Publications

cell wall-degrading enzymes of didymella bryoniae in relation to fungal growth and virulence in cantaloupe fruit.	didymella bryoniae is an important pathogen of cucurbits worldwide. virulence factors of d. bryoniae were investigated in regard to fungal growth and the production of cell wall-degrading enzymes, polygalacturonase (pg), pectate lyase (pl), pectin lyase (pnl), β-galactosidase (β-gal) and cellulase (cx). virulence levels of five d. bryoniae isolates were determined by the severity of inoculated cantaloupe fruit decay. the highly virulent isolates had more mycelial growth than the moderately virul ...	2014	25364138
lytic enzyme production optimization using low-cost substrates and its application in the clarification of xanthan gum culture broth.	lytic enzymes are widely used in industrial biotechnology as they are able to hydrolyze the bacterial cell wall. one application of these enzymes is the clarification of the culture broth for the production of xanthan gum, because of its viability in viscous media and high specificity. the screening process for filamentous fungi producing lytic enzymes, the optimization of production of these enzymes by the selected microorganism, and the optimization of the application of the enzymes produced i ...	2014	25473487
development and evaluation of ca(+ 2) ion cross-linked carboxymethyl xanthan gum tablet prepared by wet granulation technique.	the objective of this work was to study the release behavior of prednisolone from calcium-cross-linked carboxymethyl xanthan gum (cmxg) tablets in dissolution medium having different ph values prevailing in the gastrointestinal lumen. xanthan gum (xg) was derivatized to cmxg which was then cross-linked in situ with ca(+2) ion during wet massing step of tablet preparation. fourier transform infrared (ftir) spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry studies did not show any drug-polymer in ...	2014	24760471
the impact of the pathogen rhizoctonia solani and its beneficial counterpart bacillus amyloliquefaciens on the indigenous lettuce microbiome.	lettuce belongs to the most commonly raw eaten food worldwide and its microbiome plays an important role for both human and plant health. yet, little is known about the impact of potentially occurring pathogens and beneficial inoculants of the indigenous microorganisms associated with lettuce. to address this question we studied the impact of the phytopathogenic fungus rhizoctonia solani and the biological control agent bacillus amyloliquefaciens fzb42 on the indigenous rhizosphere and phyllosph ...	2014	24795707
linked production of pyroglutamate-modified proteins via self-cleavage of fusion tags with tev protease and autonomous n-terminal cyclization with glutaminyl cyclase in vivo.	overproduction of n-terminal pyroglutamate (pglu)-modified proteins utilizing escherichia coli or eukaryotic cells is a challenging work owing to the fact that the recombinant proteins need to be recovered by proteolytic removal of fusion tags to expose the n-terminal glutaminyl or glutamyl residue, which is then converted into pglu catalyzed by the enzyme glutaminyl cyclase. herein we describe a new method for production of n-terminal pglu-containing proteins in vivo via intracellular self-clea ...	2014	24733552
functional characterization of the type iii secretion atpase ssan encoded by salmonella pathogenicity island 2.	a type iii secretion system (t3ss) is utilized by a large number of gram-negative bacteria to deliver effectors directly into the cytosol of eukaryotic host cells. one essential component of a t3ss is an atpase that catalyzes the unfolding of proteins, which is followed by the translocation of effectors through an injectisome. here we demonstrate a functional role of the atpase ssan, a component of salmonella pathogenicity island 2 t3ss (t3ss-2) in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. ssan h ...	2014	24722491
evaluation of antibacterial activity of prosopis juliflora (sw.) dc. leaves.	the ethnobotanical importance of prosopis juliflora is well-known in the folkloric system of medicine for the treatment of various ailments. although, the study related to the antibacterial potential of this plant, from central india is scanty.	2014	25371581
enzymatic and structural characterization of rtsγ provides insights into the function of rtsβ.	in humans, the gene encoding a reverse thymidylate synthase (rts) is transcribed in the reverse direction of the gene encoding thymidylate synthase (ts) that is involved in dna biosynthesis. three isoforms are found: α, β, and γ, with the transcript of the α-isoform overlapping with that of ts. rtsβ has been of interest since the discovery of its overexpression in methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil resistant cell lines. despite more than 20 years of study, none of the rts isoforms have been biochem ...	2014	24697329
identification of differentially expressed proteins from leishmania amazonensis associated with the loss of virulence of the parasites.	the present study analyzed whether or not the in vitro cultivation for long periods of time of pre-isolated leishmania amazonensis from lesions of chronically infected balb/c mice was able to interfere in the parasites' infectivity using in vivo and in vitro experiments. in addition, the proteins that presented a significant decrease or increase in their protein expression content were identified applying a proteomic approach.	2014	24699271
the pas domain-containing histidine kinase rpfs is a second sensor for the diffusible signal factor of xanthomonas campestris.	a cell-cell signalling system mediated by the fatty acid signal dsf controls the virulence of xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (xcc) to plants. the synthesis and recognition of the dsf signal depends upon different rpf proteins. dsf signal generation requires rpff whereas signal perception and transduction depends upon the sensor rpfc and regulator rpfg. detailed analyses of the regulatory roles of different rpf proteins have suggested the occurrence of further sensors for dsf. here we have ...	2014	24617591
pepper suppressor of the g2 allele of skp1 interacts with the receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase1 and type iii effector avrbst and promotes the hypersensitive cell death response in a phosphorylation-dependent manner.	xanthomonas campestris pv vesicatoria type iii effector protein, avrbst, triggers hypersensitive cell death in pepper (capsicum annuum). here, we have identified the pepper sgt1 (for suppressor of the g2 allele of skp1) as a host interactor of avrbst and also the pepper pik1 (for receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase1). pik1 specifically phosphorylates sgt1 and avrbst in vitro. avrbst specifically binds to the chord-containing protein and sgt1 domain of sgt1, resulting in the inhibition of pik1-media ...	2014	24686111
secreted fungal effector lipase releases free fatty acids to inhibit innate immunity-related callose formation during wheat head infection.	the deposition of the (1,3)-β-glucan cell wall polymer callose at sites of attempted penetration is a common plant defense response to intruding pathogens and part of the plant's innate immunity. infection of the fusarium graminearum disruption mutant δfgl1, which lacks the effector lipase fgl1, is restricted to inoculated wheat (triticum aestivum) spikelets, whereas the wild-type strain colonized the whole wheat spike. our studies here were aimed at analyzing the role of fgl1 in establishing fu ...	2014	24686113
