Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted descending) Filter | PMID Filter |
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| pseudomonas aeruginosa enolase influences bacterial tolerance to oxidative stresses and virulence. | pseudomonas aeruginosa is a gram negative opportunistic pathogenic bacterium, which causes acute and chronic infections. upon entering the host, bacteria alter global gene expression to adapt to host environment and avoid clearance by the host. enolase is a glycolytic enzyme involved in carbon metabolism. it is also a component of rna degradosome, which is involved in rna processing and gene regulation. here, we report that enolase is required for the virulence of p. aeruginosa in a murine acute ... | 2016 | 28018326 |
| transplantation of human embryonic stem cells in patients with multiple sclerosis and lyme disease. | background multiple sclerosis (ms) is an inflammatory and neurodegenerative disease in which the myelin sheath of nerve cells is damaged. it can cause delayed neurologic symptoms similar to those seen in lyme disease (ld) patients. thymus derived t-cells (myelin reactive) migrate to the blood brain barrier and stimulate an inflammatory cascade in the central nervous system. cell based therapies play an important role in treating neurological diseases such as ms and ld. case report human embryoni ... | 2016 | 27956736 |
| identification of ixodes ricinus blood meals using an automated protocol with high resolution melting analysis (hrma) reveals the importance of domestic dogs as larval tick hosts in italian alpine forests. | in europe, ixodes ricinus l. is the main vector of a variety of zoonotic pathogens, acquired through blood meals taken once per stage from a vertebrate host. defining the main tick hosts in a given area is important for planning public health interventions; however, until recently, no robust molecular methods existed for blood meal identification from questing ticks. here we improved the time- and cost-effectiveness of an hrma protocol for blood meal analysis and used it to identify blood meal s ... | 2016 | 27955678 |
| chronic pain in children and adolescents: diagnosis and treatment of primary pain disorders in head, abdomen, muscles and joints. | primary pain disorders (formerly "functional pain syndromes") are common, under-diagnosed and under-treated in children and teenagers. this manuscript reviews key aspects which support understanding the development of pediatric chronic pain, points to the current pediatric chronic pain terminology, addresses effective treatment strategies, and discusses the evidence-based use of pharmacology. common symptoms of an underlying pain vulnerability present in the three most common chronic pain disord ... | 2016 | 27973405 |
| establishment of an artificial tick feeding system to study theileria lestoquardi infection. | the establishment of good experimental models for theileria sp. infection is important for theileriosis research. routinely, infection of ticks is accomplished by feeding on parasite-infected animals (sheep, cows and horses), which raises practical and ethical problems, driving the search for alternative methods of tick infection. artificial tick feeding systems are based mainly on rearing ticks on host-derived or hand-made artificial membranes. we developed a modified feeding assay for infectin ... | 2016 | 28036364 |
| whole genome sequence and comparative genomics of the novel lyme borreliosis causing pathogen, borrelia mayonii. | borrelia mayonii, a borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (bbsl) genospecies, was recently identified as a cause of lyme borreliosis (lb) among patients from the upper midwestern united states. by microscopy and pcr, spirochete/genome loads in infected patients were estimated at 105 to 106 per milliliter of blood. here, we present the full chromosome and plasmid sequences of two b. mayonii isolates, mn14-1420 and mn14-1539, cultured from blood of two of these patients. whole genome sequencing and asse ... | 2016 | 28030649 |
| the accuracy of diagnostic tests for lyme disease in humans, a systematic review and meta-analysis of north american research. | there has been an increasing incidence of lyme disease (ld) in canada and the united states corresponding to the expanding range of the ixodes tick vector and lyme disease agent (borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto). there are many diagnostic tests for ld available in north america, all of which have some performance issues, and physicians are concerned about the appropriate use and interpretation of these tests. the objective of this systematic review is to summarize the north american evidence ... | 2016 | 28002488 |
| gram-negative bacterial molecules associate with alzheimer disease pathology. | we determined whether gram-negative bacterial molecules are associated with alzheimer disease (ad) neuropathology given that previous studies demonstrate gram-negative escherichia coli bacteria can form extracellular amyloid and gram-negative bacteria have been reported as the predominant bacteria found in normal human brains. | 2016 | 27784770 |
| gray wolf exposure to emerging vector-borne diseases in wisconsin with comparison to domestic dogs and humans. | world-wide concern over emerging vector-borne diseases has increased in recent years for both animal and human health. in the united sates, concern about vector-borne diseases in canines has focused on lyme disease, anaplasmosis, ehrlichiosis, and heartworm which infect domestic and wild canids. of these diseases, lyme and anaplasmosis are also frequently diagnosed in humans. gray wolves (canis lupus) recolonized wisconsin in the 1970s, and we evaluated their temporal and geographic patterns of ... | 2016 | 27898670 |
| role of vitamin d in the hygiene hypothesis: the interplay between vitamin d, vitamin d receptors, gut microbiota, and immune response. | the hygiene hypothesis postulates that higher levels of cleanliness and improper exposure to microorganisms early in childhood could disturb the intestinal microbiome resulting in abnormal immune responses. recently, more attention has been put on how a lack of sun exposure and consequently vitamin d deficiency could lead to less immune tolerance and aberrant immune responses. moreover, vitamin d receptor (vdr) function has been positioned to be a critical aspect of immune response and gut homeo ... | 2016 | 28066436 |
| lymphocytoma cutis: diagnostic enigma for the maxillofacial surgeon. | cutaneous lymphoid hyperplasia (clh) is a cutaneous pseudolymphoma with a worldwide distribution, equally affecting all races and ethnic groups. due to its vast array of characteristics, it is most often missed in the differential diagnosis of firm to soft lumps on the head and neck. a systematic approach to the workup and diagnosis along with treatment of such lesions is discussed in this article. a 20-year-old asian indian female presented to our oral and maxillofacial unit with a lump on the ... | 2016 | 28053910 |
