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gas-forming liver abscess associated with rapid hemolysis in a diabetic patient.we experienced a case of liver abscess due to clostridium perfringens (cp) complicated with massive hemolysis and rapid death in an adequately controlled type 2 diabetic patient. the patient died 6 h after his first visit to the hospital. cp was later detected in a blood culture. we searched for case reports of cp septicemia and found 124 cases. fifty patients survived, and 74 died. of the 30 patients with liver abscess, only 3 cases survived following treatment with emergency surgical drainage. ...201424748935
hypermotility in clostridium perfringens strain sm101 is due to spontaneous mutations in genes linked to cell division.clostridium perfringens is a gram-positive anaerobic pathogen of humans and animals. although they lack flagella, c. perfringens bacteria can still migrate across surfaces using a type of gliding motility that involves the formation of filaments of bacteria lined up in an end-to-end conformation. in strain sm101, hypermotile variants are often found arising from the edges of colonies on agar plates. hypermotile cells are longer than wild-type cells, and video microscopy of their gliding motility ...201424748614
the impact of major earthquakes and subsequent sewage discharges on the microbial quality of water and sediments in an urban river.a series of large earthquakes struck the city of christchurch, new zealand in 2010-2011. major damage sustained by the sewerage infrastructure required direct discharge of up to 38,000 m(3)/day of raw sewage into the avon river of christchurch for approximately six months. this allowed evaluation of the relationship between concentrations of indicator microorganisms (escherichia coli, clostridium perfringens and f-rna phage) and pathogens (campylobacter, giardia and cryptosporidium) in recreatio ...201424747258
'core species' in three sources of indoor air belonging to the human micro-environment to the exclusion of outdoor air.although we spend the majority of our lives indoors, the airborne microbial content of enclosed spaces still remains inadequately described. the objective of this study was to characterize the bacterial diversity of indoor air in three different enclosed spaces with three levels of occupancy, and, in particular, to highlight the 'core' species, the opportunistic pathogens and their origins. our findings provide an overall description of bacterial diversity in these indoor environments. data gath ...201424747243
retinal microvascular damage and vasogenic edema produced by clostridium perfringens type d epsilon toxin in rats.when the brain is exposed to large circulating levels of clostridium perfringens type d epsilon toxin (ext), microvascular damage with resulting severe, generalized, vasogenic edema seems to be principally responsible for the ensuing acute, and frequently fatal, neurologic disorder. however, although the blood-retinal barrier resembles in many respects the blood-brain barrier, retinal changes in livestock with acute epsilon intoxication have not, to the authors' knowledge, been previously report ...201424741023
liver abscess caused by clostridium perfringens. 201424739619
microbiological and chemical evaluation of helix spp. snails from local and non-eu markets, utilised as food in sardinia.with this study, 28 pools of snails of the genus helix, respectively helix aspersa (n=24) and helix vermiculata (n=4) were analysed. they were taken from snail farming and stores. the snails were from sardinia, other regions of italy, and from abroad. all the samples were examined as pool looking for these microbiological target: salmonella spp., listeria monocytogenes, escherichia coli o157, clostridium perfringens, norovirus and hepatitis a virus (hav). in the same pools, the concentration of ...201427800346
haemorhagic enterotoxemia by clostridium perfringens type c and type a in silver foxes.type c and type a of c. perfringens were detected in the seat of natural infections in silver foxes characterized by symptoms of haemorrhagic enterotoxemia. in all of the dead foxes characteristic changes were noted in the small intestine and parenchymatous organs. the production of alpha and beta toxins by isolated bacteria was confirmed by the bioassay using white mice and by pcr. the results of the drug sensitivity testing showed that isolated strains were highly susceptible to amoxicillin wi ...201424724490
complication of invasive molar pregnancy with clostridium perfringens sepsis.clostridium perfringens (cp) is an anaerobic, gram-positive bacillus associated with malignant diseases and near-term pregnancies. the necrotic tissue that results from these disease processes fuels the proliferation of cp, leading to gas gangrene and subsequently sepsis. herein, we report a case of a 41-year-old female patient with a history of invasive molar pregnancy that was further complicated with a cp infection. although past research has shown a link between clostridium infection and cho ...201424716030
necrotic enteritis in chickens: development of a straightforward disease model system.the interaction between eimeria species and clostridium perfringens was investigated in two different necrotic enteritis (ne) models: 120-day-old broilers were used in two separate experiments consisting of six groups (n=10) each. besides controls, chickens were infected with coccidia on study day (sd) 18 (eimeria maxima and eimeria acervulina (experiment 1) or eimeria tenella and eimeria brunetti (experiment 2) and/or a netb toxin positive c perfringens strain (both experiments: sd 14 or sd 22, ...201424714053
clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin mutant y30a-y196a as a recombinant vaccine candidate against enterotoxemia.epsilon toxin (etx) is a β-pore-forming toxin produced by clostridium perfringens toxinotypes b and d and plays a key role in the pathogenesis of enterotoxemia, a severe, often fatal disease of ruminants that causes significant economic losses to the farming industry worldwide. this study aimed to determine the potential of a site-directed mutant of etx (y30a-y196a) to be exploited as a recombinant vaccine against enterotoxemia. replacement of y30 and y196 with alanine generated a stable variant ...201424709588
perfrin, a novel bacteriocin associated with netb positive clostridium perfringens strains from broilers with necrotic enteritis.necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens is associated with netb positive clostridium perfringens type a strains. it is known that c. perfringens strains isolated from outbreaks of necrotic enteritis are more capable of secreting factors inhibiting growth of other c. perfringens strains than strains isolated from the gut of healthy chickens. this characteristic could lead to extensive and selective presence of a strain that contains the genetic make-up enabling to secrete toxins that cause gut les ...201424708344
heterologous protection against alpha toxins of clostridium perfringens and staphylococcus aureus induced by binding domain recombinant chimeric protein.clostridium perfringens and staphylococcus aureus are the two important bacteria frequently associated with majority of the soft tissue infections. the severity and progression of the diseases caused by these pathogens are attributed primarily to the alpha toxins they produce. previously, we synthesized a non-toxic chimeric molecule r-αcs encompassing the binding domains of c. perfringens and s. aureus alpha toxins and demonstrated that the r-αcs hyperimmune polysera reacts with both the native ...201424699467