innocent until proven guilty: mechanisms and roles of streptococcus-candida interactions in oral health and disease.	candida albicans and streptococci of the mitis group colonize the oral cavities of the majority of healthy humans. while c. albicans is considered an opportunistic pathogen, streptococci of this group are broadly considered avirulent or even beneficial organisms. however, recent evidence suggests that multi-species biofilms with these organisms may play detrimental roles in host homeostasis and may promote infection. in this review we summarize the literature on molecular interactions between me ...	2014	24877244
immunosuppression during rhizobium-legume symbiosis.	rhizobium infects host legumes to elicit new plant organs, nodules where dinitrogen is fixed as ammonia that can be directly utilized by plants. the nodulation factor (nf) produced by rhizobium is one of the determinant signals for rhizobial infection and nodule development. recently, it was found to suppress the innate immunity on host and nonhost plants as well as its analogs, chitins. therefore, nf can be recognized as a microbe/pathogen-associated molecular pattern (m/pamp) like chitin to in ...	2014	24556951
genome sequencing of xanthomonas vasicola pathovar vasculorum reveals variation in plasmids and genes encoding lipopolysaccharide synthesis, type-iv pilus and type-iii secretion effectors.	xanthomonas vasicola pathovar vasculorum (xvv) is the bacterial agent causing gumming disease in sugarcane. here, we compare complete genome sequences for five isolates of xvv originating from sugarcane and one from maize. this identified two distinct types of lipopolysaccharide synthesis gene clusters among xvv isolates: one is similar to that of xanthomonas axonopodis pathovar citri (xac) and is probably the ancestral type, while the other is similar to those of the sugarcane-inhabiting specie ...	2014	25437615
the role of biophysical parameters in the antilipopolysaccharide activities of antimicrobial peptides from marine fish.	numerous antimicrobial peptides (amps) from marine fish have been identified, isolated and characterized. these peptides act as host defense molecules that exert antimicrobial effects by targeting the lipopolysaccharide (lps) of gram-negative bacteria. the lps-amp interactions are driven by the biophysical properties of amps. in this review, therefore, we will focus on the physiochemical properties of amps; that is, the contributions made by their sequences, net charge, hydrophobicity and amphip ...	2014	24633250
formulation and in vitro evaluation of ofloxacin tablets using natural gums as binders.	natural gums are economical, easily available, and useful as tablet binders. in the present investigation, an attempt was made to formulate ofloxacin tablets using three natural binders, namely acacia arabica, hibiscus esculentus, and xanthan gum. such six batches of ofloxacin tablets were prepared by using different types and amounts of the natural binders by the wet granulation method. the tablets were analyzed for their hardness, friability, and weight variation, and in vitro release was perf ...	2014	24959411
cloning, expression and characterization of a pectate lyase from paenibacillus sp. 0602 in recombinant escherichia coli.	biotechnological applications of microbial pectate lyases (pels) in plant fiber processing are considered as environmentally friendly. as such, they become promising substitutes for conventional chemical degumming process. since applications of pels in various fields are widening, it is necessary to explore new pectolytic microorganisms and enzymes for efficient and effective usage. here, we describe the cloning, expression, characterization and application of the recombinant pel protein from a ...	2014	24612647
bacterial cellulose as a substrate for microbial cell culture.	bacterial cellulose (bc) has a range of structural and physicochemical properties that make it a particularly useful material for the culture of bacteria. we studied the growth of 14 genera of bacteria on bc substrates produced by acetobacter xylinum and compared the results to growth on the commercially available biopolymers agar, gellan, and xanthan. we demonstrate that bc produces rates of bacterial cell growth that typically exceed those on the commercial biopolymers and yields cultures with ...	2014	24441155
diffusible signal factor (dsf) quorum sensing signal and structurally related molecules enhance the antimicrobial efficacy of antibiotics against some bacterial pathogens.	extensive use of antibiotics has fostered the emergence of superbugs that are resistant to multidrugs, which becomes a great healthcare and public concern. previous studies showed that quorum sensing signal dsf (diffusible signal factor) not only modulates bacterial antibiotic resistance through intraspecies signaling, but also affects bacterial antibiotic tolerance through interspecies communication. these findings motivate us to exploit the possibility of using dsf and its structurally related ...	2014	24575808
characterization of developmental- and stress-mediated expression of cinnamoyl-coa reductase in kenaf (hibiscus cannabinus l.).	cinnamoyl-coa reductase (ccr) is an important enzyme for lignin biosynthesis as it catalyzes the first specific committed step in monolignol biosynthesis. we have cloned a full length coding sequence of ccr from kenaf (hibiscus cannabinus l.), which contains a 1,020-bp open reading frame (orf), encoding 339 amino acids of 37.37 kda, with an isoelectric point (pi) of 6.27 (jx524276, hcccr2). blast result found that it has high homology with other plant ccr orthologs. multiple alignment with other ...	2014	24723816
characterization of elements involved in allosteric light regulation of phosphodiesterase activity by comparison of different functional blrp1 states.	bacteria have evolved dedicated signaling mechanisms that enable the integration of a range of environmental stimuli and the accordant modulation of metabolic pathways. one central signaling molecule in bacteria is the second messenger cyclic dimeric gmp (c-di-gmp). complex regulatory mechanisms for modulating c-di-gmp concentrations have evolved, in line with its importance for maintaining bacterial fitness under changing environmental conditions. one interesting example in this context is the ...	2014	24291457
crystallization of the n-terminal regulatory domain of the enhancer-binding protein fleq from stenotrophomonas maltophilia.	fleq is a master regulator that controls bacterial flagellar gene expression. it is a unique enhancer-binding protein or repressor protein comprising an n-terminal fleq domain, an aaa(+)/atpase σ54-interaction domain and a helix-turn-helix dna-binding domain. flen is a putative atpase with a deviant walker a motif that works together with fleq by binding to the fleq n-terminal domain to fully express pel, psl and cdr operons in the presence of c-di-gmp to enhance biofilm formation. stenotrophomo ...	2014	24598919
modulating plant primary amino acid metabolism as a necrotrophic virulence strategy: the immune-regulatory role of asparagine synthetase in botrytis cinerea-tomato interaction.	the fungal plant pathogen botrytis cinerea is the causal agent of the "gray mold" disease on a broad range of hosts. as an archetypal necrotroph, b. cinerea has evolved multiple virulence strategies for inducing cell death in its host. moreover, progress of b. cinerea colonization is commonly associated with induction of senescence in the host tissue, even in non-invaded regions. in a recent study, we showed that abscisic acid deficiency in the sitiens tomato mutant culminates in an anti-senesce ...	2014	24521937
