Publications

evidence that ph can drive state transitions in isolated thylakoid membranes from spinach.	our observation that the f735/f685 ratio at 77 k increased when the lumenal ph decreased led us to investigate the role of ph in explaining the mechanism of state transitions in spinach (spinacea oleracea l.) thylakoid membranes. as the lumenal ph was changed from ph 7.5 to 5.5, the quantum yield of ps ii decreased, while that of ps i increased. in the presence of an uncoupler, nh(4)cl, which sequesters protons, a reversal of the effects observed at ph 5.5 were noticed. the thylakoid membranes t ...	2010	20480090
visualizing the mobility and distribution of chlorophyll proteins in higher plant thylakoid membranes: effects of photoinhibition and protein phosphorylation.	the diffusion of proteins in chloroplast thylakoid membranes is believed to be important for processes including the photosystem-ii repair cycle and the regulation of light harvesting. however, to date there is very little direct information on the mobility of thylakoid proteins. we have used fluorescence recovery after photobleaching in a laser-scanning confocal microscope to visualize in real time the exchange of chlorophyll proteins between grana in intact spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) and a ...	2010	20230505
functional analysis of b and c class floral organ genes in spinach demonstrates their role in sexual dimorphism.	evolution of unisexual flowers entails one of the most extreme changes in plant development. cultivated spinach, spinacia oleracea l., is uniquely suited for the study of unisexual flower development as it is dioecious and it achieves unisexually by the absence of organ development, rather than by organ abortion or suppression. male staminate flowers lack fourth whorl primordia and female pistillate flowers lack third whorl primordia. based on theoretical considerations, early inflorescence or f ...	2010	20226063
effect of protein modification by malondialdehyde on the interaction between the oxygen-evolving complex 33 kda protein and photosystem ii core proteins.	previously we observed that the oxygen-evolving complex 33 kda protein (oec33) which stabilizes the mn cluster in photosystem ii (psii), was modified with malondialdehyde (mda), an end-product of peroxidized polyunsaturated fatty acids, and the modification increased in heat-stressed plants (yamauchi et al. 2008). in this study, we examined whether the modification of oec33 with mda affects its binding to the psii complex and causes inactivation of the oxygen-evolving complex. purified oec33 and ...	2010	20157726
influences of major nutrient elements on pb accumulation of two crops from a pb-contaminated soil.	to know about the effect of major nutrient elements on various forms of pb and metal extraction, a greenhouse experiment was conducted to assess the effects of various major nutrient elements on pb accumulation in two crops (spinacia oleracea, so and sonchus arvensis, sa) in changchun, china. results indicated that, for so, the pb concentrations in both shoots and roots had no difference with increasing nutrients except for low nutrient treatment (1/2h). for sa, high nutrient treatments (2h and ...	2010	19854574
studies on the movements of ionic selectivity, compatible solutes, and intracellular ions caused in the leaves of spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) plants cultured in a nutrient solution with seawater.	analyses of ionic selectivity, compatible solutes, and intracellular ions in the leaves of spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) plants cultured in the hoagland's nutrient solution with or.without seawater (40%) were carried out using two cultivars--the helan no.3 (seawater tolerant) and the yuanye (seawater sensitive). when both cultivars were subjected to seawater stress, the leaves of the helan no. 3 spinach preferred potassium (k+), calcium (ca2+), magnesium (mg2+), and sulfate (so4(2-)) over sodiu ...	2010	20942340
phytoecdysteroid c2-hydroxylase is microsomal in spinach, spinacia oleracea l.	an enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of phytoecdysteroids, the c2-hydroxylase, has been investigated in spinach, spinacia oleracea. this enzyme is microsomal and its k(m) has been determined using 2-deoxy-20-hydroxyecdysone as substrate (k(m)=3.72 microm). it is much more efficient with 2-deoxy-20-hydroxyecdysone than with 2-deoxyecdysone and, conversely, the c20-hydroxylase is more active on 2-deoxyecdysone than on ecdysone. these data support the conclusion that c20-hydroxylation precedes c2 ...	2009	19750551
investigating the foliar uptake and within-leaf migration of phenanthrene by moss (hypnum cupressiforme) using two-photon excitation microscopy with autofluorescence.	mosses have the potential to play a significant role in the global cycling and fate of semivolatile organic compounds (svocs), due to their extensive distribution at high latitudes and the long-range atmospheric transport of svocs. unlike vascular plants mosses lack a substantial cuticle, vascular system, or root structure, taking up water, nutrients and svocs primarily from the atmosphere. mosses have thus been effectively used as passive air samplers for many svocs in urban and rural locations ...	2009	19731673
evaluation of the toxicity of stress-related aldehydes to photosynthesis in chloroplasts.	aldehydes produced under various environmental stresses can cause cellular injury in plants, but their toxicology in photosynthesis has been scarcely investigated. we here evaluated their effects on photosynthetic reactions in chloroplasts isolated from spinacia oleracea l. leaves. aldehydes that are known to stem from lipid peroxides inactivated the co(2) photoreduction to various extents, while their corresponding alcohols and carboxylic acids did not affect photosynthesis. alpha,beta-unsatura ...	2009	19578873
increase of ascorbic acid content and nutritional quality in spinach leaves during physiological acclimation to low temperature.	the effect of acclimation to 10 degrees c on the leaf content of ascorbic and oxalic acids, was investigated in spinach (spinacia oleracea l.). at 10 degrees c the content of ascorbic acid in leaves increased and after 7 days it was about 41% higher than in plants remaining under a 25 degrees c/20 degrees c day/night temperature regime. in contrast, the content of oxalate, remained unchanged. transfer to 10 degrees c increased the ascorbic but not the oxalic acid content of the leaf intercellula ...	2009	19376730
ring-substituted 4-hydroxy-1h-quinolin-2-ones: preparation and biological activity.	in the study, a series of twelve ring-substituted 4-hydroxy-1h-quinolin-2-one derivatives were prepared. the procedures for synthesis of the compounds are presented. the compounds were analyzed using rp-hplc to determine lipophilicity and tested for their photosynthesis-inhibiting activity using spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) chloroplasts. all the synthesized compounds were also evaluated for antifungal activity using in vitro screening with eight fungal strains. for all the compounds, the relat ...	2009	19305366
does the different proteomic profile found in apical and basal leaves of spinach reveal a strategy of this plant toward cadmium pollution response?	chlorosis develops in spinacia oleracea l. plants exposed to cd and is prevalently localized in the basal leaves. a proteomic comparison of basal and apical leaves from cd-treated plants showed modified profiles that are different and complementary in the two locations. total chlorophyll increased in apical leaves as did photosynthetic complexes and enzymes involved in co2 fixation and carbohydrate metabolism. thus, apical leaves seem to supply the plant's energy requirements and, consistent wit ...	2009	19290619