[spondylodiscitis due to clostridium perfringens]. 201424684888
clostridium perfringens challenge and dietary fat type affect broiler chicken performance and fermentation in the gastrointestinal tract.the aim of the present work was to examine how different fats commonly used in the feed industry affect broiler performance, nutrient digestibility and microbial fermentation in the gastrointestinal tract of broiler chickens challenged with virulent clostridium perfringens strains. two experiments were carried out, each including 480-day-old male broilers (ross 308), which were randomly distributed to eight experimental groups using six replicate pens per treatment and 10 birds per pen. in exper ...201424674938
x-ray structure of a novel endolysin encoded by episomal phage phism101 of clostridium perfringens.gram-positive bacteria possess a thick cell wall composed of a mesh polymer of peptidoglycans, which provides physical protection. endolysins encoded by phages infecting bacteria can hydrolyse peptidoglycans in the bacterial cell wall, killing the host bacteria immediately. the endolysin (psm) encoded by episomal phage phism101 of enterotoxigenic clostridium perfringens type a strain sm101 exhibits potent lytic activity towards most strains of clostridium perfringens. psm has an n-terminal catal ...201424674022
bec, a novel enterotoxin of clostridium perfringens found in human clinical isolates from acute gastroenteritis outbreaks.clostridium perfringens is a causative agent of food-borne gastroenteritis for which c. perfringens enterotoxin (cpe) has been considered an essential factor. recently, we experienced two outbreaks of food-borne gastroenteritis in which non-cpe producers of c. perfringens were strongly suspected to be the cause. here, we report a novel enterotoxin produced by c. perfringens isolates, bec (binary enterotoxin of c. perfringens). culture supernatants of the c. perfringens strains showed fluid-accum ...201424664508
empathy dolls: are they a source of cross-contamination between patients?following a cluster of two patients with identical strains of clostridium perfringens prosthetic joint infections on an ortho-geriatric ward in a teaching hospital in england, investigations were conducted into infection control practices. it emerged that empathy dolls were being used to help alleviate agitation in dementia patients; this had been introduced without consultation with the infection prevention and control team. environmental testing of the doll pre and post laundry at different te ...201424661788
molecular analysis of infant fecal microbiota in an asian at-risk cohort-correlates with infant and childhood eczema.studies have suggested that selective microbial targets prevail in the fecal microbiota of infants with eczema. this study evaluated the composition of fecal microbiota of infants who developed eczema in the first 5 years of life and compared these with those of healthy controls.201424650346
clostridium perfringens type a enterotoxin damages the rabbit colon.clostridium perfringens enterotoxin causes the gastrointestinal (gi) symptoms of c. perfringens type a food poisoning and cpe-associated non-food-borne human gi diseases. it is well established that cpe induces fluid accumulation and severe tissue damage in ligated small intestinal loops of rabbits and other animals. however, a previous study had also reported that cpe binds to rabbit colonic cells yet does not significantly affect rabbit colonic loops. to the contrary, the current study determi ...201424643537
membrane vesicles of clostridium perfringens type a strains induce innate and adaptive immunity.vesicle shedding from bacteria is a universal process in most gram-negative bacteria and a few gram-positive bacteria. in this report, we isolate extracellular membrane vesicles (mvs) from the supernatants of gram-positive pathogen clostridium perfringens (c. perfringens). we demonstrated vesicle production in a variety of virulent and nonvirulent type a strains. mvs did not contain alpha-toxin and netb toxin demonstrated by negative reaction to specific antibody and absence of specific proteins ...201424631214
modulation of micrornas in two genetically disparate chicken lines showing different necrotic enteritis disease susceptibility.micrornas (mirna) play a critical role in post-transcriptional regulation by influencing the 3'-utr of target genes. using two inbred white leghorn chicken lines, line 6.3 and line 7.2 showing marek's disease-resistant and -susceptible phenotypes, respectively, we used small rna high-throughput sequencing (hts) to investigate whether mirnas are differently expressed in these two chicken lines after inducing necrotic enteritis (ne). the 12 mirnas, selected from the most down-regulated or up-regul ...201424629767
fluorescence in situ hybridization investigation of potentially pathogenic bacteria involved in neonatal porcine diarrhea.neonatal diarrhea is a multifactorial condition commonly present on pig farms and leads to economic losses due to increased morbidity and mortality of piglets. immature immune system and lack of fully established microbiota at birth predispose neonatal piglets to infection with enteric pathogens. the microorganisms that for decades have been associated with enteritis and diarrhea in suckling piglets are: rotavirus a, coronavirus, enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec), clostridium perfringens t ...201424628856
identification of a key residue for oligomerisation and pore-formation of clostridium perfringens netb.necrotic enteritis toxin b (netb) is a β-pore-forming toxin produced by clostridium perfringens and has been identified as a key virulence factor in the pathogenesis of avian necrotic enteritis, a disease causing significant economic damage to the poultry industry worldwide. in this study, site-directed mutagenesis was used to identify amino acids that play a role in netb oligomerisation and pore-formation. netb k41h showed significantly reduced toxicity towards lmh cells and human red blood cel ...201424625763
draft genome sequence of clostridium perfringens strain jjc, a highly efficient hydrogen producer isolated from landfill leachate sludge.clostridium perfringens strain jjc is an effective biohydrogen and biochemical producer that was isolated from landfill leachate sludge. here, we present the assembly and annotation of its genome, which may provide further insights into the gene interactions involved in efficient biohydrogen production.201424604637
key design factors affecting microbial community composition and pathogenic organism removal in horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands.constructed wetlands constitute an interesting option for wastewater reuse since high concentrations of contaminants and pathogenic microorganisms can be removed with these natural treatment systems. in this work, the role of key design factors which could affect microbial removal and wetland performance, such as granular media, water depth and season effect was evaluated in a pilot system consisting of eight parallel horizontal subsurface flow (hssf) constructed wetlands treating urban wastewat ...201424594738