| staphylococcus aureus lpl lipoproteins delay g2/m phase transition in hela cells. | the cell cycle is an ordered set of events, leading to cell growth and division into two daughter cells. the eukaryotic cell cycle consists of interphase (g1, s, and g2 phases), followed by the mitotic phase and g0 phase. many bacterial pathogens secrete cyclomodulins that interfere with the host cell cycle. in staphylococcus aureus four cyclomodulins have been described so far that all represent toxins and are secreted into the culture supernatant. here we show that the membrane-anchored lipopr ... | 2016 | 28083519 |
| phylogenetic lineages and postglacial dispersal dynamics characterize the genetic structure of the tick, ixodes ricinus, in northwest europe. | dispersal and gene flow are important mechanisms affecting the dynamics of vectors and their pathogens. here, patterns of genetic diversity were analyzed in many north european populations of the tick, ixodes ricinus. population sites were selected within and between areas separated by geographical barriers in order to evaluate the importance of tick transportation by birds in producing genetic connectivity across open sea and mountain ranges. the phylogenetic analyses of the mitochondrial contr ... | 2016 | 27907193 |
| different use of cell surface glycosaminoglycans as adherence receptors to corneal cells by gram positive and gram negative pathogens. | the epithelium of the cornea is continuously exposed to pathogens, and adhesion to epithelial cells is regarded as an essential first step in bacterial pathogenesis. in this article, the involvement of glycosaminoglycans in the adhesion of various pathogenic bacteria to corneal epithelial cells is analyzed. all microorganisms use glycosaminoglycans as receptors, but arranged in different patterns depending on the gram-type of the bacterium. the heparan sulfate chains of syndecans are the main re ... | 2016 | 27965938 |
| acute transverse myelitis associated with salmonella bacteremia: a case report. | background acute transverse myelitis (atm) is an uncommon and often overlooked complication of certain bacterial and viral infections that can have a rapid onset and result in severe neurological deficits. case report this case report describes a previously healthy 28-year-old woman who presented to the trauma center after developing acute paralysis and paresthesias of all four extremities within the span of hours. the initial presumptive diagnosis was spinal cord contusion due to a fall versus ... | 2016 | 27928148 |
| strain-dependent recognition of a unique degradation motif by clpxp in streptococcus mutans. | streptococcus mutans, a dental pathogen, has a remarkable ability to cope with environmental stresses. under stress conditions, cytoplasmic proteases play a major role in controlling the stability of regulatory proteins and preventing accumulation of damaged and misfolded proteins. clpxp, a well-conserved cytoplasmic proteolytic system, is crucial in maintaining cellular homeostasis in bacteria. clpx is primarily responsible for recognition of substrates and subsequent translocation of unfolded ... | 2016 | 27981232 |
| unusual presentation of gianotti-crosti syndrome due to epstein-barr virus infection. | gianotti-crosti syndrome (gcs) is viral exanthema of childhood. it typically presents with a symmetric erythematous papular and papulovesicular eruption. it has been classically associated with hepatitis b virus, as well as rarely with epstein-barr virus (ebv). we report a case of gcs related to ebv infection without the classical systemic symptoms in a five-year-old male patient. | 2016 | 28050291 |
| against the tide: the role of bacterial adhesion in host colonization. | evolving under the constant exposure to an abundance of diverse microbial life, the human body has developed many ways of defining the boundaries between self and non-self. many physical and immunological barriers to microbial invasion exist, and yet bacteria have found a multitude of ways to overcome these, initiate interactions with and colonize the human host. adhesion to host cells and tissues is a key feature allowing bacteria to persist in an environment under constant flux and to initiate ... | 2016 | 27913666 |
| immunogenetic markers definition in latvian patients with lyme borreliosis and lyme neuroborreliosis. | the aim of this study was to determine the human leukocyte antigen (hla)-drb1 alleles in two groups of patients in latvia: patients with lyme borreliosis and patients with lyme neuroborreliosis. the study included 216 patients with lyme borreliosis, 29 patients with lyme neuroborreliosis and 282 control persons. all surveyed persons were residents of latvia. the hla-dr genotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction- sequence specific primer (pcr-ssp). the predisposition to the lyme borrel ... | 2016 | 27916969 |
| rickettsia raoultii in dermacentor reticulatus ticks, chernobyl exclusion zone, ukraine, 2010. | 2016 | 27442796 | |
| simultaneous combined myositis, inflammatory polyneuropathy, and overlap myasthenic syndrome. | immune-mediated neuromuscular disorders include pathologies of the peripheral nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscles. if overlap syndromes (or the association of almost two autoimmune disorders) are recognized, the simultaneous occurrence of several autoimmune neuromuscular disorders is rare. we describe two patients presenting the simultaneous occurrence of inflammatory neuropathy, myositis, and myasthenia gravis (with positive acetylcholine receptor antibodies). for each patient, ... | 2016 | 28044116 |
| a novel approach to probe host-pathogen interactions of bovine digital dermatitis, a model of a complex polymicrobial infection. | polymicrobial infections represent a great challenge for the clarification of disease etiology and the development of comprehensive diagnostic or therapeutic tools, particularly for fastidious and difficult-to-cultivate bacteria. using bovine digital dermatitis (dd) as a disease model, we introduce a novel strategy to study the pathogenesis of complex infections. | 2016 | 27908274 |
| relapsing-remitting lesions in a woman with progressive hemifacial atrophy and chronic hepatitis b virus infection: a case report. | progressive hemifacial atrophy (pha) is a rare disorder characterized by unilateral facial atrophy affecting the skin, subcutaneous tissue, and fat, muscle, and osteocartilagenous structures creating a sunken hemiface appearance.etiopathogenesis of pha is poorly understood; no definitive treatment is currently available. | 2016 | 27893674 |
| is there any association between sarcoidosis and infectious agents?: a systematic review and meta-analysis. | during the last few years, investigators have debated the role that infectious agents may have in sarcoidosis pathogenesis. with the emergence of new molecular biology techniques, several studies have been conducted; therefore, we performed a meta-analysis in order to better explain this possible association. | 2016 | 27894280 |
| the impact of temperature and precipitation on blacklegged tick activity and lyme disease incidence in endemic and emerging regions. | the incidence of lyme disease shows high degrees of inter-annual variation in the northeastern united states, but the factors driving this variation are not well understood. complicating matters, it is also possible that these driving factors may vary in regions with differing histories of lyme disease endemism. we evaluated the effect of the number of hot (t > 25 °c), dry (precipitation = 0) days during the questing periods of the two immature ixodes scapularis life stages (larval and nymphal) ... | 2016 | 27887625 |
