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leishmania donovani infection causes distinct epigenetic dna methylation changes in host macrophages.infection of macrophages by the intracellular protozoan leishmania leads to down-regulation of a number of macrophage innate host defense mechanisms, thereby allowing parasite survival and replication. the underlying molecular mechanisms involved remain largely unknown. in this study, we assessed epigenetic changes in macrophage dna methylation in response to infection with l. donovani as a possible mechanism for leishmania driven deactivation of host defense. we quantified and detected genome-w ...201425299267
new series of monoamidoxime derivatives displaying versatile antiparasitic activity.following the promising antileishmanial results previously obtained in monoamidoxime series, a new series of derivatives was synthesized using manganese(iii) acetate, wittig reactions and suzuki-miyaura cross coupling reactions. pharmacomodulation in r(1), r(2) or r(3) substituents on the amidoxime structure is shown to influence antiprotozoan activity in vitro: a monosubstituted phenyl group in r1 (32-35) led to an activity against leishmania donovani promastigotes (32, ic50 = 9.16 μm), whereas ...201425282267
comparative proteomics and glycoproteomics of plasma proteins in indian visceral leishmaniasis.visceral leishmaniasis (vl) is a deadly parasitic diseases caused by leishmania donovani; it is a major health problem in many countries. a lack of proper understanding of the disease biology, poor diagnostic methods and increasing drug resistance are the main reasons for the growing burden of vl infection. comparative plasma proteomics are a relatively useful technique that can be used to investigate disease-associated alterations that can help in understanding host responses against pathogens, ...201425276097
th1 stimulatory proteins of leishmania donovani: comparative cellular and protective responses of rtriose phosphate isomerase, rprotein disulfide isomerase and relongation factor-2 in combination with rhsp70 against visceral leishmaniasis.in visceral leishmaniasis, the recovery from the disease is always associated with the generation of th1-type of cellular responses. based on this, we have previously identified several th1-stimulatory proteins of leishmania donovani -triose phosphate isomerase (tpi), protein disulfide isomerase (pdi) and elongation factor-2 (el-2) etc. including heat shock protein 70 (hsp70) which induced th1-type of cellular responses in both cured leishmania patients/hamsters. since, hsps, being the logical t ...201425268700
a bioinformatics approach to reanalyze the genome annotation of kinetoplastid protozoan parasite leishmania donovani.leishmania donovani is a kinetoplastid protozoan parasite which causes the fatal disease visceral leishmaniasis in humans. genome sequencing of l. donovani revealed information about the arrangement of genes and genome architecture. after curation of the genome sequence, many genes in l. donovani were assigned as truncated or "partial" genes by the genome sequencing group. in the present study, we have carried out an extensive analysis and attempted to improve the gene models of these partial ge ...201425265881
new flavonol methyl ether from the leaves of vitex peduncularis exhibits potential inhibitory activity against leishmania donovani through activation of inos expression.one new flavonol methyl ether (1), along with four known compounds from the leaves of methanol extract of vitex peduncularis wall and three known compounds from the leaves of methanol extract of vitex pinnata linn (verbenaceae) were isolated. the chemical structure of the new compound was established by detailed spectroscopic studies. the in vitro antileishmanial activities of 1 against both leishmania donovani promastigote and amastigote forms were evaluated. to characterize the effector mechan ...201425264585
quinone-amino acid conjugates targeting leishmania amino acid transporters.the aim of the present study was to investigate the feasibility of targeting leishmania transporters via appropriately designed chemical probes. leishmania donovani, the parasite that causes visceral leishmaniasis, is auxotrophic for arginine and lysine and has specific transporters (ldaap3 and ldaap7) to import these nutrients. probes 1-15 were originated by conjugating cytotoxic quinone fragments (ii and iii) with amino acids (i.e. arginine and lysine) by means of an amide linkage. the toxicit ...201425254495
the antileishmanial activity of isoforms 6- and 8-selective histone deacetylase inhibitors.histone deacetylase inhibitors (hdaci) pleiotropy is largely due to their nonselective inhibition of various cellular hdac isoforms. connecting inhibition of a specific isoform to biological responses and/or phenotypes is essential toward deconvoluting hdaci pleiotropy. the contribution of classes i and ii hdacs to the antileishmanial activity of hdaci was investigated using the amastigote and promastigote forms of leishmania donovani. we observed that the antileishmanial activities of hdaci are ...201425240614
novel nitro(triazole/imidazole)-based heteroarylamides/sulfonamides as potential antitrypanosomal agents.we have previously shown that 3-nitro-1h-1,2,4-triazole-based arylamides and arylsulfonamides demonstrate significant activity in vitro against trypanosoma cruzi, the causative parasite of chagas disease. more importantly, several such analogs displayed significant antichagasic activity in vivo, superior to that of benznidazole, the current clinical standard. we now report the synthesis and in vitro evaluation of a small series of novel nitro(triazole/imidazole)-based heteroarylamides/sulfonamid ...201425240098
structure-based design of potent and selective leishmania n-myristoyltransferase inhibitors.inhibitors of leishmania n-myristoyltransferase (nmt), a potential target for the treatment of leishmaniasis, obtained from a high-throughput screen, were resynthesized to validate activity. crystal structures bound to leishmania major nmt were obtained, and the active diastereoisomer of one of the inhibitors was identified. on the basis of structural insights, enzyme inhibition was increased 40-fold through hybridization of two distinct binding modes, resulting in novel, highly potent leishmani ...201425238611
an imported case of cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by leishmania (leishmania) donovani in japan.leishmaniasis is a major world health problem, and 12 million people are estimated to be infected in 88 countries. there have been few reports of leishmaniasis in japan and all were of foreign origin; therefore diagnosis is difficult for japanese physicians. there are 21 different pathogenic leishmania species, and identification is obtained by polymerase chain reaction (pcr). here we report an imported case of leishmaniasis by leishmania (leishmania) donovani infection from sri lanka. l. (l.) d ...201425228325
screening and characterization of rapd markers in viscerotropic leishmania parasites.visceral leishmaniasis (vl) is mainly due to the leishmania donovani complex. vl is endemic in many countries worldwide including east africa and the mediterranean region where the epidemiology is complex. taxonomy of these pathogens is under controversy but there is a correlation between their genetic diversity and geographical origin. with steady increase in genome knowledge, rapd is still a useful approach to identify and characterize novel dna markers. our aim was to identify and characteriz ...201425313833
