Publications

physicochemical properties of monosodium glutamate-compounded tapioca starch exceeds those of simple heat-moisture treated starch.	monosodium glutamate (gluna)-compounded starch was prepared by heat-moisture treating a mixture of tapioca starch and gluna. gluna-compounded starch exhibited a higher gelatinization temperature and reduced swelling and solubility, essentially lower hardness of the granule center, and paste viscosity than those of the heat-moisture treated tapioca starch and the untreated starch. however, its appearance, unit chain length distribution, and α-amylase digestibility were similar to those of the hea ...	2011	21806607
isolation and partial characterization of a root-specific promoter for stacking multiple traits into cassava (manihot esculenta crantz).	cassava can be cultivated on impoverished soils with minimum inputs, and its storage roots are a staple food for millions in africa. however, these roots are low in bioavailable nutrients and in protein content, contain cyanogenic glycosides, and suffer from a very short post-harvest shelf-life, and the plant is susceptible to viral and bacterial diseases prevalent in africa. the demand for improvement of cassava with respect to these traits comes from both farmers and national agricultural inst ...	2011	21710453
anatomic changes due to interspecific grafting in cassava (manihot esculenta).	cassava rootstocks of varieties unb 201 and unb 122 grafted with scions of manihot fortalezensis were prepared for anatomic study. the roots were cut, stained with safranin and alcian blue, and examined microscopically, comparing them with sections taken from ungrafted roots. there was a significant decrease in number of pericyclic fibers, vascular vessels and tyloses in rootstocks. they exhibited significant larger vessels. these changes in anatomic structure are a consequence of genetic effect ...	2011	21710451
genomic clustering of cyanogenic glucoside biosynthetic genes aids their identification in lotus japonicus and suggests the repeated evolution of this chemical defence pathway.	cyanogenic glucosides are amino acid-derived defence compounds found in a large number of vascular plants. their hydrolysis by specific β-glucosidases following tissue damage results in the release of hydrogen cyanide. the cyanogenesis deficient1 (cyd1) mutant of lotus japonicus carries a partial deletion of the cyp79d3 gene, which encodes a cytochrome p450 enzyme that is responsible for the first step in cyanogenic glucoside biosynthesis. the genomic region surrounding cyp79d3 contains genes en ...	2011	21707799
relationship between population growth of the red flour beetle tribolium castaneum and protein and carbohydrate content in flour and starch.	the effects of eight diets (atta flour, wheat flour, self-rising flour, rice flour, custard powder, corn flour, tapioca starch, and potato starch) on the development of the red flour beetle, tribolium castaneum (herbst), reared at 29-31 degrees c and 66-70% rh were assessed. five pairs of male and female t. castaneum were reared on the respective diets for 28 d before the experimental setup was dismantled and adult counts were recorded. in another experiment, the insects were allowed to mate and ...	2011	22299375
infestation of cassava genotypes by neosilba perezi (romero & ruppell) (diptera: lonchaeidae).	the objectives of this work were to assess the infestation of ten genotypes of cassava by the shoot fly neosilba perezi (romero & ruppell) and to investigate effects of plant age, temperature or precipitation on cassava plants infestation by the shoot fly. thirty-two individuals of each cassava genotype were planted and analyzed every two weeks in order to calculate the percentage of plants infested by shoot fly larvae at each sampling event and per genotype. infestation by the fly was different ...	2011	22068949
cassava shoot infestation by larvae of neosilba perezi (romero & ruppell) (diptera: lonchaeidae) in são paulo state, brazil.	among the pests of cassava, the shoot fly, neosilba perezi (romero & ruppell), is one of the most prevalent. it attacks mainly the terminal shoots and causes infested plants to produce lateral shoots. reports on this species are rare or inexistent; thus, the purpose of this study was to assess three different areas for n. perezi infestation. the survey began in march 2008 and finished in february 2009. fortnightly analyses were performed starting 45 days after planting, calculating the rate of i ...	2011	21710026
patterns of food acquisition in brazilian households and associated factors: a population-based survey.	to identify food acquisition patterns in brazil and relate them to the sociodemographic characteristics of the household.	2011	21486524
physicochemical, functional, and macromolecular properties of waxy yam starches discovered from "mapuey" (dioscorea trifida) genotypes in the venezuelan amazon.	"mapuey" tubers in venezuela are staple food for indigenous peoples from the caribbean coast and amazon regions. noticeable differences between genotypes of yam starches were observed. granules were large, triangular, or shell-shaped with monomodal particle size distribution between 24.5 and 35.5 μm. differential scanning calorimetry (dsc) analyses revealed onset gelatinization temperatures from 69.1 to 73.4 °c with high gelatinization enthalpy changes from 22.4 to 25.3 j g(-1). all x-ray diffra ...	2011	21158430
automatic segmentation on multiple starch granules from microscopic images.	starch is the most important carbohydrate in the human diet and contained in many staple foods such as rice, wheat, corn, potatoes and cassava, etc. currently, microscopic imaging technology is one of the most effective ways to investigate and analyze the structure of starches. segmentation of starch granules is a necessary step for starch granule structure analysis such as starch granules detection, shape recognition, and size computation. this article investigates a new method based on gvf (gr ...	2011	21997964
cryptococcus thermophilus sp. nov., isolated from cassava sourdough.	a novel anamorphic yeast, strain lth 6662t, was isolated from cassava sourdough. the isolate supposedly originated from cassava flour or was a contaminant thereof. sequencing of the d1/d2 domain of the 26s rrna gene indicated that strain lth 6662t represents a new species. its closest relatives were the species from the cryptococcus humicola complex. the novel strain had several physiological characteristics that differed from those of related species: the ability to assimilate raffinose and cad ...	2011	22021579
Quantification of total iodine in intact granular starches of different botanical origin exposed to iodine vapor at various water activities.	Iodine has been used as an effective tool for studying both the structure and composition of dispersed starch and starch granules. In addition to being employed to assess relative amylose contents for starch samples, it has been used to look at the molecular mobility of the glucose polymers within intact starch granules based on exposure to iodine vapor equilibrated at different water activities. Starches of different botanical origin including corn, high amylose corn, waxy corn, potato, waxy po ...	2011	21962455
genome sequence of lactobacillus rhamnosus strain casl, an efficient l-lactic acid producer from cheap substrate cassava.	lactobacillus rhamnosus is a type of probiotic bacteria with industrial potential for l-lactic acid production. we announce the draft genome sequence of l. rhamnosus casl (2,855,156 bp with a g+c content of 46.6%), which is an efficient producer of l-lactic acid from cheap, nonfood substrate cassava with a high production titer.	2011	22123765