disease-outcome trees, eq-5d scores, and estimated annual losses of quality-adjusted life years (qalys) for 14 foodborne pathogens in the united states.measures of disease burden such as quality-adjusted life years (qalys) are increasingly important to risk-based food safety policy. they provide a means of comparing relative risk from diverse health outcomes. we present detailed disease-outcome trees and eq-5d scoring for 14 major foodborne pathogens representing over 95% of foodborne illnesses, hospitalizations, and deaths due to specified agents in the united states (campylobacter spp., clostridium perfringens, cryptosporidium parvum, cyclosp ...201424588853
mechanistic investigations of unsaturated glucuronyl hydrolase from clostridium perfringens.experiments were carried out to probe the details of the hydration-initiated hydrolysis catalyzed by the clostridium perfringens unsaturated glucuronyl hydrolase of glycoside hydrolase family 88 in the cazy classification system. direct (1)h nmr monitoring of the enzymatic reaction detected no accumulated reaction intermediates in solution, suggesting that rearrangement of the initial hydration product occurs on-enzyme. an attempt at mechanism-based trapping of on-enzyme intermediates using a 1, ...201424573682
growth conditions of clostridium perfringens type b for production of toxins used to obtain veterinary vaccines.the diseases caused for clostridium perfringens are generically called enterotoxemias because toxins produced in the intestine may be absorbed into the general circulation. c. perfringens type b, grown in batch fermentation, produced toxins used to obtain veterinary vaccines. glucose in concentrations of 1.4-111.1 mm was used to define the culture medium. the minimum concentration for a satisfactory production of vaccines against clostridial diseases was 55.6 mm. best results were brought forth ...201424573216
xylanase supplementation of a wheat-based diet improved nutrient digestion and mrna expression of intestinal nutrient transporters in broiler chickens infected with clostridium perfringens.necrotic enteritis caused by clostridium perfringens has become prevalent in the european union due to the withdrawal of antibiotics in poultry feed. in an experiment with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement, 336 one-day-old male broiler chicks (ross 308) were assigned to 4 groups with or without c. perfringens challenge and fed wheat-based diets supplemented with or without xylanase at 5,500 u/kg of diet. the study aimed to investigate effects of xylanase addition on growth performance as well as nut ...201424570428
opioid analgesics stop the development of clostridial gas gangrene.gas gangrene is a potentially fatal disease that is primarily caused by the ubiquitous, anaerobic bacteria clostridium perfringens and clostridium septicum. treatment is limited to antibiotic therapy, debridement of the infected tissue, and, in severe cases, amputation. the need for new treatment approaches is compelling. opioid-based analgesics such as buprenorphine and morphine also have immunomodulatory properties, usually leading to faster disease progression. however, here we show that mice ...201424550443
jejunal hematoma in cattle: a retrospective case analysis.sixteen years of adult cattle submissions to the california animal health and food safety laboratory system were examined and data captured from cases with anaerobic cultures of intestinal content. analysis was performed to determine if there were statistical differences between case submission types (nonbloody intestinal content [129 cases], bloody intestinal content [134 cases], and jejunal hematoma [jh; 51 cases]) for the presence of clostridium perfringens (314 cases), c. perfringens toxinot ...201424532694
multiple effects of escherichia coli nissle 1917 on growth, biofilm formation, and inflammation cytokines profile of clostridium perfringens type a strain cp4.clostridium perfringens is an important gram-positive pathogen responsible for food poisoning, necrotic enteritis, gas gangrene, and even death. escherichia coli nissle 1917 (ecn) is a well-characterized probiotic strain with demonstrated benefits. in this study, we evaluated the effects of ecn on growth, toxin production, biofilm formation, and inflammatory cytokine responses of c. perfringens. in vitro co-culture experiments demonstrated that ecn inhibited growth, gas production, and toxin pro ...201424532573
alteration of predominant gastrointestinal flora and oxidative damage of large intestine under simulated hypobaric hypoxia.hypobaric hypoxia is an immediate and crucial starting mechanism of acute mountain sickness included with some non-specific gastrointestinal (gi) complications. to study the effect of hypoxia on gi microflora and its upshot to this system, male albino rats were exposed to 55 kpa (air pressure ~ 4872.9 m altitude) consecutively 30 days for 8 hours/day. the different indicator group of large intestinal microbial populations were enumerated and correlated with the levels of antioxidant indicators l ...201424526402
two necrotic enteritis predisposing factors, dietary fishmeal and eimeria infection, induce large changes in the caecal microbiota of broiler chickens.it is widely established that a high-protein fishmeal supplemented starter diet and eimeria infection can predispose birds to the development of clinical necrotic enteritis symptoms following clostridium perfringens infection. however, it has not been clearly established what changes these treatments cause to predispose birds to succumb to necrotic enteritis. we analysed caecal microbiota of 4 groups of broilers (n=12) using deep pyrosequencing of 16s rdna amplicons: (1) control chicks fed a con ...201424522272
screening of lactobacillus strains of domestic goose origin against bacterial poultry pathogens for use as probiotics.lactobacilli are natural inhabitants of human and animal mucous membranes, including the avian gastrointestinal tract. recently, increasing attention has been given to their probiotic, health-promoting capacities, among which their antagonistic potential against pathogens plays a key role. a study was conducted to evaluate probiotic properties of lactobacillus strains isolated from feces or cloacae of domestic geese. among the 104 examined isolates, previously identified to the species level by ...201425104766
new amino acid germinants for spores of the enterotoxigenic clostridium perfringens type a isolates.clostridium perfringens spore germination plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of c. perfringens-associated food poisoning (fp) and non-food-borne (nfb) gastrointestinal diseases. germination is initiated when bacterial spores sense specific nutrient germinants (such as amino acids) through germinant receptors (grs). in this study, we aimed to identify and characterize amino acid germinants for spores of enterotoxigenic c. perfringens type a. the polar, uncharged amino acids at ph 6.0 effic ...201425084641
proportion of illness acquired by foodborne transmission for nine enteric pathogens in australia: an expert elicitation.estimates of the burden of illness acquired from food inform public health policy and prioritize interventions. a key component of such estimates is the proportion of illnesses that are acquired by foodborne transmission. in view of the shortage of requisite data, these proportions are commonly obtained through a process known as expert elicitation. we report findings from an elicitation process used to assess the importance of the foodborne transmission route for nine pathogens in australia, ci ...201425072416
lumbar discitis caused by clostridium perfringens.we report here a rare case of chronic lumbar discitis caused by clostridium perfringens in an elderly patient that was treated with a combination of β-lactams and clindamycin. molecular analysis performed on the strain revealed an unusual toxin gene pattern.201425056327