analysis of genetic variants in the il4 promoter and vntr loci in indian patients with visceral leishmaniasis.visceral leishmaniasis (vl) is the most severest form of leishmaniasis and resistance to infection is mediated by cellular immune responses. interleukin 4 (il-4) orchestrates of th2 and th1 immune responses during infections. in this study, we aimed to investigate possible association between three functional il-4 polymorphisms -590c/t (rs2243250), -34c/t (rs2070874) and 70bp vntr (rs79071878 in intron3) with vl in an indian cohort comprising of 197 vl patients and 193 healthy controls. the thre ...201425454624
pkdl and other dermal lesions in hiv co-infected patients with leishmaniasis: review of clinical presentation in relation to immune responses.co-infection of leishmaniasis and hiv is increasingly reported. the clinical presentation of leishmaniasis is determined by the host immune response to the parasite; as a consequence, this presentation will be influenced by hiv-induced immunosuppression. as leishmaniasis commonly affects the skin, increasing immunosuppression changes the clinical presentation, such as in post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (pkdl) and cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl); dermal lesions are also commonly reported in visc ...201425412435
leishmania donovani populations in eastern sudan: temporal structuring and a link between human and canine transmission.visceral leishmaniasis (vl), caused by the members of the leishmania donovani complex, has been responsible for devastating vl epidemics in the sudan. multilocus microsatellite and sequence typing studies can provide valuable insights into the molecular epidemiology of leishmaniasis, when applied at local scales. here we present population genetic data for a large panel of strains and clones collected in endemic sudan between 1993 and 2001.201425410888
bioactive derivatives of isopropylstilbene from mutasynthesis and chemical synthesis.isopropylstilbene is a natural product from photorhabdus luminescens tt01, with multiple biological activities. a mutant deficient in the production of both anthraquinones and cinnamic acid was constructed, thus giving a clean background according to uv detection. this anthraquinone and stilbene deficient (asd) mutant was used in mutasynthesis experiments to obtain new stilbene derivatives, which were detected by gc-ms. the structures of the new derivatives were confirmed by detailed ms analysis ...201425346446
a cluster of four cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis by leishmania donovani in cyprus: a case series.leishmaniasis is endemic in more than 95 countries and is the only tropical/subtropical vector-borne disease that has been endemic in southern europe for decades. to the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of cutaneous leishmaniasis by leishmania donovani in a child and the first cluster with adult cases reported in europe.201425343876
igg1 as a potential biomarker of post-chemotherapeutic relapse in visceral leishmaniasis, and adaptation to a rapid diagnostic test.visceral leishmaniasis (vl), caused by protozoa of the leishmania donovani complex, is a widespread parasitic disease of great public health importance; without effective chemotherapy symptomatic vl is usually fatal. distinction of asymptomatic carriage from progressive disease and the prediction of relapse following treatment are hampered by the lack of prognostic biomarkers for use at point of care.201425340782
pharmacological activities of cilantro's aliphatic aldehydes against leishmania donovani.leishmaniasis is a chronic infectious disease caused by different leishmania species. global occurrences of this disease are primarily limited to tropical and subtropical regions. treatments are available; however, patients complain of side effects. different species of plants have been screened as a potential source of new drugs against leishmaniasis. in this study, we investigated the antileishmanial activity of cilantro (coriandrum sativum) essential oil and its main components: (e)-2-undecen ...201425340465
regulation of pkc mediated signaling by calcium during visceral leishmaniasis.calcium is an ubiquitous cellular signaling molecule that controls a variety of cellular processes and is strictly maintained in the cellular compartments by the coordination of various ca2+ pumps and channels. two such fundamental calcium pumps are plasma membrane calcium atpase (pmca) and sarco/endoplasmic reticulum calcium atpase (serca) which play a pivotal role in maintaining intracellular calcium homeostasis. this intracellular ca2+ homeostasis is often disturbed by the protozoan parasite ...201425329062
the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis: safety and efficacy.visceral leishmaniasis is the disease of poor; however availability of only expensive treatment of this disease impinges the socioeconomic condition of those affected. if untreated, almost all cases of visceral leishmaniasis are fatal. the demonstration of the leishmania donovani bodies from the tissue aspirates or serological tests confirms the diagnosis of the disease. pentavalent antimony, amphotericin b, paromomycin, diamine pentamidine, miltefosine, sitamaquine and some new combinations are ...201425327244
role of cd8(+) t cells in protection against leishmania donovani infection in healed visceral leishmaniasis individuals.majority of individuals with history of visceral leishmaniasis (vl) exhibit strong immunity to re-infection, however, the mechanism of resistance is poorly understood. it is unclear whether cd8(+) t cells contribute to protection against leishmania donovani infection through cytotoxic activity. the present study aims to evaluate immunological mechanism associated with resistance to the disease in healed vl (hvl) individuals and further, the contribution of cd8(+) t cells in the protective immuni ...201425471494
genes that encodes nagt, mif1 and mif2 are not virulence factors for kala-azar caused by leishmania infantum.kala-azar is a disease resulting from infection by leishmania donovani and leishmania infantum. most patients with the disease exhibit prolonged fever, wasting, anemia and hepatosplenomegaly without complications. however, some patients develop severe disease with hemorrhagic manifestations, bacterial infections, jaundice, and edema dyspnea, among other symptoms, followed by death. among the parasite molecules that might influence the disease severity are the macrophage migration inhibitory fact ...201425467261
leishmania donovani infection enhances lateral mobility of macrophage membrane protein which is reversed by liposomal cholesterol.the protozoan parasite leishmania donovani (ld) reduces cellular cholesterol of the host possibly for its own benefit. cholesterol is mostly present in the specialized compartment of the plasma membrane. the relation between mobility of membrane proteins and cholesterol depletion from membrane continues to be an important issue. the notion that leishmania infection alters the mobility of membrane proteins stems from our previous study where we showed that the distance between subunits of ifnγ re ...201425474261
an actin-like protein is involved in regulation of mitochondrial and flagellar functions as well as in intramacrophage survival of leishmania donovani.actin-related proteins are ubiquitous actin-like proteins that show high similarity with actin in terms of their amino acid sequence and three-dimensional structure. however, in lower eukaryotes, such as trypanosomatids, their functions have not yet been explored. here, we show that a novel actin-related protein (orf lmjf.13.0950) is localized mainly in the leishmania mitochondrion. we further reveal that depletion of the intracellular levels of this protein leads to an appreciable decrease in t ...201424354789