the rice tal effector-dependent resistance protein xa10 triggers cell death and calcium depletion in the endoplasmic reticulum.	the recognition between disease resistance (r) genes in plants and their cognate avirulence (avr) genes in pathogens can produce a hypersensitive response of localized programmed cell death. however, our knowledge of the early signaling events of the r gene-mediated hypersensitive response in plants remains limited. here, we report the cloning and characterization of xa10, a transcription activator-like (tal) effector-dependent r gene for resistance to bacterial blight in rice (oryza sativa). xa ...	2014	24488961
close relationship of a novel flavobacteriaceae α-amylase with archaeal α-amylases and good potentials for industrial applications.	bioethanol production from various starchy materials has received much attention in recent years. α-amylases are key enzymes in the bioconversion process of starchy biomass to biofuels, food or other products. the properties of thermostability, ph stability, and ca-independency are important in the development of such fermentation process.	2014	24485248
structure prediction of magnetosome-associated proteins.	magnetotactic bacteria (mtb) are gram-negative bacteria that can navigate along geomagnetic fields. this ability is a result of a unique intracellular organelle, the magnetosome. these organelles are composed of membrane-enclosed magnetite (fe3o4) or greigite (fe3s4) crystals ordered into chains along the cell. magnetosome formation, assembly, and magnetic nano-crystal biomineralization are controlled by magnetosome-associated proteins (maps). most map-encoding genes are located in a conserved g ...	2014	24523717
genomic sequence of temperate phage smp131 of stenotrophomonas maltophilia that has similar prophages in xanthomonads.	stenotrophomonas maltophilia is a ubiquitous gram-negative bacterium previously named as xanthomonas maltophilia. this organism is an important nosocomial pathogen associated with infections in immunocompromised patients. clinical isolates of s. maltophilia are mostly resistant to multiple antibiotics and treatment of its infections is becoming problematic. several virulent bacteriophages, but not temperate phage, of s. maltophilia have been characterized.	2014	24472137
two-step synthesis and hydrolysis of cyclic di-amp in mycobacterium tuberculosis.	cyclic di-amp is a recently discovered signaling molecule which regulates various aspects of bacterial physiology and virulence. here we report the characterization of c-di-amp synthesizing and hydrolyzing proteins from mycobacterium tuberculosis. recombinant rv3586 (mtbdisa) can synthesize c-di-amp from atp through the diadenylate cyclase activity. detailed biochemical characterization of the protein revealed that the diadenylate cyclase (dac) activity is allosterically regulated by atp. we hav ...	2014	24465894
microbiota of cow's milk; distinguishing healthy, sub-clinically and clinically diseased quarters.	the objective of this study was to use pyrosequencing of the 16s rrna genes to describe the microbial diversity of bovine milk samples derived from clinically unaffected quarters across a range of somatic cell counts (scc) values or from clinical mastitis, culture negative quarters. the obtained microbiota profiles were used to distinguish healthy, subclinically and clinically affected quarters. two dairy farms were used for the collection of milk samples. a total of 177 samples were used. fifty ...	2014	24465777
lateral organ boundaries 1 is a disease susceptibility gene for citrus bacterial canker disease.	citrus bacterial canker (cbc) disease occurs worldwide and incurs considerable costs both from control measures and yield losses. bacteria that cause cbc require one of six known type iii transcription activator-like (tal) effector genes for the characteristic pustule formation at the site of infection. here, we show that xanthomonas citri subspecies citri strain xcc306, with the type iii tal effector gene ptha4 or with the distinct yet biologically equivalent gene pthaw from strain xcca(w), ind ...	2014	24474801
the xanthomonas ax21 protein is processed by the general secretory system and is secreted in association with outer membrane vesicles.	pattern recognition receptors (prrs) play an important role in detecting invading pathogens and mounting a robust defense response to restrict infection. in rice, one of the best characterized prrs is xa21, a leucine rich repeat receptor-like kinase that confers broad-spectrum resistance to multiple strains of the bacterial pathogen xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (xoo). in 2009 we reported that an xoo protein, called ax21, is secreted by a type i-secretion system and that it serves to activate xa ...	2014	24482761
bacterial programmed cell death: making sense of a paradox.	although the concept of programmed cell death (pcd) in bacteria has been met with scepticism, a growing body of evidence suggests that it can no longer be ignored. several recent studies indicate that the phenotypic manifestations of apoptosis, which are processes that are associated with ordered cellular disassembly in eukaryotes, are conserved in bacteria. in this opinion article, i propose a model for the coordinated control of potential bacterial pcd effectors and argue that the processes in ...	2014	24336185
neisseria gonorrhoeae filamentous phage ngoφ6 is capable of infecting a variety of gram-negative bacteria.	we constructed a phagemid consisting of the whole genome of the neisseria gonorrhoeae bacteriophage ngoφ6 cloned into a pbluescript plasmid derivative lacking the f1 origin of replication (named pbs::φ6). escherichia coli cells harboring pbs::φ6 were able to produce a biologically active phagemid, ngoφ6fm, capable of infecting, integrating its dna into the chromosome of, and producing progeny phagemids in, a variety of taxonomically distant gram-negative bacteria, including e. coli, haemophilus ...	2014	24198404
l-citrulline production by metabolically engineered corynebacterium glutamicum from glucose and alternative carbon sources.	l-citrulline plays an important role in human health and nutrition and is an intermediate of the l-arginine biosynthetic pathway. l-citrulline is a by-product of l-arginine production by corynebacterium glutamicum. in this study, c. glutamicum was engineered for overproduction of l-citrulline as major product without l-arginine being produced as by-product. to this end, l-arginine biosynthesis was derepressed by deletion of the arginine repressor gene argr and conversion of l-citrulline towards ...	2014	26267114
plant-agrobacterium interaction mediated by ethylene and super-agrobacterium conferring efficient gene transfer.	agrobacterium tumefaciens has a unique ability to transfer genes into plant genomes. this ability has been utilized for plant genetic engineering. however, the efficiency is not sufficient for all plant species. several studies have shown that ethylene decreased the agrobacterium-mediated transformation frequency. thus, a. tumefaciens with an ability to suppress ethylene evolution would increase the efficiency of agrobacterium-mediated transformation. some studies showed that plant growth-promot ...	2014	25520733
the tetr-type mfsr protein of the integrative and conjugative element (ice) iceclc controls both a putative efflux system and initiation of ice transfer.	integrative and conjugating elements (ice) are self-transferable dnas widely present in bacterial genomes, which often carry a variety of auxiliary genes of potential adaptive benefit. one of the model ice is iceclc, an element originally found in pseudomonas knackmussii b13 and known for its propensity to provide its host with the capacity to metabolize chlorocatechols and 2-aminophenol. in this work, we studied the mechanism and target of regulation of mfsr, a tetr-type repressor previously fo ...	2014	25182498