kunitz-type trypsin inhibitor with high stability from spinacia oleracea l. seeds.	the trypsin inhibitor soti was isolated from spinacia oleracea l. seeds through ammonium sulfate precipitation, sepharose 4b-trypsin affinity chromatography, and sephadex g-75 chromatography. this typical kunitz inhibitor showed remarkable stability to heat, ph, and denaturant. it retained 80% of its activity against trypsin after boiling for 20 min, and more than 90% activity when treated with 6 m guanidine hydrochloride. the formation of stable soti-trypsin complex (k(i) = 2.3x10(-6) m) is con ...	2009	19232057
transcriptional control of two ribosome-inactivating protein genes expressed in spinach (spinacia oleracea) embryos.	sorip1 and sorip2 are ribosome-inactivating protein (rip: ec 3.2.2.22) genes identified in spinach (spinacia oleracea). they are differentially expressed in a development-dependent manner during spinach somatic embryogenesis. here, we isolated genomic clones of sorip1 and sorip2. these two rip genes have different genomic organization. phylogenetic analysis of predicted amino acid sequences of rips in caryophyllales plants revealed that they are divided into two major subfamilies, corresponding ...	2009	19195903
proteomic analysis of multiprotein complexes in the thylakoid membrane upon cadmium treatment.	the time course of the thylakoid membranes proteomic profile changes upon cadmium (cd) addition to hydroponic spinacia oleracea l. plants has been investigated. two different proteomic approaches have been used: blue native gel electrophoresis followed by sds-page (2d bn-sds-page) and sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation followed by rp-hplc. chlorophyll (chl) and xanthophylls concentrations, together with esr and real time pcr measurements, were also performed to get a complete overview ...	2009	19035790
accumulation of 2-c-methyl-d-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate in illuminated plant leaves at supraoptimal temperatures reveals a bottleneck of the prokaryotic methylerythritol 4-phosphate pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis.	metabolic profiling using phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance ((31)p-nmr) revealed that the leaves of different herbs and trees accumulate 2-c-methyl-d-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate (mecdp), an intermediate of the methylerythritol 4-phosphate (mep) pathway, during bright and hot days. in spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) leaves, its accumulation closely depended on irradiance and temperature. mecdp was the only (31)p-nmr-detected mep pathway intermediate. it remained in chloroplasts and was a s ...	2009	19021881
duplication of ap1 within the spinacia oleracea l. ap1/ful clade is followed by rapid amino acid and regulatory evolution.	the ap1/ful clade of mads box genes have undergone multiple duplication events among angiosperm species. while initially identified as having floral meristem identity and floral organ identity function in arabidopsis, the role of ap1 homologs does not appear to be universally conserved even among eudicots. in comparison, the role of fruitfull has not been extensively explored in non-model species. we report on the isolation of three ap1/ful genes from cultivated spinach, spinacia oleracea l. two ...	2009	19005675
bioaccumulation of heavy metals and two organochlorine pesticides (ddt and bhc) in crops irrigated with secondary treated waste water.	four crop plants oryza sativa (rice), solanum melongena (brinjal), spinacea oleracea (spinach) and raphanus sativus (radish) were grown to study the impact of secondary treated municipal waste water irrigation. these plants were grown in three plots each of 0.5 ha, and irrigated with secondary treated waste water from a sewage treatment plant. sludge from the same sewage treatment plant was applied as manure. cultivated plants were analyzed for accumulation of heavy metals and pesticides. result ...	2009	18654831
air-borne heavy metal contamination to dietary vegetables: a case study from india.	contamination of edible parts of three dietary vegetables, spinach (spinacia oleracea l.), radish (raphanus sativus l.), and tomato (lycopersicon esculentum mill.) by air-borne cadmium (cd), chromium (cr), copper (cu), nickel (ni), and lead (pb) was determined using pot culture experiments at three sites in the city of varanasi, india. the data revealed that although cr and cu in vegetables remained below their safe limits, about 68% of the total samples contained cd, ni, and pb above their resp ...	2009	19771380
defining the far-red limit of photosystem ii in spinach.	the far-red limit of photosystem ii (psii) photochemistry was studied in psii-enriched membranes and psii core preparations from spinach (spinacia oleracea) after application of laser flashes between 730 and 820 nm. light up to 800 nm was found to drive psii activity in both acceptor side reduction and oxidation of the water-oxidizing camn(4) cluster. far-red illumination induced enhancement of, and slowed down decay kinetics of, variable fluorescence. both effects reflect reduction of the accep ...	2009	19700631
dry deposition of gaseous radioiodine and particulate radiocaesium onto leafy vegetables.	radionuclides released to the atmosphere during dry weather (e.g. after a nuclear accident) may contaminate vegetable foods and cause exposure to humans via the food chain. to obtain experimental data for an appropriate assessment of this exposure path, dry deposition of radionuclides to leafy vegetables was studied under homogeneous and controlled greenhouse conditions. gaseous (131)i-tracer in predominant elemental form and particulate (134)cs-tracer at about 1 mum diameter were used to identi ...	2009	19640563
nutritional quality of some wild leafy vegetables in south africa.	wild vegetables play an important role in the diet of inhabitants of different parts of the world. among the wild vegetables of south africa are chenopodium album, sonchus asper, solanumnigrum and urtica urens. the leaves of these plants were analysed for their nutritive value, anti-nutritive components and polyphenolic contents. the protein contents of their leaves ranged between 13.25% and 26.44%, while the fibre and mineral (ash) contents were 16.08-23.08% and 13.0-27.75%, respectively. u. ur ...	2009	19037794
spinach (spinacia oleracea) chloroplast sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase. activation and deactivation, and immunological relationship to fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase.	in this paper we study activation by dithiothreitol and reduced thioredoxins and deactivation by oxidized thioredoxins f of sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase. the behaviour of the enzyme when chromatographed on a thioredoxin-sepharose column is also described. the enzyme is autoxidizable upon removal of reducing agents, and is activated when reduced by any of the thioredoxins. this mechanism may allow the regulation of the calvin cycle upon light-dark and dark-light transitions. the formation of ...	2009	2844168
characterization of a phosphoenzyme intermediate in the reaction of phosphoglycolate phosphatase.	when 32p-glycolate and phosphoglycolate phosphatase from spinach are mixed, 32p is incorporated into acid precipitated protein. properties that relate the phosphorylation of the enzyme to the phosphatase are: the km value for p-glycolate is similar for protein phosphorylation and substrate hydrolysis; the 32p in the phosphoenzyme is diluted by unlabeled p-glycolate or the specific alternative substrate, ethyl-p; the activator cl- enhances the effectiveness of ethyl-p as a substrate and as an inh ...	2009	2820973
fluorescence studies of phosphoribulokinase, a light-regulated, chloroplastic enzyme.	recent characterization of spinach phosphoribulokinase has revealed that the homodimeric molecule contains only two tryptophans per 44-kda subunit. we have performed steady-state and frequency domain studies of the intrinsic fluorescence of this protein. the fluorescence properties reflect contributions from both types of tryptophan residues. one of these appears to be relatively exposed to solvent and the quencher, acrylamide; fluoresce with a lambda max of 345 nm; decay with a fluorescence lif ...	2009	2829729