| balancing the immune response in the brain: il-10 and its regulation. | the inflammatory response is critical to fight insults, such as pathogen invasion or tissue damage, but if not resolved often becomes detrimental to the host. a growing body of evidence places non-resolved inflammation at the core of various pathologies, from cancer to neurodegenerative diseases. it is therefore not surprising that the immune system has evolved several regulatory mechanisms to achieve maximum protection in the absence of pathology. | 2016 | 27881137 |
| major neutrophilia observed in acute phase of human leptospirosis is not associated with increased expression of granulocyte cell activation markers. | it has long been known that pathogenic leptospira can mobilize the immune system but the specific contribution of neutrophils to control the infectious challenge remains to be clarified. we herein analyzed the phenotype of circulating neutrophils of patients with leptospirosis and healthy controls for the expression of toll-like receptor (tlr) type 2 (tlr2, to sense the leptospiral lps) and several activation markers: interleukin 8 chemokine receptor cd182 (cxcr2), cd11b of the integrin/opsonin ... | 2016 | 27802348 |
| evolutionary switches between two serine codon sets are driven by selection. | serine is the only amino acid that is encoded by two disjoint codon sets so that a tandem substitution of two nucleotides is required to switch between the two sets. previously published evidence suggests that, for the most evolutionarily conserved serines, the codon set switch occurs by simultaneous substitution of two nucleotides. here we report a genome-wide reconstruction of the evolution of serine codons in triplets of closely related species from diverse prokaryotes and eukaryotes. the res ... | 2016 | 27799560 |
| lipoproteins attenuate tlr2 and tlr4 activation by bacteria and bacterial ligands with differences in affinity and kinetics. | the small intestine is a specialized compartment were close interactions take place between host, microbes, food antigens and dietary fatty acids. dietary fats get absorbed by epithelial cells and processed into a range of lipoprotein particles after which they are basolaterally secreted and collected in the lymphatics. in contrast to the colon, the small intestine is covered only by a thin mucus coat that allows for intimate interactions between host-cells and microbes. lipoproteins have long b ... | 2016 | 27793087 |
| tick bite by nymphal amblyomma testudinarium. | ticks are parasites that usually suck the blood of wild or domestic animals; rarely, they ingest human blood and spread various febrile infectious diseases along with skin problems. out of 40 cases of tick bite reported in korea, only 3 were caused by nymphal ticks, and tick bites by nymphal amblyomma testudinarium have not been reported previously. herein, we report a rare case of tick bite by nymphal a. testudinarium. a 57-year-old woman presented with an asymptomatic solitary erythematous nod ... | 2016 | 27904278 |
| heterogeneity in the abundance and distribution of ixodes ricinus and borrelia burgdorferi (sensu lato) in scotland: implications for risk prediction. | cases of lyme borreliosis, a vector-borne zoonosis caused by bacteria in the borrelia burgdorferi (sensu lato) species group, have increased in recent years in europe. knowledge of environmental factors associated with abundance of the tick vector ixodes ricinus and the pathogen b. burgdorferi (s.l.) is of interest to understand responses to environmental changes, predict variation in risk and to inform management interventions. | 2016 | 27876087 |
| effect of rpon, rpos and luxs pathways on the biofilm formation and antibiotic sensitivity of borrelia burgdorferi. | borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of lyme disease, is capable of forming biofilm in vivo and in vitro, a structure well known for its resistance to antimicrobial agents. for the formation of biofilm, signaling processes are required to communicate with the surrounding environment such as it was shown for the rpon-rpos alternative sigma factor and for the luxs quorum-sensing pathways. therefore, in this study, the wild-type b. burgdorferi and different mutant strains lacking rpon, rpos, a ... | 2016 | 27980856 |
| biopharmaceuticals from microorganisms: from production to purification. | the use of biopharmaceuticals dates from the 19th century and within 5-10 years, up to 50% of all drugs in development will be biopharmaceuticals. in the 1980s, the biopharmaceutical industry experienced a significant growth in the production and approval of recombinant proteins such as interferons (ifn α, β, and γ) and growth hormones. the production of biopharmaceuticals, known as bioprocess, involves a wide range of techniques. in this review, we discuss the technology involved in the bioproc ... | 2016 | 27838289 |
| t cells exacerbate lyme borreliosis in tlr2-deficient mice. | infection of humans with the spirochete, borrelia burgdorferi, causes lyme borreliosis and can lead to clinical manifestations such as arthritis, carditis, and neurological conditions. experimental infection of mice recapitulates many of these symptoms and serves as a model system for the investigation of disease pathogenesis and immunity. innate immunity is known to drive the development of lyme arthritis and carditis, but the mechanisms driving this response remain unclear. innate immune cells ... | 2016 | 27857714 |
| solitary erythematous plaque on the nasolabial fold. | 2016 | 27904193 | |
| measurement of serum c-reactive protein concentration for discriminating between suppurative arthritis and osteoarthritis in dogs. | in a dog with joint pain, it is important to determine whether it has suppurative joint disease, characterized by exudation of neutrophils in the synovial fluid, or not, as this affects choice of diagnostic tests and treatments. the aim of this study was to evaluate whether measurement of serum c-reactive protein (crp) concentration could be used to discriminate between dogs with suppurative arthritis and osteoarthritis (oa). furthermore, the concentrations of serum and synovial fluid interleuki ... | 2016 | 27793205 |
| established population of blacklegged ticks with high infection prevalence for the lyme disease bacterium, borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, on corkscrew island, kenora district, ontario. | we document an established population of blacklegged ticks, ixodes scapularis, on corkscrew island, kenora district, ontario, canada. primers of the outer surface protein a (ospa) gene, the flagellin (fla) gene, and the flagellin b (flab) gene were used in the pcr assays to detect borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.), the lyme disease bacterium. in all, 60 (73%) of 82 adult i. scapularis, were infected with b. burgdorferi s.l. as well, 6 (43%) of 14 unfed i. scapularis nymphs were positive for ... | 2016 | 27877080 |
