Publications

phytohormone pathways as targets of pathogens to facilitate infection.	plants are constantly threatened by potential pathogens. in order to optimize the output of defense against pathogens with distinct lifestyles, plants depend on hormonal networks to fine-tune specific responses and regulate growth-defense tradeoffs. to counteract, pathogens have evolved various strategies to disturb hormonal homeostasis and facilitate infection. many pathogens synthesize plant hormones; more importantly, toxins and effectors are produced to manipulate hormonal crosstalk. accumul ...	2016	26879412
integration of decoy domains derived from protein targets of pathogen effectors into plant immune receptors is widespread.	plant immune receptors of the class of nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat domain (nlr) proteins can contain additional domains besides canonical nb-arc (nucleotide-binding adaptor shared by apaf-1, r proteins, and ced-4 (nb-arc)) and leucine-rich repeat (lrr) domains. recent research suggests that these additional domains act as integrated decoys recognizing effectors from pathogens. proteins homologous to integrated decoys are suspected to be effector targets and involved in disease or ...	2016	26848538
involvement of agrobacterium tumefaciens galacturonate tripartite atp-independent periplasmic (trap) transporter gaapqm in virulence gene expression.	monosaccharides capable of serving as nutrients for the soil bacterium agrobacterium tumefaciens are also inducers of the vir regulon present in the tumor-inducing (ti) plasmid of this plant pathogen. one such monosaccharide is galacturonate, the predominant monomer of pectin found in plant cell walls. this ligand is recognized by the periplasmic sugar binding protein chve, which interacts with the vira histidine kinase that controls vir gene expression. although chve is also a member of the chv ...	2016	26637603
proteome analysis of disease resistance against ralstonia solanacearum in potato cultivar ct206-10.	potato is one of the most important crops worldwide. its commercial cultivars are highly susceptible to many fungal and bacterial diseases. among these, bacterial wilt caused by ralstonia solanacearum causes significant yield loss. in the present study, integrated proteomics and genomics approaches were used in order to identify bacterial wilt resistant genes from rs resistance potato cultivar ct-206-10. 2-de and maldi-tof/tof-ms analysis identified eight differentially abundant proteins includi ...	2016	26889112
rutin-mediated priming of plant resistance to three bacterial pathogens initiating the early sa signal pathway.	flavonoids are ubiquitous in the plant kingdom and have many diverse functions, including uv protection, auxin transport inhibition, allelopathy, flower coloring and insect resistance. here we show that rutin, a proud member of the flavonoid family, could be functional as an activator to improve plant disease resistances. three plant species pretreated with 2 mm rutin were found to enhance resistance to xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, ralstonia solanacearum, and pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato st ...	2016	26751786
leucine zipper motif in rrs1 is crucial for the regulation of arabidopsis dual resistance protein complex rps4/rrs1.	arabidopsis thaliana leucine-rich repeat-containing (nlr) proteins rps4 and rrs1, known as dual resistance proteins, confer resistance to multiple pathogen isolates, such as the bacterial pathogens pseudomonas syringae and ralstonia solanacearum and the fungal pathogen colletotrichum higginsianum. rps4 is a typical toll/interleukin 1 receptor (tir)-type nlr, whereas rrs1 is an atypical tir-nlr that contains a leucine zipper (lz) motif and a c-terminal wrky domain. rps4 and rrs1 are localised nea ...	2016	26750751
killing two birds with one stone: natural rice rhizospheric microbes reduce arsenic uptake and blast infections in rice.	our recent work has shown that a rice thizospheric natural isolate, a pantoea sp (hereafter ea106) attenuates arsenic (as) uptake in rice. in parallel, yet another natural rice rhizospheric isolate, a pseudomonas chlororaphis (hereafter ea105), was shown to inhibit rice blast pathogen magnaporthe oryzae. considering the above, we envisaged to evaluate the importance of mixed stress regime in rice plants subjected to both as toxicity and blast infections. plants subjected to as regime showed incr ...	2016	27790229
bioprospecting red sea coastal ecosystems for culturable microorganisms and their antimicrobial potential.	microorganisms that inhabit unchartered unique soil such as in the highly saline and hot red sea lagoons on the saudi arabian coastline, represent untapped sources of potentially new bioactive compounds. in this study, a culture-dependent approach was applied to three types of sediments: mangrove mud (mn), microbial mat (mm), and barren soil (bs), collected from rabigh harbor lagoon (rhl) and al-kharrar lagoon (akl). the isolated bacteria were evaluated for their potential to produce bioactive c ...	2016	27626430
identification of anion channels responsible for fluoride resistance in oral streptococci.	recently, it has been reported that eric and crcb are involved in bacterial fluoride resistance. however, the fluoride-resistance mechanism in oral streptococci remains unclear. blast studies showed that two types of erics (eric1 and eric2) and two types of crcbs (crcb1 and crcb2) are present across 18 oral streptococci, which were identified in ≥ 10% of 166 orally healthy subjects with ≥ 0.01% of the mean relative abundance. they were divided into three groups based on the distribution of these ...	2016	27824896
chloroplast genomes: diversity, evolution, and applications in genetic engineering.	chloroplasts play a crucial role in sustaining life on earth. the availability of over 800 sequenced chloroplast genomes from a variety of land plants has enhanced our understanding of chloroplast biology, intracellular gene transfer, conservation, diversity, and the genetic basis by which chloroplast transgenes can be engineered to enhance plant agronomic traits or to produce high-value agricultural or biomedical products. in this review, we discuss the impact of chloroplast genome sequences on ...	2016	27339192
challenges with using names to link digital biodiversity information.		2016	27346955
flagellin glycosylation in paenibacillus alvei ccm 2051t.	flagellin glycosylation impacts, in several documented cases, the functionality of bacterial flagella. the basis of flagellin glycosylation has been studied for various gram-negative bacteria, but less is known about flagellin glycans of gram-positive bacteria including paenibacillus alvei, a secondary invader of honeybee colonies diseased with european foulbrood. paenibacillus alvei ccm 2051(t) swarms vigorously on solidified culture medium, with swarming relying on functional flagella as evide ...	2016	26405108
flagellin glycosylation in paenibacillus alvei ccm 2051t.	flagellin glycosylation impacts, in several documented cases, the functionality of bacterial flagella. the basis of flagellin glycosylation has been studied for various gram-negative bacteria, but less is known about flagellin glycans of gram-positive bacteria including paenibacillus alvei, a secondary invader of honeybee colonies diseased with european foulbrood. paenibacillus alvei ccm 2051(t) swarms vigorously on solidified culture medium, with swarming relying on functional flagella as evide ...	2016	26405108