the chloroplast reductase-binding protein is identical to the 16.5-kda polypeptide described as a component of the oxygen-evolving complex.	the n-terminal sequence of the spinach chloroplast reductase-binding protein was determined. the sequence is the same one of a 16.5-kda polypeptide described as a component of the oxygen-evolving system. antibodies against both proteins are equivalent as shown by immunoblots, ouchterlony assays, precipitation of reductase-binding protein complex, and agglutination of thylakoids partially depleted of reductase. these results suggest both proteins are identical. exposure of the binding protein on ...	2009	2687273
spinach ferredoxin-nitrite reductase: characterization of catalytic activity and interaction of the enzyme with substrates.	the steady-state kinetic parameters of the enzymatic reduction of nitrite by spinach ferredoxin-nitrite reductase [ec 1.7.7.1] were measured under anaerobic conditions. the maximum velocity of ferredoxin-linked activity was essentially the same as for the methyl viologen-linked activity of the enzyme. the initial velocity patterns of the oxidation of reduced ferredoxin suggested a sequential reaction scheme by which nitrite and reduced ferredoxin bind to the free enzyme. the binding of nitrite a ...	2009	2738043
refined structure of spinach glycolate oxidase at 2 a resolution.	the amino acid sequence of glycolate oxidase from spinach has been fitted to an electron density map of 2.0 a nominal resolution and the structure has been refined using the restrained parameter least-squares refinement of hendrickson and konnert. a final crystallographic r-factor of 18.9% was obtained for 32,888 independent reflections from 5.5 to 2 a resolution. the geometry of the model, consisting of 350 amino acid residues, the cofactor flavin mononucleotide and 298 solvent molecules, is cl ...	2009	2681790
galactolipids as potential health promoting compounds in vegetable foods.	galactolipids are a class of compounds widely found in the plant kingdom, including edible plants, and are an important part of the cell membranes. galactolipids in plants consists mainly of monogalactosyldiacylglycerols and digalactosyldiacylglycerols containing one or two saturated and/or unsaturated fatty acids linked to the glycerol moiety. several galactolipids have been shown to possess in vitro and/or in vivo anti-tumor promoting activity and anti-inflammatory activity. recently, it has b ...	2009	20653526
vidas salmonella (slm) assay method easyslm with chromid salmonella (sm2) agar. performance tested method 020901.	a method modification study was conducted for the vidas salmonella (slm) assay (aoac performance tested method 020901) using the easyslm method to validate a matrix extension for peanut butter. the vidas easyslm method is a simple enrichment procedure compared to traditional salmonella methods, requiring only pre-enrichment and a single selective enrichment media, salmonella xpress 2 (sx2) broth. sx2 replaces the two selective broths in traditional methods and eliminates the m broth transfer, in ...	2009	20166608
thiol/disulfide exchange in the thioredoxin-catalyzed reductive activation of spinach chloroplast fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase. kinetics and thermodynamics.	two kinetically and thermodynamically distinct thiol/disulfide redox changes are observed during the reversible thioredoxin fb-catalyzed reduction and oxidation of spinach chloroplast fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase by dithiothreitol. the two processes, which occur at different rates and with different equilibrium constants, can be observed independently in either the reduction (activation) or oxidation (inactivation) direction by assaying the enzyme activity at different magnesium and fructose-1,6- ...	2009	2820974
oxygen isotope effects on the ribulosebisphosphate oxygenase reaction.	the oxygen isotope effect at the substrate o2 on the oxygenase reaction of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase from spinach is ph and metal dependent. the ph dependence between ph 7.4 and 8.9 is different with mg2+ (steady decrease in this isotope effect from 1.036 to 1.030) and mn2+ (minimum isotope effect of 1.028 at ph 8.0). deuteration of the substrate ([3-2h]ribulose bisphosphate) has no influence on the isotope effect. the results are interpreted as a direct participation of the me ...	2009	2738056
protonmotive force and photophosphorylation in single swollen thylakoid vesicles.	swollen vesicles generally 40 micron in diameter were prepared from spinach chloroplasts. these vesicles appear to originate from thylakoids. the present study reports results obtained with individual vesicles using micromanipulative procedures. the electric potential across the membrane was measured with microelectrodes and the ph of the internal space was calculated from the fluorescence of the ph indicator pyranine. the individual vesicles photophosphorylate as measured with luciferin-lucifer ...	2009	2988949
nucleotide sequences of cdna clones encoding the entire precursor polypeptide for subunit vi and of the plastome-encoded gene for subunit vii of the photosystem i reaction center from spinach.	recombinant phage which encode the entire precursor polypeptide for subunit vi of the photosystem i reaction center have been selected from a lambda gt11 cdna expression library made from polyadenylated rna of spinach seedlings. the sequence predicts a precursor polypeptide of 144 amino acids (mr = 15.3 kda), a mature protein of 95 residues (mr = 10.4 kda) that lacks methionine, histidine and cysteine, and a transit peptide of 49 residues (mr = 4.9 kda). the corresponding gene(s) is (are) design ...	2009	2688927
effect of supplementation with vitamin a or plant carotenes on plasma retinol levels among young egyptian males.	thirteen young egyptian males with initial low plasma retinol level were divided into three groups and received single oral vitamin a dose of 200,000 iu, or carotene supplement in the form of boiled spinach leaves, providing roughly 617 re/day or carrots providing 394 re/day. the three supplements were equally effective, when the plasma retinol level was measured 40 days later. on a price basis, the vitamin a capsules and the carrots were much cheaper than the spinach supplement.	2009	2777508
development of a gene silencing dna vector derived from a broad host range geminivirus.	gene silencing is proving to be a powerful tool for genetic, developmental, and physiological analyses. the use of viral induced gene silencing (vigs) offers advantages to transgenic approaches as it can be potentially applied to non-model systems for which transgenic techniques are not readily available. however, many vigs vectors are derived from gemini viruses that have limited host ranges. we present a new, unipartite vector that is derived from a curtovirus that has a broad host range and w ...	2009	19573239
phosphorylation site mapping of soluble proteins: bioinformatical filtering reveals potential plastidic phosphoproteins in arabidopsis thaliana.	protein phosphorylation is a major mode of regulation of metabolism, gene expression, and cell architecture. a combination of phosphopeptide enrichment strategies based on tio(2) and imac in addition to our mudpit strategy revealed the detection of 181 phosphorylation sites which are located on 125 potentially plastidic proteins predicted by gominer, targetp/predotar in arabidopsis thaliana. in our study phosphorylation on serine is favored over threonine and this in turn over phosphorylation on ...	2009	19238429