| the role of hydrophobicity and surface receptors at hyphae of lyophyllum sp. strain karsten in the interaction with burkholderia terrae bs001 - implications for interactions in soil. | the soil bacterium burkholderia terrae strain bs001 can interact with varying soil fungi, using mechanisms that range from the utilization of carbon/energy sources such as glycerol to the ability to reach novel territories in soil via co-migration with growing fungal mycelia. here, we investigate the intrinsic properties of the b. terrae bs001 interaction with the basidiomycetous soil fungus lyophyllum sp. strain karsten. in some experiments, the ascomycetous trichoderma asperellum 302 was also ... | 2016 | 27833591 |
| lyme disease spirochaete borrelia burgdorferi does not require thiamin. | thiamin pyrophosphate (thdp), the active form of thiamin (vitamin b1), is believed to be an essential cofactor for all living organisms(1,2). here, we report the unprecedented result that thiamin is dispensable for the growth of the lyme disease pathogen borrelia burgdorferi (bb)(3). bb lacks genes for thiamin biosynthesis and transport as well as known thdp-dependent enzymes(4), and we were unable to detect thiamin or its derivatives in bb cells. we showed that eliminating thiamin in vitro and ... | 2016 | 27869793 |
| delayed onset of a spinal epidural hematoma after facet joint injection. | the treatment of chronic back pain is a challenging problem. facet joint infiltration is an established treatment for chronic low back pain caused by arthrosis of the lumbar facet joints. due to the increasing number of patients with chronic low back pain, this therapy has become more frequent. we treated a 51-year-old male patient, who developed an epidural hematoma 2 months after infiltration therapy. our case shows that even a delayed onset of spinal epidural hematoma is possible and should b ... | 2016 | 27803810 |
| cerebrospinal fluid cytokines in lyme neuroborreliosis. | lyme neuroborreliosis (lnb) is one of the manifestations of lyme disease. although it is known that immune reaction of lnb patients is dominated by th1 and th2 responses and patients have elevated numbers of b cells in their cerebrospinal fluid (csf), not all the cells involved in inflammation and cytokine secretion have been characterized. the current diagnostics of lnb is based on intrathecal production of antibodies. in recent years, the measurement of chemokine cxcl13 concentration from the ... | 2016 | 27756335 |
| a case of lyme disease accompanied by uveitis and white dot syndrome. | in this case report we aimed to present a case of lyme disease presenting as peripheral retinal vasculitis, intermediate uveitis and multifocal white dots in the posterior pole. the patient exhibited vitritis and snowball opacities in both eyes. a diagnosis of lyme disease was made based on clinical, angiographic and laboratory findings. fundus fluorescein angiography revealed optic nerve and retinal venous leakage as well as multiple hyperfluorescent foci in both eyes. the patient's symptoms an ... | 2016 | 28058168 |
| morgellons disease: a filamentous borrelial dermatitis. | morgellons disease (md) is a dermopathy characterized by multicolored filaments that lie under, are embedded in, or project from skin. although md was initially considered to be a delusional disorder, recent studies have demonstrated that the dermopathy is associated with tickborne infection, that the filaments are composed of keratin and collagen, and that they result from proliferation of keratinocytes and fibroblasts in epithelial tissue. culture, histopathological and molecular evidence of s ... | 2016 | 27789971 |
| commercial test kits for detection of lyme borreliosis: a meta-analysis of test accuracy. | the clinical diagnosis of lyme borreliosis can be supported by various test methodologies; test kits are available from many manufacturers. literature searches were carried out to identify studies that reported characteristics of the test kits. of 50 searched studies, 18 were included where the tests were commercially available and samples were proven to be positive using serology testing, evidence of an erythema migrans rash, and/or culture. additional requirements were a test specificity of ≥8 ... | 2016 | 27920571 |
| controversies in persistent (chronic) lyme disease. | the centers for disease control and prevention estimates that more than 300 000 new cases of lyme disease occur each year in the united states and that 10% to 20% of these patients will remain symptomatic despite receiving appropriate antibiotic therapy. many elements of the disease are poorly understood and have generated considerable controversy. this paper discusses the medical controversies related to posttreatment manifestations and their potential impact on infusion nurses. | 2016 | 27755213 |
| education on tick bite and lyme borreliosis prevention, aimed at schoolchildren in the netherlands: comparing the effects of an online educational video game versus a leaflet or no intervention. | lyme disease or lyme borreliosis (lb) is the most common tick-borne disease both in the united states and europe. children, in particular, are at high risk of contracting lb. since child-specific educational tools on ticks, tick bites and lb are lacking, we developed an online educational video game. in this study, we compared the effectiveness of an online educational video game versus a newly developed leaflet aimed to improve prevention of tick bites and lb among dutch schoolchildren. | 2016 | 27852247 |
| polymorphism of 41 kd flagellin gene and its human b-cell epitope in borrelia burgdorferi strains of china. | the 41 kd flagellin of borrelia burgdorferi (b. burgdorferi) is a major component of periplasmic flagellar filament core and a good candidate for serodiagnosis in early stage of lyme disease. here, we chose 89 b. burgdorferi strains in china, amplified the gene encoding the 41 kd flagellin, and compared the sequences. the results showed that genetic diversity presented in the 41 kd flagellin genes of all 89 strains among the four genotypes of b. burgdorferi, especially in the genotype of b. gari ... | 2016 | 28042565 |
| acute clinical worsening after steroid administration in cervical myelitis may reveal a subdural arteriovenous fistula. | subdural arteriovenous fistula (sdavf) is a rare condition characterized by clinical manifestations ranging from mild bilateral sensory deficits to quadriplegia. the diagnosis is often delayed due to unspecific neurological symptoms, initially diagnosed as polyneuropathy or myelopathy. the diagnosis can be delayed for as long as 1-15 years. the following report describes a cervical sdavf case initially misdiagnosed as myelitis transversa and treated with intravenous steroids. a 56-year-old male ... | 2016 | 27920716 |
| phospholipidomic analysis reveals changes in sphingomyelin and lysophosphatidylcholine profiles in plasma from patients with neuroborreliosis. | in recent years, the number of patients suffering from lyme disease (ld) has significantly increased. the most dangerous manifestation of ld is neuroborreliosis associated with invasion of the central nervous system by borrelia burgdorferi. phospholipids (pl) and their metabolites are involved in inflammation, which plays a dominant, but still unclear, role in the pathogenesis of neuroborreliosis. we analyzed the plasma pl profiles of neuroborreliosis patients (n = 8) and healthy volunteers (n = ... | 2016 | 27832501 |