comparative genomic analysis of the flagellin glycosylation island of the gram-positive thermophile geobacillus.	protein glycosylation involves the post-translational attachment of sugar chains to target proteins and has been observed in all three domains of life. post-translational glycosylation of flagellin, the main structural protein of the flagellum, is a common characteristic among many gram-negative bacteria and archaea. several distinct functions have been ascribed to flagellin glycosylation, including stabilisation and maintenance of the flagellar filament, motility, surface recognition, adhesion, ...	2016	27842516
metabolic network modeling of microbial interactions in natural and engineered environmental systems.	we review approaches to characterize metabolic interactions within microbial communities using stoichiometric metabolic network (smn) models for applications in environmental and industrial biotechnology. smn models are computational tools used to evaluate the metabolic engineering potential of various organisms. they have successfully been applied to design and optimize the microbial production of antibiotics, alcohols and amino acids by single strains. to date however, such models have been ra ...	2016	27242701
mechanistic insights into c-di-gmp-dependent control of the biofilm regulator fleq from pseudomonas aeruginosa.	bacterial biofilm formation during chronic infections confers increased fitness, antibiotic tolerance, and cytotoxicity. in many pathogens, the transition from a planktonic lifestyle to collaborative, sessile biofilms represents a regulated process orchestrated by the intracellular second-messenger c-di-gmp. a main effector for c-di-gmp signaling in the opportunistic pathogen pseudomonas aeruginosa is the transcription regulator fleq. fleq is a bacterial enhancer-binding protein (bebp) with a ce ...	2016	26712005
mechanistic insights into c-di-gmp-dependent control of the biofilm regulator fleq from pseudomonas aeruginosa.	bacterial biofilm formation during chronic infections confers increased fitness, antibiotic tolerance, and cytotoxicity. in many pathogens, the transition from a planktonic lifestyle to collaborative, sessile biofilms represents a regulated process orchestrated by the intracellular second-messenger c-di-gmp. a main effector for c-di-gmp signaling in the opportunistic pathogen pseudomonas aeruginosa is the transcription regulator fleq. fleq is a bacterial enhancer-binding protein (bebp) with a ce ...	2016	26712005
bacillus subtilis early colonization of arabidopsis thaliana roots involves multiple chemotaxis receptors.	colonization of plant roots by bacillus subtilis is mutually beneficial to plants and bacteria. plants can secrete up to 30% of their fixed carbon via root exudates, thereby feeding the bacteria, and in return the associated b. subtilis bacteria provide the plant with many growth-promoting traits. formation of a biofilm on the root by matrix-producing b. subtilis is a well-established requirement for long-term colonization. however, we observed that cells start forming a biofilm only several hou ...	2016	27899502
comparative genomics of pseudomonas syringae pathovar tomato reveals novel chemotaxis pathways associated with motility and plant pathogenicity.	the majority of bacterial foliar plant pathogens must invade the apoplast of host plants through points of ingress, such as stomata or wounds, to replicate to high population density and cause disease. how pathogens navigate plant surfaces to locate invasion sites remains poorly understood. many bacteria use chemical-directed regulation of flagellar rotation, a process known as chemotaxis, to move towards favorable environmental conditions. chemotactic sensing of the plant surface is a potential ...	2016	27812402
aboveground whitefly infestation-mediated reshaping of the root microbiota.	plants respond to various types of herbivore and pathogen attack using well-developed defensive machinery designed for self-protection. infestation from phloem-sucking insects such as whitefly and aphid on plant leaves was previously shown to influence both the saprophytic and pathogenic bacterial community in the plant rhizosphere. however, the modulation of the root microbial community by plants following insect infestation has been largely unexplored. only limited studies of culture-dependent ...	2016	27656163
a carotenoid-deficient mutant in pantoea sp. yr343, a bacteria isolated from the rhizosphere of populus deltoides, is defective in root colonization.	the complex interactions between plants and their microbiome can have a profound effect on the health and productivity of the plant host. a better understanding of the microbial mechanisms that promote plant health and stress tolerance will enable strategies for improving the productivity of economically important plants. pantoea sp. yr343 is a motile, rod-shaped bacterium isolated from the roots of populus deltoides that possesses the ability to solubilize phosphate and produce the phytohormone ...	2016	27148182
broomrape weeds. underground mechanisms of parasitism and associated strategies for their control: a review.	broomrapes are plant-parasitic weeds which constitute one of the most difficult-to-control of all biotic constraints that affect crops in mediterranean, central and eastern europe, and asia. due to their physical and metabolic overlap with the crop, their underground parasitism, their achlorophyllous nature, and hardly destructible seed bank, broomrape weeds are usually not controlled by management strategies designed for non-parasitic weeds. instead, broomrapes are in current state of intensifi ...	2016	26925071
hiph catalyzes the hydroxylation of 4-hydroxyisophthalate to protocatechuate in 2,4-xylenol catabolism by pseudomonas putida ncimb 9866.	in addition to growing on p-cresol, pseudomonas putida ncimb 9866 is the only reported strain capable of aerobically growing on 2,4-xylenol, which is listed as a priority pollutant by the u.s. environmental protection agency. several enzymes involved in the oxidation of the para-methyl group, as well as the corresponding genes, have previously been reported. the enzyme catalyzing oxidation of the catabolic intermediate 4-hydroxyisophthalate to the ring cleavage substrate protocatechuate was also ...	2016	26567311
plant root-microbe communication in shaping root microbiomes.	a growing body of research is highlighting the impacts root-associated microbial communities can have on plant health and development. these impacts can include changes in yield quantity and quality, timing of key developmental stages and tolerance of biotic and abiotic stresses. with such a range of effects it is clear that understanding the factors that contribute to a plant-beneficial root microbiome may prove advantageous. increasing demands for food by a growing human population increases t ...	2016	26729479
structure and functional diversity of gcn5-related n-acetyltransferases (gnat).	general control non-repressible 5 (gcn5)-related n-acetyltransferases (gnat) catalyze the transfer of an acyl moiety from acyl coenzyme a (acyl-coa) to a diverse group of substrates and are widely distributed in all domains of life. this review of the currently available data acquired on gnat enzymes by a combination of structural, mutagenesis and kinetic methods summarizes the key similarities and differences between several distinctly different families within the gnat superfamily, with an emp ...	2016	27367672
