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sexual forms of yeasts in clinical samples.the sexual or teleomorphic state of yeasts has only been described in a few clinically involved species, mainly those of the saccharomycetaceae family. with the aim of gathering information on their incidence in human pathology, a study has been made of a total of 2,135 strains isolated from clinical samples and cultivated in mcclary agar. from these, 8 strains in teleomorphic state were identified: kluyveromyces marxianus [1], pichia anomala [2], pichia farinosa [1], pichia membranaefaciens [1] ...19969208473
[uses of microbial beta-galactosidases to reduce lactose content in milk and dairy products].the commercial sources of microbial beta-galactosidases (lactases) include the yeasts species kluyveromyces marxianus, kluyveromyces lactis and candida kefyr which are used to hydrolyse lactose in milk due to their optimum ph. on the other hand, lactases obtained from the moulds aspergillus niger and aspergillus oryzae have an acid optimum ph and therefore are used to hydrolyse lactose in whey to obtain whey syrups to be used as raw materials in the food industry. the lactose intolerance problem ...19969122548
cloning and sequence analysis of the invertase gene inv 1 from the yeast pichia anomala.a genomic library from the yeast pichia anomala has been constructed and employed to clone the gene encoding the sucrose-hydrolysing enzyme invertase by complementation of a sucrose non-fermenting mutant of saccharomyces cerevisiae. the cloned gene, inv1, was sequenced and found to encode a polypeptide of 550 amino acids which contained a 22 amino-acid signal sequence and ten potential glycosylation sites. the amino-acid sequence shows significant identity with other yeast invertases and also wi ...19968595669
a leishmania major protein with extensive homology to silent information regulator 2 of saccharomyces cerevisiae.we have isolated a cdna from the protozoan parasite leishmania major (lm) that encodes a protein homologous to the saccharomyces cerevisiae and kluyveromyces marxianus silent information regulator 2 (sir2) proteins. the deduced lm sir2-related protein (termed lmsir2rp) consists of 381 amino acids that share 40.5% identity with yeast sir2, increasing to 60% when substitutions are included. moreover, the lmsir2rp aa sequence contains a single potential zinc-binding domain with a cysxaa2cysxaa20cys ...19968635734
the occurrence and growth of yeasts in camembert and blue-veined cheeses.yeast populations greater than 10(6) cfu/g were found in approximately 54% and 36%, respectively in surface samples of retail camembert (85 samples) and blue-veined (45 samples) cheeses. the most predominant species isolated were debaryomyces hansenii, candida catenulata, c. lipolytica, c. kefyr, c. intermedia, saccharomyces cerevisiae, cryptococcus albidus and kluyveromyces marxianus. the salt concentration of the surface samples of the cheeses varied between 2.5-5.5% (w/w) (camembert) and 7.5- ...19968652347
isolation and characterization of mutants as an approach to a transformation system in kluyveromyces marxianus.a method to obtain k. marxianus mutants has been developed. different auxotrophic mutants were isolated by nystatin and snail-enzyme enrichment procedures using an incubation time of 2 h before adding the antibiotic or the enzyme respectively. all his mutants analyzed by complementation tests turned out to belong to the same complementation group. some of them were transformed and complemented by the s. cerevisiae his3 gene. these non-reverting his3 mutants contain no heterologous sequence, whic ...19968662215
synthesis of ethanone derived from 2-benzoxazolinones and their antimicrobial activities.a number of 3-(4-substituted benzoyl methyl)-2-benzoxazolinones have been synthesized by reacting with 2-benzoxazolinone and 4-substitutet phenacyl bromide in ethanol. their structures were confirmed by microanalysis, ir and nmr spectral analysis. possible antimicrobial activity of the compounds was investigated by tube dilution and paper disc techniques using bacteria (escherichia coli atcc 25922, staphylococcus aureus atcc 25923, pseudomonas aeruginosa atcc 27853, staphylococcus faecalis rskk ...19968720315
in-vitro antifungal activity of sertaconazole, bifonazole, ketoconazole, and miconazole against yeasts of the candida genus.the in-vitro antifungal activity of sertaconazole against 110 strains of candida yeasts (50 candida albicans, 15 candida glabrata, 2 candida guilliermodii, 8 candida krusei, 1 candida kefyr, 8 candida parapsilosis and 26 candida tropicalis) was assessed in comparison with bifonazole, ketoconazole, econazole and miconazole. the majority of the strains were clinical isolates; some reference strains were included. a commercial agar diffusion method (neosensitabs, rosco, taastrup, denmark) in shadom ...19968722548
ability of rapid yeast plus system to identify 304 clinically significant yeasts within 5 hours.the rapid yeast plus system (innovative diagnostic systems, norcross, ga.) is a qualitative micromethod that uses conventional and chromogenic substrates for the identification of medically important yeasts. the ability of the rapid yeast plus system to accurately identify 304 clinical yeast isolates within 5 h was evaluated. the rapid yeast plus method correctly identified 286 (94.1%) of strains to the species level without the need for additional tests. a further 12 strains (3.9%) were classif ...19968727877
highly efficient secretion of heterologous proteins from saccharomyces cerevisiae using inulinase signal peptides.the inu genes of kluyveromyces marxianus encode inulinases which are readily secreted from saccharomyces cerevisiae into the culture medium. to evaluate the utility of the inu signal peptides for the secretion of heterologous proteins from s. cerevisiae, a variety of expression and secretion vectors were constructed with gal10 promoter and gal7 terminator. the coding sequence for human lipocortin-1 (lc1) was inserted in-frame with the inu signal sequences, and then the secretion efficiency and l ...199618623603
morphological characterization of the dimorphic yeast kluyveromyces marxianus var. marxianus nrrly2415 by semi-automated image analysis.a semiautomatic image analysis method has been developed to characterize the morphology of the dimorphic yeast kluyveromyces marxianus var. marxianus (formerly fragilis) nrrly2415 undergoing alcoholic fermentation of cheese whey permeate. the method is capable of separating cells into six defined categories, varying from simple ovoid yeast cells to branched mycelial cells. a sample size of 300 cells was found to be sufficient to obtain a statistically significant categorization. the processing t ...199618629834
routine use of chromagar candida medium for presumptive identification of candida yeast species and detection of mixed fungal populations.objective: to assess the value of the new differential culture medium chromagar candida for routine investigation of clinical specimens. methods: during a whole year, 6150 clinical samples were plated on chromagar candida medium. after incubation, the green colonies were considered to be candida albicans. the colonies of other colors were identified using bichrolatex-krusei, or by their assimilation pattern on id 32c test strips and their morphology on rice cream-agar-tween. results: among the 6 ...199611866844
