especially in terms of the regulation of its initiation. galectin-3 is a member of the galectin family that has an affinity for β-galactoside ...201323241887
endogenous mouse mammary tumor viruses (mtv): new roles for an old virus in cancer, infection, and immunity.mouse mammary tumor viruses are beta-retroviruses that exist in both exogenous (mmtv) and endogenous (mtv) forms. exogenous mmtv is transmitted via the milk of lactating animals and is capable of inducing mammary gland tumors later in life. mmtv has provided a number of critical models for studying both viral infection as well as human breast cancer. in addition to the horizontally transmitted mmtv, most inbred mouse strains contain permanently integrated mtv proviruses within their genome that ...201324324930
spectroscopic study of the interactions of ruthenium-ketoconazole complexes of known antiparasitic activity with human serum albumin and apotransferrin.the pharmacological properties of any drug are related to their ability to interact with macromolecular blood components. the interaction of human serum albumin (hsa) and apotransferrin (atf) with six ru(ii) complexes containing ketoconazole (ktz), which we have previously reported to be active against leishmania major and trypanosoma cruzi, has been investigated by monitoring the tryptophan fluorescence intensity of each protein upon incremental addition of the complexes. all the ru-ktz derivat ...201324391686
post challenging serum cytokine profile (th1 & th2) in the vaccinated mice (balb/c) with a new formulation of leishmania major antigen.the aim of this study was to carry out experiments further to our previous new formulation to modify the leishmania major antigen that had satisfactory results previously.201324412861
cutaneous leishmaniasis in suspected patients referred to the center for research and training in skin diseases and leprosy, tehran, iran from 2008 to 2011.cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl) is a major health problem in many parts of iran, although diagnosis of cl especially in the endemic area is easy, but treatment and management of the disease is a global dilemma. diagnosis of cl in non-endemic area is not as simple as in endemic foci. in this study, the status and the proportions of cl induced by leishmania major and l. tropica among cl suspected patients referred to the center for research and training in skin diseases and leprosy, (crtsdl) during 2 ...201324454437
lmhus1 is required for the dna damage response in leishmania major and forms a complex with an unusual rad9 homologue.genotoxic stress activates checkpoint-signalling pathways leading to cell cycle arrest and dna repair. in many eukaryotes, the rad9-hus1-rad1 (9-1-1) checkpoint complex participates in the early steps of the dna damage response to replicative stress and is a pivotal contributor to genome homeostasis. the remarkable genome plasticity of the protozoan leishmania hints at a peculiar dna metabolism in these ancient eukaryotes. therefore, we set out to investigate the existence of homologues of the 9 ...201324118609
microrna expression profile in human macrophages in response to leishmania major infection.leishmania (l.) are intracellular protozoan parasites able to survive and replicate in the hostile phagolysosomal environment of infected macrophages. they cause leishmaniasis, a heterogeneous group of worldwide-distributed affections, representing a paradigm of neglected diseases that are mainly embedded in impoverished populations. to establish successful infection and ensure their own survival, leishmania have developed sophisticated strategies to subvert the host macrophage responses. despit ...201324098824
2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin slows the progression of experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis in susceptible balb/c and scid mice.in a model of experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis, pre-exposure of leishmania major-resistant mice to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (tcdd), an aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist, causes suppression of the protective anti-parasite t helper 1 response while paradoxically also reducing parasite burdens in those animals. in this study, we examined if tcdd exposure could also reduce parasite burdens in l. major-susceptible balb/c mice. in the highest dose group (160 µg/kg), tcdd treatment cause ...201324098456
comparative analysis of resistant and susceptible macrophage gene expression response to leishmania major parasite.leishmania are obligated intracellular pathogens that replicate almost exclusively in macrophages. the outcome of infection depends largely on parasite pathogenicity and virulence but also on the activation status and genetic background of macrophages. animal models are essential for a better understanding of pathogenesis of different microbes including leishmania.201324148319
human neutrophil peptide-1 (hnp-1): a new anti-leishmanial drug candidate.the toxicity of available drugs for treatment of leishmaniasis, coupled with emerging drug resistance, make it urgent to find new therapies. antimicrobial peptides (amps) have a strong broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity with distinctive modes of action and are considered as promising therapeutic agents. the defensins, members of the large family of amps, are immunomodulatory molecules and important components of innate immune system. human neutrophil peptide-1 (hnp-1), which is produced by ne ...201324147170
antileishmanial activity of some plants growing in algeria: juglans regia, lawsonia inermis and salvia officinalis.the current study was undertaken to evaluate in vitro the antileishmanial activity of three plants growing wild in algeria : juglans regia, lawsonia inermis and salvia officinalis. the hydroalcoholic extracts of these plants were tested on the growth of the promastigotes of leishmania major. the plant extract effects were compared with three controls : crl1 composed of 1 ml rpmi inoculated with 10(6) of promastigotes, crl2 composed of 1 ml rpmi inoculated with 10(6) of promastigotes and 100 µl o ...201324146470