cellulases and beyond: the first 70 years of the enzyme producer trichoderma reesei.	more than 70 years ago, the filamentous ascomycete trichoderma reesei was isolated on the solomon islands due to its ability to degrade and thrive on cellulose containing fabrics. this trait that relies on its secreted cellulases is nowadays exploited by several industries. most prominently in biorefineries which use t. reesei enzymes to saccharify lignocellulose from renewable plant biomass in order to produce biobased fuels and chemicals. in this review we summarize important milestones of the ...	2016	27287427
horizontal dna transfer mechanisms of bacteria as weapons of intragenomic conflict.	horizontal dna transfer (hdt) is a pervasive mechanism of diversification in many microbial species, but its primary evolutionary role remains controversial. much recent research has emphasised the adaptive benefit of acquiring novel dna, but here we argue instead that intragenomic conflict provides a coherent framework for understanding the evolutionary origins of hdt. to test this hypothesis, we developed a mathematical model of a clonally descended bacterial population undergoing hdt through ...	2016	26934590
bacterial multidrug efflux pumps: much more than antibiotic resistance determinants.	bacterial multidrug efflux pumps are antibiotic resistance determinants present in all microorganisms. with few exceptions, they are chromosomally encoded and present a conserved organization both at the genetic and at the protein levels. in addition, most, if not all, strains of a given bacterial species present the same chromosomally-encoded efflux pumps. altogether this indicates that multidrug efflux pumps are ancient elements encoded in bacterial genomes long before the recent use of antibi ...	2016	27681908
the two-component system cpxra negatively regulates the locus of enterocyte effacement of enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli involving σ(32) and lon protease.	enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli (ehec) is a significant cause of serious human gastrointestinal disease worldwide. ehec strains contain a pathogenicity island called the locus of enterocyte effacement (lee), which encodes virulence factors responsible for damaging the gut mucosa. the cpx envelope stress response of e. coli is controlled by a two-component system (tcs) consisting of a sensor histidine kinase (cpxa) and a cytoplasmic response regulator (cpxr). in this study, we investigated the ...	2016	26904510
bacterial transcription as a target for antibacterial drug development.	transcription, the first step of gene expression, is carried out by the enzyme rna polymerase (rnap) and is regulated through interaction with a series of protein transcription factors. rnap and its associated transcription factors are highly conserved across the bacterial domain and represent excellent targets for broad-spectrum antibacterial agent discovery. despite the numerous antibiotics on the market, there are only two series currently approved that target transcription. the determination ...	2016	26764017
characterization of three novel sxt/r391 integrating conjugative elements icemfuind1a and icemfuind1b, and icemprchn1 identified in the genomes of marinomonas fungiae jcm 18476(t) and marinomonas profundimaris strain d104.	the genus marinomonas comprises gram negative bacteria which are widespread in the marine environment and there is no report on the genomic analysis of sxt/r391 ices derived from this group of bacteria. this study describes the genomic features of three new sxt/r391 integrating conjugating elements (ices) identified in the genome of marinomonas fungiae jcm 18476(t) (icemfuind1a and icemfuind1b) and in marinomonas profundimaris strain d104 (icemprchn1). structural organizations of the three ices ...	2016	27933056
comparative genomics of an endophytic pseudomonas putida isolated from mango orchard.	we analyzed the genome sequence of an endophytic bacterial strain pseudomonas putida tji51 isolated from mango bark tissues. next generation dna sequencing and short read de novo assembly generated the 5,805,096 bp draft genome of p. putida tji51. out of 6,036 protein coding genes in p. putida tji51 sequences, 4,367 (72%) were annotated with functional specifications, while the remaining encoded hypothetical proteins. comparative genome sequence analysis revealed that the p. putida tji51genome c ...	2016	27560648
bacterial rna polymerase-dna interaction-the driving force of gene expression and the target for drug action.	dna-dependent multisubunit rna polymerase (rnap) is the key enzyme of gene expression and a target of regulation in all kingdoms of life. it is a complex multifunctional molecular machine which, unlike other dna-binding proteins, engages in extensive and dynamic interactions (both specific and nonspecific) with dna, and maintains them over a distance. these interactions are controlled by dna sequences, dna topology, and a host of regulatory factors. here, we summarize key recent structural and b ...	2016	27882317
protein domain architectures provide a fast, efficient and scalable alternative to sequence-based methods for comparative functional genomics.	a functional comparative genome analysis is essential to understand the mechanisms underlying bacterial evolution and adaptation. detection of functional orthologs using standard global sequence similarity methods faces several problems; the need for defining arbitrary acceptance thresholds for similarity and alignment length, lateral gene acquisition and the high computational cost for finding bi-directional best matches at a large scale. we investigated the use of protein domain architectures ...	2016	27703668
bacterial cell biology outside the streetlight.	as much as vertical transmission of microbial symbionts requires their deep integration into the host reproductive and developmental biology, symbiotic lifestyle might profoundly affect bacterial growth and proliferation. this review describes the reproductive oddities displayed by bacteria associated - more or less intimately - with multicellular eukaryotes.	2016	27306428
mechanism and function of type iv secretion during infection of the human host.	bacterial pathogens employ type iv secretion systems (t4sss) for various purposes to aid in survival and proliferation in eukaryotic hosts. one large t4ss subfamily, the conjugation systems, confers a selective advantage to the invading pathogen in clinical settings through dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes and virulence traits. besides their intrinsic importance as principle contributors to the emergence of multiply drug-resistant "superbugs," detailed studies of these highly tractab ...	2016	27337453
functional and structural analysis of a β-glucosidase involved in β-1,2-glucan metabolism in listeria innocua.	despite the presence of β-1,2-glucan in nature, few β-1,2-glucan degrading enzymes have been reported to date. recently, the lin1839 protein from listeria innocua was identified as a 1,2-β-oligoglucan phosphorylase. since the adjacent lin1840 gene in the gene cluster encodes a putative glycoside hydrolase family 3 β-glucosidase, we hypothesized that lin1840 is also involved in β-1,2-glucan dissimilation. here we report the functional and structural analysis of lin1840. a recombinant lin1840 prot ...	2016	26886583
biochemical and molecular mechanisms of plant-microbe-metal interactions: relevance for phytoremediation.	plants and microbes coexist or compete for survival and their cohesive interactions play a vital role in adapting to metalliferous environments, and can thus be explored to improve microbe-assisted phytoremediation. plant root exudates are useful nutrient and energy sources for soil microorganisms, with whom they establish intricate communication systems. some beneficial bacteria and fungi, acting as plant growth promoting microorganisms (pgpms), may alleviate metal phytotoxicity and stimulate p ...	2016	27446148