short communication: ethanol production from cellulose at 45°c using a batch-fed system containing alginate-immobilized kluyveromyces marxianus imb3.the thermotolerant yeast, kluyveromyces marxianus imb3, was grown in batch culture at 45°c on cellulose-containing media, supplemented with exogenous cellulase activity. at various stages during fermentation, both substrate and enzyme were added in batch mode and fermentation was continued for 220 h. ethanol production increased to 20 g/l at 200 h, representing 45% of the maximum theoretical yield. in subsequent experiments, the organism was immobilized in calcium alginate beads and these were u ...199624415101
characterization and potential industrial applications of five novel, thermotolerant, fermentative, yeast strains.all five novel, thermotolerant, alcohol-producing kluyveromyces marxianus yeast strains, capable of growth at 52°c, grew aerobically on lactose (growth rates of 0.43 to 0.5 h(-1)), whey permeate (0.38 to 0.43 h(-1)), cellobiose (0.18 to 0.3 h(-1)) and xylose (0.18 to 0.26 h(-1)). they also grew anaerobically at 40 (0.18 to 0.19 h(-1)) and 45°c (0.09 to 0.14 h(-1)). all fermented glucose to ethanol and tolerated ethanol at ≤95 g l(-1) at 45°c. their potential for industrial alcohol production, po ...199524414653
[fluconazole in treatment of urinary candidiasis. experience with 24 patients].since fluconazole achieves high urine concentrations, we assessed its usefulness in the treatment of urinary candidiasis. we studied 24 patients (8 male) aged 23 to 97 years old, that presented pyuria with a negative urine culture for bacteria and fungal colony counts in urine of 10(4) cfu/ml or more. isolated strains were candida albicans in 20 cases, candida kefyr in one case, candida glabrata in one case and candida spp in two cases. all patients were treated with fluconazole in doses of 50 t ...19958733268
[the antibiotic properties of the phytotoxic metabolites of botrytis cinerea pers].antibiotic properties of substances of a phytotoxic complex from botrytis cinerea have been studied for a number of phytopathogenic bacteria, phytopathogenic and toxigenic fungi as well as saprophytic yeast strains. high fungistatic activity of preparations of phytotoxic metabolites (ptm) has been stated for dendrodochium toxicum, myrothecium verrucaria, m. roridum, aspergillus fumigatus, penicillium urticae, agents of heavy human and cattle mycotoxicoses. the studied representatives of phytopat ...19958714399
the effect of sodium hypochlorite on potential pathogenic traits of candida albicans and other candida species.strains of candida albicans, candida krusei, candida kefyr, candida tropicalis, candida parapsilosis and candida guilliermondii were grown in the presence or absence of concentrations of sodium hypochlorite below the minimal inhibitory concentration and tested for a range of characteristics that may be associated with pathogenicity. sodium hypochlorite is used routinely in hospitals in australia for disinfection procedures, and these experiments were designed to assess the efficacy of hypochlori ...19958602340
interactions of candida albicans with bacteria and salivary molecules in oral biofilms.the yeast candida albicans coaggregates with a variety of streptococcal species, an interaction that may promote oral colonization by yeast cells. c. albicans and candida tropicalis are the yeasts most frequently isolated from the human oral cavity and our data demonstrate that both these species bind to streptococcus gordonii nctc 7869 while two other candida species (candida krusei and candida kefyr) do not. adherence of c. albicans was greatest when the yeast had been grown at 30 degrees c to ...19958519479
yeast communities in a natural tequila fermentation.fresh and cooked agave, drosophila spp., processing equipment, agave molasses, agave extract, and fermenting must at a traditional tequila distillery (herradura, amatitan, jalisco, méxico) were studied to gain insight on the origin of yeasts involved in a natural tequila fermentations. five yeast communities were identified. (1) fresh agave contained a diverse mycobiota dominated by clavispora lusitaniae and an endemic species, metschnikowia agaveae. (2) drosophila spp. from around or inside the ...19958546452
the yeast spectrum of the 'tea fungus kombucha'.the tea fungus 'kombucha' is a symbiosis of acetobacter, including acetobacter xylinum as a characteristic species, and various yeasts. a characteristic yeast species or genus has not yet been identified. kombucha is mainly cultivated in sugared black tea to produce a slightly acidulous effervescent beverage that is said to have several curative effects. in addition to sugar, the beverage contains small amounts of alcohol and various acids, including acetic acid, gluconic acid and lactic acid, a ...19958559192
the effect of photodynamic treatment of yeast with the sensitizer chloroaluminum phthalocyanine on various cellular parameters.photodynamic treatment of kluyveromyces marxianus with chloroaluminum-phthalocyanine resulted in loss of clonogenicity. several parameters were studied to identify targets that could be related to loss of colony-forming capacity. inhibition of various plasma membrane-bound processes was observed, such as substrate transport and plasma membrane atpase activity. moreover, k+ loss from the cells was observed. photodynamic treatment also reduced the activity of various enzymes involved in energy met ...19958570713
molecular probes for diagnosis of fungal infections.we have developed 21 specific nucleic acid probes which target the large subunit rrna genes from aspergillus flavus, aspergillus fumigatus, aspergillus glaucus, aspergillus niger, aspergillus terreus, blastomyces dermatitidis, candida albicans, candida (torulopsis) glabrata, candida guilliermondii, candida kefyr, candida krusei, candida lusitaniae, candida parapsilosis, candida tropicalis, coccidioides immitis, cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii, cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans, filobas ...19958576345
[the clinical picture of mycotic complications in hiv-infected patients].mycotic complications were registered in 21 out of 37 hiv-infected subjects. oropharyngeal candidiasis was most common. it occurred prior to or concurrently with esophageal and skin candidiasis, fungemia, meningoencephalitis and disseminated lesions. with immunodeficiency progression, the prevalence and severity of mycosis go up. the causing fungi vary in great range: candida albicans, candida krusei. candida tropicalis, candida pseudotropicalis, candida parapsilosis. cryptococcus neoformans, rh ...19958577107
intracellular damage in yeast cells caused by photodynamic treatment with toluidine blue.the positively charged photosensitizer toluidine blue (tb) can induce loss of clonogenicity in kluyveromyces marxianus. previous studies have revealed that, as a consequence of the localization of this dye at the cell surface, photodynamic action results in extensive damage at the level of the plasma membrane. in this paper, a study is reported on the effect of photodynamic treatment with tb on intracellular enzymes. it is shown that treatment with tb and light resulted in the inhibition of alco ...19957899497
cloning and expression of kluyveromyces fragilis lac4 gene.the genomic library of kluyveromyces fragilis was constructed in e. coli tg1, and 5 beta-galactosidase gene (lac4) clones have been obtained from the library by complementation of the kluyveromyces lactis lac4-8 mutation. the studies on the structure and the function of the lac4 gene revealed that (i) the gene can also complement e. coli lacz mutation; (ii) the physical map of the k. fragilis lac4 gene was very similar to that of k. lactis; (iii) the beta-galactosidase levels expressed by the cl ...19958745531