interactions of antiparasitic alkaloids with leishmania protein targets: a molecular docking analysis.leishmaniasis is a collection of chronic diseases caused by protozoa of the genus leishmania. current antileishmanial chemotherapeutics have demonstrated adverse side effects and therefore r&d into new safer alternative treatments are needed.201324144413
photoconvertible pathogen labeling reveals nitric oxide control of leishmania major infection in vivo via dampening of parasite metabolism.the immune system can control infectious diseases through different modes of action, including direct killing or spatial confinement. addressing how the immune system impacts pathogen biology in vivo has remained challenging. we expressed a photoconvertible fluorescent protein in pathogens in order to track their spatial dissemination in infected tissues. in addition, we developed the fluorescence recovery after photoconversion (frac) method in order to probe pathogen metabolic activity in vivo. ...201324139402
identification of strain-specific b-cell epitopes in trypanosoma cruzi using genome-scale epitope prediction and high-throughput immunoscreening with peptide arrays.the factors influencing variation in the clinical forms of chagas disease have not been elucidated; however, it is likely that the genetics of both the host and the parasite are involved. several studies have attempted to correlate the t. cruzi strains involved in infection with the clinical forms of the disease by using hemoculture and/or pcr-based genotyping of parasites from infected human tissues. however, both techniques have limitations that hamper the analysis of large numbers of samples. ...201324205430
the absence of ccr7 results in dysregulated monocyte migration and immunosuppression facilitating chronic cutaneous leishmaniasis.the protozoan parasite leishmania major causes cutaneous lesions to develop at the site of infection, which are resolved with a strong th1 immune response in resistant hosts, such as c57bl/6 mice. in contrast, the lesions ulcerate in susceptible hosts which display a th2 response, such as balb/c mice. the migration of cells in the immune response to l. major is regulated by chemokines and their receptors. the chemokine receptor ccr7 is expressed on activated dcs and naïve t cells, allowing them ...201324205367
deletion of il-4 receptor alpha on dendritic cells renders balb/c mice hypersusceptible to leishmania major infection.in balb/c mice, susceptibility to infection with the intracellular parasite leishmania major is driven largely by the development of t helper 2 (th2) responses and the production of interleukin (il)-4 and il-13, which share a common receptor subunit, the il-4 receptor alpha chain (il-4rα). while il-4 is the main inducer of th2 responses, paradoxically, it has been shown that exogenously administered il-4 can promote dendritic cell (dc) il-12 production and enhance th1 development if given early ...201324204259
an in vitro study on suppressive effects of leishmania major on il-2rα expression on peripheral human t lymphocyte.leishmania sp. is an intracellular protozoan parasite that causes significant morbidity and mortality in many parts of the world. the parasite can escape from host immune system by several mechanisms. understanding biological behavior of the parasite can help us to control and treatment leishmaniasis. therefore current study was conducted to determine suppresive effect of leishmania major on il-2rα expression in the human peripheral t lymphocytes. human peripheral t lymphocyte were co-cultured w ...201324189682
identification of proximal and distal axial ligands in leishmania major pseudoperoxidase.previous optical and electron paramagnetic resonance (epr) spectroscopic studies of the newly discovered peroxynitrite scavenging pseudoperoxidase from leishmania major (lmpp) suggested that ferric lmpp contained a six-coordinate low-spin (6cls) heme with a thiolate ligand, presumably a cysteine, bound to its heme iron. to identify the axial ligands of lmpp, we exploit a systematic mutational analysis of potential heme ligands. on the basis of uv-visible and epr spectroscopy, we report that the ...201324261670
molecular identification of leishmania isolates obtained from patients suspected as having cutaneous leishmaniasis referred to reference laboratories from yazd province in central iran.cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl) continues to be an increasing public health problem in iran. the dominant etiologic agents of cl in the old world are leishmania major and leishmania tropica. one of the important endemic foci of cl in iran is yazd. recently, previous studies showed the equal prevalence of l. major and l. tropica as the agents of cutaneous leishmaniasis in this area. this prompted us to identify the genotype of l. major isolates obtained from patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis.201324524036
in-vitro evaluation of antileishmanial activity and toxicity of artemether with focus on its apoptotic effect.artemisinin and its derivatives are very important new class of antimalarial drugs. one of the most important artemisinin derivatives is artemether. the antiparasitic activity of artemether as a derivative of artemisinin is related to endoperoxide bridge in its structure. the aim of this study was the evaluation of antileishmanial effect of artemether, with more focus on its apoptotic effect. in this study we used artemether in concentration of 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 μg/ml for promastigote assay, ...201324523770
cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by leishmania major in morocco: still a topical question.in the past decade in morocco, there has been a reactivation of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (zcl) foci with an unusual long outbreak episode. the aims of this review article were to update our knowledge of this disease in morocco, to compare the situation with that prevailing in the other countries of the maghreb region and to highlight factors that could be responsible for the current situation. the data indicate a global increase of zcl incidence in the other maghreb countries. several fa ...201324617131