[determination of 107 pesticide residues in vegetables using off-line dispersive solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry].	a screening method was developed for the determination of 107 pesticide residues in vegetables using off-line dispersive solid-phase extraction (dspe) and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (gc-ms/ms). the pesticides interested were extracted from the samples with acetonitrile (saturated by n-hexane) containing 1% acetic acid and simultaneously separated by liquid-liquid partitioning with adding anhydrous magnesium sulfate plus sodium acetate following by a simple cleanup step known as ...	2009	19938491
[phytochemicals that counteract the cardiotoxic side effects of cancer chemotherapy].	almost all clinically used antitumor drugs exhibit toxic side effects affecting heart function. because of cardiotoxicity during anticancer chemotherapy, effective doses of cytostatics have to be limited, which may worsen antitumor efficacy. the cardiotoxicity induced by cytostatics of the anthracycline group in particular results, among others, from massive stimulation of ros. it has therefore been suggested that some phytochemicals with high antioxidant potential, when administered together wi ...	2009	19502676
spectroscopic study of 2-(2-pyridyliminomethyl)phenol as a novel fluorescent probe for superoxide anion radicals and superoxide dismutase activity.	a novel spectrofluorometric method, using 2-(2-pyridyliminomethyl)phenol as a fluorescent probe, was developed for the determination of superoxide anion radical (o(2) (-)) and superoxide dismutase activity (sod). the new fluorescent probe was synthesized and characterized with elemental analysis and ir spectra. it was oxidized by o(2) (-) to form a less fluorescence product. based on this reaction, a spectrofluorometric method was proposed and successfully used to determine superoxide anion ra ...	2009	19002572
pesticide residue monitoring in korean agricultural products, 2003-05.	between 2003 and 2005, a total of 11,716 samples were collected and analysed to determine the level of pesticides residues. multi-residue methods (mrms) capable of simultaneously determining 250 pesticides were used. of the 11,716 samples, 89.1% had no detectable residues and 1.7% had violative residues. the detection rates by commodity group were 11.4, 8.6, 0.3, and 0.02% for vegetables, fruit, grain, mushrooms, and the others, respectively. agricultural products with pesticide residues were pe ...	2009	24784964
[changes of soil biological characters beneath greenhouse cucumber under different cultivation systems].	a 3-year pot experiment with 8-year continuously cropped greenhouse cucumber soil was conducted to study the effects of different cultivation systems on the soil quality, soil nematode quantity, and crop yields. the third year' s data were taken into analysis. comparing with traditional cultivation system (two seasons planting cucumber with fallowing in summer) , planting leafy vegetable and garlic in summer increased the yields of the two crops and the soil microbial biomass carbon content, tot ...	2009	19565763
regulation of tomato golden mosaic virus al2 and al3 gene expression by a conserved upstream open reading frame.	a translational regulatory mechanism for tomato golden mosaic virus (tgmv) complementary-sense gene expression has been characterized. tgmv transcribes two mrnas, al-1935 and al-1629 transcripts, both of which contain the al2 and al3 open reading frames. however, al2 is only expressed from al-1629 whereas al3 is expressed from both. three aug translation initiation codons are located upstream of both the al2 and al3 coding regions, within the 5'-untranslated region (utr) of the al-1935 transcrip ...	2009	19012941
oxalate content of silver beet leaves (beta vulgaris var. cicla) at different stages of maturation and the effect of cooking with different milk sources.	the work presented here indicates that people who have a tendency to develop kidney stones should avoid consuming regrowth and developed silver beet (beta vulgaris var. cicla) leaves. soluble oxalate contents of leaves range from 58% of the total oxalate for the mature leaves up to 89% for the regrowth tissue, with regrowth tissue containing the highest levels of soluble oxalate at 7267+/-307 mg/100 g of dry matter (dm). leaves cooked in milk contained significantly (p<0.05) lower levels of solu ...	2009	19877639
carnation mottle virus, an important viral agent infecting carnation cut-flower crops in mahallat of iran.	one of the most important cut-flower crops grown worldwide on commercial scale is carnation (dianthus caryophyllus l.). it's the main production of mahallat where is one of the most important ornamental plants production centers of iran. infection of carnation with pathogens like viral agents causes economic losses in carnation cut-flower crop. one of the viral agents of this flower is carnation mottle virus (carmv) which is the type member of genus carmovirus and belongs to the tombusviridae fa ...	2009	20222573
investigating biological activity spectrum for novel styrylquinazoline analogues.	in this study, series of ring-substituted 2-styrylquinazolin-4(3h)-one and 4-chloro-2-styrylquinazoline derivatives were prepared. the syntheses of the discussed compounds are presented. the compounds were analyzed by rp-hplc to determine lipophilicity. they were tested for their inhibitory activity on photosynthetic electron transport (pet) in spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) chloroplasts. primary in vitro screening of the synthesized compounds was also performed against four mycobacterial strain ...	2009	19924061
raffinose in chloroplasts is synthesized in the cytosol and transported across the chloroplast envelope.	in chloroplasts, several water-soluble carbohydrates have been suggested to act as stress protectants. the trisaccharide raffinose (alpha-1,6-galactosyl sucrose) is such a carbohydrate but has received little attention. we here demonstrate by compartmentation analysis of leaf mesophyll protoplasts that raffinose is clearly (to about 20%) present in chloroplasts of cold-treated common bugle (ajuga reptans l.), spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) and arabidopsis [arabidopsis thaliana (l.) heynh.] plant ...	2009	19880397
asp157 is required for the function of psbo, the photosystem ii manganese stabilizing protein.	psbo, the photosystem ii manganese stabilizing protein, contains an aspartate residue [asp157 (spinach numbering)], which is highly conserved in eukaryotic and prokaryotic psbos. the homology model of the psii-bound conformation of spinach psbo presented here positions asp157 in the large flexible loop of the protein. we have characterized site-directed mutants (d157n, d157e, and d157k) of spinach psbo that were rebound to psbo-depleted psii to probe the role of asp157. structural data revealed ...	2009	19894760
[transfer of pesticide residues to crops via cardboard boxes].	cardboard boxes used to transport crops are often reused in the distribution process, and therefore transfer of pesticides between crops might occur. so, we designed model experiments to investigate whether or not transfer of pesticide residues from crops to other crops via cardboard boxes occurs. under severe experimental conditions, 6.2% of the pesticide residues of grapefruit was found to be transferred to spinach via cardboard boxes. in the case of the mandarin orange, 0.57% was transferred. ...	2009	19897948
effects of plant maturity and growth media bacterial inoculum level on the surface contamination and internalization of escherichia coli o157:h7 in growing spinach leaves.	the incidence of foodborne outbreaks linked to fresh produce has increased in the united states. particularly noteworthy was the 2006 escherichia coli o157:h7 outbreak associated with prepackaged baby spinach. this study aimed to determine whether e. coli o157:h7 would be present in the aerial leaf tissue of a growing spinach plant when introduced at various plant maturities and different inoculum levels in a greenhouse setting. spinach seeds of a commercial variety were sown in 8-in. (20.32-cm) ...	2009	19903394