mobility and generation of mosaic non-autonomous transposons by tn3-derived inverted-repeat miniature elements (times).	functional transposable elements (tes) of several pseudomonas spp. strains isolated from black shale ore of lubin mine and from post-flotation tailings of zelazny most in poland, were identified using a positive selection trap plasmid strategy. this approach led to the capture and characterization of (i) 13 insertion sequences from 5 is families (is3, is5, isl3, is30 and is1380), (ii) isoforms of two tn3-family transposons--tn5563a and tn4662a (the latter contains a toxin-antitoxin system), as w ...	2014	25121765
identification of host-microbe interaction factors in the genomes of soft rot-associated pathogens dickeya dadantii 3937 and pectobacterium carotovorum wpp14 with supervised machine learning.	a wealth of genome sequences has provided thousands of genes of unknown function, but identification of functions for the large numbers of hypothetical genes in phytopathogens remains a challenge that impacts all research on plant-microbe interactions. decades of research on the molecular basis of pathogenesis focused on a limited number of factors associated with long-known host-microbe interaction systems, providing limited direction into this challenge. computational approaches to identify vi ...	2014	24952641
the colrs signal transduction system responds to the excess of external zinc, iron, manganese, and cadmium.	the colrs two-component system has been shown to contribute to the membrane functionality and stress tolerance of pseudomonas putida as well as to the virulence of pseudomonas aeruginosa and plant pathogenic xanthomonas species. however, the conditions activating the colrs pathway and the signal(s) sensed by cols have remained unknown. here we aimed to analyze the role of the colrs system in metal tolerance of p. putida and to test whether cols can respond to metal excess.	2014	24946800
genome features of pseudomonas putida ls46, a novel polyhydroxyalkanoate producer and its comparison with other p. putida strains.	a novel strain of pseudomonas putida ls46 was isolated from wastewater on the basis of its ability to synthesize medium chain-length polyhydroxyalkanoates (mcl-phas). p.putida ls46 was differentiated from other p.putida strains on the basis of cpn60 (ut). the complete genome of p.putida ls46 was sequenced and annotated. its chromosome is 5,86,2556 bp in size with gc ratio of 61.69. it is encoding 5316 genes, including 7 rrna genes and 76 trna genes. nucleotide sequence data of the complete p. pu ...	2014	25401060
responses to elevated c-di-gmp levels in mutualistic and pathogenic plant-interacting bacteria.	despite a recent burst of research, knowledge on c-di-gmp signaling pathways remains largely fragmentary and molecular mechanisms of regulation and even c-di-gmp targets are yet unknown for most bacteria. besides genomics or bioinformatics, accompanying alternative approaches are necessary to reveal c-di-gmp regulation in bacteria with complex lifestyles. we have approached this study by artificially altering the c-di-gmp economy of diverse pathogenic and mutualistic plant-interacting bacteria a ...	2014	24626229
correction of sequence-dependent ambiguous bases (ns) from the 454 pyrosequencing system.	pyrosequencing of the 16s ribosomal rna gene (16s) has become one of the most popular methods to assess microbial diversity. pyrosequencing reads containing ambiguous bases (ns) are generally discarded based on the assumptions of their non-sequence-dependent formation and high error rates. however, taxonomic composition differed by removal of reads with ns. we determined whether ns from pyrosequencing occur in a sequence-dependent manner. our reads and the corresponding flow value data revealed ...	2014	24464999
a 13-lipoxygenase, tomloxc, is essential for synthesis of c5 flavour volatiles in tomato.	c5 volatile compounds, derived from fatty acids, are among the most important contributors to consumer liking of fresh tomatoes. despite their important roles in flavour, the genes responsible for c5 volatile synthesis have yet to be identified. this work shows that their synthesis is catalysed in part by a 13-lipoxygenase (lox), tomloxc, the same enzyme responsible for synthesis of c6 volatiles. c5 synthesis is independent of hydroperoxide lyase (hpl); moreover, hpl knockdown significantly incr ...	2014	24453226
heme enzyme structure and function.		2014	24400737
the diguanylate cyclase sadc is a central player in gac/rsm-mediated biofilm formation in pseudomonas aeruginosa.	pseudomonas aeruginosa is a gram-negative opportunistic human pathogen and a threat for immunocompromised and cystic fibrosis patients. it is responsible for acute and chronic infections and can switch between these lifestyles upon taking an informed decision involving complex regulatory networks. the rets/lads/gac/rsm network and the cyclic-di-gmp (c-di-gmp) signaling pathways are both central to this phenomenon redirecting the p. aeruginosa population toward a biofilm mode of growth, which is ...	2014	25225264
the diguanylate cyclase gcba facilitates pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm dispersion by activating bdla.	biofilm dispersion is a highly regulated process that allows biofilm bacteria to respond to changing environmental conditions and to disseminate to new locations. the dispersion of biofilms formed by the opportunistic pathogen pseudomonas aeruginosa is known to require a number of cyclic di-gmp (c-di-gmp)-degrading phosphodiesterases (pdes) and the chemosensory protein bdla, with bdla playing a pivotal role in regulating pde activity and enabling dispersion in response to a wide array of cues. b ...	2014	25331436
the diguanylate cyclase gcba facilitates pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm dispersion by activating bdla.	biofilm dispersion is a highly regulated process that allows biofilm bacteria to respond to changing environmental conditions and to disseminate to new locations. the dispersion of biofilms formed by the opportunistic pathogen pseudomonas aeruginosa is known to require a number of cyclic di-gmp (c-di-gmp)-degrading phosphodiesterases (pdes) and the chemosensory protein bdla, with bdla playing a pivotal role in regulating pde activity and enabling dispersion in response to a wide array of cues. b ...	2014	25331436
exopolysaccharides produced by marine bacteria and their applications as glycosaminoglycan-like molecules.	although polysaccharides are ubiquitous and the most abundant renewable bio-components, their studies, covered by the glycochemistry and glycobiology fields, remain a challenge due to their high molecular diversity and complexity. polysaccharides are industrially used in food products; human therapeutics fall into a more recent research field and pharmaceutical industry is looking for more and more molecules with enhanced activities. glycosaminoglycans (gags) found in animal tissues play a criti ...	2014	25340049
a complex gene locus enables xyloglucan utilization in the model saprophyte cellvibrio japonicus.	the degradation of plant biomass by saprophytes is an ecologically important part of the global carbon cycle, which has also inspired a vast diversity of industrial enzyme applications. the xyloglucans (xygs) constitute a family of ubiquitous and abundant plant cell wall polysaccharides, yet the enzymology of xyg saccharification is poorly studied. here, we present the identification and molecular characterization of a complex genetic locus that is required for xyloglucan utilization by the mode ...	2014	25171165