role of exosome in infectious disease.exosome is the nano vesicle budded from the endosomal compartment that produces and releases by all kinds of mammalian cells. this vesicle contains the different proteins, lipid, mrna and mirna which are specific to the origin of cell derived from and contribute to the cell to cell communication. recently, it has been reported that a few single cell eukaryote, cryptoccoccus neoformance and leishmania major and donovani can secrete the exosome which influences on the immune system of the host. in ...201223228092
[kala azar - lethal course of visceral leishmaniasis. synchronous infection with leishmania donovani/infantum complex and leishmania major in a patient after mediterranean vacation].infections with leishmania spp. are endemic in areas of the tropics and subtropics. an increased incidence of human infections has been reported in southern europe, where zoonotic leishmaniasis is common. the systemic, visceral infection is caused by the leishmania donovani/infantum complex and may be fatal when untreated.201223064668
high quality long-term cd4+ and cd8+ effector memory populations stimulated by dna-lack/mva-lack regimen in leishmania major balb/c model of infection.heterologous vaccination based on priming with a plasmid dna vector and boosting with an attenuated vaccinia virus mva recombinant, with both vectors expressing the leishmania infantum lack antigen (dna-lack and mva-lack), has shown efficacy conferring protection in murine and canine models against cutaneus and visceral leishmaniasis, but the immune parameters of protection remain ill defined. here we performed by flow cytometry an in depth analysis of the t cell populations induced in balb/c mi ...201222715418
previous exposure to a low infectious dose of leishmania major exacerbates infection with leishmania infantum in the susceptible balb/c mouse.the geographic distribution of leishmania major overlaps with several other species of leishmania. this study seeks to examine what effect previous exposure to l. major has on the outcome of infection with leishmania infantum, the agent of virulent visceral leishmaniasis. the l. major immune response is well characterized by a strong th1 response leading to resolution and protection against subsequent re-infection. a contrasting th2 immune response leads to disseminated disease, while the role t ...201222476599
a reverse vaccinology approach for the identification of potential vaccine candidates from leishmania spp.leishmaniasis is a group of diseases with a spectrum of clinical manifestations ranging from cutaneous ulcers to visceral leishmaniasis, which results from the bite of an infected sandfly to human. attempts to develop an effective vaccine have been shown to be feasible but no vaccine is in active clinical use. this study adopts a reverse vaccinology approach to identify common vaccine candidates from both highly pathogenic species leishmania major and leishmania infantum. total proteome of both ...201222434357
monoterpenic aldehydes as potential anti-leishmania agents: activity of cymbopogon citratus and citral on l. infantum, l. tropica and l. major.in order to contribute for the search of new drugs for leishmaniasis, we study the susceptibility of leishmania infantum, leishmania tropica and leishmania major to cymbopogon citratus essential oil and major compounds, mrycene and citral. c. citratus and citral were the most active inhibiting l. infantum, l. tropica and l. major growth at ic(50) concentrations ranging from 25 to 52 μg/ml and from 34 to 42 μg/ml, respectively. l. infantum promastigotes exposed to essential oil and citral underwe ...201222227102
the role of nf-κb activation during protection against leishmania infection.members of the nuclear factor-κb (nf-κb) family of transcription factors regulate a variety of molecules involved in host defense against pathogens. a prominent role of nf-κb in innate and adoptive immunity is based on the regulation of inducible transcription of various genes whose products are essential components of the immune response such as cytokines, chemokines, and adhesion molecules. since the discovery of the five members of the nf-κb transcription factor family, rela, c-rel, relb, p50 ...201222901377
leishmania donovani recombinant iron superoxide dismutase b1 protein in the presence of tlr-based adjuvants induces partial protection of balb/c mice against leishmania major infection.in this study, we tested the protective efficacy of recombinant leishmania donovani iron superoxide dismutase b1 (sodb1) against leishmania major infection in balb/c mice. mice were challenged with l. major 3weeks after the second boost immunization with rsodb1 alone or in the presence of adjuvants. injection of balb/c mice with rsodb1 alone elicited both humoral and cellular immune responses. administration of rsodb1 with cpg odn or gla-se (a synthetic toll-like receptor 4 agonist) adjuvant res ...201222580023
a highly basic sequence at the n-terminal region is essential for targeting the dna replication protein orc1 to the nucleus in leishmania donovani.the conserved eukaryotic dna replication protein orc1 is one of the constituents of pre-replication complexes that assemble at or very near origins prior to replication initiation. orc1 has been shown to be constitutively nuclear in leishmania major. this study investigates the sequences involved in nuclear localization of orc1 in leishmania donovani, the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis. nuclear localization signals (nlss) have been reported in only a few leishmania proteins. functiona ...201222575896
the efficacy of aerosol treatment with non-ionic surfactant vesicles containing amphotericin b in rodent models of leishmaniasis and pulmonary aspergillosis infection.amphotericin b (amb) is used to treat both fungal and leishmanial infections, which are of major significance to human health. clinical use of free amb is limited by its nephrotoxicity, whereas liposomal amb is costly and requires parenteral administration, thus development of novel formulations with enhanced efficacy, minimal toxicity and that can be applied via non-invasive routes is required. in this study we analysed the potential of non-ionic surfactant vesicles (niv) given by nebulisation ...201222516093