armadillidin h, a glycine-rich peptide from the terrestrial crustacean armadillidium vulgare, displays an unexpected wide antimicrobial spectrum with membranolytic activity.	antimicrobial peptides (amps) are key components of innate immunity and are widespread in nature, from bacteria to vertebrate animals. in crustaceans, there are currently 15 distinct amp families published so far in the literature, mainly isolated from members of the decapoda order. up to now, armadillidin is the sole non-decapod amp isolated from the haemocytes of armadillidium vulgare, a crustacean isopod. its first description demonstrated that armadillidin is a linear glycine-rich (47%) cati ...	2016	27713732
diverse functions of small rnas in different plant-pathogen communications.	rna silencing is a conserved mechanism that utilizes small rnas (srnas) to direct the regulation of gene expression at the transcriptional or post-transcriptional level. plants utilizing rna silencing machinery to defend pathogen infection was first identified in plant-virus interaction and later was observed in distinct plant-pathogen interactions. rna silencing is not only responsible for suppressing rna accumulation and movement of virus and viroid, but also facilitates plant immune responses ...	2016	27757103
differential rickettsial transcription in bloodfeeding and non-bloodfeeding arthropod hosts.	crucial factors influencing the epidemiology of rickettsia felis rickettsiosis include pathogenesis and transmission. detection of r. felis dna in a number of arthropod species has been reported, with characterized isolates, r. felis strain lsu and strain lsu-lb, generated from the cat flea, ctenocephalides felis, and the non-hematophagous booklouse, liposcelis bostrychophila, respectively. while it is realized that strain influence on host biology varies, the rickettsial response to these disti ...	2016	27662479
modulation of host mirnas by intracellular bacterial pathogens.	micrornas (mirnas) are short non-coding rnas that regulate the expression of protein coding genes of viruses and eukaryotes at the post-transcriptional level. the eukaryotic genes regulated by mirnas include those whose products are critical for biological processes such as cell proliferation, metabolic pathways, immune response, and development. it is now increasingly recognized that modulation of mirnas associated with biological processes is one of the strategies adopted by bacterial pathogen ...	2016	27536558
visualizing the phage t4 activated transcription complex of dna and e. coli rna polymerase.	the ability of rna polymerase (rnap) to select the right promoter sequence at the right time is fundamental to the control of gene expression in all organisms. however, there is only one crystallized structure of a complete activator/rnap/dna complex. in a process called σ appropriation, bacteriophage t4 activates a class of phage promoters using an activator (mota) and a co-activator (asia), which function through interactions with the σ(70) subunit of rnap. we have developed a holistic, struct ...	2016	27458207
bioprospecting sponge-associated microbes for antimicrobial compounds.	sponges are the most prolific marine organisms with respect to their arsenal of bioactive compounds including antimicrobials. however, the majority of these substances are probably not produced by the sponge itself, but rather by bacteria or fungi that are associated with their host. this review for the first time provides a comprehensive overview of antimicrobial compounds that are known to be produced by sponge-associated microbes. we discuss the current state-of-the-art by grouping the bioact ...	2016	27144573
atp binding by the p-loop ntpase osychf1 (an unconventional g protein) contributes to biotic but not abiotic stress responses.	g proteins are involved in almost all aspects of the cellular regulatory pathways through their ability to bind and hydrolyze gtp. the ychf subfamily, interestingly, possesses the unique ability to bind both atp and gtp, and is possibly an ancestral form of g proteins based on phylogenetic studies and is present in all kingdoms of life. however, the biological significance of such a relaxed ligand specificity has long eluded researchers. here, we have elucidated the different conformational chan ...	2016	26912459
cytoplasmic copz-like protein and periplasmic rusticyanin and acop proteins as possible copper resistance determinants in acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans atcc 23270.	acidophilic organisms, such as acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, possess high-level resistance to copper and other metals. a. ferrooxidans contains canonical copper resistance determinants present in other bacteria, such as copa atpases and rnd efflux pumps, but these components do not entirely explain its high metal tolerance. the aim of this study was to find other possible copper resistance determinants in this bacterium. transcriptional expression of a. ferrooxidans genes coding for a cytoplas ...	2016	26637599
control of wilt and rot pathogens of tomato by antagonistic pink pigmented facultative methylotrophic delftia lacustris and bacillus spp.	the studies on the biocontrol potential of pink pigmented facultative methylotrophic (ppfm) bacteria other than the genus methylobacterium are scarce. in the present study, we report three facultative methylotrophic isolates; ppo-1, ppt-1, and ppb-1, respectively, identified as delftia lacustris, bacillus subtilis, and bacillus cereus by 16s rrna gene sequence analysis. hemolytic activity was tested to investigate the potential pathogenicity of isolates to plants and humans, the results indicate ...	2016	27872630
microbial interactions: ecology in a molecular perspective.	the microorganism-microorganism or microorganism-host interactions are the key strategy to colonize and establish in a variety of different environments. these interactions involve all ecological aspects, including physiochemical changes, metabolite exchange, metabolite conversion, signaling, chemotaxis and genetic exchange resulting in genotype selection. in addition, the establishment in the environment depends on the species diversity, since high functional redundancy in the microbial communi ...	2016	27825606
characterization and comparative overview of complete sequences of the first plasmids of pandoraea across clinical and non-clinical strains.	to date, information on plasmid analysis in pandoraea spp. is scarce. to address the gap of knowledge on this, the complete sequences of eight plasmids from pandoraea spp. namely pandoraea faecigallinarum dsm 23572(t) (ppf72-1, ppf72-2), pandoraea oxalativorans dsm 23570(t) (ppo70-1, ppo70-2, ppo70-3, ppo70-4), pandoraea vervacti ns15 (ppv15) and pandoraea apista dsm 16535(t) (ppa35) were studied for the first time in this study. the information on plasmid sequences in pandoraea spp. is useful a ...	2016	27790203
the lipopolysaccharide-induced metabolome signature in arabidopsis thaliana reveals dynamic reprogramming of phytoalexin and phytoanticipin pathways.	lipopolysaccharides (lpss), as mamp molecules, trigger the activation of signal transduction pathways involved in defence. currently, plant metabolomics is providing new dimensions into understanding the intracellular adaptive responses to external stimuli. the effect of lps on the metabolomes of arabidopsis thaliana cells and leaf tissue was investigated over a 24 h period. cellular metabolites and those secreted into the medium were extracted with methanol and liquid chromatography coupled to ...	2016	27656890