antifungal prophylaxis in severely neutropenic patients: how much fluconazole is necessary?objectives: to evaluate the efficacy of low dose fluconazole treatment for the prevention of yeast colonization and infection in severely neutropenic patients. methods: an open randomized trial, comparing fluconazole (100 mg per day) with nystatin (800,000 iu per day), in a university hospital setting. results: antifungal prophylaxis was given during the period of neutropenia, defined as less than 500 polymorphonuclear cells (pmn)/mm3). thirty-six patients were randomly assigned to fluconazole a ...199511866717
identification of candida species by pcr and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of intergenic spacer regions of ribosomal dna.the pcr was used to amplify a targeted region of the ribosomal dna from 84 candida isolates. unique product sizes were obtained for candida guilliermondii, candida (torulopsis) glabrata, and candida pseudotropicalis. isolates of candida albicans, candida tropicalis, candida stellatoidea, candida parapsilosis, and candida krusei could be identified following restriction digestion of the pcr products.19957494052
synthesis of 1,2,5(6)-trisubstituted benzimidazoles and evaluation of their antimicrobial activities.a series of 22 benzimidazoles, having several substituents on the azole and benzene nuclei, were prepared and evaluated in vitro for antimicrobial activity. at first 2-chloro or 2-chloromethyl-5(6)-substituted-1h-benzimidazoles were synthesized, which were then substituted at c-2 with several piperazine or piperidine derivatives. the antibacterial activity of these compounds against staphylococcus aureus, bacillus subtilis, escherichia coli, and pseudomonas aeruginosa, and the antifungal activit ...19957611838
effect of t-2 toxin and verrucarin a in combination on kluyveromyces marxianus.the growth inhibitory effects of combinations of t-2 toxin and verrucarin a on the yeast kluyveromyces marxianus was studied. a combination index value was derived to indicate the type of interaction that existed between the binary mixture of these two toxins at various ratios and the target yeast cells. the type of interaction was dependent on the ratio of the toxins used to attain a particular level of growth inhibition. further, the least change in the type and intensity of interaction or the ...19957613734
synthesis and biological activities of some 3,6-disubstituted thiazolo[3,2-b][1,2,4]triazoles.some new 2,3-dihydro-3-hydroxy-6-phenyl-3-(4-substituted- (phenylthiazolo[3,2-b][1,2,4]triazole derivatives were synthesized as antifungal agents. after their structures were confirmed by microanalysis and ir and nmr spectral analysis, their antifungal activities against candida albicans, candida parapsilosis, candida stellatoidea, and candida pseudotropicalis were investigated. contrary to our expectations, all proved to have poor antifungal activities. because 2,4-dihydro-3h-1,2,4-triazol-3-on ...19957629737
protective effect of amphotericin b against lethal photodynamic treatment in yeast.the effect of polyenic antibiotic amphotericin b on photodynamically induced cell damage was investigated using kluyveromyces fragilis. the photosensitizers applied are known to act via cell membrane damage (rose bengal and toluidine blue) or via dna modification causing genotoxic effects (8-methoxypsoralen). methylene blue was shown to cause membrane damage comparable with the effect of rose bengal and toluidine blue. under conditions of photodynamic damage a pronounced protective effect of the ...19957630327
inducible expression of a gene encoding an l41 ribosomal protein responsible for the cycloheximide-resistant phenotype in the yeast candida maltosa.in a previous paper (s. kawai, s. murao, m. mochizuki, i. shibuya, k. yano, and m. takagi, j. bacteriol. 174:254-262, 1992), we showed that in each genome of several yeast species, there is one of two types of l41 gene, one for an l41 (q-type) protein which confers cycloheximide (cyh) resistance or one for an l41 (p-type) protein which does not. these genes have been suggested to be responsible for the cyh response used in taxonomy. for example, saccharomyces cerevisiae, which is cyh sensitive, ...19957665534
characterization of the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene family from kluyveromyces marxianus--polymerase chain reaction-single-strand conformation polymorphism as a tool for the study of multigenic families.three glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gapdh) genes from kluyveromyces marxianus were identified and characterized. the coding region of two of them (gap2 and gap3) is very similar (99.6% homology). the other gene (gap1) is only 86% homologous to gap2 or gap3 and is responsible for the expression of gap1p. this protein is extremely homologous to the k. marxianus cell wall protein p37, presumably involved in flocculation. however, no leader sequence could be detected in this gene. the id ...19957668042
the mig1 repressor from kluyveromyces lactis: cloning, sequencing and functional analysis in saccharomyces cerevisiae.sequence comparisons between saccharomyces cerevisiae scmig1 and aspergillus nidulans crea proteins allowed us to design two sets of degenerate primers from the conserved zinc finger loops. pcr amplification on kluyveromyces marxianus and k. lactis genomic dna yielded single products with sequences closely related to each other and to the corresponding regions of scmig1 and crea. the kimig1 gene of k. lactis was cloned from a genomic library using the k. marxianus pcr fragment as probe. kimig1 e ...19957672126
two tryptophans at the active site of udp-glucose 4-epimerase from kluyveromyces fragilis.efficient fluorescence energy transfer from aromatic residues to the pyridine moiety of the bound coenzyme (nad) of udp-glucose 4-epimerase from kluyveromyces fragilis had been reported earlier (mukherji, s., and bhaduri, a. (1992) j. biol. chem. 267, 11709-11713). we have employed n-bromosuccinimide (nbs) to identify tryptophan as the exclusive aromatic donor in the energy transfer. the characteristic uv absorption spectrum associated with trp oxidation is observed during nbs modification of tw ...19957744774
the influence of pressure and temperature of compressed co2 on the survival of yeast cells.in order to study the potential use of supercritical co2 extraction for the recovery of products from yeast cell cultures, the effects of co2 on different yeast strains over a range of pressures and temperatures have been examined. viability was shown to be dependent on temperature and dissolved co2 concentration, and can be described by a sigmoidal (s-shaped) curve. cell death was mainly due to an 'anaesthesia effect' rather than cell rupture. important differences in sensitivity were observed ...19957766403
structure-activity relationships and interactions among trichothecene mycotoxins as assessed by yeast bioassay.a yeast (kluyveromyces marxianus) bioassay was used to establish the relative toxicity of 16 trichothecenes and some of their interactions. removal of an isovaleryl group, one or two acetyl groups, or two acetyl plus an isovaleryl groups from t-2 toxin (t2) to form diacetoxyscirpenol, ht-2 toxin (ht2), t2-triol and t-2 tetraol (t2-4ol) decreased toxicity 7, 36, 276 and 558-fold, respectively. a combination of t2 and ht2, t2 and t2-4ol, deoxynivalenol (don) and nivalenol (niv), or don and t2 exhi ...19947801350