first isolation of mycoplasma iowae in grey partridge flocks.mycoplasma iowae, an occasional pathogen of turkeys, was isolated for the first time from captive grey partridges (perdix perdix). clinical signs including respiratory and intestinal disorder were seen in birds of all ages but mainly in those kept housed during rearing. mortality rates averaged over 20% during the year. treatment with antibiotics and antiparasitic drugs produced only a transient improvement in condition. the gross pathology findings included poor body growth, lack of development ...201425055642
toxinotyping of clostridium perfringens fecal isolates of reintroduced père david's deer (elaphurus davidianus) in china.clostridium perfringens is an important pathogen causing sudden death syndrome, necrotic enteritis, and gas gangrene in ruminants, especially some deer species. père david's deer (elaphurus davidianus) is one of the world's rare species and is an endangered and protected species in china. some père david's deer in the chinese shishou père david's deer preserve died due to c. perfringens infection. we investigated the toxin types and c. perfringens enterotoxin-positive (cpe(+)) strains of isolate ...201425050802
[complex surgical management of hemodialysis vascular access infection caused by clostridium perfringens].infection of prosthetic hemodialysis (hd) shunts is one of the most common complications of vascular access in hemodialysis patients. the incidence of anaerobic infection is very rare. in such a case, management of treatment represents a great challenge for the surgeon. we report a complicated case of autologous hemodialysis shunt infected by clostridium perfringens on the right forearm in a polymorbid female patient with chronic renal failure and myelodysplastic syndrome. the patient has underg ...201425047973
applicability of universal bacteroidales genetic marker for microbial monitoring of drinking water sources in comparison to conventional indicators.water quality monitoring is essential for the provision of safe drinking water. in this study, we compared a selection of fecal indicators with universal bacteroidales genetic marker to identify fecal pollution of a variety of drinking water sources. a total of 60 samples were collected from water sources. the microbiological parameters included total coliforms, fecal coliforms, escherichia coli and fecal streptococci as the fecal indicator bacteria (fib), clostridium perfringens and h2s bacteri ...201425023746
structure of a c. perfringens enterotoxin mutant in complex with a modified claudin-2 extracellular loop 2.cpe (clostridium perfringens enterotoxin) is the major virulence determinant for c. perfringens type-a food poisoning, the second most common bacterial food-borne illness in the uk and usa. after binding to its receptors, which include particular human claudins, the toxin forms pores in the cell membrane. the mature pore apparently contains a hexamer of cpe, claudin and, possibly, occludin. the combination of high binding specificity with cytotoxicity has resulted in cpe being investigated, with ...201425020226
correlation between in vitro cytotoxicity and in vivo lethal activity in mice of epsilon toxin mutants from clostridium perfringens.epsilon toxin (etx) from clostridium perfringens is a pore-forming protein with a lethal effect on livestock, producing severe enterotoxemia characterized by general edema and neurological alterations. site-specific mutations of the toxin are valuable tools to study the cellular and molecular mechanism of the toxin activity. in particular, mutants with paired cysteine substitutions that affect the membrane insertion domain behaved as dominant-negative inhibitors of toxin activity in mdck cells. ...201425013927
necrotizing myositis in a neutropenic patient: the use of ultrasound in the diagnosis of atypical presentations.we report a case of fatal necrotizing soft tissue infection (nsti) due to clostridium perfringens (cp) in a neutropenic patient with diabetes mellitus. as in many cases, by the time a diagnosis was made, the condition had rapidly progressed to its late stages, resulting in a fatal outcome. the emergency physician should be aware of nsti as a complication when patients present with pain out of proportion to physical findings and/or signs of soft tissue compromise. negative prognostic factors for ...201425013733
[a patient with sepsis and a gas-forming liver abscess caused by clostridium perfringens treated with continuous perfusion drainage].a 64-year-old man presented with diarrhea, fever, and disturbance of consciousness; he was subsequently diagnosed with acute renal and hepatic disorder. abdominal computed tomography identified a gas-forming liver abscess, and the patient underwent emergency drainage. however, his condition did not improve, and clostridium perfringens was observed in his blood culture. continuous perfusion drainage was performed by placing an additional drainage tube, which resulted in abscess shrinkage and impr ...201424998733
b-cell epitope of beta toxin of clostridium perfringens genetically conjugated to a carrier protein: expression, purification and characterization of the chimeric protein.beta toxin (btx) is the prime virulence factor for the pathogenesis of clostridium perfringens type c strain, known to cause necrotic enteritis and enterotoxaemia in mammalian species. the existing vaccines targeting btx are formaldehyde inactivated culture filtrates of clostridium. these filtrates raise antigenic load in the host leading to nonspecific and poor responses. the present study aimed to overcome these drawbacks and generate a chimeric protein carrying in silico identified b-cell epi ...201424996028
challenging the roles of cd44 and lipolysis stimulated lipoprotein receptor in conveying clostridium perfringens iota toxin cytotoxicity in breast cancer.translational exploration of bacterial toxins has come to the forefront of research given their potential as a chemotherapeutic tool. studies in select tissues have demonstrated that clostridium perfringens iota toxin binds to cd44 and lipolysis stimulated lipoprotein receptor (lsr) cell-surface proteins. we recently demonstrated that lsr expression correlates with estrogen receptor positive breast cancers and that lsr signaling directs aggressive, tumor-initiating cell behaviors. herein, we ide ...201424990559
public health campaign to promote hand hygiene before meals in a college of veterinary medicine.veterinary students can be exposed to environmental infectious agents in school that may include zoonotic pathogens. encouraging effective hand hygiene can minimize the spread of zoonoses and promote public health and the one health concept among veterinary students. the purpose of this study was to determine if a campaign could improve hand hygiene among veterinary students at extracurricular meetings serving meals. nine kansas state university college of veterinary medicine (ksu-cvm) extracurr ...201424981423
progress and problems in vaccination against necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens.necrotic enteritis in broilers is caused by clostridium perfringens type a strains that produce the netb toxin. necrotic enteritis is one of the gastrointestinal diseases in poultry that has gained worldwide importance during the last decade due to efforts to improve broiler performance. prevention strategies include avoiding predisposing factors, such as coccidiosis, and in-feed supplementation with a variety of feed additives. however, vaccination with modified toxin or other secreted immunoge ...201424980518