apoptosis-like death in leishmania donovani promastigotes induced by eugenol-rich oil of syzygium aromaticum.leishmaniasis consists of a complex spectrum of infectious diseases with worldwide distribution of which visceral leishmaniasis or kala-azar caused by leishmania donovani is the most devastating. in the absence of vaccines, chemotherapy remains the mainstay for the control of leishmaniasis. the drugs of choice are expensive and associated with multiple adverse side effects. because of these limitations, the development of new antileishmanial compounds is imperative and plants offer prospects in ...201424161990
performance of an indigenous β-mercaptoethanol-modified antigen in comparison with a commercial reference in direct agglutination test for detection of canine visceral leishmaniasis.we compared the performance of a locally produced β-mercaptoethanol-modified promastigote antigen (β-me-ag) of an indigenous leishmania infantum strain against that of a trypsinized leishmania donovani reference (ref-ag) in the direct agglutination test (dat) for detection of canine visceral leishmaniasis (cvl). one hundred and fifty-one serum samples collected from dogs belonging to four groups with different conditions were included. at a dat titre of 1 : 320, statistically determined as optim ...201424143006
structure prediction of gbp21 protein of l. donovani and its molecular interaction.visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) is a fatal disease caused by the obligate intracellular parasite leishmania donovani and the available drugs for the treatment are few, and are frequently associated with side effects and toxicity. rna editing is one of the essential metabolic processes in the kinetoplastids, where the pre-mrnas are edited post-transcriptionally by the guide rnas with the addition or deletion of uridine residues. the aim is to block the gbp21 protein involved in rna editing pro ...201423746168
mass spectrometry-based proteomic analysis of leishmania donovani soluble proteins in indian clinical isolate.leishmania donovani, a causative organism of visceral leishmaniasis (vl), is responsible for high mortality throughout the world. due to the unsatisfactory treatment measures and increasing drug resistance, there has been an urgent need to develop novel drug/vaccine targets against vl. the aim of this study was to identify novel targets in soluble l. donovani (sld) protein. sld protein was isolated and resolved by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and analyzed through maldi-tof/tof-based mass ...201424115687
asparagus racemosus ameliorates cisplatin induced toxicities and augments its antileishmanial activity by immunomodulation in vivo.current drugs for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis are inadequate and their efficacies are also compromised due to suppression of immune function associated during the course of infection. to overcome this problem, efforts are needed to develop therapies with effective immunomodulatory agents where decrease of parasitic burden and simultaneous enhancement of adaptive immunity can be achieved. in this study we have evaluated a new therapeutic approach based on combination of asparagus race ...201424103199
to investigate the therapeutic potential of immunochemotherapy with cisplatin + 78 kda + mpl-a against leishmania donovani in balb/c mice.leishmaniasis has recently garnered attention as one of the diseases 'most neglected' by drug research and development, as the current therapeutic modalities available for the patients are ridden with unacceptable toxicity due to high dosage of the drug, prolonged treatment schedules, resistance and prohibitive costs. a successful chemotherapy requires a restoration of immune response; therefore, we combined leishmania-specific 78 kda antigen (with or without adjuvant mpl-a) along with a novel d ...201423964700
liposomal resiquimod for the treatment of leishmania donovani infection.the imidazoquinoline family of drugs are toll-like receptor 7/8 agonists that have previously been used in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. because of the hydrophobic nature of imidazoquinolines, they are traditionally not administered systemically for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis. we formulated liposomal resiquimod, an imidazoquinoline, for the systemic treatment of visceral leishmaniasis.201423956375
antileishmanial activity evaluation of bis-lawsone analogs and dna topoisomerase-i inhibition studies.for the development of potent novel antileishmanial agents, 3,3'-(arylmethylene)bis(2-hydroxynaphthalene-1,4 dione) derivatives were synthesized from lawsone and evaluated for cytotoxicity on leishmania donovani promastigotes as well as on leishmanial dna topoisomerase-i. enzyme inhibition studies were conducted with simultaneous and preincubation conditions. total inhibition is compared to camptothecin (cpt), which was taken as positive control on both the systems of enzyme inhibition. the rang ...201423534930
a case of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis diagnosed by serology.a 43-year-old japanese bolivian male had been suffering from a right leg ulcer after an insect bite during his residence in bolivia. the ulcer healed after herbal medicine treatment. ten years later, the patient had symptoms of nasal obstruction, nasal bleeding, and pharyngodynia, which were accompanied by a destructive ulcer with surrounding erythema involving the right nostril apex and columella. papillary, irregular mucosal lesions were seen on the soft palate. giemsa staining and polymerase ...201425041360
comparative in-silico genome analysis of leishmania (leishmania) donovani: a step towards its species specificity.comparative genome analysis of recently sequenced leishmania (l.) donovani was unexplored so far. the present study deals with the complete scanning of l. (l.) donovani genome revealing its interspecies variations. 60 distinctly present genes in l. (l.) donovani were identified when the whole genome was compared with leishmania (l.) infantum. similarly 72, 159, and 265 species specific genes were identified in l. (l.) donovani when compared to leishmania (l.) major, leishmania (l.) mexicana and ...201425606461
in vitro and in vivo miltefosine susceptibility of a leishmania amazonensis isolate from a patient with diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis.miltefosine was the first oral compound approved for visceral leishmaniasis chemotherapy, and its efficacy against leishmania donovani has been well documented. leishmania amazonensis is the second most prevalent species causing cutaneous leishmaniasis and the main etiological agent of diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis in brazil. driven by the necessity of finding alternative therapeutic strategies for a chronic diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis patient, we evaluated the susceptibility to miltefosin ...201425033218
leishmania donovani nucleoside hydrolase terminal domains in cross-protective immunotherapy against leishmania amazonensis murine infection.nucleoside hydrolases of the leishmania genus are vital enzymes for the replication of the dna and conserved phylogenetic markers of the parasites. leishmania donovani nucleoside hydrolase (nh36) induced a main cd4(+) t cell driven protective response against l. chagasi infection in mice which is directed against its c-terminal domain. in this study, we used the three recombinant domains of nh36: n-terminal domain (f1, amino acids 1-103), central domain (f2 aminoacids 104-198), and c-terminal do ...201424966857