Low genetic diversity of Squash vein yellowing virus in wild and cultivated cucurbits in the U.S. suggests a recent introduction.	Squash vein yellowing virus (SqVYV) isolates were collected from cultivated and weedy cucurbits representing major hosts and locations in the U.S. and analyzed to better understand the diversity and population structure. No differences in symptoms were observed in field-collected isolate source plants or subsequently inoculated greenhouse plants, and the complete genome of an SqVYV isolate from a wild cucurbit host (smellmelon, Cucumis melo var. dudaim) was highly similar (99.4% nucleotide ident ...	2011	22142477
Butanol and ethanol production from tapioca starch wastewater by Clostridium spp.	Total (TWW) and tapioca starch wash wastewater (TSWW) from a cassava processing plant in Thailand were analyzed for their composition with a view to evaluate their potential as substrates for solvent production by ABE fermentation with Clostridium spp. Starch was detected at a 1.63-fold higher level in the TWW than that in the TSWW (24.4% and 15.0% (w/w), respectively). The chemical oxygen demand (COD) was broadly similar (20,093 and 20,433 mg/L), but the biological oxygen demand (BOD) was 1.84- ...	2011	22020468
direct ethanol production from cassava pulp using a surface-engineered yeast strain co-displaying two amylases, two cellulases, and ß-glucosidase.	in order to develop a method for producing fuel ethanol from cassava pulp using cell surface engineering (arming) technology, an arming yeast co-displaying a-amylase (a-am), glucoamylase, endoglucanase, cellobiohydrase, and ß-glucosidase on the surface of the yeast cells was constructed. the novel yeast strain, possessing the activities of all enzymes, was able to produce ethanol directly from soluble starch, barley ß-glucan, and acid-treated avicel. cassava is a major crop in southeast asia and ...	2011	21327413
genetic variability of east african cassava mosaic cameroon virus under field and controlled environment conditions.	cassava geminiviruses occur in all cassava growing areas of africa and are considered to be the most damaging vector-borne plant pathogens. at least seven species of these viruses have been identified. we investigated genetic variation in east african cassava mosaic cassava cameroon virus (eacmcv) from naturally infected cassava and from experimentally infected nicotiana benthamiana. results showed that the populations of eacmcv in cassava and in n. benthamiana were genetically heterogeneous. mu ...	2011	21429548
a common set of developmental mirnas are upregulated in nicotiana benthamiana by diverse begomoviruses.	begomoviruses are single-stranded dna viruses that cause economically important diseases of many crops throughout the world and induce symptoms in plants, including enations, leaf curling and stunting, that resemble developmental abnormalities. micrornas (mirnas) are small endogenous rnas that are involved in a variety of activities, including plant development, signal transduction and protein degradation, as well as response to environmental stress, and pathogen invasion.	2011	21447165
effects of various plant protein sources in high-quality feed block on feed intake, rumen fermentation, and microbial population in swamp buffalo.	this study was designed to determine effect of various plant protein sources in high-quality feed block (hqfb) on feed intake, rumen fermentation, and microbial population in swamp buffalo. four rumen-fistulated swamp buffaloes (bubalus bubalis) were randomly assigned according to a 4 × 4 latin square design. four kinds of plant protein sources (coarse rice bran (crb), cassava hay (ch), phaseolus calcaratus hay, and mulberry hay (mh)) were mixed in the hqfb. hqfbs were allowed to be licked at fr ...	2011	21479843
effect of cassava starch coating on quality and shelf life of fresh-cut pineapple (ananas comosus l. merril cv "pérola").	this research studied the influence of treatment with ascorbic acid, citric acid, and calcium lactate dipping and cassava starch edible coatings on quality parameters and shelf life of fresh-cut pineapple in slices during 12 d at 5 °c. after previous tests, the treatments selected for this study were samples dipped into antibrowning solution with 0.5% of ascorbic acid and 1% of citric acid, with and without 2% of calcium lactate and coated with 2% of cassava starch suspensions. changes in weight ...	2011	21535677
comparison of phenotypes produced in response to transient expression of genes encoded by four distinct begomoviruses in nicotiana benthamiana and their correlation with the levels of developmental mirnas.	abstract: background: whitefly-transmitted geminiviruses (begomoviruses) are a major limiting factor for the production of numerous dicotyledonous crops throughout the world. begomoviruses differ in the number of components that make up their genomes and association with satellites, and yet they cause strikingly similar phenotypes, such as leaf curling, chlorosis and stunted plant growth. micrornas (mirnas) are small endogenous rnas that regulate plant growth and development. the study described ...	2011	21592402
frozen chicken for wild fish: nutritional transition in the brazilian amazon region determined by carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios in fingernails.	objectives: amazonian populations are experiencing dietary changes characteristic of the nutrition transition. however, the degree of change appears to vary between urban and rural settings. to investigate this process, we determined carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios in fingernails and dietary intake of amazonian populations living along a rural to urban continuum along the solimões river in brazil. methods: carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios were analyzed from the fingernails of ...	2011	21630371
uterine contraction induced by tanzanian plants used to induce abortion.	ethnopharmacological relevance: women in tanzania use plants to induce abortion. it is not known whether the plants have an effect. aims of study: collect data on plant use in relation to induced abortion and test the effect of plant extracts on uterine contraction. methods: during interviews with traditional birth attendants and nurses, plants were identified. cumulative doses of plant extracts were added to rat uterine tissue in an organ bath, and the force and frequency of contractions record ...	2011	21645605
[microbial oil production by trichosporon cutaneum b3 using cassava starch].	microbial oil, as raw material for biodiesel, can be produced by trichosporon cutaneum b3 using cassava starch hydrolysate. batch cultures demonstrated that there was little inhibitory effect with the concentration of cassava starch hydrolysate up to 90 g/l. the favorable initial ph, c/n molar ratio, nitrogen source and its concentration were 6.0, 116, yeast extract and 3.0 g/l, respectively. under the optimized conditions, dry biomass reached 15.2 g/l and lipid content reached 40.9% after cultu ...	2011	21650027
effects of different starch sources on bacillus spp. in intestinal tract and expression of intestinal development related genes of weanling piglets.	the study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different starch sources on bacillus spp. in intestinal tract and expression of intestinal development related genes of weanling piglets. twenty-eight pic male piglets were divided into four homogeneous groups according to initial body weight (similar birth and parity, weaned at 21┬á┬▒┬á1.5┬ádays). diets for the four treatments consisted of corn starch, wheat starch, tapioca starch and pea starch with the determined ratio for amylose to amylopec ...	2011	21660473