cryptosporidium and giardia in tropical recreational marine waters contaminated with domestic sewage: estimation of bathing-associated disease risks.sewage is a major contributor to pollution problems involving human pathogens in tropical coastal areas. this study investigated the occurrence of intestinal protozoan parasites (giardia and cryptosporidium) in tropical recreational marine waters contaminated with sewage. the potential risks of cryptosporidium and giardia infection from recreational water exposure were estimated from the levels of viable (oo) cysts (dic+, dapi+, pi-) found in near-shore swimming areas using an exponential dose r ...201424975093
neuraminidase inhibitory activities of quaternary isoquinoline alkaloids from corydalis turtschaninovii rhizome.clostridium perfringens is a gram-positive spore-forming bacterium that causes food poisoning. the neuraminidase (na) protein of c. perfringens plays a pivotal role in bacterial proliferation and is considered a novel antibacterial drug target. based on screens for novel na inhibitors, a 95% etoh extract of corydalis turtschaninovii rhizome showed na inhibitory activity (68% at 30 μg/ml), which resulted in the isolation of 10 isoquinoline alkaloids; namely, palmatine (1), berberine (2), coptisin ...201425277281
the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol predisposes for the development of clostridium perfringens-induced necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens.both mycotoxin contamination of feed and clostridium perfringens-induced necrotic enteritis have an increasing global economic impact on poultry production. especially the fusarium mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (don) is a common feed contaminant. this study aimed at examining the predisposing effect of don on the development of necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens. an experimental clostridium perfringens infection study revealed that don, at a contamination level of 3,000 to 4,000 µg/kg feed, incre ...201425268498
intestinal events and nutritional dynamics predispose clostridium perfringens virulence in broilers.clostridium perfringensa (cpa) entering the gastrointestinal system depends on favorable conditions to develop and subsequently extend pathogenicity. reduction in digestive dynamics progressing from the duodenum decreases lumen oxygen, leading to anaerobic conditions in the distal lumen that favor cpa. when nutritional support is concurrently provided, an expanding population threatens the mucosa. dietary nonstarch polysaccharides that increase viscosity further impair oxygen transfer from the m ...201425260526
a tripartite cocktail of chimeric monoclonal antibodies passively protects mice against ricin, staphylococcal enterotoxin b and clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin.due to the fast-acting nature of ricin, staphylococcal enterotoxin b (seb), and clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin (etx), it is necessary that therapeutic interventions following a bioterrorism incident by one of these toxins occur as soon as possible after intoxication. moreover, because the clinical manifestations of intoxication by these agents are likely to be indistinguishable from each other, especially following aerosol exposure, we have developed a cocktail of chimeric monoclonal anti ...201425260254
clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin: the third most potent bacterial toxin known.epsilon toxin (etx) is produced by clostridium perfringens type b and d strains and causes enterotoxemia, a highly lethal disease with major impacts on the farming of domestic ruminants, particularly sheep. etx belongs to the aerolysin-like pore-forming toxin family. although etx has striking similarities to other toxins in this family, etx is often more potent, with an ld50 of 100 ng/kg in mice. due to this high potency, etx is considered as a potential bioterrorism agent and has been classifie ...201425234332
in vitro fermentation of lactulose by human gut bacteria.lactulose has been known as a prebiotic that can selectively stimulate the growth of beneficial bifidobacteria and lactobacilli. recent studies have indicated that streptococcus mutans, clostridium perfringens, and faecalibacterium prausnitzii are also able to utilize lactulose. however, the previous studies mainly focused on the utilization of lactulose by individual strains, and few studies were designed to identify the species that could utilize lactulose among gut microbiota. this study aime ...201425340538
crystal structure of the phosphate-binding protein (pbp-1) of an abc-type phosphate transporter from clostridium perfringens.phosphate limitation is an important environmental stress that affects the metabolism of various organisms and, in particular, can trigger the virulence of numerous bacterial pathogens. clostridium perfringens, a human pathogen, is one of the most common causes of enteritis necroticans, gas gangrene and food poisoning. here, we focused on the high affinity phosphate-binding protein (pbp-1) of an abc-type transporter, responsible for cellular phosphate uptake. we report the crystal structure (1.6 ...201425338617
proteolytic processing and activation of clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin by caprine small intestinal contents.epsilon toxin (etx), a pore-forming toxin produced by type b and d strains of clostridium perfringens, mediates severe enterotoxemia in livestock and possibly plays a role in human disease. during enterotoxemia, the nearly inactive etx prototoxin is produced in the intestines but then must be activated by proteolytic processing. the current study sought to examine etx prototoxin processing and activation ex vivo using the intestinal contents of a goat, a natural host species for etx-mediated dis ...201425336460
clostridium perfringens septicemia in a long-beaked common dolphin delphinus capensis: an etiology of gas bubble accumulation in cetaceans.an adult female long-beaked common dolphin delphinus capensis live-stranded in la jolla, california, usa, on july 30, 2012 and subsequently died on the beach. computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging revealed gas bubble accumulation in the vasculature, organ parenchyma, mandibular fat pads, and subdermal sheath as well as a gas-filled cavity within the liver, mild caudal abdominal effusion, and fluid in the uterus. gross examination confirmed these findings and also identified mild ulc ...201425320031
in vitro effect of dietary protein level and nondigestible oligosaccharides on feline fecal microbiota.the aim of the present study was to evaluate in vitro the effect of some prebiotic substances and 2 dietary protein levels on the composition and activity of feline fecal microbiota. two in vitro studies were conducted. first, 6 nondigestible oligosaccharides were studied; treatments were control diet (ctrl), gluconic acid (ga), carrot fiber (cf), fructooligosaccharides (fos), galactooligosaccharides (gos), lactitol (lac), and pectins from citrus fruit (pec). substrates were added to feline feca ...201425367521
splenic abscess after splenic blunt injury angioembolization.splenic angioembolization (sae), during nonoperative management (nom) of blunt splenic injury (bsi), is an effective therapy for hemodynamically stable patients with grade iii, iv, and v ois splenic injuries. we report a case of a patient with a blunt abdominal trauma due to an accidental fall, who presented splenic abscess a week after sae and a review of the literature.201425362884