| rna-seq of borrelia burgdorferi in multiple phases of growth reveals insights into the dynamics of gene expression, transcriptome architecture, and noncoding rnas. | borrelia burgdorferi, the agent of lyme disease, differentially expresses numerous genes and proteins as it cycles between mammalian hosts and tick vectors. insights on regulatory mechanisms have been provided by earlier studies that examined b. burgdorferi gene expression patterns during cultivation. however, prior studies examined bacteria at only a single time point of cultivation, providing only a snapshot of what is likely a dynamic transcriptional program driving b. burgdorferi adaptations ... | 2016 | 27706236 |
| molecular detection of tick-borne pathogens in humans with tick bites and erythema migrans, in the netherlands. | tick-borne diseases are the most prevalent vector-borne diseases in europe. knowledge on the incidence and clinical presentation of other tick-borne diseases than lyme borreliosis and tick-borne encephalitis is minimal, despite the high human exposure to these pathogens through tick bites. using molecular detection techniques, the frequency of tick-borne infections after exposure through tick bites was estimated. | 2016 | 27706159 |
| homogeneous inflammatory gene profiles induced in human dermal fibroblasts in response to the three main species of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato. | in lyme borreliosis, the skin is the key site for bacterial inoculation by the infected tick and for cutaneous manifestations. we previously showed that different strains of borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto isolated from tick and from different clinical stages of the lyme borreliosis (erythema migrans, and acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans) elicited a very similar transcriptional response in normal human dermal fibroblasts. in this study, using whole transcriptome microarray chips, we aimed ... | 2016 | 27706261 |
| phospholipidomic analysis reveals changes in sphingomyelin and lysophosphatidylcholine profiles in plasma from patients with neuroborreliosis. | in recent years, the number of patients suffering from lyme disease (ld) has significantly increased. the most dangerous manifestation of ld is neuroborreliosis associated with invasion of the central nervous system by borrelia burgdorferi. phospholipids (pl) and their metabolites are involved in inflammation, which plays a dominant, but still unclear, role in the pathogenesis of neuroborreliosis. we analyzed the plasma pl profiles of neuroborreliosis patients (n = 8) and healthy volunteers (n = ... | 2016 | 27832501 |
| new insights into the cyclic di-adenosine monophosphate (c-di-amp) degradation pathway and the requirement of the cyclic dinucleotide for acid stress resistance in staphylococcus aureus. | nucleotide signaling networks are key to facilitate alterations in gene expression, protein function, and enzyme activity in response to diverse stimuli. cyclic di-adenosine monophosphate (c-di-amp) is an important secondary messenger molecule produced by the human pathogen staphylococcus aureus and is involved in regulating a number of physiological processes including potassium transport. s. aureus must ensure tight control over its cellular levels as both high levels of the dinucleotide and i ... | 2016 | 27834680 |
| host associations and genomic diversity of borrelia hermsii in an endemic focus of tick-borne relapsing fever in western north america. | an unrecognized focus of tick-borne relapsing fever caused by borrelia hermsii was identified in 2002 when five people became infected on wild horse island in flathead lake, montana. the terrestrial small mammal community on the island is composed primarily of pine squirrels (tamiasciurus hudsonicus) and deer mice (peromyscus maniculatus), neither of which was known as a natural host for the spirochete. thus a 3-year study was performed to identify small mammals as hosts for b. hermsii. | 2016 | 27832805 |
| fungal kats/kdacs: a new highway to better antifungal drugs? | 2016 | 27832212 | |
| rapid antimicrobial susceptibility test for identification of new therapeutics and drug combinations against multidrug-resistant bacteria. | current antimicrobial susceptibility testing has limited screening capability for identifying empirical antibiotic combinations to treat severe bacterial infections with multidrug-resistant (mdr) organisms. we developed a new antimicrobial susceptibility assay using automated ultra-high-throughput screen technology in combination with a simple bacterial growth assay. a rapid screening of 5170 approved drugs and other compounds identified 25 compounds with activities against mdr klebsiella pneumo ... | 2016 | 27826141 |
| evaluation of the illumigene malaria lamp: a robust molecular diagnostic tool for malaria parasites. | isothermal nucleic acid amplification assays such as the loop mediated isothermal amplification (lamp), are well suited for field use as they do not require thermal cyclers to amplify the dna. to further facilitate the use of lamp assays in remote settings, simpler sample preparation methods and lyophilized reagents are required. the performance of a commercial malaria lamp assay (illumigene malaria lamp) was evaluated using two sample preparation workflows (simple filtration prep (sfp)) and gra ... | 2016 | 27827432 |
| high-throughput parallel sequencing to measure fitness of leptospira interrogans transposon insertion mutants during acute infection. | pathogenic species of leptospira are the causative agents of leptospirosis, a zoonotic disease that causes mortality and morbidity worldwide. the understanding of the virulence mechanisms of leptospira spp is still at an early stage due to the limited number of genetic tools available for this microorganism. the development of random transposon mutagenesis in pathogenic strains a decade ago has contributed to the identification of several virulence factors. in this study, we used the transposon ... | 2016 | 27824878 |
| rna-seq analyses of the midgut from blood- and serum-fed ixodes ricinus ticks. | adult females of the genus ixodes imbibe blood meals exceeding about 100 times their own weight within 7‒9 days. during this period, ticks internalise components of host blood by endocytic digest cells that line the tick midgut epithelium. using rna-seq, we aimed to characterise the midgut transcriptome composition in adult ixodes ricinus females during early and late phase of engorgement. to address specific adaptations to the haemoglobin-rich diet, we compared the midgut transcriptomes of gene ... | 2016 | 27824139 |
| enterogenous bacterial glycolipids are required for the generation of natural killer t cells mediated liver injury. | glycolipids are potent activator of natural killer t (nkt) cells. the relationship between nkt cells and intestinal bacterial glycolipids in liver disorders remained unclear. we found that, in sharp contrast to specific pathogen-free (spf) mice, germ-free (gf) mice are resistant to concanavalin a (cona)-induced liver injury. cona treatment failed to trigger the activation of hepatic nkt cells in gf mice. these defects correlated with the sharply reduced levels of cd1d-presented glycolipid antige ... | 2016 | 27821872 |