inhibition of fungal growth by pseudomonas aeruginosa and pseudomonas cepacia isolated from patients with cystic fibrosis.this study was undertaken because of the infrequency of infections due to candida species in patients with cystic fibrosis despite their extensive treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics. in vitro susceptibility studies revealed significant inhibition of 11 strains of fungi known to infect human beings by 10 strains of pseudomonas aeruginosa and nine strains of pseudomonas cepacia isolated from the sputum of patients with cystic fibrosis. the fungi were candida krusei, candida keyfr, candida g ...19947522262
selection of strain, culture conditions and extraction procedures for optimum production of beta-galactosidase from kluyveromyces fragilis.among 47 tested yeast strains, belonging to different genera, only two cultures of kluyveromyces fragilis and fabospora fragilis showed beta-galactosidase activity in shaken flasks. three types of extraction were used to release the enzyme from k. fragilis cells: solvent and detergent extraction, freezing and thawing extraction, and mechanical disintegration prior to extraction, using triton x-100. the results indicate that the highest yield could be obtained by mechanical disintegration of cell ...19947526616
polymorphonuclear phagocytosis and killing in workers exposed to inorganic mercury.the ability of neutrophils to phagocytose and kill candida species as well as the splenic phagocytic function were investigated in workers from a mercury-producing plant. in the neutrophil phagocytosis study, two species of candida were used since in individuals with myeloperoxidase deficiency neutrophils are unable to kill candida albicans, while candida pseudotropicalis can be effectively lysed. phagocytosis of both antigens and splenic phagocytic function were normal in all the workers studie ...19947705962
kluyveromyces marxianus small dna fragments contain both autonomous replicative and centromeric elements that also function in kluyveromyces lactis.two fragments containing both an autonomous replicating sequence (ars) and a centromere have been isolated and sequenced from the yeast kluyveromyces marxianus. the ars and centromeric core sequences are only 500 bp apart, but ars activity could be separated from the centromeric sequences. centromeric sequences are organized in a similar way to those of budding yeasts: two well-conserved elements: cdei (5' tcacgtg 3') and cdeiii (5' tnttccgaaagtwaaa 3'), are separated by a 165 bp at-rich (+/- 90 ...19947725797
comparison of high-performance liquid chromatography and bioassay for the determination of 5-fluorocytosine in serum.an hplc method using a reverse phase system, an isocratic mobile phase and simple protein precipitation and a plate diffusion bioassay using an amphotericin b resistant strain of candida pseudotropicalis for the measurement of 5-fluorocytosine in serum were compared. both methods permit a determination of 5-fluorocytosine in sera also in the presence of amphothericin b. the correlation between bioassay and hplc runs was found to be r = 0.96. both methods are useful for monitoring the serum level ...19947727899
the effects of human immunodeficiency virus infection on macrophage phagocytosis of candida.the effects of infection by human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) on phagocytic function towards candida pseudotropicalis were tested using monocytotropic and nonmonocytotropic hiv strains on peripheral blood monocytes. there were no differences in either quantitative phagocytic activity or efficacy between the two infected and control mock-infected monocytes. immunofluorescence for cytoplasmic p24 antigen and in situ hybridization for detection of hiv-specific rna sequences revealed that very few ...19947478756
rapid presumptive identification of medically relevant yeasts to the species level by polymerase chain reaction and restriction enzyme analysis.a method for the rapid presumptive differentiation of a panel of 12 clinically relevant yeasts to the species level was developed on the basis of evaluation by the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) of the gene coding for the small ribosomal subunit 18s-rrna. the method involved restriction enzyme analysis of pcr products obtained with primers common to all fungi. using six restriction enzymes, alui, bani, bbsi, draii, eco147i and nhei, characteristic pcr-restriction enzyme patterns were obtained f ...19948064542
mycotic and algal bovine mastitis in denmark.a one-year examination of mammary secretions (n = 2,896) from danish cattle with clinical or subclinical mastitis revealed 45 strains of fungi and algae. the strains originated from 44 mammary secretions of 42 cows in 40 herds. the following species of fungi were identified: candida catenulata (n = 2), candida kefyr (n = 6), candida krusei (n = 17), candida rugosa (n = 6), candida tropicalis (n = 3), candida valida (n = 1), geotrichum capitatum (n = 5). the algal species prototheca zopfii was de ...19948068305
structure of cell wall mannan of candida kefyr ifo 0586.we conducted a structural analysis of the antigenic cell wall mannoprotein (mannan) isolated from candida kefyr (formerly candida pseudotropicalis) ifo 0586. the result of two-dimensional homonuclear hartmann-hahn analysis of this mannan indicates that the molecule is constructed from alpha-1,2- and alpha-1,6-linked mannopyranose residues. upon alkali treatment (beta-elimination reaction), this mannan released two alpha-1,2-linked mannooligosaccharides, biose and triose. the structure of the alk ...19947927705
nadh: ubiquinone oxidoreductase in obligate aerobic yeasts.the strictly aerobic yeasts candida pinus, cryptococcus albidus, rhodotorula minuta, rhodotorula mucilaginosa and trichosporon beigelii possess mitochondrial nadh dehydrogenases with significant features of the nadh:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex i). these species show in all growth phases and under standard cultivation conditions, nadh dehydrogenases of approximately 700 kda, which are sensitive to rotenone, a specific inhibitor of this complex. identical results were obtained with the weak ...19947941733
in the budding yeast kluyveromyces marxianus, adenylate cyclase is regulated by ras protein(s) in vitro.the presence of adenylate cyclase activity was first demonstrated in membrane fractions from the budding yeast kluyveromyces marxianus. the enzyme showed a mn(2+)- and mg(2+)-dependent activity, with optimal ph at around 6 as observed in other yeast species. as in saccharomyces cerevisiae, where adenylate cyclase is regulated by ras1 and ras2, we detected a guanyl nucleotide-dependent activity. interestingly y13-259 monoclonal antibody, raised against mammalian p21ha-ras, inhibited mg2+ plus gtp ...19947992514
in vitro infection of human fetal membranes with candida species.to assess whether candida species can penetrate intact fetal membranes under in vitro conditions, candida albicans, candida tropicalis, candida guilliermondii, candida pseudotropicalis and candida glabrata were inoculated onto the surface of the maternal side of the membranes obtained from 4 pregnant women undergoing repeat cesarean section. after incubation under culture conditions, membranes were evaluated by histological examination. c. albicans inoculated onto the maternal side penetrated an ...19948005544
engulfment and killing capabilities of neutrophils and phagocytic splenic function in persons occupationally exposed to lead.phagocytosis and intracellular killing of candida albicans and candida pseudotropicalis by neutrophils as well as phagocytic splenic function from lead-exposed workers were studied. two species of candida were used since in individuals with myeloperoxidase deficiency neutrophils are unable to kill c. albicans, whereas c. pseudotropicalis can be effectively lysed. phagocytosis with both antigens and phagocytic splenic function were normal in all the workers studied. however, lytic activity toward ...19948206690