peripheral expression of lack-mrna induced by intranasal vaccination with pci-neo-lack defines the protection duration against murine visceral leishmaniasis.lack (leishmania analogue of the receptor kinase c) is a conserved protein in the protozoan of the genus leishmania, which is associated with the immunopathogenesis and susceptibility of balb/c mice to leishmania major infection. we previously demonstrated that intranasal immunization with a plasmid dna encoding the p36/lack leishmanial antigen (pci-neo-lack) followed by challenge 7 days after a booster dose effectively protects balb/c mice against both cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis. in t ...201223036534
vaccine prospects of killed but metabolically active leishmania against visceral leishmaniasis.leishmanization or live vaccination, the gold standard for immunoprophylactic success against cutaneous leishmaniasis, has been abandoned for safety reasons. killed but metabolically active (kbma) leishmania, a new class of whole-cell vaccine, holds promise for safe vaccination. amotosalen (s-59)-treated and uva-irradiated leishmania major and leishmania infantum chagasi (kbma-lic) were rendered replication-incompetent and incapable of causing disease; this was demonstrated convincingly by sensi ...201222913255
computational prediction of protein-protein interactions in leishmania predicted proteomes.the trypanosomatids parasites leishmania braziliensis, leishmania major and leishmania infantum are important human pathogens. despite of years of study and genome availability, effective vaccine has not been developed yet, and the chemotherapy is highly toxic. therefore, it is clear just interdisciplinary integrated studies will have success in trying to search new targets for developing of vaccines and drugs. an essential part of this rationale is related to protein-protein interaction network ...201223251492
efficacy and tolerability of oleylphosphocholine (olpc) in a laboratory model of visceral leishmaniasis.the alkylphospholipid oleylphosphocholine (olpc) is a structural analogue of miltefosine and may represent a potential therapeutic backup for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis (vl). this laboratory study compared the in vitro and in vivo activity profile of both olpc and miltefosine.201222782488
the presence of tregs does not preclude immunity to reinfection with leishmania braziliensis.leishmania spp. cause a broad spectrum of diseases collectively known as leishmaniasis. leishmania braziliensis is the main etiological agent of american cutaneous leishmaniasis and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. during experimental infection with l. braziliensis, balb/c mice develop an adaptive immune response that is associated with lesion healing and, in parallel, parasite persistence within draining lymph nodes (dlns). in the leishmania major model of cutaneous leishmaniasis, regulatory t cell ...201222705204
wound healing genes and susceptibility to cutaneous leishmaniasis in brazil.leishmania braziliensis causes cutaneous (cl) and mucosal (ml) leishmaniasis. in the mouse, fli1 was identified as a gene influencing enhanced wound healing and resistance to cl caused by leishmania major. polymorphism at fli1 is associated with cl caused by l. braziliensis in humans, with an inverse association observed for ml disease. here we extend the analysis to look at other wound healing genes, including ctgf, tgfb1, tgfbr1/2, smads 2/3/4/7 and flii, all functionally linked along with fli ...201222554650
leishmania amazonensis fails to induce the release of reactive oxygen intermediates by cba macrophages.cba mouse macrophages effectively control leishmania major infection, yet are permissive to leishmania amazonensis. it has been established that some leishmania species are destroyed by reactive oxygen species (ros). however, other species of leishmania exhibit resistance to ros or even down-modulate ros production. we hypothesized that l. amazonensis-infected macrophages reduce ros production soon after parasite-cell interaction. employing a highly sensitive analysis technique based on chemilum ...201222817661
promotion of a functional b cell germinal center response after leishmania species co-infection is associated with lesion resolution.co-infection of c3heb/fej (c3h) mice with both leishmania major and leishmania amazonensis leads to a healed footpad lesion, whereas co-infection of c57bl/6 (b6) mice leads to non-healing lesions. this inability to heal corresponds to a deficiency in b cell stimulation of the macrophage-mediated killing of l. amazonensis in vitro and a less robust antibody response. the mechanism that leads to healing of these lesions is not completely known, although our studies implicate the b cell response as ...201222429963
leishmania strains causing self-healing cutaneous leishmaniasis have greater susceptibility towards oxidative stress.the survival of leishmania parasites within macrophages is influenced by generation of free radicals. to establish whether generation of free radicals influenced chemotherapeutic response, promastigotes from isolates causing self-healing or delayed/non-self-healing cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl) or visceral leishmaniasis (vl) were evaluated for their susceptibility to nitric oxide (no), antimony and miltefosine. in a self-healing cl strain of leishmania major (5askh), susceptibility to no and anti ...201222385212
leishmania amazonensis impairs dc function by inhibiting cd40 expression via a2b adenosine receptor activation.dendritic cells (dcs) play an essential role in the modulation of immune responses and several studies have evaluated the interactions between leishmania parasites and dcs. while extracellular atp exhibits proinflammatory properties, adenosine is an important anti-inflammatory mediator. here we investigated the effects of leishmania infection on dc responses and the participation of purinergic signalling in this process. bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (bmdcs) from c57bl/6j mice infected wit ...201222311598