| babesia microti from humans and ticks hold a genomic signature of strong population structure in the united states. | babesia microti is an emerging tick-borne apicomplexan parasite with increasing geographic range and incidence in the united states. the rapid expansion of b. microti into its current distribution in the northeastern usa has been due to the range expansion of the tick vector, ixodes scapularis, upon which the causative agent is dependent for transmission to humans. | 2016 | 27821055 |
| lyme carditis: an interesting trip to third-degree heart block and back. | carditis is an uncommon presentation of the early disseminated phase of lyme disease. we present the case of a young female who presented with erythema migrans and was found to have first-degree heart block which progressed to complete heart block within hours. after receiving ceftriaxone, there was complete resolution of the heart block in sequential fashion. our case illustrates the importance of early recognition and anticipation of progressive cardiac conduction abnormalities in patients pre ... | 2016 | 27891258 |
| ceftriaxone pulse dosing fails to eradicate biofilm-like microcolony b. burgdorferi persisters which are sterilized by daptomycin/ doxycycline/cefuroxime without pulse dosing. | although the majority of lyme disease patients can be cured, at least 10-20% of the patients continue to suffer from persisting symptoms such as fatigue, muscular and joint pain, and neurologic impairment after standard 2-4 week antibiotic treatment. while the causes for this post-treatment lyme disease symptoms are unclear, one possibility is due to borrelia burgdorferi persisters that are not effectively killed by current antibiotics such as doxycycline or amoxicillin used to treat lyme diseas ... | 2016 | 27867375 |
| properdin: a tightly regulated critical inflammatory modulator. | the complement alternative pathway is a powerful arm of the innate immune system that enhances diverse inflammatory responses in the human host. key to the effects of the alternative pathway is properdin, a serum glycoprotein that can both initiate and positively regulate alternative pathway activity. properdin is produced by many different leukocyte subsets and circulates as cyclic oligomers of monomeric subunits. while the formation of non-physiological aggregates in purified properdin prepara ... | 2016 | 27782331 |
| retrospective study investigating the seroprevalence of anaplasma phagocytophilum in manitoba, canada: 2011-2014. | human granulocytic anaplasmosis is currently not nationally notifiable in canada. this for the most part accounts for gross under-estimation of true incidence and prevalence of hga and would potentially culminate in clinical missed opportunities. to the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the seroprevalence of anaplasma phagocytophilum in a canadian jurisdiction with known established black-legged tick populations. | 2016 | 27975075 |
| genome-wide survey and phylogeny of s-ribosylhomocysteinase (luxs) enzyme in bacterial genomes. | the study of survival and communication of pathogenic bacteria is important to combat diseases caused by such micro-organisms. bacterial cells communicate with each other using a density-dependent cell-cell communication process called quorum sensing (qs). luxs protein is an important member of interspecies quorum-sensing system, involved in the biosynthesis of autoinducer-2 (ai-2), and has been identified as a drug target. despite the above mentioned significance, their evolution has not been f ... | 2016 | 27650568 |
| emerging infectious diseases - 1970s. | forty years ago is not ancient history in the medical field. however, being an eye witness to the emergence of three new infectious diseases in the northeastern united states in the 1970s left a deep impression on this author. i will relate a small portion of the amazing events that caught the attention of the medical establishment and the general public in a roughly 5-year period of medical discovery. | 2016 | 27802859 |
| identification of a new lipoprotein export signal in gram-negative bacteria. | bacteria of the phylum bacteroidetes, including commensal organisms and opportunistic pathogens, harbor abundant surface-exposed multiprotein membrane complexes (sus-like systems) involved in carbohydrate acquisition. these complexes have been mostly linked to commensalism, and in some instances, they have also been shown to play a role in pathogenesis. sus-like systems are mainly composed of lipoproteins anchored to the outer membrane and facing the external milieu. this lipoprotein localizatio ... | 2016 | 27795390 |
| the structure of treponema pallidum tp0751 (pallilysin) reveals a non-canonical lipocalin fold that mediates adhesion to extracellular matrix components and interactions with host cells. | syphilis is a chronic disease caused by the bacterium treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum. treponema pallidum disseminates widely throughout the host and extravasates from the vasculature, a process that is at least partially dependent upon the ability of t. pallidum to interact with host extracellular matrix (ecm) components. defining the molecular basis for the interaction between t. pallidum and the host is complicated by the intractability of t. pallidum to in vitro culturing and genetic mani ... | 2016 | 27683203 |
| mog-igg in nmo and related disorders: a multicenter study of 50 patients. part 2: epidemiology, clinical presentation, radiological and laboratory features, treatment responses, and long-term outcome. | a subset of patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (nmosd) has been shown to be seropositive for myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies (mog-igg). | 2016 | 27793206 |
| definition and management of varicella zoster virus-associated meningoradiculitis: a case report. | the varicella zoster virus affects the central or peripheral nervous systems upon reactivation, especially when cell-mediated immunity is impaired. among varicella zoster virus-related neurological syndromes, meningoradiculitis is an ill-defined condition for which clear management guidelines are still lacking. zoster paresis is usually considered to be a varicella zoster virus-peripheral nervous system complication and treated with oral antiviral therapy. yet in the literature, the few reported ... | 2016 | 27670683 |
| structure-based reverse vaccinology failed in the case of hiv because it disregarded accepted immunological theory. | two types of reverse vaccinology (rv) should be distinguished: genome-based rv for bacterial vaccines and structure-based rv for viral vaccines. structure-based rv consists in trying to generate a vaccine by first determining the crystallographic structure of a complex between a viral epitope and a neutralizing monoclonal antibody (nmab) and then reconstructing the epitope by reverse molecular engineering outside the context of the native viral protein. it is based on the unwarranted assumption ... | 2016 | 27657055 |