cross-protective immunity to leishmania amazonensis is mediated by cd4+ and cd8+ epitopes of leishmania donovani nucleoside hydrolase terminal domains.the nucleoside hydrolase (nh) of leishmania donovani (nh36) is a phylogenetic marker of high homology among leishmania parasites. in mice and dog vaccination, nh36 induces a cd4+ t cell-driven protective response against leishmania chagasi infection directed against its c-terminal domain (f3). the c-terminal and n-terminal domain vaccines also decreased the footpad lesion caused by leishmania amazonensis. we studied the basis of the crossed immune response using recombinant generated peptides co ...201424822054
in vitro and in vivo efficacy of novel flavonoid dimers against cutaneous leishmaniasis.treatment of leishmaniasis by chemotherapy remains a challenge because of limited efficacy, toxic side effects, and drug resistance. we previously reported that synthetic flavonoid dimers have potent antipromastigote and antiamastigote activity against leishmania donovani, the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis. here, we further investigate their leishmanicidal activities against cutaneous leishmania species. one of the flavonoid dimers (compound 39) has marked antipromastigote (50% inhib ...201424687505
activity of anti-cancer protein kinase inhibitors against leishmania spp.there is an urgent need to develop new and effective treatments for poverty-related neglected diseases. in light of the time required to bring a new drug to market and the cost involved (10-15 years, >1 billion us$), one approach to identifying new treatments for diseases like leishmaniasis is to evaluate drugs that are already registered for the treatment of other diseases. this paper describes the anti-leishmanial activities of 10 fda-approved protein kinase inhibitors already available for th ...201424668412
a2 and other visceralizing proteins of leishmania: role in pathogenesis and application for vaccine development.visceral leishmaniasis is a re-emergent disease and a significant cause of morbidity worldwide. amongst the more than 20 leishmania species, leishmania donovani, leishmania infantum and more rarely leishmania amazonensis are associated with visceral leishmaniasis. a major question in leishmaniasis research is how these species migrate to and infect visceral organs whereas other species such as leishmania major and leishmania braziliensis remain in the skin, causing tegumentary leishmaniasis. her ...201424264241
constitutive mosaic aneuploidy is a unique genetic feature widespread in the leishmania genus.using fluorescence in situ hybridization, we determined the ploidy of four species of leishmania: leishmania infantum, leishmania donovani, leishmania tropica and leishmania amazonensis. we found that each cell in a strain possesses a combination of mono-, di- and trisomies for all chromosomes; ploidy patterns were different among all strains/species. these results extend those we previously described in leishmania major, demonstrating that mosaic aneuploidy is a genetic feature widespread to th ...201424120456
specific noninvasive detection of leishmania donovani in desquamated buccal cell swab samples from human visceral leishmaniasis-hiv coinfected patients.diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection with visceral leishmaniasis (vl) coinfection is challenging. specific diagnosis of vl in hiv-coinfected patients was evaluated by molecular methods in desquamated buccal swab samples, demonstrating 86.3% sensitivity and 98.3% specificity in controls. this test holds significant potential for development as a noninvasive diagnostic tool for vl in hiv-coinfected patients.201424478413
immunity to visceral leishmaniasis: implications for immunotherapy.visceral leishmaniasis, caused by leishmania donovani, l. infantum (syn. leishmania chagasi), is a globally widespread disease with a burden of about 400,000 new infections reported annually. it is the most dangerous form of human leishmaniasis in terms of mortality and morbidity and is spreading to several nonendemic areas because of migration, global traveling and military conflicts. the emergence of leishmania-hiv co-infection and increased prevalence of drug-resistant strains have worsened t ...201425156379
cutaneous leishmaniasis in north dakota.in the united states, autochthonous cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by infection with leishmania mexicana has been reported from texas and oklahoma. here, we describe a child with 2 new features: cutaneous infection acquired outside of the south-central united states (in north dakota) and infection caused by leishmania donovani species complex.201424850800
antileishmanial metabolites from geosmithia langdonii.antileishmanial bioassay guided fractionation of geosmithia langdonii has resulted in the isolation and identification of two new compounds (1 and 2) together with 10 known compounds (3-12). the structures of the isolated metabolites were elucidated based on comprehensive 1d and 2d nmr spectroscopic data as well as mass spectrometry. the absolute configuration at c4, c5, and c6 of 2 was determined as r using a modified mosher esterification method and noesy correlations. the extracts and the iso ...201425084548
serological surveillance development for tropical infectious diseases using simultaneous microsphere-based multiplex assays and finite mixture models.a strategy to combat infectious diseases, including neglected tropical diseases (ntds), will depend on the development of reliable epidemiological surveillance methods. to establish a simple and practical seroprevalence detection system, we developed a microsphere-based multiplex immunoassay system and evaluated utility using samples obtained in kenya.201425078404
lipid isolated from a leishmania donovani strain reduces escherichia coli induced sepsis in mice through inhibition of inflammatory responses.sepsis is the reflection of systemic immune response that manifests in the sequential inflammatory process in presence of infection. this may occur as a result of gram-negative bacterial sepsis including escherichia coli infection that gives rise to excessive production of inflammatory mediators and causes severe tissue injuries. we have reported earlier that the lipid of attenuated leishmania donovani suppresses the inflammatory responses in arthritis patients. using heat killed e. coli stimula ...201425120287
integrity of the actin cytoskeleton of host macrophages is essential for leishmania donovani infection.visceral leishmaniasis is a vector-borne disease caused by an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite leishmania donovani. the molecular mechanism involved in internalization of leishmania is poorly understood. the entry of leishmania involves interaction with the plasma membrane of host cells. we have previously demonstrated the requirement of host membrane cholesterol in the binding and internalization of l. donovani into macrophages. in the present work, we explored the role of the host act ...201424780377
analysis of the leishmania peroxin 7 interactions with peroxin 5, peroxin 14 and pts2 ligands.lpex7 (leishmania peroxin 7) is essential for targeting newly synthesized proteins with a pts2 (peroxisome-targeting signal type 2) import signal into the glycosome. in the present paper, we describe the biophysical characterization of a functional lpex7 isolated from escherichia coli inclusion bodies. pull-down assays showed that lpex7 binds the interacting partners ldpex5 (leishmania donovani peroxin 5) and ldpex14, but, more importantly, this receptor can specifically bind pts2 cargo proteins ...201424635481