the plant pathogen xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris exploits n-acetylglucosamine during infection.	n-acetylglucosamine (glcnac), the main component of chitin and a major constituent of bacterial peptidoglycan, is present only in trace amounts in plants, in contrast to the huge amount of various sugars that compose the polysaccharides of the plant cell wall. thus, glcnac has not previously been considered a substrate exploited by phytopathogenic bacteria during plant infection. xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, the causal agent of black rot disease of brassica plants, expresses a carbohyd ...	2014	25205095
expression of colsr genes increased in the rpf mutants of xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae kacc10859.	the rpf genes and cols xoo1207/colr xoo1208 were known to require for virulence of xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (xoo). in xoo kacc10331 genome, two more cols/colr genes, cols xoo3534 (raxh)/colr xoo3535 (raxr) and cols xoo3762/colr xoo3763 were annotated. the cols xoo3534/colr xoo3535 were known to control avrxa21 activity and functions of cols xoo3762/colr xoo3763 were unknown in xoo. to characterize the relationship between rpf and cols/colr genes, expression of cols/colr genes in rpf mutants ...	2014	25289017
insights into secondary metabolism from a global analysis of prokaryotic biosynthetic gene clusters.	although biosynthetic gene clusters (bgcs) have been discovered for hundreds of bacterial metabolites, our knowledge of their diversity remains limited. here, we used a novel algorithm to systematically identify bgcs in the extensive extant microbial sequencing data. network analysis of the predicted bgcs revealed large gene cluster families, the vast majority uncharacterized. we experimentally characterized the most prominent family, consisting of two subfamilies of hundreds of bgcs distributed ...	2014	25036635
the interaction pattern between a homology model of 40s ribosomal s9 protein of rhizoctonia solani and 1-hydroxyphenaize by docking study.	1-hydroxyphenazine (1-oh-phz), a natural product from pseudomonas aeruginosa strain sd12, was earlier reported to have potent antifungal activity against rhizoctonia solani. in the present work, the antifungal activity of 1-oh-phz on 40s ribosomal s9 protein was validated by molecular docking approach. 1-oh-phz showed interaction with two polar contacts with residues, arg69 and phe19, which inhibits the synthesis of fungal protein. our study reveals that 1-oh-phz can be a potent inhibitor of 40s ...	2014	24864254
identification of bacteriophages for biocontrol of the kiwifruit canker phytopathogen pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae.	pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae is a reemerging pathogen which causes bacterial canker of kiwifruit (actinidia sp.). since 2008, a global outbreak of p. syringae pv. actinidiae has occurred, and in 2010 this pathogen was detected in new zealand. the economic impact and the development of resistance in p. syringae pv. actinidiae and other pathovars against antibiotics and copper sprays have led to a search for alternative management strategies. we isolated 275 phages, 258 of which were active ...	2014	24487530
commonalities and differences of t3sss in rhizobia and plant pathogenic bacteria.	plant pathogenic bacteria and rhizobia infect higher plants albeit the interactions with their hosts are principally distinct and lead to completely different phenotypic outcomes, either pathogenic or mutualistic, respectively. bacterial protein delivery to plant host plays an essential role in determining the phenotypic outcome of plant-bacteria interactions. the involvement of type iii secretion systems (t3sss) in mediating animal- and plant-pathogen interactions was discovered in the mid-80's ...	2014	24723933
a new and improved host-independent plasmid system for rk2-based conjugal transfer.	bacterial conjugation is a process that is mediated either by a direct cell-to-cell junction or by formation of a bridge between the cells. it is often used to transfer dna constructs designed in escherichia coli to recipient bacteria, yeast, plants and mammalian cells. plasmids bearing the rk2/rp4 origin of transfer (orit) are mostly mobilized using the e. coli s17-1/sm10 donor strains, in which transfer helper functions are provided from a chromosomally integrated rp4::mu. we have observed tha ...	2014	24595202
lectin-like bacteriocins from pseudomonas spp. utilise d-rhamnose containing lipopolysaccharide as a cellular receptor.	lectin-like bacteriocins consist of tandem monocot mannose-binding domains and display a genus-specific killing activity. here we show that pyocin l1, a novel member of this family from pseudomonas aeruginosa, targets susceptible strains of this species through recognition of the common polysaccharide antigen (cpa) of p. aeruginosa lipopolysaccharide that is predominantly a homopolymer of d-rhamnose. structural and biophysical analyses show that recognition of cpa occurs through the c-terminal c ...	2014	24516380
bacterial ice crystal controlling proteins.	across the world, many ice active bacteria utilize ice crystal controlling proteins for aid in freezing tolerance at subzero temperatures. ice crystal controlling proteins include both antifreeze and ice nucleation proteins. antifreeze proteins minimize freezing damage by inhibiting growth of large ice crystals, while ice nucleation proteins induce formation of embryonic ice crystals. although both protein classes have differing functions, these proteins use the same ice binding mechanisms. rath ...	2014	24579057
sensitive detection of xanthomonas oryzae pathovars oryzae and oryzicola by loop-mediated isothermal amplification.	molecular diagnostics for crop diseases can enhance food security by enabling the rapid identification of threatening pathogens and providing critical information for the deployment of disease management strategies. loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) is a pcr-based tool that allows the rapid, highly specific amplification of target dna sequences at a single temperature and is thus ideal for field-level diagnosis of plant diseases. we developed primers highly specific for two globally ...	2014	24837384
a ralstonia solanacearum type iii effector directs the production of the plant signal metabolite trehalose-6-phosphate.	the plant pathogen ralstonia solanacearum possesses two genes encoding a trehalose-6-phosphate synthase (tps), an enzyme of the trehalose biosynthetic pathway. one of these genes, named riptps, was found to encode a protein with an additional n-terminal domain which directs its translocation into host plant cells through the type 3 secretion system. riptps is a conserved effector in the r. solanacearum species complex, and homologues were also detected in other bacterial plant pathogens. functio ...	2014	25538193
the impact of systemic and copper pesticide applications on the phyllosphere microflora of tomatoes.	contamination of tomatoes by salmonella can occur in agricultural settings. little is currently understood about how agricultural inputs such as pesticide applications may impact epiphytic crop microflora and potentially play a role in contamination events. we examined the impact of two materials commonly used in virginia tomato agriculture: acibenzolar-s-methyl (crop protectant) and copper oxychloride (pesticide) to identify the effects these materials may exert on baseline tomato microflora an ...	2014	25410588