folate analysis in foods by uplc-ms/ms: development and validation of a novel, high throughput quantitative assay; folate levels determined in australian fortified breads.	an ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed, optimised and validated for the quantification of synthetic folic acid (fa), also called pteroyl-l: -glutamic acid or vitamin b9 and naturally occurring 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-mthf) found in folate-fortified breads. optimised sample preparation prior to analysis involved addition of (13)c(5) labelled internal standards, treatments with +¦-amylase and rat serum, solid-phase extraction using aromatic-sel ...	2011	21667347
biotechnological approaches to determine the impact of viruses in the energy crop plant jatropha curcas.	abstract: background: geminiviruses infect a wide range of plant species including jatropha and cassava both belonging to family euphorbiaceae. cassava is traditionally an important food crop in sub - saharan countries, while jatropha is considered as valuable biofuel plant with great perspectives in the future. results: a total of 127 jatropha samples from ethiopia and kenya and 124 cassava samples from kenya were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for rna virus and polymerase ...	2011	21812981
influence of urea-calcium mixtures as rumen slow-release feed on in vitro fermentation using a gas production technique.	in this experiment the effects of different urea products (urea [u] and urea-calcium mixtures [ucm]) on rumen fermentation were investigated in dependence of different energy sources by using in vitro techniques. the 7 x 2 factorial arrangement followed a completely randomised design using seven urea products (u100, u40cacl2, u50cacl2, u60cacl2, u40caso4, u50caso4 and u60caso4) in combination with cassava chips (cc) or corn meal (cm). compared with other treatments, the cumulative gas production ...	2011	21776840
haematological and serum biochemical parameters of west african dwarf goats fed dried cassava leaves-based concentrate diets.	the study was conducted to investigate the effects of feeding different levels of dried cassava leaves at 0%, 20%, 40% and 60%, respectively, using guinea grass as basal feed, on the haematological and serum biochemical parameters of west african dwarf (wad) goats. the study lasted for 116 days during which haematological and serum biochemical parameters were monitored in 40 male goats before and after, using a completely randomized design. at the start of the experiment, packed cell volume (pcv ...	2011	21744028
antifungal activity of 2 lactic acid bacteria of the weissella genus isolated from food.	ôçé in the present study, a total of 116 lactic acid bacteria (lab) strains isolated from mill flour and fermented cassava were screened for their antifungal activity. three strains among 116 were selected for their strongest inhibitory activity against food molds. these 3 strains were lactobacillus plantarum ve56, weissella cibaria fmf4b16, and w. paramesenteroides lc11. the compounds responsible for the antifungal activity were investigated. the strains displayed an inhibitory activity against ...	2011	21729073
characterization and expression profile of two udp-glucosyltransferases, ugt85k4 and ugt85k5, catalyzing the last step in cyanogenic glucoside biosynthesis in cassava.	manihot esculenta (cassava) contains two cyanogenic glucosides, linamarin and lotaustralin, biosynthesized from l-valine and l-isoleucine, respectively. in this study, cdnas encoding two uridine diphosphate glycosyltransferase (ugt) paralogs, assigned the names ugt85k4 and ugt85k5, have been isolated from cassava. the paralogs display 96% amino acid identity, and belong to a family containing cyanogenic glucoside-specific ugts from sorghum bicolor and prunus dulcis. recombinant ugt85k4 and ugt85 ...	2011	21736650
enzymatic degradation of granular potato starch by microbacterium aurum strain b8.a.	microbacterium aurum strain b8.a was isolated from the sludge of a potato starch-processing factory on the basis of its ability to use granular starch as carbon- and energy source. extracellular enzymes hydrolyzing granular starch were detected in the growth medium of m. aurum b8.a, while the type strain m. aurum dsmz 8600 produced very little amylase activity, and hence was unable to degrade granular starch. the strain b8.a extracellular enzyme fraction degraded wheat, tapioca and potato starch ...	2011	21732245
potential fungal inhibition by immobilized hydrolytic enzymes from trichoderma asperellum.	the use of cell wall degrading enzymes from trichoderma asperellum immobilized on biodegradable support is an alternative for food packaging. in this study, hydrolytic enzymes produced by t. asperellum were tested as a fungal growth inhibitor, in free form or immobilized on a biodegradable film composed of cassava starch and poly(butylene adipate-co-terephtalate) (pbat). the inhibitory activity was tested against aspergillus niger , penicillium sp., and sclerotinia sclerotiorum , microorganisms ...	2011	21726085
biofortification: a new tool to reduce micronutrient malnutrition.	the density of minerals and vitamins in food staples eaten widely by the poor may be increased either through conventional plant breeding or through the use of transgenic techniques, a process known as biofortification.	2011	21717916
simultaneous saccharification and continuous fermentation of sludge-containing mash for bioethanol production by saccharomyces cerevisiae chfy0321.	a continuous process was employed to improve the volumetric productivity of bioethanol production from cassava mash containing sludge and to simplify the process of ethanol production from cassava. after raw cassava powder was liquefied, it was used directly in a continuous process without sludge filtration or saccharification. a fermentor consisting of four linked stirrer tanks was used for simultaneous saccharification and continuous fermentation (sscf). although the mash contained sludge, con ...	2011	21723335
effects of propionic acid and ph on ethanol fermentation by saccharomyces cerevisiae in cassava mash.	the effects of propionic acid on ethanol and glycerol production by saccharomyces cerevisiae in cassava mash were examined along with the influence of ph (4.0, 5.0, and 6.0) and of dissolved solids content (22%, 25%, and 27%). inhibition by propionic acid increased as solids content increased and medium ph declined. complete inhibition of ethanol fermentation was observed in mashes at ph-á4.0 (60-ámm propionic acid for 22% solids and 45-ámm for 25% and 27%). glycerol production linearly decrease ...	2011	21701869
a high-amylopectin diet caused hepatic steatosis associated with more lipogenic enzymes and increased serum insulin concentration.	starch is the major energy source for monogastric mammals and humans. the present study was conducted to evaluate the liver metabolic responses of weaned pigs fed with different dietary starches. a total of sixteen weaned pigs were fed with two experimental diets containing either cassava starch (cs, 80 % amylopectin and 20 % amylose) or maize starch (70 % amylopectin and 30 % amylose). the present results showed that the growth performance was not affected by different dietary starches (p>0·05) ...	2011	21736804