identification and functional characterization of a novel bacterial type asparagine synthetase a: a trna synthetase paralog from leishmania donovani.asparagine is formed by two structurally distinct asparagine synthetases in prokaryotes. one is the ammonia-utilizing asparagine synthetase a (asna), and the other is asparagine synthetase b (asnb) that uses glutamine or ammonia as a nitrogen source. in a previous investigation using sequence-based analysis, we had shown that leishmania spp. possess asparagine-trna synthetase paralog asparagine synthetase a (ldasna) that is ammonia-dependent. here, we report the cloning, expression, and kinetic ...201424610810
identification of the intracellular gate for a member of the equilibrative nucleoside transporter (ent) family.equilibrative nucleoside transporters of the slc29 family play important roles in many physiological and pharmacological processes, including import of drugs for treatment of cancer, aids, cardiovascular, and parasitic diseases. however, no crystal structure is available for any member of this family. in previous studies we generated a computational model of the leishmania donovani nucleoside transporter 1.1 (ldnt1.1) that captured this permease in the outward-closed conformation, and we identif ...201424497645
visceral leishmaniasis with roth spots.visceral leishmaniasis (vl) is caused by the protozoan parasite leishmania donovani and transmitted by the bite of infected sandfly phlebotomus argentipes. the protozoa is obliged intracellularly and causes a wide spectrum of clinical syndromes: vl ('kala azar'), cutaneous leishmaniasis and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (espundia). kala azar is the most aggressive form and if untreated causes high mortality. here, we describe a case of vl that presented to us with high-grade fever and found to hav ...201425988048
antimony resistant leishmania donovani but not sensitive ones drives greater frequency of potent t-regulatory cells upon interaction with human pbmcs: role of il-10 and tgf-β in early immune response.in india the sand fly, phlebotomus argentipes, transmitted parasitic disease termed kala-azar is caused by leishmania donovani (ld) in humans. these immune-evading parasites have increasingly developed resistance to the drug sodium antimony gluconate in endemic regions. lack of early diagnosis methods for the disease limits the information available regarding the early interactions of this parasite with either human tissues or cell lineages. we reasoned that peripheral blood mononuclear cells (p ...201425032977
nucleosomal histone proteins of l. donovani: a combination of recombinant h2a, h2b, h3 and h4 proteins were highly immunogenic and offered optimum prophylactic efficacy against leishmania challenge in hamsters.the present study includes cloning and expression of recombinant leishmania donovani histone proteins (rldh2b, rldh3, rldh2a and rldh4), assessment of their immunogenicity in leishmania infected cured patients/endemic contacts as well as in cured hamsters and finally evaluation of their prophylactic efficacy in hamsters against l. donovani challenge. all recombinant proteins were expressed and purified from the heterologous bacterial host system. leishmania infected cured patients/endemic contac ...201424926878
significantly lower anti-leishmania igg responses in sudanese versus indian visceral leishmaniasis.visceral leishmaniasis (vl), a widely distributed systemic disease caused by infection with the leishmania donovani complex (l. donovani and l. infantum), is almost always fatal if symptomatic and untreated. a rapid point-of-care diagnostic test for anti-leishmania antibodies, the rk39-immunochromatographic test (rk39-ict), has high sensitivity and specificity in south asia but is less sensitive in east africa. one of the underlying reasons may be continent-specific molecular diversity in the rk ...201424587456
risk factors for visceral leishmaniasis and asymptomatic leishmania donovani infection in india and nepal.there is increasing interest in the role of asymptomatic infection in transmission of visceral leishmaniasis (vl). we studied the individual, household and environmental factors associated with asymptomatic leishmania donovani infected individuals and vl. 7,538 individuals living in vl endemic villages in india and nepal were divided into three mutually exclusive groups based on their vl history and direct agglutination test (dat) results in yearly serosurveys over a two-year period. the groups ...201424498159
tick-borne infections of animals and humans: a common ground.a wide variety of pathogens is transmitted from ticks to vertebrates including viruses, bacteria, protozoa and helminths, of which most have a life cycle that requires passage through the vertebrate host. tick-borne infections of humans, farm and companion animals are essentially associated with wildlife animal reservoirs. while some flying insect-borne diseases of humans such as malaria, filariasis and kala azar caused by leishmania donovani target people as their main host, major tick-borne in ...201424846527
molecular and serological detection of tick-borne pathogens in dogs from an area endemic for leishmania infantum in mato grosso do sul, brazil.tick-borne pathogens affect a wide range of vertebrate hosts. to identify tick-borne pathogens among dogs from campo grande, ms, brazil testing seropositive for leishmania infantum (syn. l. chagasi), a serological and molecular study was conducted to detect ehrlichia canis, anaplasma platys and babesia vogeli in 60 serum and spleen samples. a confirmatory diagnosis of l. infantum based on serological and molecular assays was also performed, as was sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis to ...201424473877
isolation, characterization and antimicrobial evaluation of a novel compound n-octacosan 7β ol, from fumaria parviflora lam.fumaria parviflora lam. (fumaraceae) is widely used in traditional as well as folkloric system of medicine from ancient. it is commonly known as 'pitpapra' or 'shahtrah' in indian traditional system of medicine and used for treating numerous ailments like diarrhea, fever, influenza, blood purifier and other complications. the object of the present study was to evaluate the antileishmanial, antibacterial, antifungal and cytotoxic potential of isolated compound.201424621260
how often do they have sex? a comparative analysis of the population structure of seven eukaryotic microbial pathogens.the model of predominant clonal evolution (pce) proposed for micropathogens does not state that genetic exchange is totally absent, but rather, that it is too rare to break the prevalent pce pattern. however, the actual impact of this "residual" genetic exchange should be evaluated. multilocus sequence typing (mlst) is an excellent tool to explore the problem. here, we compared online available mlst datasets for seven eukaryotic microbial pathogens: trypanosoma cruzi, the fusarium solani complex ...201425054834
transcriptional profiling of the spleen in progressive visceral leishmaniasis reveals mixed expression of type 1 and type 2 cytokine-responsive genes.the syrian golden hamster (mesocricetus aureus) has been used as a model to study infections caused by a number of human pathogens. studies of immunopathogenesis in hamster infection models are challenging because of the limited availability of reagents needed to define cellular and molecular determinants.201425424735