the impact of systemic and copper pesticide applications on the phyllosphere microflora of tomatoes.	contamination of tomatoes by salmonella can occur in agricultural settings. little is currently understood about how agricultural inputs such as pesticide applications may impact epiphytic crop microflora and potentially play a role in contamination events. we examined the impact of two materials commonly used in virginia tomato agriculture: acibenzolar-s-methyl (crop protectant) and copper oxychloride (pesticide) to identify the effects these materials may exert on baseline tomato microflora an ...	2014	25410588
enhancing crop innate immunity: new promising trends.	plants are constantly exposed to potentially pathogenic microbes present in their surrounding environment. due to the activation of the pattern-triggered immunity (pti) response that largely relies on accurate detection of pathogen- or microbe-associated molecular patterns by pattern-recognition receptors (prrs), plants are resistant to the majority of potential pathogens. however, adapted pathogens may avoid recognition or repress plant pti and resulting diseases significantly affect crop yield ...	2014	25414721
filamentous phages prevalent in pseudoalteromonas spp. confer properties advantageous to host survival in arctic sea ice.	sea ice is one of the most frigid environments for marine microbes. in contrast to other ocean ecosystems, microbes in permanent sea ice are space confined and subject to many extreme conditions, which change on a seasonal basis. how these microbial communities are regulated to survive the extreme sea ice environment is largely unknown. here, we show that filamentous phages regulate the host bacterial community to improve survival of the host in permanent arctic sea ice. we isolated a filamentou ...	2014	25303713
filamentous phages prevalent in pseudoalteromonas spp. confer properties advantageous to host survival in arctic sea ice.	sea ice is one of the most frigid environments for marine microbes. in contrast to other ocean ecosystems, microbes in permanent sea ice are space confined and subject to many extreme conditions, which change on a seasonal basis. how these microbial communities are regulated to survive the extreme sea ice environment is largely unknown. here, we show that filamentous phages regulate the host bacterial community to improve survival of the host in permanent arctic sea ice. we isolated a filamentou ...	2014	25303713
expression patterns of flagellin sensing 2 map to bacterial entry sites in plant shoots and roots.	pathogens can colonize all plant organs and tissues. to prevent this, each cell must be capable of autonomously triggering defence. therefore, it is generally assumed that primary sensors of the immune system are constitutively present. one major primary sensor against bacterial infection is the flagellin sensing 2 (fls2) pattern recognition receptor (prr). to gain insights into its expression pattern, the fls2 promoter activity in β-glucuronidase (gus) reporter lines was monitored. the data sho ...	2014	25205577
transcriptome-based analysis of the pantoea stewartii quorum-sensing regulon and identification of esar direct targets.	pantoea stewartii subsp. stewartii is a proteobacterium that causes stewart's wilt disease in corn plants. the bacteria form a biofilm in the xylem of infected plants and produce capsule that blocks water transport, eventually causing wilt. at low cell densities, the quorum-sensing (qs) regulatory protein esar is known to directly repress expression of esar itself as well as the genes for the capsular synthesis operon transcription regulator, rcsa, and a 2,5-diketogluconate reductase, dkga. it s ...	2014	25015891
pirin2 stabilizes cysteine protease xcp2 and increases susceptibility to the vascular pathogen ralstonia solanacearum in arabidopsis.	pirin (prn) is a member of the functionally diverse cupin protein superfamily. there are four members of the arabidopsis thaliana prn family, but the roles of these proteins are largely unknown. here we describe a function of the arabidopsis pirin2 (prn2) that is related to susceptibility to the bacterial plant pathogen ralstonia solanacearum. two prn2 mutant alleles displayed decreased disease development and bacterial growth in response to r. solanacearum infection. we elucidated the underlyi ...	2014	24947605
the role of the secondary cell wall in plant resistance to pathogens.	plant resistance to pathogens relies on a complex network of constitutive and inducible defensive barriers. the plant cell wall is one of the barriers that pathogens need to overcome to successfully colonize plant tissues. the traditional view of the plant cell wall as a passive barrier has evolved to a concept that considers the wall as a dynamic structure that regulates both constitutive and inducible defense mechanisms, and as a source of signaling molecules that trigger immune responses. the ...	2014	25161657
the filamentous phage xacf1 causes loss of virulence in xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri, the causative agent of citrus canker disease.	in this study, filamentous phage xacf1, which can infect xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (xac) strains, was isolated and characterized. electron microscopy showed that xacf1 is a member of the family inoviridae and is about 600 nm long. the genome of xacf1 is 7325 nucleotides in size, containing 13 predicted open reading frames (orfs), some of which showed significant homology to ff-like phage proteins such as orf1 (pii), orf2 (pv), orf6 (piii), and orf8 (pvi). xacf1 showed a relatively wide ho ...	2014	25071734
tomato slmkk2 and slmkk4 contribute to disease resistance against botrytis cinerea.	mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) cascades are highly conserved signaling modules that mediate the transduction of extracellular stimuli via receptors/sensors into intracellular responses and play key roles in plant immunity against pathogen attack. however, the function of tomato mapk kinases, slmkks, in resistance against botrytis cinerea remains unclear yet.	2014	24930014
the genome of the fungal-interactive soil bacterium burkholderia terrae bs001-a plethora of outstanding interactive capabilities unveiled.	burkholderia terrae strain bs001, obtained as an inhabitant of the mycosphere of laccaria proxima (a close relative of lyophyllum sp. strain karsten), actively interacts with lyophyllum sp. strain karsten. we here summarize the remarkable ecological behavior of b. terrae bs001 in the mycosphere and add key data to this. moreover, we extensively analyze the approximately 11.5-mb five-replicon genome of b. terrae bs001 and highlight its remarkable features. seventy-nine regions of genomic plastici ...	2014	24923325
development of a model to predict the primary infection date of bacterial spot (xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria) on hot pepper.	a population model of bacterial spot caused by xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria on hot pepper was developed to predict the primary disease infection date. the model estimated the pathogen population on the surface and within the leaf of the host based on the wetness period and temperature. for successful infection, at least 5,000 cells/ml of the bacterial population were required. also, wind and rain were necessary according to regression analyses of the monitored data. bacterial spot on t ...	2014	25288995
rav genes: regulation of floral induction and beyond.	transcription factors of the rav (related to abi3 and vp1) family are plant-specific and possess two dna-binding domains. in arabidopsis thaliana, the family comprises six members, including tempranillo 1 (tem1) and tem2. arabidopsis rav1 and tem1 have been shown to bind bipartite dna sequences, with the consensus motif c(a/c/g)aca(n)2-8(c/a/t)acctg. through direct binding to dna, rav proteins act as transcriptional repressors, probably in complexes with other co-repressors.	2014	24812253