survival of hepatitis a virus in spinach during low temperature storage.	spinach leaves are frequently consumed raw and have been involved with past foodborne outbreaks. in this study, we examined the survival of hepatitis a virus (hav) on fresh spinach leaves in moisture- and gas-permeable packages that were stored at 5.4 +/- 1.2 degrees c for up to 42 days. different eluents including phosphate-buffered saline (pbs), ph 7.5 (with and without 2% serum), and 3% beef extract (ph 7.5 and 8) were compared for how efficiently they recovered viruses from spinach by using ...	2009	19903406
variation in cadmium accumulation among 30 cultivars and cadmium subcellular distribution in 2 selected cultivars of water spinach (ipomoea aquatica forsk.).	to reduce the influx of cadmium (cd), a toxic heavy metal, into the human food chain through vegetable intake, a pot experiment for the selection of a pollution-safe cultivar (psc) of water spinach (ipomoea aquatica forsk.) was carried out. the experiment with 30 tested cultivars revealed that the maximum differences in cd concentration between the cultivars containing the highest and the lowest cd were 3.0-3.9-fold under low-cd treatment (soil cd = 0.593 mg kg(-1)), 2.7-3.5-fold under middle-cd ...	2009	19739670
structural and functional analysis of the intrinsic inhibitor subunit epsilon of f1-atpase from photosynthetic organisms.	the epsilon subunit, a small subunit located in the f1 domain of atp synthase and comprising two distinct domains, an n-terminal beta-sandwich structure and a c-terminal alpha-helical region, serves as an intrinsic inhibitor of atp hydrolysis activity. this inhibitory function is especially important in photosynthetic organisms as the enzyme cannot synthesize atp in the dark, but may catalyse futile atp hydrolysis reactions. to understand the structure-function relationship of this subunit in f1 ...	2009	19785575
pulsed odors from maize or spinach elicit orientation in european corn borer neonate larvae.	lepidoptera larvae are capable of orienting towards or away from plants by using odors as cues but whether this attraction is innate or secondarily acquired remains unknown. we tested the hypothesis that european corn borer (ecb) neonate larvae express an innate attraction towards odors released from maize, and avoidance towards odors from spinach. neonate larvae were placed on a locomotion compensator within a constant stream of humidified air that was loaded intermittently with airborne odors ...	2009	19787404
fate of escherichia coli o157:h7 in the presence of indigenous microorganisms on commercially packaged baby spinach, as impacted by storage temperature and time.	this study investigated the effect of storage temperature and time on the survival and growth of escherichia coli o157:h7, the growth of indigenous microorganisms, and the changes in product quality of packaged baby spinach. commercial packages of spinach within 2 days of processing were cut open at one end, sprayed with fine mists of e. coli o157:h7 inoculum, resealed, and then stored at 1, 5, 8, and 12 degrees c for 12 days until their labeled best-if-used-by dates. microbial enumeration and p ...	2009	19833025
inactivation of escherichia coli o157:h7 on the intact and damaged portions of lettuce and spinach leaves by using allyl isothiocyanate, carvacrol, and cinnamaldehyde in vapor phase.	antimicrobials in the vapor phase might be more effective in inactivating escherichia coli o157:h7 cells attached to leafy greens than aqueous antimicrobials. we determined the activity of allyl isothiocyanate (ait), cinnamaldehyde, and carvacrol against e. coli o157:h7 on intact and damaged lettuce and spinach tissue. samples were treated with various concentrations of antimicrobial in the vapor phase at 0, 4, and 10 degrees c in an enclosed container. on intact lettuce surface, the vapor of th ...	2009	19833026
enteric viruses in raw vegetables and groundwater used for irrigation in south korea.	raw vegetables irrigated with groundwater that may contain enteric viruses can be associated with food-borne viral disease outbreaks. in this study, we performed reverse transcription-pcr (rt-pcr) and cell culture-pcr to monitor the occurrence of enteric viruses in groundwater samples and in raw vegetables that were cultivated using that groundwater in south korea. samples were collected 10 times from three farms located in gyeonggi province, south korea. rt-pcr and cell culture-pcr were perform ...	2009	19854919
transcriptomic response of escherichia coli o157:h7 to oxidative stress.	chlorinated water is commonly used in industrial operations to wash and sanitize fresh-cut, minimally processed produce. here we compared 42 human outbreak strains that represented nine distinct escherichia coli o157:h7 genetic lineages (or clades) for their relative resistance to chlorine treatment. a quantitative measurement of resistance was made by comparing the extension of the lag phase during growth of each strain under exposure to sublethal concentrations of sodium hypochlorite in luria- ...	2009	19666735
identification and structural basis of the reaction catalyzed by cyp121, an essential cytochrome p450 in mycobacterium tuberculosis.	the gene encoding the cytochrome p450 cyp121 is essential for mycobacterium tuberculosis. however, the cyp121 catalytic activity remains unknown. here, we show that the cyclodipeptide cyclo(l-tyr-l-tyr) (cyy) binds to cyp121, and is efficiently converted into a single major product in a cyp121 activity assay containing spinach ferredoxin and ferredoxin reductase. nmr spectroscopy analysis of the reaction product shows that cyp121 catalyzes the formation of an intramolecular c-c bond between 2 ty ...	2009	19416919
a rubisco mutant that confers growth under a normally "inhibitory" oxygen concentration.	ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (rubp) carboxylase/oxygenase (rubisco) is a globally significant biocatalyst that facilitates the removal and sequestration of co2 from the biosphere. rubisco-catalyzed co2 reduction thus provides virtually all of the organic carbon utilized by living organisms. despite catalyzing the rate-limiting step of photosynthetic and chemoautotrophic co2 assimilation, rubisco is markedly inefficient as the competition between o2 and co2 for the same substrate limits the ability ...	2009	19705820
validation of iq-check e. coli o157:h7 real-time pcr test kit for detection of escherichia coli o157:h7 in selected foods.	iq-check e. coli o157:h7 (bio-rad laboratories, hercules, ca) is a real-time pcr kit for detection of e. coli o157:h7 from selected foods. specific fluorescent oligonucleotide probes are used to detect target dna during the amplification, by hybridizing to the amplicons. these fluorescent probes are linked to a fluorophore which fluoresces only when hybridized to the target sequence. three foods (ground beef, apple cider, fresh spinach) were selected to compare the performance of iq-check e. col ...	2009	19714978
ultrasound enhanced sanitizer efficacy in reduction of escherichia coli o157:h7 population on spinach leaves.	the use of ultrasound to enhance the efficacy of selected sanitizers in reduction of escherichia coli o157 : h7 populations on spinach was investigated. spot-inoculated spinach samples were treated with water, chlorine, acidified sodium chlorite (asc), peroxyacetic acid (poaa), and acidic electrolyzed water with and without ultrasound (21.2 khz) for 2 min at room temperature. the effects of ultrasound treatment time and acoustic energy density (aed) were evaluated at an asc concentration of 200 ...	2009	19723216
light absorption by isolated chloroplasts and leaves: effects of scattering and 'packing'.	light absorption was quantified in the following systems: isolated chloroplasts and leaves of spinach (spinacea oleracea l.), a mutant of geranium (pelargonium zonale l.) widely differing in pigment content, and coleus (coleus blumei benth.) at different stages of leaf ontogenesis. for these species and pea (pisum sativum l.), scattering-compensated absorption spectra of chloroplast suspensions are presented. comparison of leaf and chloroplast spectra showed considerable changes in the extent of ...	2009	19672688