immunotherapy and immunochemotherapy in visceral leishmaniasis: promising treatments for this neglected disease.self-healing or chronic cutaneous leishmaniasis or post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis; mucosal leishmaniasis; visceral leishmaniasis (vl), which is fatal if left untreated. the epidemiology and clinical features of vl vary greatly due to the interaction of multiple factors including parasite strains, vectors, host genetics, and the environment. human immunodeficiency virus infection augments the severity of vl increasing the risk of developing active disease by 100-2320 times. an effective vacc ...201424982655
comparative analysis of salivary gland transcriptomes of phlebotomus orientalis sand flies from endemic and non-endemic foci of visceral leishmaniasis.in east africa, phlebotomus orientalis serves as the main vector of leishmania donovani, the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis (vl). phlebotomus orientalis is present at two distant localities in ethiopia; addis zemen where vl is endemic and melka werer where transmission of vl does not occur. to find out whether the difference in epidemiology of vl is due to distant compositions of p. orientalis saliva we established colonies from addis zemen and melka werer, analyzed and compared the t ...201424587463
nocturnal activities and host preferences of phlebotomus orientalis in extra-domestic habitats of kafta-humera lowlands, kala-azar endemic, northwest ethiopia.phlebotomus orientalis feeds on a variety of wild and domestic animals and transmits leishmania donovani from hitherto unknown reservoir hosts to humans in extra-domestic habitats in the metema-humera lowlands. the aim of this study was to determine the nocturnal activities of p. orientalis and its preferred blood meal hosts.201425515239
multilocus sequence and microsatellite identification of intra-specific hybrids and ancestor-like donors among natural ethiopian isolates of leishmania donovani.protozoan parasites of the genus leishmania (kinetoplastida: trypanosomatidae) cause widespread and devastating human diseases. visceral leishmaniasis is endemic in ethiopia where it has also been responsible for fatal epidemics. it is postulated that genetic exchange in leishmania has implications for heterosis (hybrid vigour), spread of virulent strains, resistance to chemotherapeutics, and exploitation of different hosts and vectors. here we analyse 11 natural ethiopian leishmania donovani is ...201424995620
concomitant infection with leishmania donovani and l. major in single ulcers of cutaneous leishmaniasis patients from sudan.in sudan human leishmaniasis occurs in different clinical forms, that is, visceral (vl), cutaneous (cl), mucocutaneous (ml), and post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (pkdl). clinical samples from 69 sudanese patients with different clinical manifestations were subjected to a pcr targeting the cytochrome oxidase ii (coii) gene for leishmania species identification. mixed infections were suspected due to multiple overlapping peaks presented in some sequences of the coii amplicons. cloning these amp ...201424744788
genomic confirmation of hybridisation and recent inbreeding in a vector-isolated leishmania population.although asexual reproduction via clonal propagation has been proposed as the principal reproductive mechanism across parasitic protozoa of the leishmania genus, sexual recombination has long been suspected, based on hybrid marker profiles detected in field isolates from different geographical locations. the recent experimental demonstration of a sexual cycle in leishmania within sand flies has confirmed the occurrence of hybridisation, but knowledge of the parasite life cycle in the wild still ...201424453988
quantifying the contribution of hosts with different parasite concentrations to the transmission of visceral leishmaniasis in ethiopia.an important factor influencing the transmission dynamics of vector-borne diseases is the contribution of hosts with different parasitemia (no. of parasites per ml of blood) to the infected vector population. today, estimation of this contribution is often impractical since it relies exclusively on limited-scale xenodiagnostic or artificial feeding experiments (i.e., measuring the proportion of vectors that become infected after feeding on infected blood/host).201425356795
do size and insecticide treatment matter? evaluation of different nets against phlebotomus argentipes, the vector of visceral leishmaniasis in nepal.in the indian subcontinent, leishmania donovani, the parasite causing visceral leishmaniasis (vl) is transmitted by the sand fly vector phlebotomus argentipes. long lasting insecticide treated nets (ln) have been postulated as alternative or complement to indoor residual spraying but there are few field studies evaluating the entomological efficacy of different nets against this vector. we conducted two crossover trials in a vl endemic area in nepal to compare the barrier effect of (1) ln with d ...201425494099
epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis.leishmania species are the causative agents of leishmaniasis, a neglected tropical disease. these parasitic protozoans are usually transmitted between vertebrate hosts by the bite of blood sucking female phlebotomine sand flies. this review focuses on the two parasites causing most human visceral leishmaniasis (vl), which leads to substantial health problems or death for up to 400,000 people per year. except for travel cases, leishmania donovani infections are restricted to the (sub-)tropics of ...201424833919
exposure to phlebotomus argentipes (diptera, psychodidae, phlebotominae) sand flies in rural areas of bihar, india: the role of housing conditions.visceral leishmaniasis (vl) is a vector-borne infectious disease, caused by the protozoan leishmania donovani, which is transmitted by phlebotomine sand flies. in an earlier study in bihar, india, we found an association between incidence of vl and housing conditions. in the current study we investigated the influence of housing structure and conditions in and around the house on the indoor abundance of phlebotomus argentipes, the vector of vl in this area.201425184542
analysis of kinetoplast cytochrome b gene of 16 leishmania isolates from different foci of china: different species of leishmania in china and their phylogenetic inference.leishmania species belong to the family trypanosomatidae and cause leishmaniasis, a geographically widespread disease that infects humans and other vertebrates. this disease remains endemic in china. due to the large geographic area and complex ecological environment, the taxonomic position and phylogenetic relationship of chinese leishmania isolates remain uncertain. a recent internal transcribed spacer 1 and cytochrome oxidase ii phylogeny of chinese leishmania isolates has challenged some asp ...201323383990
moving from unsequenced to sequenced genome: reanalysis of the proteome of leishmania donovani.the kinetoplastid protozoan parasite, leishmania donovani, is the causative agent of kala azar or visceral leishmaniasis. kala azar is a severe form of leishmaniasis that is fatal in the majority of untreated cases. studies on proteomic analysis of l. donovani thus far have been carried out using homology-based identification based on related leishmania species (l. infantum, l. major and l. braziliensis) whose genomes have been sequenced. recently, the genome of l. donovani was fully sequenced a ...201323665000