suppression of fungal growth exhibited by pseudomonas aeruginosa.three surgery patients were monitored postoperatively, with particular reference to lung infection. in each case there was a clinical impression that pseudomonas aeruginosa suppressed the growth of candida albicans in patients with clinically significant lung infections from whom both of these organisms were isolated from serial sputum samples. regrowth of c. albicans after p. aeruginosa eradication occurred in two patients, despite fluconazole therapy, to which both c. albicans isolates were su ...19948150966
kluyveromyces marxianus: a potential source of diacetyl reductase.kluyveromyces marxianus had a higher specific activity of diacetyl reductase (ec 1.1.1.5) than all other organisms previously reported. the enzyme was nadh-dependent and irreversibly catalysed the conversion of diacetyl to acetoin with an optimum ph of 7.0. it was stable at 40°c but lost 50% of its activity at 50°c in 30 min. the k m and v max values for diacetyl were 1.8 mm and 0.053 mm/min, respectively.199424421081
effect of inulin on yeast inulinase production in sauerkraut brine.kluyveromyces marxianus nrrl y-1196 produced the highest inulinase activity (38 u/mg protein) of six yeasts examined after 24 h growth in sauerkraut brine in shaking flasks at 30°c with 0.3% inulin as an enzyme inducer. the enzyme was recovered by acetone fractionation, with a yield of 81%. it had maximum activity at ph 4.4 and 55°c with k m values for inulin and sucrose of 3.92 mm and 11.9 mm, respectively. the yeast raised the ph from 3.4 to above 7.0, using all the lactic acid in the brine. g ...199424421029
microbial flora and some chemical properties of ersho, a starter for teff (eragrostis tef) fermentation.ersho is a clear, yellow liquid that accumulates on the surface of fermenting teff-flour batter and is collected to serve as an inoculum for the next fermentation. the ph of ersho samples was about 3.5 and titratable acidity ranged between 3.1% and 5.7%. the mean aerobic mesophilic counts from four households varied between 6.9×10(6) and 1.3×10(8) c.f.u./ml and the aerobic bacterial flora consisted of bacillus spp. mean yeast counts ranged between 5.2×10(5) and 1.8×10(6) c.f.u./ml and comprised, ...199424420890
[use of cheese whey for growing the bradyrhizobium japonicum e-109 strain].the growth of bradyrhizobium japonicum e-109 using cheese whey as carbon source was studied. the cheese whey was previously hydrolyzed by acid or enzymatic treatment with purified beta galactosidase or a crude extract from kluyveromyces fragilis. the results obtained demonstrated that the use of the modified enzymatic hydrolyzed whey as carbon source allowed the growth of b. japonicum e-109 reaching a concentration of approximately 10(10) viable cells/ml. these results are considered of industri ...19938153350
flocculation of kluyveromyces marxianus is induced by a temperature upshift.an upshift of the growth temperature from 26 to 40 degrees c in the presence of calcium leads to the aggregation of kluyveromyces marxianus cells and to the formation of flocs. analysis of cell wall proteins, either by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of extractable mannoproteins or by immunolocalization, revealed an accumulation of a protein with mr 37 kda(p37), upon flocculation. immunological studies confirmed the homology of this protein with the glycolytic enzyme g ...19938212893
the isolation and nucleotide sequence of the pyruvate decarboxylase gene from kluyveromyces marxianus.we have determined the nucleotide sequence of a 2360-basepair (bp) region of the kluyveromyces marxianus genome containing the structural gene for the enzyme pyruvate decarboxylase (pdc). comparison of the deduced amino-acid sequence of this gene to that of the saccharomyces cerevisiae pdc genes reveals extensive homology including a motif common to thiamin diphosphate-dependent enzymes.19938221939
preparations of liposomal fluconazole and their in vitro antifungal activity.fluconazole was successfully incorporated into multilamellar (mlv) and large unilamellar liposomes (luv). both mlv and luv were stable up to 72 h in saline but were less stable in the high-resolution medium. the mlv-entrapped fluconazole was found to be four-fold more active than luv-entrapped fluconazole against candida pseudotropicalis and over six-fold more active against c. albicans. the mlv-fluconazole was one-fold less active than free fluconazole in terms of its endpoints (mic value). how ...19938331496
cloning and sequencing of the ura3 gene of kluyveromyces marxianus cbs 6556.the ura3 gene, coding for orotidine-5'-phosphate decarboxylase, from kluyveromyces marxianus cbs 6556, was isolated from a genomic dna library. the k. marxianus ura3 gene encodes a protein of 267 amino acids with a calculated molecular weight of 29.3 kda. comparison of the k. marxianus protein with the corresponding enzymes of saccharomyces cerevisiae and kluyveromyces lactis showed amino acid sequence identities of 81% and 88%, respectively. using contour-clamped homogenous electric field gel e ...19938346683
high efficiency transformation of kluyveromyces marxianus by a replicative plasmid.kluyveromyces marxianus can be transformed with an efficiency of 10(5) transformants/microgram of dna by a replicative plasmid using electroporation. in order to obtain this efficiency, we isolated ura- mutants cells which can be complemented by the ura3 gene from saccharomyces cerevisiae. the ura3 gene and kars2, a replicative origin from kluyveromyces lactis which functions in k. marxianus, were ligated together in a plasmid which can be used as a vector to transform this strain.19938358827
reversible folding of udp-galactose-4-epimerase from yeast kluyveromyces fragilis.udp-galactose-4-epimerase from yeast kluyveromyces fragilis is a dimeric molecule with one molecule of cofactor nad per dimer. in presence of 8 m urea, the enzyme is inactivated with complete disorganization of its structure and dissociation of the subunits together with the cofactor. dilution of the denaturant by sodium phosphate buffer (20 mm, ph 7.0) containing 1 mm nad recovers the activity to the extent of 80-100%. at a monomer concentration of 0.8 microm, the reactivation follows second-or ...19938373776
inhibition of transport systems in yeast by photodynamic treatment with toluidine blue.photodynamic treatment of yeast with the sensitizer toluidine blue results in loss of cell viability. in previous investigations it was suggested that plasma membrane damage might be responsible for the loss of colony forming capacity. in this context the influence of photodynamic treatment on transmembrane transport systems was studied. it appeared that the uptake of the sugars glucose, lactose and galactose, the amino acids arginine, phenylalanine, glycine and aspartic acid and of the inorgani ...19938373789
comparison of restriction enzyme analysis versus pulsed-field gradient gel electrophoresis as a typing system for torulopsis glabrata and candida species other than c. albicans.candida species have recently emerged as important nosocomial pathogens. because of the lack of a reliable system for detecting differences within the same species, little is known about the epidemiology of infection with candida species. we describe a typing system for torulopsis glabrata and the non-c. albicans candida species that uses contour-clamped homogeneous electric field electrophoresis (chef), a version of pulsed-field gradient gel electrophoresis, and compared it with restriction enz ...19938396585