a novel approach to enhance food safety: industry-academia-government partnership for applied research.	an independent collaborative approach was developed for stimulating research on high-priority food safety issues. the fresh express produce safety research initiative was launched in 2007 with $2 million in unrestricted funds from industry and independent direction and oversight from a scientific advisory panel consisting of nationally recognized food safety experts from academia and government agencies. the program had two main objectives: (i) to fund rigorous, innovative, and multidisciplinary ...	2009	19681279
a novel approach to investigate the uptake and internalization of escherichia coli o157:h7 in spinach cultivated in soil and hydroponic medium.	internalization of escherichia coli o157:h7 into spinach plants through root uptake is a potential route of contamination. a tn7-based plasmid vector was used to insert a green fluorescent protein gene into the atttn7 site in the e. coli chromosome. three green fluorescent protein-labeled e. coli inocula were used: produce outbreak o157:h7 strains rm4407 and rm5279 (inoculum 1), ground beef outbreak o157:h7 strain 86-24h11 (inoculum 2), and commensal strain hs (inoculum 3). these strains were cu ...	2009	19681280
effect of route of introduction and host cultivar on the colonization, internalization, and movement of the human pathogen escherichia coli o157:h7 in spinach.	human pathogens can contaminate leafy produce in the field by various routes. we hypothesized that interactions between escherichia coli o157:h7 and spinach are influenced by the route of introduction and the leaf microenvironment. e. coli o157:h7 labeled with green fluorescent protein was dropped onto spinach leaf surfaces, simulating bacteria-laden raindrops or sprinkler irrigation, and survived on the phylloplane for at least 14 days, with increasing titers and areas of colonization over time ...	2009	19681281
interaction of escherichia coli o157:h7 with leafy green produce.	enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli (ehec) is a foodborne pathogen responsible for human diarrheal disease. ehec lives in the intestinal tract of cattle and other farm and wild animals, which may be the source of environmental contamination particularly of agricultural fields. human infections are associated with consumption of tainted animal products and fresh produce. how the bacteria interact with the plant phyllosphere and withstand industrial decontamination remain to be elucidated. the goal ...	2009	19681282
inactivation of escherichia coli o157:h7 and natural microbiota on spinach leaves using gaseous ozone during vacuum cooling and simulated transportation.	the aim of this study was to integrate an ozone-based sanitization step into existing processing practices for fresh produce and to evaluate the efficacy of this step against escherichia coli o157:h7. baby spinach inoculated with e. coli o157:h7 (approximately 10(7) cfu/g) was treated in a pilot-scale system with combinations of vacuum cooling and sanitizing levels of ozone gas (sanvac). the contribution of process variables (ozone concentration, pressure, and treatment time) to lethality was in ...	2009	19681283
association of escherichia coli o157:h7 with filth flies (muscidae and calliphoridae) captured in leafy greens fields and experimental transmission of e. coli o157:h7 to spinach leaves by house flies (diptera: muscidae).	the recent outbreak of escherichia coli o157:h7 infection associated with contaminated spinach led to an investigation of the role of insects, which frequent fields of leafy greens and neighboring rangeland habitats, in produce contamination. four leafy greens fields adjacent to cattle-occupied rangeland habitats were sampled using sweep nets and sticky traps. agromyzid flies, anthomyiid flies, and leafhoppers were caught consistently in both rangeland and leafy greens production fields at all s ...	2009	19681284
use of the systems approach to determine the fate of escherichia coli o157:h7 on fresh lettuce and spinach.	lettuce and spinach inoculated with escherichia coli o157:h7 were processed and handled in ways that might occur in commercial situations, including variations in holding times before and after product cooling, transportation conditions and temperatures, wash treatments, and product storage temperatures and times. populations of background microflora and e. coli o157:h7 were enumerated after each step in the system. data analysis was done to predict response variables with a combination of indep ...	2009	19681286
microbial antagonists of escherichia coli o157:h7 on fresh-cut lettuce and spinach.	fresh-cut lettuce and spinach can become contaminated with pathogens at numerous points from the field to the retail market. natural microflora present on fresh produce may help reduce the pathogen load. the objective of this study was to isolate natural microflora from fresh-cut iceberg lettuce and baby spinach and to determine whether these bacteria were antagonistic toward escherichia coli o157:h7. samples were collected under conditions that mimicked actual practices between production and r ...	2009	19681287
factors impacting the regrowth of escherichia coli o157:h7 in dairy manure compost.	the environmental variables affecting escherichia coli o157:h7 regrowth in dairy manure compost were investigated. factors evaluated were moisture content, strain variation, growth medium of inoculum, level of background microflora and inoculum, different days of composting, and acclimation at room temperature. a mathematical model was applied to describe e. coli o157 regrowth potential in compost. repopulation occurred in autoclaved compost with a moisture content as low as 20% (water activity ...	2009	19681288
mineral contents of organically and conventionally grown spinach (spinacea oleracea l.) during two successive seasons.	spinach (spinacea oleracea l.) plants were grown organically and conventionally during two successive seasons (late autumn and early winter) in order to examine the nutrient content of the plants. in a series of 17 organic applications including chicken manure (cm), farmyard manure (fm), blood meal (bm), and one mineral fertilizer treatment and one control, collectively 19 treatments, were used at each season. the optimum doses to be recommended should be divided into groups depending on the min ...	2009	19685878
is the cry1ab protein from bacillus thuringiensis (bt) taken up by plants from soils previously planted with bt corn and by carrot from hydroponic culture?	the uptake of the insecticidal cry1ab protein from bacillus thuringiensis (bt) by various crops from soils on which bt corn had previously grown was determined. in 2005, the cry1ab protein was detected by western blot in tissues (leaves plus stems) of basil, carrot, kale, lettuce, okra, parsnip, radish, snap bean, and soybean but not in tissues of beet and spinach and was estimated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) to be 0.05 +/- 0.003 ng g(-1) of fresh plant tissue in basil, 0.02 +/- ...	2009	19444360
production of biofilm and quorum sensing by escherichia coli o157:h7 and its transfer from contact surfaces to meat, poultry, ready-to-eat deli, and produce products.	multistate outbreaks of escherichia coli o157:h7 infections through consumption of contaminated foods including produce products have brought a great safety concern. the objectives of this study were to determine the effect of biofilm and quorum sensing production on the attachment of e. coli o157:h7 on food contact surfaces and to evaluate the transfer of the pathogen from the food contact to various food products. e. coli o157:h7 produced maximum levels of ai-2 signals in 12 h of incubation in ...	2009	19465248