evaluation of pcr procedures for detecting and quantifying leishmania donovani dna in large numbers of dried human blood samples from a visceral leishmaniasis focus in northern ethiopia.visceral leishmaniasis (vl) is a disseminated protozoan infection caused by leishmania donovani parasites which affects almost half a million persons annually. most of these are from the indian sub-continent, east africa and brazil. our study was designed to elucidate the role of symptomatic and asymptomatic leishmania donovani infected persons in the epidemiology of vl in northern ethiopia.201323530965
phlebotomus orientalis sand flies from two geographically distant ethiopian localities: biology, genetic analyses and susceptibility to leishmania donovani.phlebotomus orientalis parrot (diptera: psychodidae) is the main vector of visceral leishmaniasis (vl) caused by leishmania donovani in east africa. here we report on life cycle parameters and susceptibility to l. donovani of two p. orientalis colonies originating from different sites in ethiopia: a non-endemic site in the lowlands - melka werer (mw), and an endemic focus of human vl in the highlands - addis zemen (az).201323638207
a new model of progressive visceral leishmaniasis in hamsters by natural transmission via bites of vector sand flies.visceral leishmaniasis (vl) is transmitted by sand flies. protection of needle-challenged vaccinated mice was abrogated in vector-initiated cutaneous leishmaniasis, highlighting the importance of developing natural transmission models for vl.201323288926
attraction of ethiopian phlebotomine sand flies (diptera: psychodidae) to light and sugar-yeast mixtures (co(2)).visceral leishmaniasis (vl) known as kala-azar is a serious systemic disease caused by leishmania donovani parasites (trypanosomatidae: kinetoplastida). the disease is prevalent in the indian sub-continent, east africa and brazil. in africa, the worst affected regions are in sudan, with an estimated 15,000-20,000 cases annually and ethiopia with 5,000-7,000 cases a year. the main vector of vl in sudan and northern ethiopia is phlebotomus orientalis, a sand fly frequently found in association wit ...201324305038
sergentomyia schwetzi is not a competent vector for leishmania donovani and other leishmania species pathogenic to humans.sand fly species of the genus sergentomyia are proven vectors of reptilian leishmania that are non-pathogenic to humans. however, a consideration of the role of sergentomyia spp. in the circulation of mammalian leishmaniasis appears repeatedly in the literature and the possibility of leishmania transmission to humans remains unclear. here we studied the susceptibility of colonized sergentomyia schwetzi to leishmania donovani and two other leishmania species pathogenic to humans: l. infantum and ...201323786805
regulatory actions of toll-like receptor 2 (tlr2) and tlr4 in leishmania donovani infection in the liver.in livers of susceptible but self-curing c57bl/6 mice, intracellular leishmania donovani infection enhanced toll-like receptor 4 (tlr4) and tlr2 gene expression. in the liver, infected tlr4(-/-) mice showed reduced gamma interferon (ifn-γ), tumor necrosis factor (tnf), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (inos) mrna expression, higher-level and slowly resolving infection, delayed granuloma formation, and little response to low-dose chemotherapy; in serum, the ratio of ifn-γ to interleukin 10 (il ...201323589575
antimicrobial, antiparasitic, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic activities of lopezia racemosa.the present study investigates the potential benefits of the mexican medicinal plant lopezia racemosa (onagraceae). extracts and fractions from aerial parts of this plant were assessed to determine their antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activities in vitro. aerial parts of the plant were extracted with various solvents and fractionated accordingly. extracts and fractions were tested against a panel of nine bacterial and four fungal species. the antiparasi ...201323843731
sialic acids siglec interaction: a unique strategy to circumvent innate immune response by pathogens.sialic acids (sias) are nine-carbon keto sugars primarily present on the terminal residue of cell surface glycans. sialic acid binding immunoglobulins (ig)-like lectins (siglecs) are generally expressed on various immune cells. they selectively recognize different linkage-specific sialic acids and undertake a variety of cellular functions. many pathogens either synthesize or acquire sialic acids from the host. sialylated pathogens generally use siglecs to manipulate the host immune response. the ...201324434319
drug resistance in natural isolates of leishmania donovani s.l. promastigotes is dependent of pgp170 expression.resistance of pathogens to drugs is a growing concern regarding many diseases. parasites like leishmania, plasmodium and entamoeba histolytica; and neoplastic cells, present the multidrug-resistant phenotype rendering chemotherapy ineffective. the acquired resistance of leishmania to antimony has generated intense research on the mechanisms involved but the question has not yet been resolved. to test the hypothesis that drug efflux in leishmania, as measured by flow cytometry using the fluoresce ...201323776486
highlights on molecular identification of closely related species.the term "complex" emerged in the literature at the beginning of the genomic era associated to taxonomy and grouping organisms that belong to different species but exhibited similar patterns according to their morphological, physiological and/or other phenotypic features. dna-dna hybridization values ~70% and high identity on 16s rrna gene sequences were recommended for species delineation. electrophoretic methods showed in some cases to be useful for species identification and population struct ...201322982158
polymorphism in the haspb repeat region of east african leishmania donovani strains.visceral leishmaniasis (vl) caused by leishmania donovani is a major health problem in ethiopia. parasites in disparate regions are transmitted by different vectors, and cluster in distinctive genotypes. recently isolated strains from vl and hiv-vl co-infected patients in north and south ethiopia were characterized as part of a longitudinal study on vl transmission.201323358849
pharmacological assessment defines leishmania donovani casein kinase 1 as a drug target and reveals important functions in parasite viability and intracellular infection.protein kinase inhibitors have emerged as new drugs in various therapeutic areas, including leishmaniasis, an important parasitic disease. members of the leishmania casein kinase 1 (ck1) family represent promising therapeutic targets. leishmania casein kinase 1 isoform 2 (ck1.2) has been identified as an exokinase capable of phosphorylating host proteins, thus exerting a potential immune-suppressive action on infected host cells. moreover, its inhibition reduces promastigote growth. despite thes ...201324366737
cross-sectional study to assess risk factors for leishmaniasis in an endemic region in sri lanka.sri lanka reports significantly more cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl) cases than visceral leishmaniasis (vl) cases, both of which are caused by leishmania donovani mon-37. a cross-sectional study conducted in an area with a high prevalence of cl prevalent included 954 participants of an estimated population of 61,674 to estimate the number of cl cases, ascertain whether there is a pool of asymptomatic vl cases, and identify risk factors for transmission. a total of 31 cases of cl were identified, of ...201323918217