two inducible prophages of an antarctic pseudomonas sp. ant_h14 use the same capsid for packaging their genomes - characterization of a novel phage helper-satellite system.	two novel prophages фah14a and фah14b of a psychrotolerant antarctic bacterium pseudomonas sp. ant_h14 have been characterized. they were simultaneously induced with mitomycin c and packed into capsids of the same size and protein composition. the genome sequences of фah14a and фah14b have been determined. фah14b, the phage with a smaller genome (16,812 bp) seems to parasitize фah14a (55,060 bp) and utilizes its capsids, as only the latter encodes a complete set of structural proteins. both viru ...	2016	27387973
functional metagenomics of a biostimulated petroleum-contaminated soil reveals an extraordinary diversity of extradiol dioxygenases.	a metagenomic library of a petroleum-contaminated soil was constructed in a fosmid vector that allowed heterologous expression of metagenomic dna. the library, consisting of 6.5 gb of metagenomic dna, was screened for extradiol dioxygenase (edo) activity using catechol and 2,3-dihydroxybiphenyl as the substrates. fifty-eight independent clones encoding extradiol dioxygenase activity were identified. forty-one different edo-encoding genes were identified. the population of edo genes was not domin ...	2016	26896130
bacterial-plant-interactions: approaches to unravel the biological function of bacterial volatiles in the rhizosphere.	rhizobacteria produce an enormous amount of volatile compounds, however, the function of these metabolites is scarcely understood. investigations evaluating influences on plants performed in various laboratories using individually developed experimental setups revealed different and often contradictory results, e.g., ranging from a significant plant growth promotion to a dramatic suppression of plant development. in addition to these discrepancies, these test systems neglected properties and com ...	2016	26903987
comprehensive analysis of draft genomes of two closely related pseudomonas syringae phylogroup 2b strains infecting mono- and dicotyledon host plants.	in recent years, the damage caused by bacterial pathogens to major crops has been increasing worldwide. pseudomonas syringae is a widespread bacterial species that infects almost all major crops. different p. syringae strains use a wide range of biochemical mechanisms, including phytotoxins and effectors of the type iii and type iv secretion systems, which determine the specific nature of the pathogen virulence.	2016	28105943
spatial and temporal variability in the potential of river water biofilms to degrade p-nitrophenol.	in order to predict the fate of chemicals in the environment, a range of regulatory tests are performed with microbial inocula collected from environmental compartments to investigate the potential for biodegradation. the abundance and distribution of microbes in the environment is affected by a range of variables, hence diversity and biomass of inocula used in biodegradation tests can be highly variable in space and time. the use of artificial or natural biofilms in regulatory tests could enabl ...	2016	27596822
root-mediated signal transmission of systemic acquired resistance against above-ground and below-ground pathogens.	plants modulate defence signalling networks in response to various biotic stresses via inter-organ communications. the root-mediated transmission of systemic acquired resistance (sar) against soil-borne and air-borne plant pathogens from sar-induced plants to neighbouring plants subjected to local chemical and pathogen treatments was evaluated.	2016	27555496
the bacteriophage-derived transcriptional regulator, lscr, activates the expression of levansucrase genes in pseudomonas syringae.	synthesis of the exopolysaccharide levan occurs in the bacterial blight pathogen of soybean, pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea pg4180, when this bacterium encounters moderate to high concentrations of sucrose inside its host plant. the process is mediated by the temperature-dependent expression and secretion of two levansucrases, lscb and lscc. previous studies showed the importance of a prophage-associated promoter element in driving the expression of levansucrase genes. herein, heterologous sc ...	2016	27664099
a bacterial effector co-opts calmodulin to target the plant microtubule network.	the bacterial pathogen pseudomonas syringae depends on effector proteins secreted by its type iii secretion system for the pathogenesis of plants. the majority of these effector proteins are known suppressors of immunity, but their plant targets remain elusive. using arabidopsis thaliana as a model host, we report that the hope1 effector uses the host calcium sensor, calmodulin (cam), as a co-factor to target the microtubule-associated protein 65 (map65), an important component of the microtubul ...	2016	26764598
mapping the function of phytopathogen effectors.	pseudomonas syringae secretes effectors from its type iii secretion system to infect plants. in this issue of cell host & microbe, guo et al. (2016) determine that the t3ss effector, hope1, targets calmodulin and the microtubule-associated protein map65-1 to subvert plant immunity.	2016	26764591
structure-function relationship of a novel pr-5 protein with antimicrobial activity from soy hulls.	an alkaline isoform of the pr-5 protein (designated gmolpc) has been purified from soybean hulls and identified by maldi-tof/tof-ms. gmolpc effectively inhibited in vitro the growth of phytophthora soja spore and pseudomonas syringae pv glycinea. the antimicrobial activity of gmolpc should be mainly ascribed to its high binding affinity with vesicles composed of dppg, (1,3)-β-d-glucans, and weak endo-(1,3)-β-d-glucanase activity. from the 3d models, predicted by the homology modeling, gmolpc con ...	2016	26753535
transcriptional control of quorum sensing and associated metabolic interactions in pseudomonas syringae strain b728a.	pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae cell densities fluctuate regularly during host plant colonization. previously we identified nine genes dependent on the quorum-sensing-associated luxr homolog ahlr during epiphytic and apoplastic stages of host colonization. yet their contributions to host colonization remain obscure, despite ahlr regulon presence within and beyond the p. syringae pan-genome. to elucidate ahir regulon member functions, we characterized their regulation, interactions with each ot ...	2016	26713670
a set of pcrs for rapid identification and characterization of pseudomonas syringae phylogroups.	the aim of this study was to develop a rapid pcr-based method for the specific detection of individual phylogroups of the pseudomonas syringae complex.	2016	26661140
the pathogenicity factor hrpf interacts with hrpa and hrpg to modulate type iii secretion system (t3ss) function and t3ss expression in pseudomonas syringae pv. averrhoi.	to ensure the optimal infectivity on contact with host cells, pathogenic pseudomonas syringae has evolved a complex mechanism to control the expression and construction of the functional type iii secretion system (t3ss) that serves as a dominant pathogenicity factor. in this study, we showed that the hrpf gene of p. syringae pv. averrhoi, which is located upstream of hrpg, encodes a t3ss-dependent secreted/translocated protein. mutation of hrpf leads to the loss of bacterial ability on elicitati ...	2016	26638129