leishmania induces survival, proliferation and elevated cellular dntp levels in human monocytes promoting acceleration of hiv co-infection.leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease that is widely prevalent in many tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. infection with leishmania has been recognized to induce a striking acceleration of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) infection in coinfected individuals through as yet incompletely understood mechanisms. cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage are the predominant cell types coinfected by both pathogens. monocytes and macrophages contain extremely low levels of deoxynuc ...201222496656
oral immunization using live lactococcus lactis co-expressing lack and il-12 protects balb/c mice against leishmania major infection.leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease affecting over 12 million individuals worldwide. current treatments are laborious, expensive, cause severe side effects, and emerging drug resistance has been reported. while vaccination is the most cost-effective means to control infectious diseases there is no human vaccine currently available against leishmania infections. lactococcus lactis is a non-pathogenic, non-colonizing gram-positive lactic acid bacterium commonly used in the dairy industry. recentl ...201222814408
immunization against leishmania major infection using lack- and il-12-expressing lactococcus lactis induces delay in footpad swelling.leishmania is a mammalian parasite affecting over 12 million individuals worldwide. current treatments are expensive, cause severe side effects, and emerging drug resistance has been reported. vaccination is the most cost-effective means to control infectious disease but currently there is no vaccine available against leishmaniasis. lactococcus lactis is a non-pathogenic, non-colonizing gram-positive lactic acid bacterium commonly used in the dairy industry. recently, l. lactis was used to expre ...201222348031
inhibition of leishmania major ptr1 gene expression by antisense in escherichia coli.protozoa related to trypanosome family including leishmania, synthesize enzymes to escape from drug therapy. one of them is ptr1 that its enzymatic activity is similar to dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr). dihydrofolate reductase - thymidylate synthase has a major role in dna synthesis, if it is inhibited, the result would be the death of parasite. since ptr1 activity is similar to dhfr, causes the decrease of inhibition effect of drug. the aim of this study was inhibition of iranian l. major ptr1 ...201223113195
characterization and optimization of artinm lectin expression in escherichia coli.artinm is a d-mannose-specific lectin from artocarpus integrifolia seeds that induces neutrophil migration and activation, degranulation of mast cells, acceleration of wound healing, induction of interleukin-12 production by macrophages and dendritic cells, and protective t helper 1 immune response against leishmania major, leishmania amazonensis and paracoccidioides brasiliensis infections. considering the important biological properties of artinm and its therapeutic applicability, this study w ...201222857259
pivotal role of plasmacytoid dendritic cells in inflammation and nk-cell responses after tlr9 triggering in mice.the physiologic role played by plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pdcs) in the induction of innate responses and inflammation in response to pathogen signaling is not well understood. here, we describe a new mouse model lacking pdcs and establish that pdcs are essential for the in vivo induction of nk-cell activity in response to toll-like receptor 9 (tlr9) triggering. furthermore, we provide the first evidence that pdcs are critical for the systemic production of a wide variety of chemokines in resp ...201222611152
[functional roles of macrophage migration inhibitory factor in anti-parasitic diseases].macrophage migration inhibitory factor (mif) is an important proinflammatory and immunoregulatory mediator, which locates at the apex of the cascade of innate immune response. it also plays an important role in regulating adaptive immune responses and counter-regulating the immunosuppressive effect of glucocorticoid. mif is actively involved in a series of cell processes such as cell proliferation and differentiation as well as cell apoptosis. mif is reported to regulate the host immune response ...201222913193
nad(p)h cytochrome b5 oxidoreductase deficiency in leishmania major results in impaired linoleate synthesis followed by increased oxidative stress and cell death.nad(p)h cytochrome b(5) oxidoreductase (ncb5or), comprising cytochrome b(5) and cytochrome b(5) reductase domains, is widely distributed in eukaryotic organisms. although ncb5or plays a crucial role in lipid metabolism of mice, so far no ncb5or gene has been reported in the unicellular parasitic protozoa leishmania species. we have cloned, expressed, and characterized ncb5or gene from leishmania major. steady state catalysis and spectral studies show that nadh can quickly reduce the ferric state ...201222923617
towards the crystal structure elucidation of eukaryotic udp-galactopyranose mutase.udp-galactopyranose mutase (ugm) catalyzes the interconversion of udp-galactopyranose and udp-galactofuranose. eukaryotic ugms from aspergillus fumigatus and leishmania major have been purified to homogeneity by means of ni(2+)-affinity chromatography and crystallized. eukaryotic ugm structure elucidation was not straightforward owing to high pseudo-symmetry, twinning and very low anomalous signal. phasing to 2.8 å resolution using sad was successful for l. major ugm. however, the maps could onl ...201222505419
overexpression of methyl-cpg binding protein 2 impairs t(h)1 responses.the dna binding protein methyl-cpg binding protein 2 (mecp2) critically influences neuronal and brain function by modulating gene expression, and children with overexpression of the mecp2 gene exhibit postnatal neurological syndromes. we demonstrate that some children with mecp2 duplication also display variable immunological abnormalities that include reductions in memory t and b cells and natural killer cells and immunoglobulin assay responses. moreover, whereas mice with mecp2 overexpression ...201223220634