real time live imaging of phytopathogenic bacteria xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris maff106712 in 'plant sweet home'.	xanthomonas is one of the most widespread phytobacteria, causing diseases on a variety of agricultural plants. to develop novel control techniques, knowledge of bacterial behavior inside plant cells is essential. xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, a vascular pathogen, is the causal agent of black rot on leaves of brassicaceae, including arabidopsis thaliana. among the x. campestris pv. campestris stocks in the maff collection, we selected xccmaff106712 as a model compatible pathogen for the ...	2014	24736478
nitrate assimilation contributes to ralstonia solanacearum root attachment, stem colonization, and virulence.	ralstonia solanacearum, an economically important plant pathogen, must attach, grow, and produce virulence factors to colonize plant xylem vessels and cause disease. little is known about the bacterial metabolism that drives these processes. nitrate is present in both tomato xylem fluid and agricultural soils, and the bacterium's gene expression profile suggests that it assimilates nitrate during pathogenesis. a nasa mutant, which lacks the gene encoding the catalytic subunit of r. solanacearum' ...	2014	24363343
the post-transcriptional regulator rsma/csra activates t3ss by stabilizing the 5' utr of hrpg, the master regulator of hrp/hrc genes, in xanthomonas.	the rsma/csra family of the post-transcriptional regulators of bacteria is involved in the regulation of many cellular processes, including pathogenesis. in this study, we demonstrated that rsma not only is required for the full virulence of the phytopathogenic bacterium xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (xcc) but also contributes to triggering the hypersensitive response (hr) in non-host plants. deletion of rsma resulted in significantly reduced virulence in the host plant sweet orange and a delay ...	2014	24586158
genomic variability as a driver of plant-pathogen coevolution?	pathogens apply one of the strongest selective pressures in plant populations. understanding plant-pathogen coevolution has therefore been a major research focus for at least sixty years [1]. recent comparative genomic studies have revealed that the genes involved in plant defense and pathogen virulence are among the most polymorphic in the respective genomes. which fraction of this diversity influences the host-pathogen interaction? do coevolutionary dynamics maintain variation? here we review ...	2014	24491596
variable suites of non-effector genes are co-regulated in the type iii secretion virulence regulon across the pseudomonas syringae phylogeny.	pseudomonas syringae is a phylogenetically diverse species of gram-negative bacterial plant pathogens responsible for crop diseases around the world. the hrpl sigma factor drives expression of the major p. syringae virulence regulon. hrpl controls expression of the genes encoding the structural and functional components of the type iii secretion system (t3ss) and the type three secreted effector proteins (t3e) that are collectively essential for virulence. hrpl also regulates expression of an un ...	2014	24391493
integrons: past, present, and future.	integrons are versatile gene acquisition systems commonly found in bacterial genomes. they are ancient elements that are a hot spot for genomic complexity, generating phenotypic diversity and shaping adaptive responses. in recent times, they have had a major role in the acquisition, expression, and dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes. assessing the ongoing threats posed by integrons requires an understanding of their origins and evolutionary history. this review examines the functions a ...	2014	24847022
vibrio cholerae nsps, a homologue of abc-type periplasmic solute binding proteins, facilitates transduction of polyamine signals independent of their transport.	the polyamines norspermidine and spermidine are among the environmental signals that regulate vibrio cholerae biofilm formation. the effects of these polyamines are mediated by nsps, a member of the bacterial periplasmic solute binding protein superfamily. almost all members of this superfamily characterized to date are components of atp-binding cassette-type transporters involved in nutrient uptake. consequently, in the current annotation of the v. cholerae genome, nsps has been assigned a func ...	2014	24530989
genomics-based exploration of virulence determinants and host-specific adaptations of pseudomonas syringae strains isolated from grasses.	the pseudomonas syringae species complex has recently been named the number one plant pathogen, due to its economic and environmental impacts, as well as for its role in scientific research. the bacterium has been repeatedly reported to cause outbreaks on bean, cucumber, stone fruit, kiwi and olive tree, as well as on other crop and non-crop plants. it also serves as a model organism for research on the type iii secretion system (t3ss) and plant-pathogen interactions. while most of the current w ...	2014	25437611
microbial enhanced heavy oil recovery by the aid of inhabitant spore-forming bacteria: an insight review.	crude oil is the major source of energy worldwide being exploited as a source of economy, including oman. as the price of crude oil increases and crude oil reserves collapse, exploitation of oil resources in mature reservoirs is essential for meeting future energy demands. as conventional recovery methods currently used have become less efficient for the needs, there is a continuous demand of developing a new technology which helps in the upgradation of heavy crude oil. microbial enhanced oil re ...	2014	24550702
interactions of salmonella with animals and plants.	salmonella enterica species are gram-negative bacteria, which are responsible for a wide range of food- and water-borne diseases in both humans and animals, thereby posing a major threat to public health. recently, there has been an increasing number of reports, linking salmonella contaminated raw vegetables and fruits with food poisoning. many studies have shown that an essential feature of the pathogenicity of salmonella is its capacity to cross a number of barriers requiring invasion of a lar ...	2014	25653644
interactions of salmonella with animals and plants.	salmonella enterica species are gram-negative bacteria, which are responsible for a wide range of food- and water-borne diseases in both humans and animals, thereby posing a major threat to public health. recently, there has been an increasing number of reports, linking salmonella contaminated raw vegetables and fruits with food poisoning. many studies have shown that an essential feature of the pathogenicity of salmonella is its capacity to cross a number of barriers requiring invasion of a lar ...	2014	25653644
image-based phenotyping of plant disease symptoms.	plant diseases cause significant reductions in agricultural productivity worldwide. disease symptoms have deleterious effects on the growth and development of crop plants, limiting yields and making agricultural products unfit for consumption. for many plant-pathogen systems, we lack knowledge of the physiological mechanisms that link pathogen infection and the production of disease symptoms in the host. a variety of quantitative high-throughput image-based methods for phenotyping plant growth a ...	2014	25601871