| long-term study of the prevalence of borrelia burgdorferi s.l. infection in ticks (ixodes ricinus) feeding on blackbirds (turdus merula) in ne poland. | seeking evidence to confirm that blackbirds (turdus merula) may be involved in environmental maintenance of borrelia burgdorferi s.l. (the causative agent of lyme borreliosis), we conducted a long-term study over three separate 2-year periods, together embracing a span of almost 20 years, all in the same area in northeastern poland. we examined a total of 78 blackbirds and collected 623 ixodes ricinus ticks feeding on them. the tick infestation prevalence was found to be very high (89.7 %). amon ... | 2016 | 27631764 |
| enhanced protective antibody to a mutant meningococcal factor h-binding protein with low-factor h binding. | meningococcal factor h-binding protein (fhbp) is an antigen in 2 serogroup b meningococcal vaccines. fhbp specifically binds human and some nonhuman primate complement fh. to investigate the effect of binding of fh to fhbp on protective antibody responses, we immunized infant rhesus macaques with either a control recombinant fhbp antigen that bound macaque fh or a mutant antigen with 2 amino acid substitutions and >250-fold lower affinity for fh. the mutant antigen elicited 3-fold higher serum i ... | 2016 | 27668287 |
| motility and ultrastructure of spirochaeta thermophila. | we analyze here for the first time the swimming behavior of a thermophilic, strictly anaerobic spirochete, namely spirochaeta thermophila using high temperature light microscopy. our data show that s. thermophila very rapidly can change its morphology during swimming, resulting in cells appearing nearly linear, in cells possessing three different spiral forms, and in cells being linear at one end and spiral at the other end. in addition cells can rapidly bend by up to 180°, with their ends comin ... | 2016 | 27790206 |
| stored canine whole blood units: what is the real risk of bacterial contamination? | bacterial contamination of whole blood (wb) units can result in transfusion-transmitted infection, but the extent of the risk has not been established and may be underestimated in veterinary medicine. | 2016 | 27734567 |
| the influence of red deer space use on the distribution of ixodes ricinus ticks in the landscape. | many wingless ectoparasites have a limited capacity for active movement and are therefore primarily dependent on hitchhiking on their hosts for transportation. the distribution of the tick ixodes ricinus is expected to depend mainly on transportation by hosts and tick subsequent survival in areas where they drop off. in europe, the most important hosts of adult female i. ricinus are cervids. the extensive space use of large hosts provides a much larger dispersal potential for i. ricinus than tha ... | 2016 | 27737695 |
| pericardial tamponade in an adult suffering from acute mumps infection. | here, we report a case of a 51-year-old man with acute pericardial tamponade requiring emergency pericardiocentesis after he suffered from sore throat, headache, malaise, and sweats for two weeks. serological analyses revealed increased mumps igm and igg indicating an acute mumps infection whereas other bacterial and viral infections were excluded. in addition, mri revealed atypical swelling of the left submandibular gland. whereas mumps has become a rare entity in children due to comprehensive ... | 2016 | 27818687 |
| hide and seek: how lyme disease spirochetes overcome complement attack. | overcoming the first line of the innate immune system is a general hallmark of pathogenic microbes to avoid recognition and to enter the human host. in particular, spirochetes belonging to the borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex have developed various means to counter the immune response and to successfully survive in diverse host environments for a prolonged period of time. in regard to complement resistance, borrelia utilize a plethora of immune evasion strategies involves capturing of hos ... | 2016 | 27725820 |
| nested coevolutionary networks shape the ecological relationships of ticks, hosts, and the lyme disease bacteria of the borrelia burgdorferi (s.l.) complex. | the bacteria of the borrelia burgdorferi (s.l.) (bbg) complex constitute a group of tick-transmitted pathogens that are linked to many vertebrate and tick species. the ecological relationships between the pathogens, the ticks and the vertebrate carriers have not been analysed. the aim of this study was to quantitatively analyse these interactions by creating a network based on a large dataset of associations. specifically, we examined the relative positions of partners in the network, the phylog ... | 2016 | 27662832 |
| personalized medicine: evidence of normativity in its quantitative definition of health. | systems medicine, which is based on computational modelling of biological systems, is emerging as an increasingly prominent part of the personalized medicine movement. it is often promoted as 'p4 medicine' (predictive, preventive, personalized, and participatory). in this article, we test promises made by some of its proponents that systems medicine will be able to develop a scientific, quantitative metric for wellness that will eliminate the purported vagueness, ambiguity, and incompleteness-th ... | 2016 | 27638683 |
| recurrent evolution of host and vector association in bacteria of the borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato species complex. | the borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.) species complex consists of tick-transmitted bacteria and currently comprises approximately 20 named and proposed genospecies some of which are known to cause lyme borreliosis. species have been defined via genetic distances and ecological niches they occupy. understanding the evolutionary relationship of species of the complex is fundamental to explaining patterns of speciation. this in turn forms a crucial basis to frame testable hypotheses concerning ... | 2016 | 27632983 |
| intravascular large b-cell lymphoma associated with silicone breast implant, hla-drb1*11:01, and hla-dqb1*03:01 manifesting as macrophage activation syndrome and with severe neurological symptoms: a case report. | silicone implants have been successfully used for breast augmentation and reconstruction in millions of women worldwide. the reaction to the silicone implant is highly variable; it can lead to local inflammatory symptoms, and sometimes to systemic symptoms and disease. over 80 cases of anaplastic lymphoma kinase-negative anaplastic large cell lymphoma have been reported in patients with silicone breast implants and have been accepted as a new clinical entity. to the best of our knowledge, an int ... | 2016 | 27634631 |
| borrelia burgdorferi induces tlr2-mediated migration of activated dendritic cells in an ex vivo human skin model. | borrelia burgdorferi is transmitted into the skin of the host where it encounters and interacts with two dendritic cell (dc) subsets; langerhans cells (lcs) and dermal dcs (ddcs). these cells recognize pathogens via pattern recognition receptors, mature and migrate out of the skin into draining lymph nodes, where they orchestrate adaptive immune responses. in order to investigate the response of skin dcs during the early immunopathogenesis of lyme borreliosis, we injected b. burgdorferi intrader ... | 2016 | 27695100 |