dactylfungins, novel antifungal antibiotics produced by dactylaria parvispora.novel antifungal antibiotics, designated as dactylfungins a (1) and b (3), were isolated from the culture broth of dactylaria parvispora d500. dactylfungins a and b were found to be new substances containing an alpha-pyrone and a gamma-pyrone ring, respectively, which conjoined with a polyalcohol moiety and a long side chain, based on nmr spectral analyses. the antibiotics were active against candida pseudotropicalis and other fungi, with an mic value at less than 10 micrograms/ml.19938436559
alternation of exo- and endotrophy during the mitotic cycle of the yeast cells.the utilization of the intracellular and extracellular sources of carbon and energy during the mitotic cycle of yeasts saccharomyces cerevisiae, kluyveromyces marxianus, candida boidinii, candida tropicalis has been studied. increase in the consumption rate of carbon and energy sources and in the exogenous respiration rate at g1- and g2-phases of the mitotic cycle is shown. the rate of the endogenous respiration of the cells at these phases decreased. the hypothesis has been proposed that during ...19938446060
clinical pharmacokinetics of fluconazole.fluconazole was recently developed for the treatment of superficial and systemic fungal infections. triazole groups and insertion of 2 fluoride atoms increase the polarity and hydrosolubility of the drug, allowing it to be used in a parenteral form. bioassay methods using candida pseudotropicalis as a test organism were the first techniques used for the determination of fluconazole in body fluids. gas chromatographic and high performance liquid chromatographic methods were later developed with b ...19938448970
characterization of two monoclonal antibodies against secretory proteinase of candida tropicalis dsm 4238.two murine igm monoclonal antibodies (mab; mt1 and mt2), which were produced against the secretory aspartic proteinase of candida tropicalis dsm 4238, are described. both antibodies reacted with the native and denatured conformations of the homologous proteinase antigen but showed different patterns of reactivity with other related proteinases (candida albicans cbs 2730, serotype a; c. albicans atcc 48867, serotype b; candida parapsilosis dsm 4237) and with porcine pepsin. neither of the antibod ...19938483055
sequence of a gene coding for a cytoplasmic alcohol dehydrogenase from kluyveromyces marxianus atcc 12424.using a saccharomyces cerevisiae adh1 probe, a gene coding for a cytoplasmic alcohol dehydrogenase from kluyveromyces marxianus atcc 12424 (formerly k. fragilis) has been cloned. this gene is able to restore alcoholic fermentation in an adh-null strain of s. cerevisiae and its encoded protein shows strong similarity with other yeast alcohol dehydrogenases (from s. cerevisiae, schizosaccharomyces pombe and its close relative k. lactis). the product of the gene expressed in s. cerevisiae co-migrat ...19938485163
evaluation of two commercialized systems for the rapid identification of medically important yeasts.a total of 77 recent clinical isolates of candida albicans and other medically important yeasts were identified by two different commercial tests, rapidec albicans (api-biomérieux) and fongiscreen 4h (sanofi diagnostics pasteur), and conventional mycological methods. the strains were from 13 different species of yeasts and consisted of strains of 36 c. albicans, three of candida famata, nine of candida (torulopsis) glabrata, five of candida guilliermondii, two of candida kefyr, three of candida ...19938015561
changes in the spectrum of fungal isolates: results from clinical specimens gathered in 1987/88 compared with those in 1991/92 in the university hospital göttingen, germany.in the university hospital in göttingen, the spectra of fungal species in clinical specimens of respiratory secretions, bronchial secretions and urine were compared over periods of 15 months (10/87 to 12/88 and 1/91 to 3/92) before and after the introduction of fluconazole. the following changes could be demonstrated: 1. in all specimens analysed the number of candida albicans isolates decreased, while the number of candida tropicalis isolates remained almost unchanged. 2. during the observation ...19938114803
structure of the abf1-homologue from kluyveromyces marxianus.by transformation of a saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant strain conditionally expressing the abf1-gene, a kluyveromyces marxianus dna fragment carrying the gene encoding the abf1-homologue of this yeast strain (kmabf1) was selected. comparison of the sequence of the kmabf1 gene with that encoding saccharomyces cerevisiae abf1 and the previously isolated abf1-gene from kluyveromyces lactis (klabf1) revealed distinct regions displaying considerable homology and therefore most likely representing seq ...19937916634
preparation and characterization of whey protein hydrolysates: applications in industrial whey bioconversion processes.a whey protein hydrolysate was prepared by incubation of reconstituted whey or a whey protein concentrate with alcalase 0.6l. the proteolytic degradation of alpha-lactalbumin and beta-lactoglobulin initially resulted in 6-kda and, later, 2.5-kda degradation products, quickly followed by the appearance of multiple peptides of 1 kda or smaller. the hydrolysate showed a steady increase in solubility and a biphasic change in foaming characteristics with decreasing peptide size. at the highest degree ...19937763629
expression of an alpha-galactosidase gene under control of the homologous inulinase promoter in kluyveromyces marxianus.for expression of the alpha-galactosidase gene from cyamopsis tetragonoloba in kluyveromyces marxianus cbs 6556 we have used the promoter of the homologous inulinase-encoding gene (inu1). the inu1 gene has been cloned and sequenced and the coding region shows an identity of 59% with the saccharomyces cerevisiae invertase gene (suc2). in the 5'-flanking region of inu1 we found a sequence (taaatccgggg) that perfectly matches to the mig1 binding consensus sequence (wwwwtsygggg) of the s. cerevisiae ...19937764385
adsorption of kluyveromyces marxianus pectinase on cm-sephadex gels.new results are presented on the equilibria and kinetics of the ion exchange onto cm-sephadex of polygalacturonase (pectinase) produced by the fermentation of kluyveromyces marxianus. it is found that the equilibrium behavior follows the form of the langmuir isotherm; the equilibrium is strongly affected by ph. high partitioning onto the ion-exchange matrix, with good retention of enzyme activity, is achieved in the ph range 3.5-5.0, and this can be qualitatively explained in terms of simple mod ...19937694598
studies on metal resistance system in kluyveromyces marxianus.through preliminary plate tests, kluyveromyces marxianus was found to be much more resistant to toxic heavy metals compared to a cup1r strain of saccharomyces cerevisiae. specific growth rate and maximum dry weights affected by increasing metal concentrations were determined to obtain precise patterns of resistance. metal biosorption was also monitored during the course of growth in synthetic media containing respective metals at 0.5 mm final concentration. although zn- and co-binding was neglig ...19937508248