evaluating the effect of environmental factors on pathogen regrowth in compost extract.	pathogenic microorganisms may survive the composting process in low numbers and subsequently regrow to high levels under favorable conditions. the objective of this study was to investigate the regrowth potential of salmonella spp., escherichia coli o157:h7, and listeria monocytogenes in dairy-based composts under different environmental conditions. water extract of commercially available dairy compost was used as a model system. cocktails of five rifampin-resistant strains of each pathogen prev ...	2009	19468701
the effect of pre-treatment and sonication of centrifugal ultrafiltration devices on virus recovery.	enteric viruses such as norovirus (nv) and hepatitis a (hav) are responsible for a large proportion of food and water-borne illnesses. most human pathogenic enteric viruses cannot be cultured so they must be detected by molecular techniques. male specific (f(+)) rna coliphages, a potential surrogate for human enteric viruses, can be detected by culture and molecular assays. numbers of viruses and f-rna coliphages in contaminated food or water may be too low for direct detection. ultrafiltration ...	2009	19555721
in silico genomic analyses reveal three distinct lineages of escherichia coli o157:h7, one of which is associated with hyper-virulence.	many approaches have been used to study the evolution, population structure and genetic diversity of escherichia coli o157:h7; however, observations made with different genotyping systems are not easily relatable to each other. three genetic lineages of e. coli o157:h7 designated i, ii and i/ii have been identified using octamer-based genome scanning and microarray comparative genomic hybridization (mcgh). each lineage contains significant phenotypic differences, with lineage i strains being the ...	2009	19563677
analysis of the genome of the escherichia coli o157:h7 2006 spinach-associated outbreak isolate indicates candidate genes that may enhance virulence.	in addition to causing diarrhea, escherichia coli o157:h7 infection can lead to hemolytic-uremic syndrome (hus), a severe disease characterized by hemolysis and renal failure. differences in hus frequency among e. coli o157:h7 outbreaks have been noted, but our understanding of bacterial factors that promote hus is incomplete. in 2006, in an outbreak of e. coli o157:h7 caused by consumption of contaminated spinach, there was a notably high frequency of hus. we sequenced the genome of the strain ...	2009	19564389
fluorescence measurement by a streak camera in a single-photon-counting mode.	we describe here a recently developed fluorescence measurement system that uses a streak camera to detect fluorescence decay in a single photon-counting mode. this system allows for easy measurements of various samples and provides 2d images of fluorescence in the wavelength and time domains. the great advantage of the system is that the data can be handled with ease; furthermore, the data are amenable to detailed analysis. we describe the picosecond kinetics of fluorescence in spinach photosyst ...	2009	19568951
the endogenous level of ga(1) is upregulated by high temperature during stem elongation in lettuce through lsga3ox1 expression.	bolting of lettuce is promoted by high temperatures. gibberellins (gas) play an important role in the bolting of several plant species, and it has been reported that exogenous gas induce bolting and early flowering in lettuce. to clarify the role of gas in this process, we examined the expression of genes involved in ga metabolism (lsga20ox-1 and -2, lsga3ox-1 and -2, and lsga2ox-1 and -2) and endogenous gas in lettuce stems. quantitative reverse-transcription pcr indicated that the expression o ...	2009	19576660
iron bioavailability of rats fed liver, lentil, spinach and their mixtures.	to study the effects of dietary iron source (basal diet-feso4 x 7h2o, liver, lentil, spinach, liver + lentil, liver+spinach and lentil+spinach) on iron bioavailability, fifty-six albino sprague dawley derived male 21 days old rats were fed on iron-deficient diet (7.8 mg fe kg(-1) diet) and the mentioned seven iron containing diets (40 mg fe kg(-1) diet) for 10 days. rats fed liver diet showed higher iron apparent absorption (52.1%), hemoglobin (hb) gain (0.94 g/100 ml), hb-iron gain (1.2 mg), hb ...	2009	19579971
recent advances in the microbial safety of fresh fruits and vegetables.	foodborne illness outbreaks linked to fresh produce are becoming more frequent and widespread. high impact outbreaks, such as that associated with spinach contaminated with escherichia coli o157:h7, resulted in almost 200 cases of foodborne illness across north america and >$300 m market losses. over the last decade there has been intensive research into gaining an understanding on the interactions of human pathogens with plants and how microbiological safety of fresh produce can be improved. th ...	2009	19595387
prevalence of salmonella in vegetables from mexico.	the present study is an overview of the role of vegetables as a transmission vehicle of salmonella in mexico. one hundred samples of each of 17 different vegetables were analyzed during a period of 18 months. salmonella was isolated from 98 samples. salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium was isolated from the highest percentage of samples with typeable salmonella isolates (23.9%), followed by s. enterica subsp. arizonae and salmonella choleraesuis each from 16.9%, salmonella gallinarum from 11. ...	2009	19610340
government as biosecurity communicator: the 2006 spinach advisory.	in 2006, after the united states food and drug administration (fda) traced escherichia coli o157:h7 cases to spinach, the fda went beyond communicating with consumers and enlisted the cooperation of the food industry to prevent further spinach consumption. understanding the factors that increased or frustrated industry participation provides lessons for communicating about accidental contamination and intentional attacks on the american food supply. this qualitative research about fda's risk com ...	2009	19634999
kinetic thermal degradation of vitamin c during microwave drying of okra and spinach.	in this present study, the effect of microwave output power and sample amount on vitamin c loss in okra (hibiscus esculenta l.) and spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) were investigated using the microwave drying technique. the procedure is based on the reaction between l-ascorbic acid (vitamin c) and 2,6-dichloroindophenol. the proposed method was applied successfully to both okra and spinach for the determination of ascorbic acid (vitamin c) content. it was observed that as the microwave output pow ...	2009	17886082
interaction of salmonella enterica with basil and other salad leaves.	contaminated salad leaves have emerged as important vehicles for the transmission of enteric pathogens to humans. a recent outbreak of salmonella enterica serovar senftenberg (s. senftenberg) in the united kingdom has been traced to the consumption of contaminated basil. using the outbreak strain of s. senftenberg, we found that it binds to basil, lettuce, rocket and spinach leaves showing a pattern of diffuse adhesion. flagella were seen linking s. senftenberg to the leaf epidermis, and the del ...	2009	18830276
arsenic uptake by two vegetables grown in two soils amended with as-bearing animal manures.	organoarsenicals are widely used as growth promoters in animal feed, resulting in unabsorbed arsenic (as) left in animal manures. a pot experiment was conducted to investigate the growth and as uptake of amaranth (amaranthus tricolor linn, a crop with an axial root system) and water spinach (ipomoea aquatica forsk, a crop with a fibrous root system) grown in a paddy soil (ps) and a lateritic red soil (lrs) amended with 2% and 4% (w/w) as-bearing chicken manure and pig manure, respectively. soils ...	2009	18929443