high incidence of staphylococcus aureus and norovirus gastroenteritis in infancy: a single-center, 1-year experience.the etiology of acute gastroenteritis (age) has changed since the introduction of the rotavirus vaccination. the aim of this study was to clarify which common pathogens, both bacterial and viral, are currently causing age in infants.201425349829
successional changes in the chicken cecal microbiome during 42 days of growth are independent of organic acid feed additives.poultry remains a major source of foodborne bacterial infections. a variety of additives with presumed anti-microbial and/or growth-promoting effects are commonly added to poultry feed during commercial grow-out, yet the effects of these additives on the gastrointestinal microbial community (the gi microbiome) as the bird matures remain largely unknown. here we compared temporal changes in the cecal microbiome to the effects of formic acid, propionic acid, and medium-chain fatty acids (mcfa) add ...201425427406
[focal meningitis in a california sea lion (zalophus californianus)--diagnostic procedure and pathology].a 15-year-old female california sea lion (zalophus californianus) with progressive lameness of the hindlimbs and a chronic skin lesion was presented for clinical examination. the clinical neurological examination, showing a paraparesis, was completed by magnetic resonance imaging. mr images of the cervical and thoracic spine showed a well-defined muscle infiltrating lesion between the seventh cervical vertebra (c7) and the second thoracic vertebra (t2), which extended through the intervertebral ...201425406071
effect of rooibos (aspalathus linearis) on growth control of clostridium perfringens and lipid oxidation of ready-to-eat jokbal (pig's trotters).this study investigated the antimicrobial effects of rooibos (tea extract), potassium lactate (pl) and sodium diacetate (sda) mixture alone or in combinations on the growth of clostridium perfringens vegetative cell and spore in ready-to-eat (rte) jokbal (pig's trotters). addition of a combination of 10% rooibos and 4% pl + sda inhibit growth of c. perfringens vegetative cell in jokbal at 24 °c and 36 °c. the significant inhibition on germination and growth of c. perfringens spores was also obse ...201425394229
effects of dexamethasone immunosuppression on turkey clostridial dermatitis.clostridia represents a group of anaerobic spore-forming bacteria ubiquitous in the poultry environment. they are widely distributed in soil and survive for many years as highly resistant, inactive spores. they enter the body through wounds and contaminated feed as active bacteria or spores. multiplication of clostridial bacteria occurs only in the absence of oxygen or in environments with very low concentrations of oxygen. during active multiplication, the clostridial organisms produce several ...201425518439
mucin gene mrna levels in broilers challenged with eimeria and/or clostridium perfringens.the effects of eimeria (em) and clostridium perfringens (cp) challenges on the mrna levels of genes involved in mucin (muc) synthesis (muc2, muc5ac, muc13, and trefoil family factor-2 [tff2]), inflammation (tumor necrosis factor alpha [tnf-alpha] and interleukin-18 [il-18]), and metabolic processes (cluster of differentiation [cd]36) in the jejunum of broilers were investigated. two parallel experiments involving 1) em challenge and 2) em and cp challenges were conducted. the first experiment wa ...201425518436
clostridium perfringens type a enteritis in blue and yellow macaw (ara ararauna).this study describes an outbreak of necrotic enteritis caused by clostridium perfringens type a in captive macaws (ara ararauna). two psittacine birds presented a history of prostration and died 18 hr after manifestation of clinical signs. the necropsy findings and histopathologic lesions were indicative of necrotic enteritis. microbiologic assays resulted in the growth of large gram-positive bacilli that were identified as c. perfringens. pcr was used to identify clostridium toxinotypes and con ...201425619013
structure of a bacterial microcompartment shell protein bound to a cobalamin cofactor.the eutl shell protein is a key component of the ethanolamine-utilization microcompartment, which serves to compartmentalize ethanolamine degradation in diverse bacteria. the apparent function of this shell protein is to facilitate the selective diffusion of large cofactor molecules between the cytoplasm and the lumen of the microcompartment. while eutl is implicated in molecular-transport phenomena, the details of its function, including the identity of its transport substrate, remain unknown. ...201425484204
global phenotypic characterization of effects of fluoroquinolone resistance selection on the metabolic activities and drug susceptibilities of clostridium perfringens strains.fluoroquinolone resistance affects toxin production of clostridium perfringens strains differently. to investigate the effect of fluoroquinolone resistance selection on global changes in metabolic activities and drug susceptibilities, four c. perfringens strains and their norfloxacin-, ciprofloxacin-, and gatifloxacin-resistant mutants were compared in nearly 2000 assays, using phenotype microarray plates. variations among mutant strains resulting from resistance selection were observed in all a ...201425587280
modulation of small intestinal homeostasis along with its microflora during acclimatization at simulated hypobaric hypoxia.at high altitude (ha) hypobaric hypoxic environment manifested several pathophysiological consequences of which gastrointestinal (gi) disorder are very common phenomena. to explore the most possible clue behind this disorder intestinal flora, the major player of the gi functions, were subjected following simulated hypobaric hypoxic treatment in model animal. for this, male albino rats were exposed to 55 kpa (approximately 4872.9 m) air pressure consecutively for 30 days for 8 h/day and its small ...201425434105
prevalence of clostridium perfringens, clostridium perfringens enterotoxin and dysbiosis in fecal samples of dogs with diarrhea.clostridium perfringens has been suspected as an enteropathogen in dogs. however, its exact role in gastrointestinal (gi) disorders in dogs remains unknown. recent studies suggest the importance of an altered intestinal microbiota in the activation of virulence factors of enteropathogens. the aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between diarrhea, dysbiosis, and the presence of c. perfringens and its enterotoxin (cpe). fecal samples were collected prospectively from 95 healthy contr ...201425458422
transcriptional profiles of host-pathogen responses to necrotic enteritis and differential regulation of immune genes in two inbreed chicken lines showing disparate disease susceptibility.necrotic enteritis (ne) is an important intestinal infectious disease of commercial poultry flocks caused by clostridium perfringens. using an experimental model of ne involving co-infection with c. perfringens and eimeria maxima, transcriptome profiling and functional genomics approaches were applied to identify the genetic mechanisms that might regulate the host response to this disease. microarray hybridization identified 1,049 transcripts whose levels were altered (601 increased, 448 decreas ...201425504150