optimization of alkyl beta-d-galactopyranoside synthesis from lactose using commercially available beta-galactosidases.commercially available lactase (beta-d-galactoside galactohydrolase, ec 3.2.1.23) enzymes produced from kluyveromyces fragilis and kluyveromyces lactis were accessed as catalysts for use in the production of beta-galactopyranosides of various alcohols using lactose as galactosyl donor. the yield of galactoside was enhanced by using the highest practical concentrations of both lactose and alcohol acceptor. the concentrations and thus yield, were limited by the solubility of the substrates. the in ...199318613088
solubilization and growth of candida pseudotropicalis in water-in-oil microemulsions.some new aspects of microbiology in water-in-oil microemulsions are investigated using candida pseudotropicalis in a hexadecane solution containing tween85/span80 (each 5% wt:wt) as surfactant, and limited amount of water (up to 3%, vol:vol), microemulsion solutions containing cells up to 10 mg fresh weight per milliliter can be prepared, which display a greater time stability and a much smaller light scattering than aqueous suspensions having the same cell concentration. this is ascribed to a l ...199218601058
[the role of candida kefyr (c. pseudotropicalis) in reproductive tract infections].frequency of appearance of c. kefyr strains, their diagnosis, susceptibility to drugs and importance in pathogenesis of reproductive tract mycoses were investigated. the investigated material consisted of 2717 strains, and there were 67 strains of c. kefyr isolated from vaginal mucous membrane. c. kefyr strains constituted 2.5% of total number of 2717 isolated strains and 8.2% within fungi other than c. albicans species. vaginal mycosis caused by c. kefyr occurs in presence of lactobacillus sp. ...19921297040
photodynamic treatment of yeast cells with the dye toluidine blue: all-or-none loss of plasma membrane barrier properties.photodynamic treatment of kluyveromyces marxianus with the sensitizer toluidine blue leads to the loss of colony forming capacity. in this paper, the influence of this treatment on the barrier properties of the plasma membrane has been studied. photodynamic treatment with the dye toluidine blue resulted in efflux of potassium ions and e260-absorbing material. moreover, cells became stainable with erythrosine. it is concluded that the permeability change induced by photodynamic treatment proceeds ...19921322699
trichothecene synergism, additivity, and antagonism: the significance of the maximally quiescent ratio.the interactive effect of the combinations of trichothecene mycotoxins often found in fungus infected plants, contaminated grain, and other biological systems is poorly understood. growth inhibition of the yeast kluyveromyces marxianus was used to measure the effects of ht-2 toxin, roridin a, and t-2 toxin as individual toxins or as binary mixtures. a value, the combination index, was derived which indicates the interactive effects of a binary mixture of toxins. the interaction is affected by th ...19921344899
a protein homologous to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase is induced in the cell wall of a flocculent kluyveromyces marxianus.a protein with an apparent molecular weight of 37,000 (p37) is present in very large amounts in the cell wall of kluyveromyces marxianus, after the induction of flocculation of the yeast. this protein was isolated by preparative gel electrophoresis and its purity checked by sds-page and reverse-phase hplc. sds-page, endoglycosidase-h treatment and peptide sequencing indicated that p37 is a glycoprotein with a high identity to cytosolic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from saccharomyces ...19921390912
microenvironment at the substrate binding subsite of the active site of udpglucose 4-epimerase from kluyveromyces fragilis using a fluorescent analog of ump.a chromophorics and fluorescent analog of uridine 5'-monophosphate (ump), a known competitive inhibitor of udpglucose 4-epimerase was synthesised. this analog, namely 2',3'-o-(2,4,6-trinitrocyclohexadienylidene) uridine 5'-monophosphate, was found to be a powerful reversible inhibitor of udpglucose 4-epimerase indicating its interaction with the substrate binding site of the enzyme. the extreme sensitivity of the fluorescence emission spectrum of this analog to solvent polarity makes it an excel ...19921398715
synthesis of some hydroxamic acid derivatives of benzimidazole and their antibacterial and antifungal activities.a number of 1h-benzimidazole-2-propanoic acid derivatives have been synthesized by phillips method, and their antibacterial and antifungal activities have been tested. the chemical structures of the synthesized compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic (ir, nmr, mass) and elementary analysis. investigation of antimicrobial activity of the compounds was done by agar dilution technique using bacteria (staphylococcus aureus atcc 25923, escherichia coli atcc 25922, pseudomonas aeruginosa atcc 27853 ...19921418079
growth of fermentative and non-fermentative yeasts in natural yoghurt, stored in polystyrene cartons.permeation of oxygen through polystyrene packaging is a factor in the growth of yeasts in natural yoghurt. diffusion of oxygen through the packaging material can permit the growth of non-fermentative yeasts in yoghurt stored at refrigeration temperatures. yarrowia lipolytica, a non-fermentative yeasts which does not utilize lactose was isolated from yoghurt. the growth in natural yoghurt of yarrowia lipolytica and the lactose-fermenting yeast kluyveromyces marxianus was investigated. both yeasts ...19921419544
structural and putative regulatory sequences of kluyveromyces ribosomal protein genes.the transcription of the majority of the ribosomal protein (rp) genes of saccharomyces cerevisiae is activated by cis-acting elements, designated rpg boxes, which specifically bind the multifunctional protein rap1 in vitro. to investigate to what extent this global system of transcription regulation has been conserved, we have isolated a number of rp genes of the related yeast species kluyveromyces lactis and kluyveromyces marxianus, whose counterparts in saccharomyces are controlled by rap1. th ...19921481569
structure and expression of the abf1-regulated ribosomal protein s33 gene in kluyveromyces.the abundant multifunctional protein abf1 of saccharomyces cerevisiae binds to the upstream region of several genes, including some ribosomal protein genes like the one encoding protein s33. deletion of the abf1-binding sequence lowers the transcription of these genes three- to more than ten-fold. we have isolated the s33 genes of two related yeast species, kluyveromyces lactis and kluyveromyces marxianus. comparison of the nucleotide sequences of these s33 genes with their counterpart from s. c ...19921481571
effect of benzoic acid on metabolic fluxes in yeasts: a continuous-culture study on the regulation of respiration and alcoholic fermentation.addition of benzoate to the medium reservoir of glucose-limited chemostat cultures of saccharomyces cerevisiae cbs 8066 growing at a dilution rate (d) of 0.10 h-1 resulted in a decrease in the biomass yield, and an increase in the specific oxygen uptake rate (qo2) from 2.5 to as high as 19.5 mmol g-1 h-1. above a critical concentration, the presence of benzoate led to alcoholic fermentation and a reduction in qo2 to 13 mmol g-1 h-1. the stimulatory effect of benzoate on respiration was dependent ...19921523884