isolation and characterization of bacteriophages against pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae causing bacterial canker disease in kiwifruit.	pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae causes bacterial canker disease in kiwifruit. owing to the prohibition of agricultural antibiotic use in major kiwifruit-cultivating countries, alternative methods need to be developed to manage this disease. bacteriophages are viruses that specifically infect target bacteria and have recently been reconsidered as potential biological control agents for bacterial pathogens owing to their specificity in terms of host range. in this study, we isolated bacterioph ...	2016	26628254
isolation and identification of pseudomonas syringae facilitated by a pcr targeting the whole p. syringae group.	we present a reliable pcr-based method to avoid the biases related to identification based on the conventional phenotypes currently used in the identification of pseudomonas syringae sensu lato, a ubiquitous environmental bacterium including plant pathogens. we identified a dna target suitable for this purpose by applying a comparative genomic pipeline to pseudomonas genomes. we designed primers and developed pcr conditions that led to a clean and strong pcr product from 97% of the 185 strains o ...	2016	26610434
competitive index: mixed infection-based virulence assays for genetic analysis in pseudomonas syringae-plant interactions.	when studying bacterial plant pathogens, the genetic analysis of the contribution of virulence factors to the infection process has traditionally been hindered by their high degree of functional redundancy. in recent years, it has become clear that the use of competitive index in mixed infections provides an accurate and sensitive manner of establishing virulence phenotypes for mutants for which other assays have failed. such increases in sensitivity and accuracy are due to the direct comparison ...	2016	26577792
amrz regulates cellulose production in pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000.	in pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000, the second messenger c-di-gmp has been previously shown to stimulate pellicle formation and cellulose biosynthesis. a screen for genes involved in cellulose production under high c-di-gmp intracellular levels led to the identification of insertions in two genes, wssb and wsse, belonging to the pto dc3000 cellulose biosynthesis operon wssabcdefghi. interestingly, beside cellulose-deficient mutants, colonies with a rougher appearance than the wild type al ...	2016	26564578
pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato oxyr is required for virulence in tomato and arabidopsis.	reactive oxygen species (ros) have been shown to have a crucial role in plant defense responses and signaling pathways. in addition, ros also have direct toxicity against pathogens. however, the molecular mechanisms of plant ros in the direct effects against pathogens is still unclear. to investigate the function of plant ros in the interactions of plant and bacterial pathogens, we focused on oxyr, encoding an oxidative stress-regulated transcription factor in pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3 ...	2016	26554736
the hexapeptide repeated segment liagy is a hot spot of aggregation of the pseudomonas syringae ice nucleation protein.	ice nucleation proteins (inps) form oligomeric structures by self-assembly and aggregation. we looked for the presence of potential aggregating sequences inside the inp from pseudomonas syringae by a computational approach with the aggrescan, fomdamyloid and tango softwares. a total of 38 hot spots of aggregation were predicted in the inp sequence: 7 localized in the nterminal domain, 2 in the c-terminal region, 28 in the highly repetitive central (hrc) region and 1 shared between the hrc and th ...	2016	26548995
calcium-dependent protein kinase (cdpk) and cdpk-related kinase (crk) gene families in tomato: genome-wide identification and functional analyses in disease resistance.	calcium-dependent protein kinases (cdpks) and cdpk-related kinases (crks) play multiple roles in plant. nevertheless, genome-wide identification of these two families is limited to several plant species, and role of crks in disease resistance remains unclear. in this study, we identified the cdpk and crk gene families in genome of the economically important crop tomato (solanum lycopersicum l.) and analyzed their function in resistance to various pathogens. twenty-nine cdpk and six crk genes wer ...	2016	26520101
from filaments to function: the role of the plant actin cytoskeleton in pathogen perception, signaling and immunity.	the eukaryotic actin cytoskeleton is required for numerous cellular processes, including cell shape, development and movement, gene expression and signal transduction, and response to biotic and abiotic stress. in recent years, research in both plants and animal systems have described a function for actin as the ideal surveillance platform, linking the function and activity of primary physiological processes to the immune system. in this review, we will highlight recent advances that have define ...	2016	26514830
membrane-associated ubiquitin ligase saul1 suppresses temperature- and humidity-dependent autoimmunity in arabidopsis.	plants have evolved elaborate mechanisms to regulate pathogen defense. imbalances in this regulation may result in autoimmune responses that are affecting plant growth and development. in arabidopsis, saul1 encodes a plant u-box ubiquitin ligase and regulates senescence and cell death. here, we show that saul1-1 plants exhibit characteristics of an autoimmune mutant. a decrease in relative humidity or temperature resulted in reduced growth and systemic lesioning of saul1-1 rosettes. these physio ...	2016	26505534
bacterial rnas activate innate immunity in arabidopsis.	the common molecular patterns of microbes play a critical role in the regulation of plant innate immunity. however, little is known about the role of nucleic acids in this process in plants. we pre-infiltrated arabidopsis leaves with total rnas from pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000 (pto dc3000) and subsequently inoculated these plants with the same bacterial cells. total pto dc3000 rnas pre-infiltrated into arabidopsis leaves elicited plant immune responses against pto dc3000. however, she ...	2016	26499893
using the plant vacuole as a biological system to investigate the functional properties of exogenous channels and transporters.	plant cells possess a large intracellular compartment that animal cells do not, the central vacuole, which has been investigated for a long time. the central vacuole can occupy up to 90% of the cellular volume and, differently from intracellular organelles from animal cells such as lysosomes or endosomes, it is easy to isolate. because of its large dimension (up to 40 μm diameter) it can be successfully studied using the classical patch-clamp technique. following the idea that the vacuolar membr ...	2016	26431786
ltp3 contributes to disease susceptibility in arabidopsis by enhancing abscisic acid (aba) biosynthesis.	several plant lipid transfer proteins (ltps) act positively in plant disease resistance. here, we show that ltp3 (at5g59320), a pathogen and abscisic acid (aba)-induced gene, negatively regulates plant immunity in arabidopsis. the overexpression of ltp3 (ltp3-ox) led to an enhanced susceptibility to virulent bacteria and compromised resistance to avirulent bacteria. on infection of ltp3-ox plants with pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato, genes involved in aba biosynthesis, nced3 and aao3, were highl ...	2016	26123657