adequate wound care and use of bed nets as protective factors against buruli ulcer: results from a case control study in cameroon.	buruli ulcer is an infectious disease involving the skin, caused by mycobacterium ulcerans. its exact transmission mechanism remains unknown. several arguments indicate a possible role for insects in its transmission. a previous case-control study in the nyong valley region in central cameroon showed an unexpected association between bed net use and protection against buruli ulcer. we investigated whether this association persisted in a newly discovered endemic buruli ulcer focus in bankim, nort ...	2011	22087346
optimization of bioethanol production during simultaneous saccharification and fermentation in very high-gravity cassava mash.	hydrolysis and fermentation conditions for production of ethanol from very high-gravity cassava mash by saccharomyces cerevisiae during simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (ssf) processing were optimized using a statistical methodology. during the first part of the study, placket-burman design (pbd) was used to study 19 factors that could potentially influence ethanol production. gravity, particle size, initial ph, and fermentation temperature were identified as key factors that signi ...	2011	20803106
brain glutathione as a target for aetiological factors in neurolathyrism and konzo.	both neurolathyrism and konzo are associated with the nutritional dependence of human populations on a single plant food. these diseases express themselves as chronic disorders of upper motor neurones, leading to signs and symptoms that characterise amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (motor neurone disease). the plant food associated with neurolathyrism is grass pea, which contains the neurotoxic β-n-oxalyl-α,β-diaminopropionic acid (β-odap). the plant food associated with konzo is cassava, which may ...	2011	20816718
cryopreservation of sweetpotato (ipomoea batatas) and its pathogen eradication by cryotherapy.	sweetpotato (ipomoea batatas) ranks as the seventh most important staple crop in the world and the fifth in developing countries after rice, wheat, maize and cassava. sweetpotato is mainly grown in developing countries, which account for more than 95% of total production of the whole world. genetic resources, including cultivated varieties and wild species, are a prerequisite for novel sweetpotato breeding in both conventional and genetic engineering programs. various cryopreservation protocols ...	2011	20851757
a new unifying hypothesis for lathyrism, konzo and tropical ataxic neuropathy: nitriles are the causative agents.	konzo and lathyrism are associated with consumption of cassava and grass pea, respectively. cassava consumption has also been associated with a third disease, tropical ataxic neuropathy (tan). this review presents a new unifying hypothesis on the causative agents for these diseases: namely, that they are nitriles, compounds containing cyano groups. the diseases may be caused by different but similar nitriles through direct neurotoxic actions not mediated by systemic cyanide release. both cassava ...	2011	20553991
replacement effects of panicum maximum with ficus polita on performance of west african dwarf goats.	the replacement value of ficus polita for panicum maximum was evaluated on 32 female post-weaned west african dwarfs goats. ficus polita was fed with p. maximum at different proportions of 0:90 (f. polita:p. maximum), 30:60, 60:30 and 90:0 constituting diets 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively. each diet was supplemented with 10% cassava peels. dry matter intake per kg metabolic weight of goats was not significantly (p> 0.05) influenced by the dietary treatments. however, crude protein intake per kg meta ...	2011	20666857
[consumption to feed of resident adult population in rural area of the city of ibatiba (es, brazil)].	it is a transverse study where a questionnaire of alimentary frequency was applied (qaf) in 150 adults resident of the rural area of the city of ibatiba (es, brazil). qaf classified the alimentary consumption as: habitual (>4 times in the week), not habitual (<4 times in the week) and rarely (1 time a month), with objective of correlating the alimentary consumption with the chronic-degenerative diseases. the results evidenced a habitual consumption of rice, breads, stalk, bean, cow milk, animal ...	2011	21180826
identification of the bacterial community responsible for traditional fermentation during sour cassava starch, cachaça and minas cheese production using culture-independent 16s rrna gene sequence analysis.	we used a cultivation-independent, clone library-based 16s rrna gene sequence analysis to identify bacterial communities present during traditional fermentation in sour cassava starch, cachaça and cheese production in brazil. partial 16s rrna gene clone sequences from sour cassava starch samples collected on day five of the fermentation process indicated that leuconostoc citreum was the most prevalent species, representing 47.6% of the clones. after 27 days of fermentation, clones (genbank acces ...	2011	24031676
quality evaluation of stiff porridges prepared from irish potato (solanum tuberosum) and pigeon pea (cajanus cajan) starch blends.	quality attributes of stiff porridges prepared from irish potato and pigeon pea starch blends were studied. starches were extracted from irish potato and pigeon pea using a wet extraction method. various ratios of the starches were mixed and analyzed for chemical, functional and pasting properties. the starch blends were then prepared into stiff porridges for sensory evaluation using a 20-man sensory panel. substitution of irish potato starch with pigeon pea starch led to increases in protein (0 ...	2011	23729855
The effect of sulfide and ammonia on cassava fermentation for ethanol production in an ethanol-methane coupled system.	An ethanol-methane coupled system was proposed to resolve wastewater pollution in cassava ethanol production. The wastewater originated from ethanol distillation is treated with two-stage anaerobic digestion and then recycled for medium preparation for the next batch ethanol fermentation, thus eliminating wastewater discharge and saving fresh water. The constituents of the two-stage anaerobic digestion effluent were complex which influenced the ethanol fermentation performance. This paper aimed ...	2011	22105130
protein improvement in gari by the use of pure cultures of microorganisms involved in the natural fermentation process.	the ability of microorganisms involved in cassava mash fermentation to produce and improve protein value by these microorganisms during fermentation was studied. standard microbiological procedures were used to isolate, identify and determine the numbers of the organisms. alcaligenes faecalis, lactobacillus plantarum, bacillus subtilis, leuconostoc cremoris, aspergillus niger, a. tamari, geotrichum candidum and penicillium expansum were isolated and identified from cassava waste water while stan ...	2011	22514894
study of the effects of hydrogen cyanide exposure in cassava workers.	hydrogen cyanide is the chemical responsible for tissue hypoxia. chronic exposure to hcn may cause neurological, respiratory, cardiovascular and thyroid defects. onset of symptoms depends on dose and duration of exposure. large scale of cassava processing could be disastrous due to discharge of hydrocyanic acid into the air. cassava processing is the major industrial work in and around salem. hence the present study is taken to assess the effects of hcn exposure in cassava workers.	2011	22412292
a geminivirus-satellite complex is associated with leaf deformity of mentha (mint) plants in punjab.	a widespread leaf deformity disease of mentha (mint), accompanied by whiteflies, the vectors of begomoviruses, was observed in punjab in the last few years. the presence of begomovirus was indicated by dna dot-blot analysis using the conserved coat protein and replication-associated protein genes of another begomovirus, sri lankan cassava mosaic virus (slcmv). a dna fragment (2.0 kb), representing a partial genomic dna of a begomovirus, amplified from the symptomatic mentha leaves was used to de ...	2011	23637488