an essential histidine residue for the activity of udpglucose 4-epimerase from kluyveromyces fragilis.udpglucose 4-epimerase from kluyveromyces fragilis was completely inactivated by diethylpyrocarbonate following pseudo-first order reaction kinetics. the ph profile of diethylpyrocarbonate inhibition and reversal of inhibition by hydroxylamine suggested specific modification of histidyl residues. statistical analysis of the residual enzyme activity and the extent of modification indicated modification of 1 essential histidine residue to be responsible for loss in catalytic activity of yeast epim ...19921601847
distinct functional roles of two active site thiols in udpglucose 4-epimerase from kluyveromyces fragilis.udpglucose 4-epimerase from kluyveromyces fragilis was earlier shown to have two conformationally vicinal thiols at the active site. upon treatment with diamide, these thiols form a disulfide linkage across the subunits that results in coordinated loss of catalytic activity and coenzyme fluorescence (ray, m., and bhaduri, a. (1980) j. biol. chem. 255, 10777-10786). employing a number of thiol-specific reagents, we now suggest discriminatory and nonidentical roles for these two thiols. kinetic an ...19921601848
effect of aeration rate on the alcoholic fermentation of whey by kluyveromyces fragilis.in this paper, the influence of aeration rate on the alcoholic batch fermentation of whey by kluyveromyces fragilis nrrl y-2415 was investigated. assays in 1.5-l fermentor using concentrated whey permeate containing 100 g/l of lactose were carried out at different oxygen supply rate (klac*) from 0 to 82 mmol/lh. optimum response was obtained at 14 mmol/lh: ethanol production rate reached was 3.4 g/lh yielding 0.46 g of product per gram of initial lactose. an increase of klac* from 0 to 14 mmol/l ...19921605917
single cell protein production from beet pulp by mixed culture.different mixed cultures of trichoderma reesei and a yeast were cultivated on beet pulp (bp)-containing medium. t. reesei and kluyveromyces marxianus offered a combination that gave high scp yields (51%) and efficiently converted bp into proteins (39.4%). the yeast extract in the basal medium could be substituted and the bp level multiplicated from 2 to 4% upon using mixed culture of t. reesei and k. marxianus. under these conditions the protein yields reached to a maximum value of 54% and highe ...19921605920
proton-motive force-driven d-galactose transport in plasma membrane vesicles from the yeast kluyveromyces marxianus.galactose transport was studied in membrane vesicles, prepared by fusion of plasma membranes from the yeast kluyveromyces marxianus with proteoliposomes containing beef heart cytochrome c oxidase as a proton-motive force-generating system. sugar transport studies performed under nonenergized conditions revealed that, even at high protein to phospholipid ratios, not all vesicles contained a d-galactose-specific transporter. the amount of vesicles containing an active carrier proved to be proporti ...19911648083
temperature induced changes in microsomal (na+,k+)-atpase and lipid composition of candida kefyr.growth temperature affected both the membrane lipid composition and microsoma (na+, k+)-atpase activity of candida kefyr. higher growth, temperature (37 degrees c) increased the amount of total lipids, phospholipids and free sterol. ratios of phosphatidylcholine to phosphatidylethanolamine as well saturated to unsaturated fatty acids increased with a rise in growth temperature. km of the atpase isolated from the yeast grown at 27 degrees c was minimum, suggesting that the membranes of c. kefyr g ...19911666728
transport of lactic acid in kluyveromyces marxianus: evidence for a monocarboxylate uniport.lactic acid-grown cells of a strain of kluyveromyces marxianus transported d- and l-lactic acid by a saturable mechanism that was partially inducible and subject to glucose repression, with the following kinetic parameters at ph 5.4: vmax = 1.00 (+/- 0.13) mmol h-1 per g dry weight and ks = 0.42 (+/- 0.08) mm. lactic acid transport was competitively inhibited by pyruvic, glycolic, acetic and bromoacetic acids. the latter, a non-metabolizable analogue, was transiently accumulated, the extent depe ...19911789000
cloning and disruption of the leu2 gene of kluyveromyces marxianus cbs 6556.the leu2 gene, coding for beta-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase, of the yeast kluyveromyces marxianus was isolated and sequenced. an open reading frame, coding for a protein with a molecular weight of 38 kda was found. comparison of the deduced amino acid sequence of the leu2 gene with the corresponding enzymes of three other yeasts and two thermophilic bacteria, revealed extensive sequence similarities. the cloned gene could complement a leub mutation of escherichia coli and a leu2 mutation of sac ...19911803820
[biological value of the unicellular protein of kluyveromyces marxianus var. lactis].the ever increasing problem of environmental pollution and protein scarcity led us to begin producing protein biomass from cheese whey, having selected for this aim, kluyveromyces marxianus va. lactis strain, which represents the right relationship between its protein content (53.3% d.w.) and that of the rna (4.63% d.w.). on the other hand, the distribution of its essential amino acids is balanced, although it shows a deficiency in methionine, its value being 1.5 g/16 gn. the purpose of this wor ...19911822070
ciclopirox nail lacquer 8%: in vivo penetration into and through nails and in vitro effect on pig skin.this report presents original methods to assess the bioavailability of an antifungal drug from a varnish preparation in finger nails. for the studies with human volunteers a ciclopirox 8% nail lacquer was used to determine its efficacy in the treatment of onychomycoses. in vivo studies were performed on the fingernails of healthy volunteers by determining the total amount of ciclopirox penetrated per milligram of nail and the partition of the drug in the plate of the nails (technically divided i ...19911831626
cloning and sequencing of the inulinase gene of kluyveromyces marxianus var. marxianus atcc 12424.cell wall inulinase (ec 3.2.1.7) was purified from kluyveromyces marxianus var. marxianus (formerly k. fragilis) and its n-terminal 33-amino acid sequence was established. pcr amplification of cdna with 2 sets of degenerate primers yielded a genomic probe which was then used to screen a genomic library established in the yep351 yeast shuttle vector. one of the selected recombinant plasmids allowed an invertase-negative saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant to grow on inulin. it was shown to contain an ...19911840529
t-2 toxin degradation by micromycetes.the biodegradation of t-2 toxin was studied by strains of micromycetes which were isolated from the environment. the 26 tested strains were divided into three groups. group contains strains which degraded t-2 toxin very fast. this toxin could not be chromatographically determined in the medium even after 48 hours of incubation and the antifungal activity of residua against kluyveromyces fragilis ccy-51-1-2 was low or zero. there were strains of alternaria sp., ulocladium sp., aspergillus candidu ...19911880407
synthesis and antifungal activity of some new benzimidazole derivatives.synthesis and antifungal evaluation of 5-ethoxycarbonyl-2-(substituted-benzyl or phenoxymethyl)benzimidazoles are reported. structures of the compounds were elucidated with ir-, 1h-nmr-, 13c-nmr-, mass-spectra and elemental analysis. preliminary results show that none of the synthesized benzimidazole derivatives has antifungal activity at the concentration of 100 micrograms/ml against candida parapsilosis, candida stellatoidea, and candida pseudotropicalis.19911888265
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