antibacterial activity of essential oils mixture against psa.	pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (psa) is the causal agent of bacterial canker of kiwifruit. it is very difficult to treat pandemic disease. the prolonged treatment with antibiotics, has resulted in failure and resistance and alternatives to conventional antimicrobial therapy are needed. the aim of our study was to analyse the phenotypic characteristics of psa, identify new substances from natural source i.e. essential oils (eos) able to contain the kiwifruit canker and investigate their pote ...	2016	25782920
functional analysis of ntmpk2 uncovers its positive role in response to pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000 in tobacco.	mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades are highly conserved signaling modules downstream of receptors/sensors and play pivotal roles in signaling plant defense against pathogen attack. extensive studies on arabidopsis mpk4 have implicated that the map kinase is involved in multilayered plant defense pathways. in this study, we identified tobacco ntmpk2 as an ortholog of atmpk4. transgenic tobacco overexpressing ntmpk2 markedly enhances resistance to pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000 (pst ...	2016	26482478
absence of phosphatidylcholine in bacterial membranes facilitates translocation of sec-dependent β-lactamase ampc from cytoplasm to periplasm in two pseudomonas strains.	phosphatidylcholine (pc) is a rare membrane lipid in bacteria but crucial for virulence of various plant and animal pathogens. the pcs- mutant lacking pc in bacterial membranes of pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae van hall 1336 displayed more ampicillin resistance. ampicillin susceptibility tests gave an ic50 (half maximal inhibitory concentration) of 52 mg/ml for pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae van hall 1336, 53 mg/ml for the complemented strain 1336 rm (pcs-/+) and 90 mg/ml for the 1336 pcs- ...	2016	27060745
natural variation in tomato reveals differences in the recognition of avrpto and avrptob effectors from pseudomonas syringae.	the pto protein kinase from solanum pimpinellifolium interacts with pseudomonas syringae effectors avrpto or avrptob to activate effector-triggered immunity. the previously solved crystal structures of the avrpto-pto and avrptob-pto complexes revealed that pto binds each effector through both a shared and a unique interface. here we use natural variation in wild species of tomato to further investigate pto recognition of these two effectors. one species, solanum chmielewskii, was found to have m ...	2016	26993968
production of the streptomyces scabies coronafacoyl phytotoxins involves a novel biosynthetic pathway with an f420 -dependent oxidoreductase and a short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase.	coronafacoyl phytotoxins are secondary metabolites that are produced by various phytopathogenic bacteria, including several pathovars of the gram-negative bacterium pseudomonas syringae as well as the gram-positive potato scab pathogen streptomyces scabies. the phytotoxins are composed of the polyketide coronafacic acid (cfa) linked via an amide bond to amino acids or amino acid derivatives, and their biosynthesis involves the cfa and cfa-like gene clusters that are found in p. syringae and s. s ...	2016	26991928
divorcing strain classification from species names.	confusion about strain classification and nomenclature permeates modern microbiology. although taxonomists have traditionally acted as gatekeepers of order, the numbers of, and speed at which, new strains are identified has outpaced the opportunity for professional classification for many lineages. furthermore, the growth of bioinformatics and database-fueled investigations have placed metadata curation in the hands of researchers with little taxonomic experience. here i describe practical chall ...	2016	26947794
elongator plays a positive role in exogenous nad-induced defense responses in arabidopsis.	extracellular nad is emerging as an important signal molecule in animal cells, but its role in plants has not been well-established. although it has been shown that exogenous nad(+) activates defense responses in arabidopsis, components in the exogenous nad(+)-activated defense pathway remain to be fully discovered. in a genetic screen for mutants insensitive to exogenous nad(+) (ien), we isolated a mutant named ien2. map-based cloning revealed that ien2 encodes elongata3 (elo3)/atelp3, a subuni ...	2016	26926998
phytopathogen genome announcement: draft genome sequences of 62 pseudomonas syringae type and pathotype strains.	pseudomonas syringae is a diverse species-complex that includes many important crop pathogens. here, we report the draft genomes of 62 type and pathotype strains, which provide a genomic reference for the diversity of this species complex and will contribute to the elucidation of the genomic basis of pathogenicity and host specificity.	2016	26883489
pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola isolated from weeds in bean crop fields.	pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola, the causative agent of halo blight in common bean (phaseolus vulgaris l.), was isolated from weeds associated with bean crops in spain. the bacterium was recovered from fumaria sp, mercurialis annua, solanum nigrum and sonchus oleraceus. ps. s. pv. phaseolicola had previously been isolated from leguminous plants and s. nigrum, but to our knowledge, this is the first time it was recovered from the other three species. the isolates were phenotypically and gen ...	2016	26880144
analysis of the lmmunity-related oxidative bursts by a luminol-based assay.	the rapid production of reactive oxygen species (ros) in response to biotic and abiotic cues is a conserved hallmark of plant responses. the detection and quantification of ros generation during immune responses is an excellent readout to analyze signaling triggered by the perception of pathogens. the assay described here is easy to employ and versatile, allowing its use in a multitude of variations. for example, ros production can be analyzed using different tissues including whole seedlings, r ...	2016	26867635
the μ subunit of arabidopsis adaptor protein-2 is involved in effector-triggered immunity mediated by membrane-localized resistance proteins.	endocytosis has been suggested to be important in the cellular processes of plant immune responses. however, our understanding of its role during effector-triggered immunity (eti) is still limited. we have previously shown that plant endocytosis, especially clathrin-coated vesicle formation at the plasma membrane, is mediated by the adaptor protein-2 (ap-2) complex and that loss of the μ subunit of ap-2 (ap2m) affects plant growth and floral organ development. here, we report that ap2m is requir ...	2016	26828402
bri1-ems-suppressor 1 gain-of-function mutant shows higher susceptibility to necrotrophic fungal infection.	brassinosteroids (brs) are plant-specific steroids that are involved in plant growth and defense responses. however, the exact roles of br in plant defense are unclear. we used the bes1-d gain-of-function mutant to define the underlying relationship between plant growth and defense through br signaling and innate immunity. in bes1-d, further downstream component bes1 transcription factor is stabilized, leading to the activation of br signaling. previous reports on bes1 target genes showed that a ...	2016	26809089