immune and anti-oxidant effects of in ovo selenium proteinate on post-hatch experimental avian necrotic enteritis.this study was conducted to investigate the effects of in ovo administration of selenium (se) incorporated into hydrolyzed soybean protein (b-taxim [bt]) on protection against experimental avian necrotic enteritis (ne). broiler eggs were injected with either 100 μl of pbs alone (bt0), or 20 or 40 μg/egg of bt in pbs (bt20, bt40) at 18 days of embryogenesis. on day 14 post-hatch, the chickens were uninfected or orally infected with 1.0 × 10(4) oocysts of eimeria maxima (e. maxima). on day 18 post ...201425468015
erratum for maheux et al., abilities of the mcp agar method and crename alpha toxin-specific real-time pcr assay to detect clostridium perfringens spores in drinking water. 201426058088
cystathionine β-synthase (cbs) domains confer multiple forms of mg2+-dependent cooperativity to family ii pyrophosphatases.regulated family ii pyrophosphatases (cbs-ppases) contain a nucleotide-binding insert comprising a pair of cystathionine β-synthase (cbs) domains, termed a bateman module. by binding with high affinity to the cbs domains, amp and adp usually inhibit the enzyme, whereas atp activates it. here, we demonstrate that amp, adp, and atp bind in a positively cooperative manner to cbs-ppases from four bacteria: desulfitobacterium hafniense, clostridium novyi, clostridium perfringens, and eggerthella lent ...201424986864
antibacterial activity against clostridium genus and antiradical activity of the essential oils from different origin.in the present study, the antimicrobial and antiradical activities of 15 essential oils were investigated. the antimicrobial activities were determined by using agar disc diffusion and broth microdilution methods against clostridium genus and antioxidant properties of essential oils by testing their scavenging effect on dpph radicals activities. we determined the antibacterial activity of clostridium butyricum, clostridium hystoliticum, clostridium intestinale, clostridium perfringens and clostr ...201424813985
effects of clostridium butyricum on growth performance, immune function, and cecal microflora in broiler chickens challenged with escherichia coli k88.this study was conducted to investigate the effects of clostridium butyricumon growth performance, immune function, and cecal microflora in broiler chickens challenged with escherichia coli k88. three hundred sixty 1-d-old broiler chickens were randomly divided into 4 treatments: negative control (nc) birds were fed a basal diet and not challenged with e. coli k88; positive control (pc) birds were fed a basal diet and challenged with e. coli k88; c. butyricum treatment (cb) birds were fed a diet ...201424570422
enterotoxigenic clostridium perfringens infection and pediatric patients with inflammatory bowel disease.clostridium difficile is the major cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and is the most well known bacterial pathogen associated with inflammatory bowel disease (ibd). enterotoxigenic clostridium perfringens has also been detected in up to 15% of antibiotic-associated diarrhea cases, and it has not been found in healthy people. the aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of c. perfringens infection in pediatric patients with ibd.201424060617
biofilms of clostridium species.the biofilm is a microbial community embedded in a synthesized matrix and is the main bacterial way of life. a biofilm adheres on surfaces or is found on interfaces. it protects bacteria from the environment, toxic molecules and may have a role in virulence. clostridium species are spread throughout both environments and hosts, but their biofilms have not been extensively described in comparison with other bacterial species. in this review we describe all biofilms formed by clostridium species d ...201425242197
expression of the large clostridial toxins is controlled by conserved regulatory mechanisms.the clostridia cause many human and animal diseases, resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. host damage results from the action of potent exotoxins, an important group of which is the large clostridial toxins (lcts) produced by clostridium difficile, clostridium sordellii, clostridium perfringens and clostridium novyi. knowledge of the structure and function of these toxins has been attained, however, apart from c. difficile, the regulatory pathways that control lct production remain ...201425190355
view from the front lines: an emergency medicine perspective on clostridial infections in injection drug users.injection drug use (idu), specifically non-intravenous "skin-popping" of heroin, seems to provide optimal conditions for clostridial infection and toxin production. idu is therefore a major risk factor for wound botulism and clostridial necrotizing soft tissue infections (nsti) and continues to be linked to cases of tetanus. case clusters of all 3 diseases have occurred among idus in western u.s. and europe. medical personnel who care for the idu population must be thoroughly familiar with the c ...201425230330
eutrophication and bacterial pathogens as risk factors for avian botulism outbreaks in wetlands receiving effluents from urban wastewater treatment plants.due to the scarcity of water resources in the "mancha húmeda" biosphere reserve, the use of treated wastewater has been proposed as a solution for the conservation of natural threatened floodplain wetlands. in addition, wastewater treatment plants of many villages pour their effluent into nearby natural lakes. we hypothesized that certain avian pathogens present in wastewater may cause avian mortalities which would trigger avian botulism outbreaks. with the aim of testing our hypothesis, 24 loca ...201424795377
relationship between gastrointestinal dysbiosis and clostridium botulinum in dairy cows.the gastrointestinal tract is a balanced ecosystem that can get out of balance and predisposed to clostridial diseases or other pathological conditions. the objective of the present study was to evaluate the gut microbiota in dairy cows suffering from chronic botulism. cows were investigated for clostridium (c.) botulinum in faeces and rumen fluids. in order to study the relationship between botulism and gastrointestinal microbiota, faeces and rumen fluid were tested for bacterial composition us ...201424747040
clostridium difficile and clostridium perfringens from wild carnivore species in brazil.despite some case reports, the importance of clostridium perfringens and clostridium difficile for wild carnivores remains unclear. thus, the objective of this study was to identify c. perfringens and c. difficile strains in stool samples from wild carnivore species in brazil. a total of 34 stool samples were collected and subjected to c. perfringens and c. difficile isolation. suggestive colonies of c. perfringens were then analyzed for genes encoding the major c. perfringens toxins (alpha, bet ...201424979683
clostridium perfringens and clostridium difficile in cooked beef sold in côte d'ivoire and their antimicrobial susceptibility.the aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of clostridium difficile and clostridium perfringens in cooked beef sold in the streets in côte d'ivoire and their antimicrobial susceptibility. a total of 395 kidney and flesh samples of cooked beef were collected from vendors at abidjan and subjected to c. difficile and c. perfringens isolation and identification by using biochemical tests, api 20a system and pcr detection. subsequently, the antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed fo ...201424944124