seasonal variation in the prevalence of sand flies infected with leishmania donovani.visceral leishmaniasis (vl) is a life threatening neglected infectious disease in the indian subcontinent, transmitted by the bite of female sand flies. estimation of the infectivity in the vector population, collected in different seasons, may be useful to better understanding the transmission dynamics of vl as well as to plan vector control measures.201323585896
solid™ sequencing of genomes of clinical isolates of leishmania donovani from india confirm leptomonas co-infection and raise some key questions.known as 'neglected disease' because relatively little effort has been applied to finding cures, leishmaniasis kills more than 150,000 people every year and debilitates millions more. visceral leishmaniasis (vl), also called kala azar (ka) or black fever in india, claims around 20,000 lives every year. whole genome analysis presents an excellent means to identify new targets for drugs, vaccine and diagnostics development, and also provide an avenue into the biological basis of parasite virulence ...201323418454
low prevalence of leishmania donovani infection among the blood donors in kala-azar endemic areas of bangladesh.visceral leishmaniasis (vl) is a major public health problem in bangladesh with the highest disease burden in the mymensingh district. the disease is transmitted by sand fly bites, but it may also be transmitted through blood transfusions. no information is available about the prevalence of leishmania infection among blood donors in bangladesh; therefore we aimed to investigate this question.201323375008
an outbreak investigation of visceral leishmaniasis among residents of dharan town, eastern nepal, evidence for urban transmission of leishmania donovani.visceral leishmaniasis (vl) is a predominantly rural disease, common in the low lands of eastern nepal. since 1997 vl cases have also been reported among residents of the city of dharan. our main research objective was to find out whether there had been local transmission of vl inside the city.201323327548
over-expression of 60s ribosomal l23a is associated with cellular proliferation in sag resistant clinical isolates of leishmania donovani.sodium antimony gluconate (sag) unresponsiveness of leishmania donovani (ld) had effectively compromised the chemotherapeutic potential of sag. 60s ribosomal l23a (60srl23a), identified as one of the over-expressed protein in different resistant strains of l.donovani as observed with differential proteomics studies indicates towards its possible involvement in sag resistance in l.donovani. in the present study 60srl23a has been characterized for its probable association with sag resistance mecha ...201324340105
identification of a secreted casein kinase 1 in leishmania donovani: effect of protein over expression on parasite growth and virulence.casein kinase 1 (ck1) plays an important role in eukaryotic signaling pathways, and their substrates include key regulatory proteins involved in cell differentiation, proliferation and chromosome segregation. the leishmania genome encodes six potential ck1 isoforms, of which five have orthologs in other trypanosomatidae. leishmania donovani ck1 isoform 4 (ldck1.4, orthologous to lmjf27.1780) is unique to leishmania and contains a putative secretion signal peptide. the full-length gene and three ...201324260187
substrate inhibition of uracil phosphoribosyltransferase by uracil can account for the uracil growth sensitivity of leishmania donovani pyrimidine auxotrophs.the pathogenic protozoan parasite leishmania donovani is capable of both de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis and salvage of pyrimidines from the host milieu. genetic analysis has authenticated l. donovani uracil phosphoribosyltransferase (lduprt), an enzyme not found in mammalian cells, as the focal enzyme of pyrimidine salvage because all exogenous pyrimidines that can satisfy the requirement of the parasite for pyrimidine nucleotides are funneled to uracil and then phosphoribosylated to ump in the ...201323986453
adenylosuccinate synthetase and adenylosuccinate lyase deficiencies trigger growth and infectivity deficits in leishmania donovani.leishmania are auxotrophic for purines, and consequently purine acquisition from the host is a requisite nutritional function for the parasite. both adenylosuccinate synthetase (adss) and adenylosuccinate lyase (asl) have been identified as vital components of purine salvage in leishmania donovani, and therefore δadss and δasl null mutants were constructed to test this hypothesis. unlike wild type l. donovani, δadss and δasl parasites in culture exhibited a profoundly restricted growth phenotype ...201323404497
chemo-informatic design of antibiotic geldenamycin analogs to target stress proteins hsp90 of pathogenic protozoan parasites.stress proteins hsp90 (heat shock proteins) are essential molecular chaperones involved in signal transduction, cell cycle control, stress management, folding and degradation of proteins. hsp90 have been found in a variety of organisms including pathogens suggesting that they are ancient and conserved proteins. here, using molecular modeling and docking protocols, antibiotic geldenamycin and its analog are targeted to the hsp90 homolog proteins of pathogenic protozoans plasmodium falciparum, lei ...201323750075
discovery of 3,3'-diindolylmethanes as potent antileishmanial agents.an efficient protocol for synthesis of 3,3'-diindolylmethanes using recyclable fe-pillared interlayered clay (fe-pilc) catalyst under aqueous medium has been developed. all synthesized 3,3'-diindolylmethanes showed promising antileishmanial activity against leishmania donovani promastigotes as well as axenic amastigotes. structure-activity relationship analysis revealed that nitroaryl substituted diindolylmethanes showed potent antileishmanial activity. the 4-nitrophenyl linked 3,3'-diindolylmet ...201323517732
survey of infectious agents in the endangered darwin's fox (lycalopex fulvipes): high prevalence and diversity of hemotrophic mycoplasmas.very little is known about the diseases affecting the darwin's fox (lycalopex fulvipes), which is considered to be one of the most endangered carnivores worldwide. blood samples of 30 foxes captured on chiloé island (chile) were tested with a battery of pcr assays targeting the following pathogens: ehrlichia/anaplasma sp., rickettsia sp., bartonella sp., coxiella burnetti, borrelia sp., mycoplasma sp., babesia sp., hepatozoon canis, hepatozoon felis, leishmania donovani complex, and filariae. an ...201324176254
leishmania in hlh: a rare finding with significant treatment implications.hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (hlh) associated with visceral leishmaniasis (vl) is a very rare phenomenon. we report the first known north american case in a 21 month old boy. he was initially diagnosed with epstein barr virus (ebv) triggered hlh and treated with the international treatment protocol, hlh-2004. stem cell transplant was planned due to repeated reactivations of disease, but his pretransplant bone marrow revealed an unexpected protozoan-leishmania donovani. treatment with lipos ...201323511497
a study of haematological and bone marrow changes in symptomatic patients with human immune deficiency virus infection with special mention of functional iron deficiency, anaemia of critically ill and haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis.haematological abnormalities are among the most common complications of hiv. these involve all lineages of blood cells. bone marrow studies form integral part of complete workup of the hiv positive patients specially when they present as case of pyrexia of unknown origin (puo), refractory anaemia and pancytopenia.201324600136
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