molecular interaction between two cassava geminiviruses exhibiting cross-protection.	there are increasing reports of geminivirus mixed infections of field plant hosts. these mixed infections have been suggested to result in recombinations, emergence of new viruses and new disease epidemics. we previously reported the occurrence of mixed infection between african cassava mosaic virus (acmv) and east african cassava mosaic cameroon virus (eacmcv) resulting in severe symptoms in cassava fields in cameroon. here, we show that reassortment of dna-a and dna-b components of acmv and ea ...	2011	21925553
prebiotic effects of cassava fibre as an ingredient in cracker-like products.	cassava fibre, a waste product formed in starch production, was incorporated into wheat to give composite flours at ratios of 80/20, 70/30, 60/40 and 50/50, respectively. a cracker-like biscuit was produced from the preferred ratios (60/40 and 50/50). the effects of these on diets as a prebiotic were evaluated in a rat assay. determinations of the proximate composition and haematological parameters were made as well as microbiological analysis. the protein content of the cracker-like product bas ...	2011	22105619
A tribute to Dr. Frank I Tovey on his 90th birthday.	This paper pays a tribute to Dr. Frank I Tovey on his 90th birthday which happens on September 1, 2011, and briefly describes the major findings in his research career and contributions as follows. The geographical prevalence of duodenal ulceration is related to staple diets. Unrefined wheat and maize, soya, certain pulses and millets are associated with a low prevalence while refined wheat, maize and rice, yams, cassava and green banana with a high prevalence. Predominant foodstuffs from low pr ...	2011	21987600
top 10 plant viruses in molecular plant pathology.	many scientists, if not all, feel that their particular plant virus should appear in any list of the most important plant viruses. however, to our knowledge, no such list exists. the aim of this review was to survey all plant virologists with an association with molecular plant pathology and ask them to nominate which plant viruses they would place in a 'top 10' based on scientific/economic importance. the survey generated more than 250 votes from the international community, and allowed the gen ...	2011	22017770
influence of retinoblastoma-related gene silencing on the initiation of dna replication by african cassava mosaic virus rep in cells of mature leaves in nicotiana benthamiana plants.	abstract: background: geminiviruses mainly infect terminally differentiated tissues and cells in plants. they need to re-programme host cellular machinery for dna replication. this process is thought to be mediated by inactivation of cell-cycle repressor proteins and by induction of host dna synthesis protein expression through actions of the geminviral replication initiator protein (rep). findings: exploiting a nicotiana benthamiana pori2 line, which is transformed with a transgene consisting ...	2011	22204717
the nigeria high glycemic index starchy foods, obesity, and the environment.	glycemic index has generated a lot of debate for nearly 30 years, especially as it relates to the control for the treatment of diabetes.	2011	23175893
Production of multiple extracellular enzyme activities by novel submerged culture of Aspergillus kawachii for ethanol production from raw cassava flour.	Cassava is a starch-containing root crop that is widely used as a raw material in a variety of industrial applications, most recently in the production of fuel ethanol. In the present study, ethanol production from raw (uncooked) cassava flour by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) using a preparation consisting of multiple enzyme activities from Aspergillus kawachii FS005 was investigated. The multi-activity preparation was obtained from a novel submerged fermentation broth of ...	2011	22072435
a consolidated bio-processing of ethanol from cassava pulp accompanied by hydrogen production.	a biphasic fermentation approach was undertaken for the production of ethanol and hydrogen from cassava pulp. the glucose generated by co-culture of clostridium thermocellum and thermoanaerobacterium aotearoense was 13.65±0.45 g l(-1), which was 1.75 and 1.17-fold greater than that produced by mono-cultures of c. thermocellum and t. aotearoense, respectively. the accumulated glucose could be utilised rapidly by subsequently inoculated saccharomyces cerevisiae. an inoculum ratio of 1:1, a thermop ...	2011	21962537
influence of different substrates on the production of a mutant thermostable glucoamylase in submerged fermentation.	three mutations, ser54→pro, thr314→ala, and his415→tyr, were identified in aspergillus awamori glucoamylase gene expressed by saccharomyces cerevisiae. the mutant glucoamylase (ga) was substantially more thermostable than a wild-type ga at 70 °c, with a 3.0 kj mol(-1) increase in the free energy of thermo-inactivation. the effect of starch from different botanical sources on the production of this ga was measured in liquid fermentation using commercial soluble starch, cassava, potato, and corn a ...	2011	20414741
on the biomarkers and mechanisms of konzo, a distinct upper motor neuron disease associated with food (cassava) cyanogenic exposure.	konzo is a self-limiting central motor-system disease associated with food dependency on cassava and low dietary intake of sulfur amino acids (saa). under conditions of saa-deficiency, ingested cassava cyanogens yield metabolites that include thiocyanate and cyanate, a protein-carbamoylating agent. we studied the physical and biochemical modifications of rat serum and spinal cord proteins arising from intoxication of young adult rats with 50-200mg/kg linamarin, or 200mg/kg sodium cyanate (naocn) ...	2011	20538033
a high-throughput method for screening of aspergillus niger mutants with high transglycosylation activity by detecting non-fermentable reducing sugar.	a novel high-throughput method was established for rapid screening of large numbers of aspergillus niger mutants with high transglucosylation activity by exploiting that yeast can hardly hydrolyze isomaltooligosaccharides (imo). supernatants of a. niger fermentation were incubated with saccharomyces cerevisiae to remove glucose and maltose, and the remaining non-reducing sugars, which is positively correlated with the amount of imo, the products of transglucosylation reaction, were used as indic ...	2011	25187152
widespread occurrence and diversity of cassava brown streak virus (potyviridae: ipomovirus) in tanzania.	cassava brown streak disease (cbsd) has been a problem in tanzania since 1936. existing literature indicated limited distribution of the disease to low altitudes, usually <100 m above sea level, but the current geographical distribution of the disease was not known. whether a single or many strains for the virus exist in tanzania had not been reported to date. in this study, cbsd was recorded from sea level to ≈1,800 m above sea level. in total, 2,730 cassava plants were assessed for cbsd leaf s ...	2011	21916624