regulatory and functional aspects of indolic metabolism in plant systemic acquired resistance.	tryptophan-derived, indolic metabolites possess diverse functions in arabidopsis innate immunity to microbial pathogen infection. here, we investigate the functional role and regulatory characteristics of indolic metabolism in arabidopsis systemic acquired resistance (sar) triggered by the bacterial pathogen pseudomonas syringae. indolic metabolism is broadly activated in both p. syringae-inoculated and distant, non-inoculated leaves. at inoculation sites, camalexin, indol-3-ylmethylamine (i3a), ...	2016	26802249
expression of antimicrobial peptides under control of a camalexin-biosynthetic promoter confers enhanced resistance against pseudomonas syringae.	in arabidopsis thaliana phytoalexin biosynthesis is tightly regulated. the camalexin biosynthetic gene cyp71b15/pad3 is highly expressed in response to pathogens and specific abiotic triggers, while constitutive expression is very low. based on this property we expressed artificial antimicrobial peptides under control of the cyp71b15 promoter avoiding potential toxic effects to the plant related to constitutive expression. significant and substantial growth inhibition of pseudomonas syringae was ...	2016	26795461
the pseudomonas syringae type iii effectors avrrpm1 and avrrpt2 promote virulence dependent on the f-box protein coi1.	type iii effectors avrrpm1 and avrrpt2 promote bacterial growth dependent on a coi1-mediated pathway in the absence of the rpm1 and rps2 resistance proteins. the type iii effectors, avrrpm1 and avrrpt2, promote bacterial virulence by suppressing host defense responses. the defense suppressing activities of avrrpm1 and avrrpt2 are best studied in the absence of the resistance proteins rpm1 and rps2, which induce defense responses to them. we tested whether the type iii effectors could modulate a ...	2016	26795143
activation-dependent destruction of a co-receptor by a pseudomonas syringae effector dampens plant immunity.	the arabidopsis immune receptor fls2 and co-receptor bak1 perceive the bacterial flagellin epitope flg22 to activate plant immunity. to prevent this response, phytopathogenic bacteria deploy a repertoire of effector proteins to perturb immune signaling. however, the effector-induced perturbation is often sensed by the host, triggering another layer of immunity. we report that the pseudomonas syringae effector hopb1 acts as a protease to cleave immune-activated bak1. prior to activation, hopb1 co ...	2016	27736646
exogenous n-acyl-homoserine lactones enhance the expression of flagella of pseudomonas syringae and activate defence responses in plants.	in order to cope with pathogens, plants have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to sense pathogenic attacks and to induce defence responses. the n-acyl-homoserine lactone (ahl)-mediated quorum sensing in bacteria regulates diverse physiological processes, including those involved in pathogenicity. in this work, we study the interactions between ahl-producing transgenic tobacco plants and pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci 11528 (p. syringae 11528). both a reduced incidence of disease and decrease in ...	2016	27756102
altered meristem program1 has conflicting effects on the tolerance to heat shock and symptom development after pseudomonas syringae infection.	an arabidopsis thaliana altered meristem program1 (atamp1), which encodes a putative glutamate carboxypeptidase, not only controls shoot apical meristem development, but also is involved in tolerance response to abiotic stresses. here, we introduce a novel mutant; named amp1-32 that is a phenocopier to previously isolated different amp1 mutant alleles. interestingly, tiny leaves were continuously developed at the bottom of pre-emerged leaves in the amp1-32. the amp1-32 mutant was less sensitive ...	2016	27743891
n-(3-oxo-hexanoyl)-homoserine lactone has a critical contribution to the quorum-sensing-dependent regulation in phytopathogen pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci 11528.	the phytopathogen pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci 11528 (p. syringae 11528), causing wild-fire disease in soybean and tobacco plants, processes psyi-psyr quorum-sensing (qs) system, in which psyi is the n-(3-oxo-hexanoyl)-homoserine lactone (3oc6-hsl) synthase. in comparison to p. syringae 11528 ahl-deficient mutant, 845 3oc6-hsl-dependent genes were identified using rna sequencing (rna-seq) in the ahl-deficient mutant grown with exogenous 3oc6-hsl in the transition from the exponential to the s ...	2016	27864298
multiple xanthomonas euvesicatoria type iii effectors inhibit flg22-triggered immunity.	xanthomonas euvesicatoria is the causal agent of bacterial spot disease in pepper and tomato. x. euvesicatoria bacteria interfere with plant cellular processes by injecting effector proteins into host cells through the type iii secretion (t3s) system. about 35 t3s effectors have been identified in x. euvesicatoria 85-10, and a few of them were implicated in suppression of pattern-triggered immunity (pti). we used an arabidopsis thaliana pathogen-free protoplast-based assay to identify x. euvesic ...	2016	27529660
a set of pcrs for rapid identification and characterization of pseudomonas syringae phylogroups.		2016	27528015
structure of a pathogen effector reveals the enzymatic mechanism of a novel acetyltransferase family.	effectors secreted by the type iii secretion system are essential for bacterial pathogenesis. members of the yersinia outer-protein j (yopj) family of effectors found in diverse plant and animal pathogens depend on a protease-like catalytic triad to acetylate host proteins and produce virulence. however, the structural basis for this noncanonical acetyltransferase activity remains unknown. here, we report the crystal structures of the yopj effector hopz1a, produced by the phytopathogen pseudomon ...	2016	27525589
pseudomonas syringae differentiates into phenotypically distinct subpopulations during colonization of a plant host.	bacterial microcolonies with heterogeneous sizes are formed during colonization of phaseolus vulgaris by pseudomonas syringae. heterogeneous expression of structural and regulatory components of the p. syringae type iii secretion system (t3ss), essential for colonization of the host apoplast and disease development, is likewise detected within the plant apoplast. t3ss expression is bistable in the homogeneous environment of nutrient-limited t3ss-inducing medium, suggesting that subpopulation for ...	2016	27516206
bacterial ice nucleation in monodisperse d2o and h2o-in-oil emulsions.	ice nucleation is of fundamental significance in many areas, including atmospheric science, food technology, and cryobiology. in this study, we investigated the ice-nucleation characteristics of picoliter-sized drops consisting of different d2o and h2o mixtures with and without the ice-nucleating bacteria pseudomonas syringae. we also studied the effects of commonly used cryoprotectants such as ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, and trehalose on the nucleation characteristics of d2o and h2o mixt ...	2016	27495973
a low frequency persistent reservoir of a genomic island in a pathogen population ensures island survival and improves pathogen fitness in a susceptible host.	the co-evolution of bacterial plant pathogens and their hosts is a complex and dynamic process. host resistance imposes stress on invading pathogens that can lead to changes in the bacterial genome enabling the pathogen to escape host resistance. we have observed this phenomenon with the plant pathogen pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola where isolates that have lost the genomic island pphgi-1 carrying the effector gene avrpphb from its chromosome are infective against previously resistant pla ...	2016	27491006