replacement of the methylene of dihydrochalcones with oxygen: synthesis and biological evaluation of 2-phenoxyacetophenones.with the aim of finding new bioactive compounds, a series of phenoxyacetophenone derivatives 2 were designed and synthesized as oxygen analogs of dihydrochalcones. also, phenoxyacetophenones were converted to (z)-oxime derivatives 3 and their geometry were characterized by ¹h-nmr spectroscopy. the in vitro antifungal activity of compounds 2 and 3 was evaluated against candida albicans, candida glabrata, saccharomyces cerevisiae, and aspergillus niger using micro-dilution method. in general, oxim ...201222712717
immunity to sand fly salivary protein ljm11 modulates host response to vector-transmitted leishmania conferring ulcer-free protection.leishmania vaccines that protect against needle challenge fail against the potency of a leishmania-infected sand fly transmission. here, we demonstrate that intradermal immunization of mice with 500 ng of the sand fly salivary recombinant protein ljm11 (rljm11) from lutzomyia longipalpis, in the absence of adjuvant, induces long-lasting immunity that results in ulcer-free protection against leishmania major delivered by vector bites. this protection is antibody independent and abrogated by deple ...201222739793
evaluation of recombinant leishmania polyprotein plus glucopyranosyl lipid a stable emulsion vaccines against sand fly-transmitted leishmania major in c57bl/6 mice.numerous experimental leishmania vaccines have been developed to prevent the visceral and cutaneous forms of leishmaniasis, which occur after exposure to the bite of an infected sand fly, yet only one is under evaluation in humans. ksac and l110f, recombinant leishmania polyproteins delivered in a stable emulsion (se) with the tlr4 agonists monophosphoryl lipid a or glucopyranosyl lipid a (gla) have shown protection in animal models. ksac+gla-se protected against cutaneous disease following sand ...201223045616
ecotin-like serine peptidase inhibitor isp1 of leishmania major plays a role in flagellar pocket dynamics and promastigote differentiation.leishmania isps are ecotin-like natural peptide inhibitors of trypsin-family serine peptidases, enzymes that are absent from the leishmania genome. this led to the proposal that isps inhibit host serine peptidases and we have recently shown that isp2 inhibits neutrophil elastase, thereby enhancing parasite survival in murine macrophages. in this study we show that isp1 has less serine peptidase inhibitory activity than isp2, and in promastigotes both are generally located in the cytosol and alon ...201222486816
temporal dynamics and impact of climate factors on the incidence of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in central tunisia.old world zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (zcl) is a vector-borne human disease caused by leishmania major, a unicellular eukaryotic parasite transmitted by pool blood-feeding sand flies mainly to wild rodents, such as psammomys obesus. the human beings who share the rodent and sand fly habitats can be subverted as both sand fly blood resource. zcl is endemic in the middle east, central asia, subsaharan and north africa. like other vector-borne diseases, the incidence of zcl displayed by humans ...201222563513
neglected tropical diseases of the middle east and north africa: review of their prevalence, distribution, and opportunities for control.the neglected tropical diseases (ntds) are highly endemic but patchily distributed among the 20 countries and almost 400 million people of the middle east and north africa (mena) region, and disproportionately affect an estimated 65 million people living on less than us$2 per day. egypt has the largest number of people living in poverty of any mena nation, while yemen has the highest prevalence of people living in poverty. these two nations stand out for having suffered the highest rates of many ...201222389729
salivary antigen sp32 is the immunodominant target of the antibody response to phlebotomus papatasi bites in humans.zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (zcl) due to leishmania major is highly prevalent in tunisia and is transmitted by a hematophagous vector phlebotomus papatasi (p. papatasi). while probing for a blood meal, the sand fly injects saliva into the host's skin, which contains a variety of compounds that are highly immunogenic. we recently showed that the presence of anti-saliva antibodies was associated with an enhanced risk for leishmaniasis and identified the immunodominant salivary protein of phle ...201223209854
evidence for genetic differentiation at the microgeographic scale in phlebotomus papatasi populations from sudan.cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl) is endemic in sudan. it is caused by leishmania major parasites and transmitted by phlebotomus papatasi sandflies. recently, uncommon clinical manifestations of cl have been reported. moreover, l. donovani parasites that cause visceral leishmaniasis (vl) have been isolated from cl lesions of some patients who contracted the disease in khartoum state, central sudan with no history of travelling to vl endemic sites on south-eastern sudan. because different clinical man ...201223146340
courtship behaviour of phlebotomus papatasi the sand fly vector of cutaneous leishmaniasis.the sand fly phlebotomus papatasi is an old world vector of leishmania major, the etiologic agent of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis. this study describes the courtship behaviour of p. papatasi and compares it with that of lutzomyia longipalpis, the new world vector of visceral leishmaniasis. understanding the details of courtship behaviour in p. papatasi may help us to understand the role of sex pheromones in this important vector.201222935092
first molecular epidemiological study of cutaneous leishmaniasis in libya.cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl) is a major public health problem in libya. the objective of this study was to investigate, for the first time, epidemiological features of cl outbreaks in libya including molecular identification of parasites, the geographical distribution of cases and possible scenarios of parasite transmission.201222724036