utility of rodent models for evaluating protein allergenicity.	animal models are needed to assess novel proteins produced through biotechnology for potential dietary allergenicity. the exact characteristics that give certain foods allergenic potential are unclear, but must include both the potential to sensitize (induce ige) as well as the capacity to avoid induction of oral tolerance (specific inhibition of ige production). epa has developed two complementary mouse models; one which distinguishes allergenic from non-allergenic food extracts using oral sens ...	2009	18957311
determination of arsenic levels in lake water, sediment, and foodstuff from selected area of sindh, pakistan: estimation of daily dietary intake.	the aim of present study was to develop a database of arsenic (as) in lake water, ground water, sediment, soil, vegetables, grain crops and fish to evaluate the potential human health risks posed by higher level of as, in south east part of sindh, pakistan during 2005-2007. the total concentration of as in various samples under study was determined by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrophotometry (etaas). the reliability and accuracy of technique was checked by different certified reference ...	2009	19041679
diverse and newly recognized effects associated with short interfering rna binding site modifications on the tomato bushy stunt virus p19 silencing suppressor.	the tomato bushy stunt virus-encoded p19 forms dimers that bind duplex short interfering rnas (sirnas) to suppress rna silencing. p19 is also involved in multiple host-specific activities, including the elicitation of symptoms, and in local and/or systemic spread. to study the correlation between those various roles and the sirna binding by p19, predicted sirna-interacting sites were modified. twenty-two mutants were generated and inoculated onto nicotiana benthamiana plants, to reveal that (i) ...	2009	19052093
development of food-based complementary feeding recommendations for 9- to 11-month-old peri-urban indonesian infants using linear programming.	effective population-specific, food-based complementary feeding recommendations (cfr) are required to combat micronutrient deficiencies. to facilitate their formulation, a modeling approach was recently developed. however, it has not yet been used in practice. this study therefore aimed to use this approach to develop cfr for 9- to 11-mo-old indonesian infants and to identify nutrients that will likely remain low in their diets. the cfr were developed using a 4-phase approach based on linear and ...	2009	19056658
identifying efficacious approaches to chemoprevention with chlorophyllin, purified chlorophylls and freeze-dried spinach in a mouse model of transplacental carcinogenesis.	the carcinogenic potential of dibenzo[a,l]pyrene (dbp) has been well characterized in numerous animal models. we have previously documented that a single dose of 15 mg/kg dbp to pregnant mice late in gestation (gd 17) produces an aggressive t-cell lymphoma as well as lung and liver cancer in offspring. the current study examines the chemopreventative properties of chlorophyllin (chl) and chlorophyll (chl) in this transplacental carcinogenesis model. pregnant b6129sf1 females, bred to 129s1/svim ...	2009	19073876
a comparative study of the extractability of arsenic species from silverbeet and amaranth vegetables.	there is still no reliable standard extraction method for the speciation of arsenic (as) in plant tissue, and hence there is great interest in developing one for plants that are used as human food. speciation and bioavailability are critical for accurate human health risk assessment, as as species vary in both their toxicity and bioavailability. recent incidences of as poisoning in many countries have led to significant research into the fate and dynamics of as in the soil and water environment, ...	2009	19125339
studies of interaction of homo-dimeric ferredoxin-nad(p)+ oxidoreductases of bacillus subtilis and rhodopseudomonas palustris, that are closely related to thioredoxin reductases in amino acid sequence, with ferredoxins and pyridine nucleotide coenzymes.	ferredoxin-nadp(+) oxidoreductases (fnrs) of bacillus subtilis (yumc) and rhodopseudomonas palustris cga009 (rpa3954) belong to a novel homo-dimeric type of fnr with high amino acid sequence homology to nadph-thioredoxin reductases. these fnrs were purified from expression constructs in escherichia coli cells, and their steady-state reactions with [2fe-2s] type ferredoxins (fds) from spinach and r. palustris, [4fe-4s] type fd from b. subtilis, nad(p)(+)/nad(p)h and ferricyanide were studied. fro ...	2009	19162251
replacement of chlorophyll with di-vinyl chlorophyll in the antenna and reaction center complexes of the cyanobacterium synechocystis sp. pcc 6803: characterization of spectral and photochemical properties.	chlorophyll (chl) a in a cyanobacterium synechocystis sp. pcc 6803 was replaced with di-vinyl (dv)-chl a by knock-out of the specific gene (slr1923), responsible for the reduction of a 8-vinyl group, and optical and photochemical properties of purified photosystem (ps) ii complexes (dv-ps ii) were investigated. we observed differences in the peak wavelengths of absorption and fluorescence spectra; however, replacement of chl a with dv-chl a had limited effects. on the contrary, photochemical rea ...	2009	19168027
disulphide proteomes and interactions with thioredoxin on the track towards understanding redox regulation in chloroplasts and cyanobacteria.	light-dependent disulphide/dithiol exchange catalysed by thioredoxin is a classical example of redox regulation of chloroplast enzymes. recent proteome studies have mapped thioredoxin target proteins in all chloroplast compartments ranging from the envelope to the thylakoid lumen. progress in the methodologies has made it possible to identify which cysteine residues interact with thioredoxin and to tackle membrane-bound thioredoxin targets. to date, more than hundred targets of thioredoxin and g ...	2009	19185068
crystallization and preliminary crystallographic characterization of the extrinsic psbp protein of photosystem ii from spinacia oleracea.	preliminary x-ray diffraction analysis of the extrinsic psbp protein of photosystem ii from spinach (spinacia oleracea) was performed using n-terminally his-tagged recombinant psbp protein overexpressed in escherichia coli. recombinant psbp protein (thrombin-digested recombinant his-tagged psbp) stored in bis-tris buffer ph 6.00 was crystallized using the sitting-drop vapour-diffusion technique with peg 550 mme as a precipitant and zinc sulfate as an additive. sds-page analysis of a dissolved cr ...	2009	19193998
osmoregulated periplasmic glucans are needed for competitive growth and biofilm formation by salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium in leafy-green vegetable wash waters and colonization in mice.	osmoregulated periplasmic glucans (opgs) are major periplasmic constituents of gram-negative bacteria. the role of opgs has been postulated in symbiotic as well as pathogenic host-microorganism interactions. here, we report the role of opgs from salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium during growth and biofilm formation in leafy-green vegetable wash water. the opggh mutant strain, which was defective in opg biosynthesis, initiated the growth at a slower rate in wash waters obtained from spinach, ...	2009	19222578
new insights into the catalytic cycle of plant nitrite reductase. electron transfer kinetics and charge storage.	nitrite reductase, which reduces nitrite to ammonium in a six-electron reaction, was characterized through kinetic analysis of an electron transfer cascade involving photoexcited photosystem i and ferredoxin. this cascade was studied at physiological ph by flash-absorption spectroscopy. two different forms of the enzyme were studied: one isolated from spinach leaf and one histidine-tagged recombinant form. when the enzyme is oxidized in the absence of nitrite, single-enzyme reduction leads mostl ...	2009	19226104