haemorrhagic toxin and lethal toxin from clostridium sordellii strain vpi9048: molecular characterization and comparative analysis of substrate specificity of the large clostridial glucosylating toxins.large clostridial glucosylating toxins (lcgts) are produced by toxigenic strains of clostridium difficile, clostridium perfringens, clostridium novyi and clostridium sordellii. while most c. sordellii strains solely produce lethal toxin (tcsl), c. sordellii strain vpi9048 co-produces both hemorrhagic toxin (tcsh) and tcsl. here, the sequences of tcsh-9048 and tcsl-9048 are provided, showing that both toxins retain conserved lcgt features and that tcsl and tcsh are highly related to toxin a (tcda ...201424905543
the effect of new neonatal porcine diarrhoea syndrome (nnpds) on average daily gain and mortality in 4 danish pig herds.the study evaluated the effect of new neonatal porcine diarrhoea syndrome (nnpds) on average daily gain (adg) and mortality and described the clinical manifestations in four herds suffering from the syndrome. nnpds is a diarrhoeic syndrome affecting piglets within the first week of life, which is not caused by enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec), clostridium perfringens (c. perfringens) type a/c, clostridium difficile (c. difficile), rotavirus a, coronavirus, cystoisospora suis, strongyloide ...201424755093
lrp1 is a receptor for clostridium perfringens tpel toxin indicating a two-receptor model of clostridial glycosylating toxins.large glycosylating toxins are major virulence factors of various species of pathogenic clostridia. prototypes are clostridium difficile toxins a and b, which cause antibiotics-associated diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis. the current model of the toxins' action suggests that receptor binding is mediated by a c-terminal domain of combined repetitive oligopeptides (crop). this model is challenged by the glycosylating clostridium perfringens large cytotoxin (tpel toxin) that is devoid of the c ...201424737893
utility of the clostridial site-specific recombinase tnpx to clone toxic-product-encoding genes and selectively remove genomic dna fragments.tnpx is a site-specific recombinase responsible for the excision and insertion of the transposons tn4451 and tn4453 in clostridium perfringens and clostridium difficile, respectively. here, we exploit phenotypic features of tnpx to facilitate genetic mutagenesis and complementation studies. genetic manipulation of bacteria often relies on the use of antibiotic resistance genes; however, a limited number are available for use in the clostridia. the ability of tnpx to recognize and excise specific ...201424682304
evaluation of a multiplex pcr assay for simultaneous detection of bacterial and viral enteropathogens in stool samples of paediatric patients.we evaluated a multiplex pcr assay, the seeplex diarrhoea ace detection, that simultaneously detects 15 enteric pathogens, including salmonella spp., shigella spp., vibrio spp., toxin b producer clostridium difficile, campylobacter spp., clostridium perfringens, yersinia enterocolitica, aeromonas spp., escherichia coli o157:h7, verocytotoxin-producing escherichia coli, adenovirus, group a rotavirus, norovirus gi and gii, and astrovirus. we compared this assay with clinical methods routinely used ...201424656922
characterization of clostridium perfringens in the feces of adult horses and foals with acute enterocolitis.up to 60% of cases of equine colitis have no known cause. to improve understanding of the causes of acute colitis in horses, we hypothesized that clostridium perfringens producing enterotoxin (cpe) and/or beta2 toxin (cpb2) are common and important causes of severe colitis in horses and/or that c. perfringens producing an as-yet-undescribed cytotoxin may also cause colitis in horses. fecal samples from 55 horses (43 adults, 12 foals) with clinical evidence of colitis were evaluated by culture fo ...201424396174
diarylacylhydrazones: clostridium-selective antibacterials with activity against stationary-phase cells.current antibiotics for treating clostridium difficile infections (cdi), that is, metronidazole, vancomycin and more recently fidaxomicin, are mostly effective but treatment failure and disease relapse remain as significant clinical problems. the shortcomings of these agents are attributed to their low selectivity for c. difficile over normal gut microflora and their ineffectiveness against c. difficile spores. this letter reports that certain diarylacylhydrazones identified during a high-throug ...201424360560
infectious agents associated with diarrhoea in neonatal foals in central kentucky: a comprehensive molecular study.diarrhoea caused by infectious agents is common in foals but there is no comprehensive molecular work-up of the relative prevalence of common agents and appearance of coinfections.201423773143
essential oil composition and antimicrobial activity of angelica archangelica l. (apiaceae) roots.in this paper, the chemical composition and the antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of angelica archangelica l. (apiaceae) roots from central italy were analyzed. the major constituents of the oil were α-pinene (21.3%), δ-3-carene (16.5%), limonene (16.4%) and α-phellandrene (8.7%). the oil shows a good antimicrobial activity against clostridium difficile, clostridium perfringens, enterococcus faecalis, eubacterium limosum, peptostreptococcus anaerobius, and candida albicans with minimum ...201424788027
presence of infectious agents and co-infections in diarrheic dogs determined with a real-time polymerase chain reaction-based panel.infectious diarrhea can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or protozoan organisms, or a combination of these. the identification of co-infections in dogs is important to determine the prognosis and to plan strategies for their treatment and prophylaxis. although many pathogens have been individually detected with real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr), a comprehensive panel of agents that cause diarrhea in privately owned dogs has not yet been established. the objective of this study was to use ...201424433321
surveillance for zoonotic and selected pathogens in harbor seals phoca vitulina from central california.the infection status of harbor seals phoca vitulina in central california, usa, was evaluated through broad surveillance for pathogens in stranded and wild-caught animals from 2001 to 2008, with most samples collected in 2007 and 2008. stranded animals from mendocino county to san luis obispo county were sampled at a rehabilitation facility: the marine mammal center (tmmc, n = 175); wild-caught animals were sampled at 2 locations: san francisco bay (sf, n = 78) and tomales bay (tb, n = 97), that ...201425266897
comparison of two methods of bacterial dna extraction from human fecal samples contaminated with clostridium perfringens, staphylococcus aureus, salmonella typhimurium, and campylobacter jejuni.in this study, 2 methods of dna extraction were evaluated for use in conjunction with the screening system rapid foodborne bacterial screening 24 (rfbs24), which employs multiplex real-time sybr green polymerase chain reaction (sg-pcr) and can simultaneously detect 24 target genes of foodborne pathogens in fecal dna samples. the qiaamp dna stool mini kit (qkit) and ultra clean fecal dna isolation kit (ukit) were used for bacterial dna extraction from fecal samples artificially inoculated with cl ...201425410559
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