reference genes for reliable potyvirus quantitation in cassava and analysis of cassava brown streak virus load in host varieties.	a reliable method for detection and quantitation of viruses associated with cassava brown streak disease (cbsd) is essential to determine their presence in material used for field propagation as well as for precise evaluation of cbsd resistance in the cassava germplasm. quantitative rt-pcr (rt-qpcr) is a well-established method for precise quantitation of viral rna amount in infected tissues. the method requires host reference genes with stable expression patterns under experimental conditions a ...	2011	21756941
rnai-mediated resistance to cassava brown streak uganda virus in transgenic cassava.	cassava brown streak disease (cbsd), caused by cassava brown streak uganda virus (cbsuv) and cassava brown streak virus (cbsv), is of new epidemic importance to cassava (manihot esculenta crantz) production in east africa, and an emerging threat to the crop in central and west africa. this study demonstrates that at least one of these two ipomoviruses, cbsuv, can be efficiently controlled using rna interference (rnai) technology in cassava. an rnai construct targeting the near full-length coat p ...	2011	21726367
comparing the regional epidemiology of the cassava mosaic and cassava brown streak virus pandemics in africa.	the rapid geographical expansion of the cassava mosaic disease (cmd) pandemic, caused by cassava mosaic geminiviruses, has devastated cassava crops in 12 countries of east and central africa since the late 1980s. region-level surveys have revealed a continuing pattern of annual spread westward and southward along a contiguous 'front'. more recently, outbreaks of cassava brown streak disease (cbsd) were reported from uganda and other parts of east africa that had been hitherto unaffected by the d ...	2011	21549776
evolution of cassava brown streak disease-associated viruses.	cassava brown streak disease (cbsd) has occurred in the indian ocean coastal lowlands and some areas of malawi in east africa for decades, and makes the storage roots of cassava unsuitable for consumption. cbsd is associated with cassava brown streak virus (cbsv) and the recently described ugandan cassava brown streak virus (ucbsv) [picorna-like (+)ssrna viruses; genus ipomovirus; family potyviridae]. this study reports the first comprehensive analysis on how evolution is shaping the populations ...	2011	21169213
rnai-mediated resistance to diverse isolates belonging to two virus species involved in cassava brown streak disease.	cassava brown streak disease (cbsd) is emerging as one of the most important viral diseases of cassava (manihot esculenta) and is considered today as the biggest threat to cassava cultivation in east africa. the disease is caused by isolates of at least two phylogenetically distinct species of single-stranded rna viruses belonging to the family potyviridae, genus ipomovirus. the two species are present predominantly in the coastal lowland [cassava brown streak virus (cbsv); tanzania and mozambiq ...	2011	21118347
simultaneous virus-specific detection of the two cassava brown streak-associated viruses by rt-pcr reveals wide distribution in east africa, mixed infections, and infections in manihot glaziovii.	the expanding cassava brown streak disease (cbsd) epidemic in east africa is caused by two ipomoviruses (genus ipomovirus; potyviridae), namely, cassava brown streak virus (cbsv), and ugandan cassava brown streak virus (ucbsv) that was described recently. a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) based diagnostic method was developed in this study for simultaneous virus-specific detection of the two viruses. results showed that cbsv and ucbsv are distributed widely in the highla ...	2011	20923689
development of waxy cassava with different biological and physico-chemical characteristics of starches for industrial applications.	the quality of cassava starch, an important trait in cassava breeding programs, determines its applications in various industries. for example, development of waxy (having a low level of amylose) cassava is in demand. amylose is synthesized by granule-bound starch synthase i (gbssi) in plants, and therefore, down-regulation of gbssi expression in cassava might lead to reduced amylose content. we produced 63 transgenic cassava plant lines that express hair-pin dsrnas homologous to the cassava gbs ...	2011	21370230
bacteriological quality of foods and water sold by vendors and in restaurants in nsukka, enugu state, nigeria: a comparative study of three microbiological methods.	bacterial count in prepared food or water is a key factor in assessing the quality and safety of food. it also reveals the level of hygiene adopted by food handlers in the course of preparation of such foods. this comparative study evaluated the bacteriological quality of food and water consumed in nsukka, enugu state, nigeria, using three bacteria enumeration methods. data obtained are assumed to reflect the level of personal and environmental hygiene in the study population. ten types of foods ...	2011	22283029
reduction of voc emission from natural flours filled biodegradable bio-composites for automobile interior.	various experiments, such as the thermal extract (te) method, field and emission cell (flec) method and 20 l small chamber, were performed to examine the total volatile organic compound (tvoc) emissions from bio-composites. the tvoc of neat poly(lactic acid) (pla) was ranged from 0.26 mg/m(2)h to 4.11 mg/m(2)h with increasing temperature. for both pla bio-composites with pineapple flour and destarched cassava flour, the temperature increased from 0.30 mg/m(2)h to 3.72 mg/m(2)h and from 0.19 mg/m ...	2011	20739121
structural characterization of peruvian carrot (arracacia xanthorrhiza) starch and the effect of annealing on its semicrystalline structure.	structural characteristics of native and annealed peruvian carrot (arracacia xanthorrhiza) starches were determined and compared to those of cassava and potato starches. peruvian carrot starch presented round and irregular shaped granules, low amylose content and b-type x-ray pattern. amylopectin of this starch contained a large proportion of long (dp > 37) and short (dp 6-12) branched chains. these last ones may contribute to its low gelatinization temperature. after annealing, the gelatinizati ...	2011	21410256
antioxidant and antiradical activities of manihot esculenta crantz (euphorbiaceae) leaves and other selected tropical green vegetables investigated on lipoperoxidation and phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (pma) activated monocytes.	abelmoschus esculentus (malvaceae), hibiscus acetosella (malvaceae), manihot esculenta crantz (euphorbiaceae) and pteridium aquilinum (dennstaedtiaceae) leaves are currently consumed as vegetables by migrants from sub-saharan africa living in western europe and by the people in the origin countries, where these plants are also used in the folk medicine. manihot leaves are also eaten in latin america and some asian countries. this work investigated the capacity of aqueous extracts prepared from t ...	2011	22254126
nutrient composition and protein quality evaluation of eri silkworm (samia ricinii) prepupae and pupae.	eri silkworm (samia ricinii) is a traditional source of food in northeast india, where it is grown primarily for silk and food uses. nutrient analysis showed that the proximate composition of eri silkworm prepupae and pupae grown on either castor or tapioca were comparable and it was a good source of protein (16g%), fat (8g%) and minerals. the amino acid scores of eri prepupae and pupae protein were 99 and 100, respectively, with leucine as the limiting amino acid in both cases. net protein util ...	2011	25212147
in vitro inhibitory potential of selected malaysian plants against key enzymes involved in hyperglycemia and hypertension.	this study was conducted to determine the inhibitory potential of selected malaysian plants against key enzymes related to type 2 diabetes and hypertension.	2011	22135867