efficacy of light and nonlighted carbon dioxide-baited traps for adult sand fly (diptera: psychodidae) surveillance in three counties of mesrata, libya.abstract. sand flies are important vectors of cutaneous leishmaniasis, especially along coastal towns of northwestern libya where an estimated 20,000 cases have occurred from 2004 to 2009. host-seeking traps are an important tool for sampling sand fly populations and surveying the incidence of leishmania major and l. tropica within a given population. we evaluated the capture efficiency of co2-baited bg-sentinel, centers for disease control and prevention (cdc) light, cdc ultraviolet light, and ...201223833897
antileishmanial activity of liposomal clarithromycin against leishmania major promastigotes.cutaneous leishmaniasis is a common parasitic disease which is endemic in some parts of the world. in vitro and in vivo studies have shown azithromycin efficacy on some leishmania species. because of structural similarity between clarithromycin and azithromycin and efficacy of clarithromycin against intracellular organisms and due to the absence of previous studies in this respect, we decided to evaluate the efficacy of clarithromycin against promastigotes of l. major in vitro.201223658854
regulatory t-cell profile in early and late lesions of cutaneous leishmaniasis due to leishmania major.cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl) is a public health problem in several endemic countries. recent studies on mouse model and also a few clinical experiments showed that the type of immune response generated at the site of infection and especially balance between regulatory and effector t-cells determines the outcome of the disease toward self-limiting or long-lasting lesions.201223626625
inhibitory activity of eleven artemisia species from iran against leishmania major parasites.annual incidence of cutaneous leishmaniasis is increasingly growing and development of the alternative drugs against it is a major concern. artemisia genus is a traditional medicinal plant in iran. the aim of this study was to examine the leishmanicidal activity of various iranian artemisia species extracts.201223493354
[a social program for the control of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in m'sila, algeria].zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis due to leishmania major is a serious public health problem in algeria. on average, 10,000 new cases are reported every year among the 15 million people at risk of infection. with an annual incidence of 561.8 per 100,000 inhabitants, m'sila has seen the worst outbreak of the disease in algeria since the historic outbreak in biskra. the main reservoir of the disease is psammomys obesus, a gerbil that feeds exclusively on chenopodiaceae, a salt-tolerant plant under ...201223473045
outbreak of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis with local dissemination in balkh, afghanistan.in afghanistan zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl) due to leishmania major has been less widely reported than anthroponotic cl due to l. tropica. however, an outbreak of zoonotic cl occurred amongst a group of british soldiers at a military camp near mazar-e-sharif in the balkh province of northern afghanistan in 2004.201223472571
topical effectiveness of different concentrations of nanosilver solution on leishmania major lesions in balb/c mice.cutaneous leishmaniasis is an infection caused by protozoan genus leishmania. although glucantime is commonly used for the treatment of leishmaniasis, it has some side effects including increased liver enzymes and electrocardiogram changes. in addition, the drug is expensive, the injection is painful, and research shows that resistance of parasite to glucantime is growing in different parts of the world. therefore, scientists are paying more attention to develop new drugs such as nanosilver solu ...201223428525
new oxidovanadium(iv) n-acylhydrazone complexes: promising antileishmanial and antitrypanosomal agents.searching for new promising metal-based hits against trypanosoma cruzi and leishmania parasites, two related oxidovanadium(iv) n-acylhydrazone complexes, [v(iv)o(lassbio1064-2h)(h2o)], 1, and [v(iv)o(lassbio1064-2h)(phen)]·(h2o), 2, where lassbio1064=(e)-n'-(2-hydroxybenzylidene-4-chlorobenzohydrazide and phen = 1,10-phenanthroline, were synthesized and characterized in the solid state and in solution by elemental analysis, conductimetric measurements and esi-ms, ftir, epr and (51)v nmr spectros ...201223353731
[cutaneous leishmaniasis treated with ambisome (liposomal amphotericin b)].cutaneous leishmaniasis, caused mainly by leishmania major, is endemic in southern israel. it is characterized by multiple skin lesions on the skin's patient. the treatment often includes only topical treatment, and treatment failures are not uncommon. liposomal amphotericin b, a drug approved for visceral leishmaniasis treatment, has rarely been used for the cutaneous disease, especially for old world cutaneous leishmaniasis. we report a 1-year-old patient with multiple skin lesions, diagnosed ...201223350289
phlebotomine sand flies (diptera: psychodidae) in iran and their role on leishmania transmission.sand fly research has a long history in iran beginning with the work of adler, theodor and lourie in 1930 and followed by mesghali's foundational taxonomic work on sand flies in 1943. since then, research has been continued unabated throughout the country and official publications report the existence of at least 44 species of sand flies (26 of the genus phlebotomus and 18 of genus sergentomyia) in iran. so far, seven phlebotomus species and one sergentomyia species have been collected and descr ...201223293774
sphingolipid degradation in leishmania (leishmania) amazonensis.human leishmaniasis is caused by more than 20 leishmania species and has a wide range of symptoms. our recent studies have demonstrated the essential role of sphingolipid degradation in the virulence of leishmania (leishmania) major, a species responsible for localized cutaneous leishmaniasis in the old world. in this study, we investigated the function of sphingolipid degradation in leishmania (leishmania) amazonensis, an etiological agent of localized and diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis in sou ...201223285302