image-based phenotyping of plant disease symptoms.	plant diseases cause significant reductions in agricultural productivity worldwide. disease symptoms have deleterious effects on the growth and development of crop plants, limiting yields and making agricultural products unfit for consumption. for many plant-pathogen systems, we lack knowledge of the physiological mechanisms that link pathogen infection and the production of disease symptoms in the host. a variety of quantitative high-throughput image-based methods for phenotyping plant growth a ...	2014	25601871
microbe-associated molecular pattern-induced calcium signaling requires the receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases, pbl1 and bik1.	plant perception of conserved microbe-derived or damage-derived molecules (so-called microbe- or damage-associated molecular patterns, mamps or damps, respectively) triggers cellular signaling cascades to initiate counteracting defence responses. using mamp-induced rise in cellular calcium levels as one of the earliest biochemical readouts, we initiated a genetic screen for components involved in early mamp signaling in arabidopsis thaliana.	2014	25522736
interactions of xanthomonas type-iii effector proteins with the plant ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like pathways.	in eukaryotes, regulated protein turnover is required during many cellular processes, including defense against pathogens. ubiquitination and degradation of ubiquitinated proteins via the ubiquitin-proteasome system (ups) is the main pathway for the turnover of intracellular proteins in eukaryotes. the extensive utilization of the ups in host cells makes it an ideal pivot for the manipulation of cellular processes by pathogens. like many other gram-negative bacteria, xanthomonas species secrete ...	2014	25566304
in vitro activity of glucosinolates and their degradation products against brassica-pathogenic bacteria and fungi.	glucosinolates (gsls) are secondary metabolites found in brassica vegetables that confer on them resistance against pests and diseases. both gsls and glucosinolate hydrolysis products (ghps) have shown positive effects in reducing soil pathogens. information about their in vitro biocide effects is scarce, but previous studies have shown sinigrin gsls and their associated allyl isothiocyanate (aitc) to be soil biocides. the objective of this work was to evaluate the biocide effects of 17 gsls and ...	2014	25362058
in vitro activity of glucosinolates and their degradation products against brassica-pathogenic bacteria and fungi.	glucosinolates (gsls) are secondary metabolites found in brassica vegetables that confer on them resistance against pests and diseases. both gsls and glucosinolate hydrolysis products (ghps) have shown positive effects in reducing soil pathogens. information about their in vitro biocide effects is scarce, but previous studies have shown sinigrin gsls and their associated allyl isothiocyanate (aitc) to be soil biocides. the objective of this work was to evaluate the biocide effects of 17 gsls and ...	2014	25362058
genetic diversity analysis in a set of caricaceae accessions using resistance gene analogues.	in order to assess genetic diversity of a set of 41 caricaceae accessions, this study used 34 primer pairs designed from the conserved domains of bacterial leaf blight resistance genes from rice, in a pcr based approach, to identify and analyse resistance gene analogues from various accessions of carica papaya, vasconcellea goudotiana, v. microcarpa, v. parviflora, v. pubescens, v. stipulata and, v. quercifolia and jacaratia spinosa.	2014	25491793
pepper heat shock protein 70a interacts with the type iii effector avrbst and triggers plant cell death and immunity.	heat shock proteins (hsps) function as molecular chaperones and are essential for the maintenance and/or restoration of protein homeostasis. the genus xanthomonas type iii effector protein avrbst induces hypersensitive cell death in pepper (capsicum annuum). here, we report the identification of the pepper cahsp70a as an avrbst-interacting protein. bimolecular fluorescence complementation and coimmunoprecipitation assays confirm the specific interaction between cahsp70a and avrbst in planta. the ...	2014	25491184
pepper heat shock protein 70a interacts with the type iii effector avrbst and triggers plant cell death and immunity.	heat shock proteins (hsps) function as molecular chaperones and are essential for the maintenance and/or restoration of protein homeostasis. the genus xanthomonas type iii effector protein avrbst induces hypersensitive cell death in pepper (capsicum annuum). here, we report the identification of the pepper cahsp70a as an avrbst-interacting protein. bimolecular fluorescence complementation and coimmunoprecipitation assays confirm the specific interaction between cahsp70a and avrbst in planta. the ...	2014	25491184
improving crop disease resistance: lessons from research on arabidopsis and tomato.	one of the great challenges for food security in the 21st century is to improve yield stability through the development of disease-resistant crops. crop research is often hindered by the lack of molecular tools, growth logistics, generation time and detailed genetic annotations, hence the power of model plant species. our knowledge of plant immunity today has been largely shaped by the use of models, specifically through the use of mutants. we examine the importance of arabidopsis and tomato as ...	2014	25520730
peptidoglycan from fermentation by-product triggers defense responses in grapevine.	plants are constantly under attack from a variety of microorganisms, and rely on a series of complex detection and response systems to protect themselves from infection. here, we found that a by-product of glutamate fermentation triggered defense responses in grapevine, increasing the expression of defense response genes in cultured cells, foliar chitinase activity, and resistance to infection by downy mildew in leaf explants. to identify the molecule that triggered this innate immunity, we frac ...	2014	25427192
probing formation of cargo/importin-α transport complexes in plant cells using a pathogen effector.	importin-αs are essential adapter proteins that recruit cytoplasmic proteins destined for active nuclear import to the nuclear transport machinery. cargo proteins interact with the importin-α armadillo repeat domain via nuclear localization sequences (nlss), short amino acids motifs enriched in lys and arg residues. plant genomes typically encode several importin-α paralogs that can have both specific and partially redundant functions. although some cargos are preferentially imported by a distin ...	2014	25284001
probing formation of cargo/importin-α transport complexes in plant cells using a pathogen effector.	importin-αs are essential adapter proteins that recruit cytoplasmic proteins destined for active nuclear import to the nuclear transport machinery. cargo proteins interact with the importin-α armadillo repeat domain via nuclear localization sequences (nlss), short amino acids motifs enriched in lys and arg residues. plant genomes typically encode several importin-α paralogs that can have both specific and partially redundant functions. although some cargos are preferentially imported by a distin ...	2014	25284001
redundancy among phospholipase d isoforms in resistance triggered by recognition of the pseudomonas syringae effector avrrpm1 in arabidopsis thaliana.	plants possess a highly sophisticated system for defense against microorganisms. so called mamp (microbe-associated molecular patterns) triggered immunity (mti) prevents the majority of non-adapted pathogens from causing disease. adapted plant pathogens use secreted effector proteins to interfere with such signaling. recognition of microbial effectors or their activity by plant resistance (r)-proteins triggers a second line of defense resulting in effector triggered immunity (eti). the latter us ...	2014	25431578