assessment of attractiveness of cassava as a roosting plant for the melon fly, bactrocera cucurbitae, and the oriental fruit fly, b. dorsalis.	application of bait spray to crop borders is a standard approach for suppression of melon fly, bactrocera cucurbitae (coquillett) (diptera: tephritidae) populations and may also be of value for suppression of oriental fruit fly, b. dorsalis (hendel) populations. establishment of preferred roosting hosts as crop borders may help to improve suppression of both fruit fly species by providing sites for bait spray applications. in an area-wide b. cucurbitae suppression trial, the question was raised ...	2011	21526935
biological parameters of bemisia tabaci (gennadius) biotype b (hemiptera: aleyrodidae) on jatropha gossypiifolia, commercial (manihot esculenta) and wild cassava (manihot flabellifolia and m. carthaginensis) (euphorbiaceae).	bemisia tabaci (gennadius) is one of the most important pests of cassava in africa and several countries of asia due to the damage caused by direct feeding, the excretion of honeydew, and its capacity as a vector of cassava mosaic geminivirus. there is a general consensus that b. tabaci is a complex of morphologically indistinguishable populations with different biotypes. in the americas, the polyphagous biotype b does not appear to feed on cassava. recent studies indicate that it is possible, h ...	2010	20877992
comparative analysis of genetic variation among xanthomonas axonopodis pv manihotis isolated from the western states of nigeria using rapd and aflp.	xanthomonas axonopodis pv manihotis is the causal agent of cassava bacterial blight (cbb) worldwide. cbb disease is a major constraint to cassava cultivation, and losses can be extremely severe in regions where highly susceptible cultivars are grown. to develop an efficient disease management policy, the genetic diversity of the pathogens population must be known. there is dearth of information on the genetic diversity of x. axonopodis pv manihotis population in nigeria. we used rapd (random amp ...	2010	23100819
transmission studies with cassava brown streak uganda virus (potyviridae: ipomovirus) and its interaction with abiotic and biotic factors in nicotiana benthamiana.	cassava brown streak disease (cbsd), caused by two distinct species, cassava brown streak uganda virus (cbsuv) and cassava brown streak virus (cbsv), is a major constraint to cassava (manihot esculenta crantz) production in africa. absence of infectious clones of cbsuv or cbsv and the lack of efficient means of mechanical transmission of cbsd has hampered laboratory studies of this disease. mechanical transmission, achieved mainly by plant sap inoculation, is a widely used technique for characte ...	2010	20691215
analysis of cassava brown streak viruses reveals the presence of distinct virus species causing cassava brown streak disease in east africa.	cassava brown streak virus (cbsv) isolates were analysed from symptomatic cassava collected between 1997 and 2008 in the major cultivation regions of east africa. an analysis of complete rna genomes of seven isolates from kenya, tanzania, mozambique, uganda and malawi revealed a common genome structure, but the isolates clearly clustered in two distinct clades. the first comprised isolates from kenya, uganda, malawi, north-western tanzania and the cbsv described previously, and shared between 87 ...	2010	20071490
optimization of diagnostic rt-pcr protocols and sampling procedures for the reliable and cost-effective detection of cassava brown streak virus.	sampling procedures and diagnostic protocols were optimized for accurate diagnosis of cassava brown streak virus (cbsv) (genus ipomovirus, family potyviridae). a cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (ctab) method was optimized for sample preparation from infected cassava plants and compared with the rneasy plant mini kit (qiagen) for sensitivity, reproducibility and costs. cbsv was detectable readily in total rnas extracted using either method. the major difference between the two methods was in the ...	2010	19879299
idiopathic chronic pancreatitis in india: phenotypic characterisation and strong genetic susceptibility due to spink1 and cftr gene mutations.	to study the genetic predisposition, phenotype and prognosis of idiopathic chronic pancreatitis (cp).	2010	20551465
efficient production of active form recombinant cassava hydroxynitrile lyase using escherichia coli in low-temperature culture.	hydroxynitrile lyase (mehnl, ec 4.1.2.39) is a useful enzyme for production of optically active cyanohydrin compounds. production of mehnl can be increased by substituting rare codons of the natural sequence of cassava (manihot esculenta) mehnl. however, most of the mehnl produced by this method was in an insoluble form in escherichia coli expression system. in order to increase the productivity of active form of mehnl, the effects of cultivation temperature were investigated. when the cultivati ...	2010	20552449
development of starter culture for improved processing of lafun, an african fermented cassava food product.	to select appropriate micro-organisms to be used as starter culture for reliable and reproducible fermentation of lafun.	2010	20553347
fermentative production of l(+)-lactic acid using hydrolyzed acorn starch, persimmon juice and wheat bran hydrolysate as nutrients.	the use of hydrolyzed acorn starch as a novel carbon source for l(+)-lactic acid production was proposed. the effects of carbon-nitrogen ratio and growth factor on the fermentations were studied by single factor experiments. a lower carbon-nitrogen ratio could enhance l(+)-lactic acid production, and the expensive yeast extract could be replaced by the cheap persimmon juice providing growth factor for l(+)-lactic acid production when wheat bran hydrolysate was used as the nitrogen source. the do ...	2010	20116239
an efficient treatment for detoxification process of cassava starch by plant cell wall-degrading enzymes.	the objective of this work was to remove linamarin in starch from cassava (manihot esculenta crantz cv. ku-50) roots, a high-cyanogen variety by using plant cell wall-degrading enzymes, xylanase and cellulase. the combination of xylanase from bacillus firmus k-1 and xylanase and cellulase from paenibacillus curdlanolyticus b-6 at the ratio of 1:9 showed the maximum synergism at 1.8 times for hydrolyzing cassava cortex cell walls and releasing linamarase. combined enzyme treatment enhanced linama ...	2010	20129074
antimicrobial activities of tapioca starch/decolorized hsian-tsao leaf gum coatings containing green tea extracts in fruit-based salads, romaine hearts and pork slices.	the antimicrobial activities of edible coatings based on a tapioca starch/decolorized hsian-tsao leaf gum (dhg) matrix with various green tea extracts (gtes) were evaluated. its effect on the shelf-life extension of fruit-based salads, romaine hearts, and pork slices were investigated as well. three types of gtes from hot water (80 degrees c) (w), 40% (e4) and 80% (e8) ethanol were prepared. it was found that all gtes showed pronounced inhibition on gram positive bacteria in agar media, includin ...	2010	20138382
conversion of cassava wastes for biofertilizer production using phosphate solubilizing fungi.	two fungi characterized as aspergillus fumigatus and aspergillus niger, isolated from decaying cassava peels were used to convert cassava wastes by the semi-solid fermentation technique to phosphate biofertilizer. the isolates solubilized ca(3)(po(4))(2), alpo(4) and fepo(4) in liquid pikovskaya medium, a process that was accompanied by acid production. medium for the ssf fermentation was composed of 1% raw cassava starch and 3% poultry droppings as nutrients and 96% ground (0.5-1.5mm) dried cas ...	2010	20138509