mutation of val90 to his in the pseudoperoxidase from leishmania major enhances peroxidase activity.pseudoperoxidase from leishmania major (lmpp) catalyzes the breakdown of peroxynitrite though it can hardly react with h(2)o(2). our modeling structure predicts that a conserved his to val switch near the distal heme pocket of lmpp may determine the profile of its h(2)o(2) activity. to test this hypothesis, we have generated complementary mutations in the lmpp (v90h) and studied the formation of compounds i and ii. the rate of transition from high spin ferric state of v90h to compound i by h(2)o ...201223277197
naturally occurring culturable aerobic gut flora of adult phlebotomus papatasi, vector of leishmania major in the old world.cutaneous leishmaniasis is a neglected, vector-borne parasitic disease and is responsible for persistent, often disfiguring lesions and other associated complications. leishmania, causing zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (zcl) in the old world are mainly transmitted by the predominant sand fly vector, phlebotomus papatasi. to date, there is no efficient control measure or vaccine available for this widespread insect-borne infectious disease.201222629302
synthesis of lipophilic tyrosyl esters derivatives and assessment of their antimicrobial and antileishmania activities.preparation of tyrosyl lipophilic derivatives was carried out as a response to the food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries' increasing demand for new lipophilic antioxidants.201222264330
first detection of leishmania major dna in sergentomyia (spelaeomyia) darlingi from cutaneous leishmaniasis foci in mali.leishmania major complex is the main causative agent of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (zcl) in the old world. phlebotomus papatasi and phlebotomus duboscqi are recognized vectors of l. major complex in northern and southern sahara, respectively. in mali, zcl due to l. major is an emerging public health problem, with several cases reported from different parts of the country. the main objective of the present study was to identify the vectors of leishmania major in the bandiagara area, in mali ...201222276095
The opioid antagonist naloxone inhibits Leishmania major infection in BALB/c mice.BALB/c mice are susceptible to develop non-healing, progressive infection with Leishmania major (L. major) due to the development of a non-protective Th2 response. Resistance to L. major infection is dependent to Th1 response. Treatment of mice with the opioid antagonist naloxone can promote the activation of Th1 responses. Here we study the effect of chronic administration of various doses of naloxone on susceptibility of BALB/c mice to L. major infection. Our results showed that naloxone has d ...201222019408
Characterization of Chronic Cutaneous Lesions from TNF-Receptor-1-Deficient Mice Infected by Leishmania major.Leishmania major-infected TNF receptor 1 deficient (TNFR1 KO) mice resolve parasitism but fail to resolve lesions, while wild-type mice completely heal. We investigated the cell composition, cytokine production, and apoptosis in lesions from L. major-infected TNFR1 KO and wild-type (WT) mice. Chronic lesions from L. major-infected TNFR1 KO mice presented larger number of CD8+ T and Ly6G+ cells. In addition, higher concentrations of mRNA for IFN-? CCL2 and CCL5, as well as protein, but lower numb ...201222203861
re-emergence of visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis in the greek island of crete.leishmaniases are vector-borne diseases transmitted by phlebotomine sand flies. three species of leishmania are found in the mediterranean basin: leishmania infantum, the most common species responsible for both visceral (vl) and cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl); leishmania major, found in north africa and middle east causing cl; leishmania tropica with a limited presence in europe, causing cl. during the last 25 years, crete has become an endemic zone for l. infantum with a high number of infected ...201222217163
updating the salivary gland transcriptome of phlebotomus papatasi (tunisian strain): the search for sand fly-secreted immunogenic proteins for humans.sand fly saliva plays an important role in both blood feeding and outcome of leishmania infection. a cellular immune response against a phlebotomus papatasi salivary protein was shown to protect rodents against leishmania major infection. in humans, p. papatasi salivary proteins induce a systemic cellular immune response as well as a specific antisaliva humoral immune response, making these salivary proteins attractive targets as markers of exposure for this leishmania vector. surprisingly, the ...201223139741
The Role of Vitamin D and Vitamin D Receptor in Immunity to Leishmania major Infection.Vitamin D signaling modulates a variety of immune responses. Here, we assessed the role of vitamin D in immunity to experimental leishmaniasis infection in vitamin D receptor-deficient mice (VDRKO). We observed that VDRKO mice on a genetically resistant background have decreased Leishmania major-induced lesion development compared to wild-type (WT) mice; additionally, parasite loads in infected dermis were significantly lower at the height of infection. Enzymatic depletion of the active form of ...201222007288
cationic liposomes containing soluble leishmania antigens (sla) plus cpg odns induce protection against murine model of leishmaniasis.development of an effective vaccine against leishmaniasis is possible due to the fact that individuals cured from cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl) are protected from further infection. first generation leishmania vaccines consisting of whole killed parasites reached to phase 3 clinical trials but failed to show enough efficacies mainly due to the lack of an appropriate adjuvant. in this study, an efficient liposomal protein-based vaccine against leishmania major infection was developed using soluble ...201222223037
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