protein and starch concentrates of air-classified field pea and zero-tannin faba bean for weaned pigs.	air-classified pulse (non-oilseed legume) protein and starch may replace specialty protein and starch feedstuffs in diets for weaned pigs. in exp. 1, three specialty protein sources (5% soy protein concentrate, 5% corn gluten meal, and 5% menhaden meal in the control diet) were replaced with 16% zero-tannin hulled or dehulled faba bean, or 17.5% field pea protein concentrate. in total, 192 group-housed pigs (2 gilts and 2 barrows per pen; bw = 7.5 +/- 1.4 kg) were fed wheat-based diets (3.60 mca ...	2010	20453087
isolation and characterization of ethanol-producing schizosaccharomyces pombe chfy0201.	ethanol-producing yeast strain, chfy0201 was isolated from soil in south korea using an enrichment technique in a yeast peptone dextrose medium supplemented with 5% (w/v) ethanol at 30 degrees c. the phenotypic and physiological characteristics, as well as molecular phylogenetic analysis based on the d1/d2 domains of the large subunit (26s) rdna gene and the internally transcribed spacer (its) 1+2 regions suggested that the chfy0201 was novel strain of schizosaccharomyces pombe. during shaking f ...	2010	20467261
effective ethanol production by reutilizing waste distillage anaerobic digestion effluent in an integrated fermentation process coupled with both ethanol and methane fermentations.	an integrated ethanol-methane fermentation coupled system characterized with full wastewater reutilization was proposed. the waste distillage originated from ethanol distillation was treated with anaerobic digestion and then recycled for medium preparation in the next ethanol fermentation run. this process could enhance wastewater reutilization, save fresh water and reduce energy consumption in the cassava-based ethanol production. the results indicated that, when using anaerobic effluents from ...	2010	20473528
hiv and hepatocellular and esophageal carcinomas related to consumption of mycotoxin-prone foods in sub-saharan africa.	promotion of the hiv epidemic by aflatoxin is postulated but not yet established. sub-saharan populations commonly consume food contaminated by mycotoxins, particularly aflatoxins (predominantly found in peanut, maize, rice, and cassava) and fumonisins, which occur primarily in maize. aflatoxin promotes hepatocellular cancer, and fumonisin may promote esophageal cancer.	2010	20484447
effects of supplementing rice straw with leucaena (leucaena leucocephala) and madras thorn (pithecellobium dulce) foliages on digestibility, microbial n supply and nitrogen balance of growing goats.	a total of 12 crossbred (boer × anglo-nubian) goats were chosen from a commercial farm on the basis of similar body weight (25.0 ± 3.1 kg). the goats were housed in individual pens and allowed 3 weeks to adapt to experimental conditions. the goats were randomly allocated to three treatments in a 3 × 3 latin square experiment (replicated four times). within each period, each goat was given rice straw as roughage plus the respective treatment diet. the diets were iso-nitrogenous and iso-energetic ...	2010	20487095
evaluation of nondigested carbohydrates in hydroxypropylated tapioca starch.	in vitro and in vivo digestibilities of hydroxypropyl starch were investigated to determine an appropriate nondigested carbohydrate assaying method for hydroxypropyl starch. hydroxypropyl tapioca starch (hpts), with a 0.338 degree of substitution, was used as a hydroxypropyl starch source. practically all nondigested carbohydrate in hpts was low molecular weight and was not precipitated in 78% ethanol. the contents of nondigested carbohydrate in hpts and in effluents of ileorectomized rats fed t ...	2010	20492172
feeding and performance of pigs in smallholder production systems in northern lao pdr.	a survey was carried out in the north of lao pdr to study feeding systems and the performance of pigs in smallholder systems. a total of 341 farmers from five provinces were interviewed. to feed their pigs, farmers mainly rely on feedstuffs produced on the farm and collected from areas near the village. the feedstuffs used included by-products such as rice bran and distiller's waste, planted feeds, mainly maize and cassava, and various green plant materials. the feedstuffs used are usually high ...	2010	20517643
chemical composition and in sacco degradability of four varieties of cassava leaves grown in southwestern nigeria in the rumen of sheep.	the nutritive value of leaves of four varieties of cassava (ms 6, tms 30555, idileruwa and tms 30572) were studied through analysis of their chemical components and degradability of their dry matter (dm) and crude protein (cp) in the rumen of sheep. results of the chemical analyses showed that the leaves of the four varieties contained different proportions of organic matter which was significantly (p < 0.05) highest in tms 30572 with value of 935 g/kg dm, while cp (gram per kilogramme dm) was s ...	2010	20521108
cancer risk assessment of ethyl carbamate in alcoholic beverages from brazil with special consideration to the spirits cachaça and tiquira.	ethyl carbamate (ec) is a multi-site carcinogen in experimental animals and probably carcinogenic to humans (iarc group 2a). traces of ec below health-relevant ranges naturally occur in several fermented foods and beverages, while higher concentrations above 1 mg/l are regularly detected in only certain spirits derived from cyanogenic plants. in brazil this concerns the sugarcane spirit cachaça and the manioc (cassava) spirit tiquira, which both regularly exceed the national ec limit of 0.15 mg/ ...	2010	20529350
drought tolerant stem anatomy characteristics in manihot esculenta (euphorbiaceae) and a wild relative.	the stem structure of two cassava cultivars, unb 99 and unb 110, known for being adapted to humid conditions and tolerant to drought, respectively, and of a wild species, manihot glaziovii, was examined anatomically. free-hand sections of secondary stems were made, clarified with 50% sodium hypochlorite solution, stained with 1% alcian-blue safranin, and then passed through an ethanol series and butyl acetate, followed by mounting in synthetic resin. m. glaziovii stems had dense prismatic and dr ...	2010	20533197
chapter 50: history of tropical neurology.	tropical neurology began less than two centuries ago. consumption of dietary toxins predominated at the beginning and gave birth to the geographic entity. the story moved from lathyrism through jamaican neuropathy to cassava-induced epidemic neuropathy, which was contrasted with konzo, also associated with cassava. other tropical diseases enumerated with chronological details include: chaga's diseases, kwashiorkor, madras type of motor neuron disease, atlanto-axial dislocation, burkitt's lymphom ...	2010	19892153
flexible feeding on cultivated underground storage organs by rainforest-dwelling chimpanzees at bossou, west africa.	it has been proposed that exploitation of underground storage organs (usos) played an important role in the evolution of the genus homo, these items serving as 'fallback foods' during periods of low food availability. the use of usos as food by wild chimpanzees is infrequent and seen mostly in populations inhabiting relatively arid environments, such as the savanna. here, we specifically test the hypothesis that chimpanzees (pan troglodytes verus) inhabiting tropical wet forest at bossou (republ ...	2010	20080283