| primary b-cell mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma of the hard palate and parotid gland: report of one case and review of the literature. | a 61-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital with an ulcerated palate mass and swelling of the right parotid gland. incisional biopsy from the hard palate revealed an extranodal marginal zone b-cell lymphoma, also called mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (malt) lymphoma. final diagnosis was malt lymphoma of the parotid gland with concomitant involvement of an extremely seldom site of involvement: the hard palate. to our knowledge, this report illustrates the first case of malt lymphoma of th ... | 2016 | 27738485 |
| efficacy and safety of pharmacological treatments for lyme neuroborreliosis in children: a systematic review. | many aspects of pharmacological treatment of lyme neuroborreliosis in children, such as choice of drug, dosage, and duration are subject to intense debates, leading to uncertainties in patients' parents and healthcare providers alike. to assess the available evidence for pharmacological treatment for children with lyme neuroborreliosis we conducted a systematic review. | 2016 | 27686962 |
| lyme disease: the promise of big data, companion diagnostics and precision medicine. | lyme disease caused by the spirochete borrelia burgdorferi has become a major worldwide epidemic. recent studies based on big data registries show that >300,000 people are diagnosed with lyme disease each year in the usa, and up to two-thirds of individuals infected with b. burgdorferi will fail conventional 30-year-old antibiotic therapy for lyme disease. in addition, animal and human evidence suggests that sexual transmission of the lyme spirochete may occur. improved companion diagnostic test ... | 2016 | 27672336 |
| generalized morphea following radiotherapy for an intracranial tumor. | morphea is a localized scleroderma variety which can be circumscribed or generalized and is characterized by sclerotic plaques developing on trunk and limbs. surgery and radiation have been implicated as etiological factors for the development of morphea. majority of the radiation-induced morphea cases have occurred in patients with breast cancer. the affected areas have been generally restricted to the area of radiation and nearby surrounding area in most of the reported cases. we hereby report ... | 2016 | 27688464 |
| anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of antibiotics and their use in dermatology. | antibiotics (antibacterial, antiviral, and antiparasitic) are class of drugs which result in either killing or inhibiting growth and multiplication of infectious organisms. antibiotics are commonly prescribed by all specialties for treatment of infections. however, antibiotics have hitherto immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties and can be exploited for various noninfectious dermatoses. dermatologists routinely prescribe antibiotics in treatment of various noninfectious disorders. thi ... | 2016 | 27688434 |
| chagas cardiomyopathy in new orleans and the southeastern united states. | chagas disease (cd), caused by trypanosoma cruzi, affects 6-7 million people worldwide annually, primarily in central and south america, and >300,000 people in the united states. cd consists of acute and chronic stages. hallmarks of acute cd include fever, myalgia, diaphoresis, hepatosplenomegaly, and myocarditis. symptoms of chronic cd include pathologic involvement of the heart, esophagus, and colon. myocardial involvement is identifiable by electrocardiogram and cardiac magnetic resonance ima ... | 2016 | 27660581 |
| the nucleotide excision repair pathway protects borrelia burgdorferi from nitrosative stress in ixodes scapularis ticks. | the lyme disease spirochete borrelia burgdorferi encounters a wide range of environmental conditions as it cycles between ticks of the genus ixodes and its various mammalian hosts. reactive oxygen species (ros) and reactive nitrogen species (rns) are potent antimicrobial molecules generated during the innate immune response to infection, however, it is unclear whether ros and rns pose a significant challenge to b. burgdorferi in vivo. in this study, we screened a library of b. burgdorferi strain ... | 2016 | 27656169 |
| a general pediatrics and integrative medicine approach to pervasive refusal syndrome: a case report. | pervasive refusal syndrome (prs) describes children with social withdrawal who become unable to walk, eat, or care for themselves. this case report examines whether an integrative medicine approach is useful for treating prs. | 2016 | 27644046 |
| cloning, purification and characterization of the collagenase cola expressed by bacillus cereus atcc 14579. | bacterial collagenases differ considerably in their structure and functions. the collagenases colh and colg from clostridium histolyticum and cola expressed by clostridium perfringens are well-characterized collagenases that cleave triple-helical collagen, which were therefore termed as ´true´ collagenases. cola from bacillus cereus (b. cereus) has been added to the collection of true collagenases. however, the molecular characteristics of b. cereus cola are less understood. in this study, we id ... | 2016 | 27588686 |
| brucella infection associated with complete atrioventricular block. | the clinical spectrum of brucella infection is quite diverse and characterized by multi-system involvement. patients present with myocarditis, endocarditis, or pericarditis. infective endocarditis is the most common cardiovascular complication in patients with brucellosis. although conduction abnormalities are seen in cases with endocarditis, they are reported very rarely in the setting of cardiac brucella infection. | 2016 | 27761286 |
| microfluidics-based point-of-care test for serodiagnosis of lyme disease. | currently, diagnostic testing for lyme disease is done by determination of the serologic responses to borrelia burgdorferi antigens, with the exception of the early localized phase of disease where diagnosis must be done clinically. here, we describe the use of microfluidics technology to develop a multiplexed rapid lab-on-a-chip point of care (poc) assay for the serologic diagnosis of human lyme disease. following elisa screening of 12 candidate antigens, we tested 8 on a microfluidic diagnosti ... | 2016 | 27725740 |
| close encounters of lymphoid cells and bacteria. | during infections, the first reaction of the host against microbial pathogens is carried out by innate immune cells, which recognize conserved structures on pathogens, called pathogen-associated molecular patterns. afterward, some of these innate cells can phagocytose and destroy the pathogens, secreting cytokines that would modulate the immune response to the challenge. this rapid response is normally followed by the adaptive immunity, more specific and essential for a complete pathogen clearan ... | 2016 | 27774092 |
| delirious mania associated with autoimmune gastrothyroidal syndrome of a mid-life female: the role of hashimoto encephalopathy and a 3-year follow-up including serum autoantibody levels. | we report the case study of a 57-year-old caucasian female with steroid-responsive encephalopathy associated with autoimmune thyroiditis (sreat), commonly termed hashimoto encephalopathy (he). this presentation includes one of the longest lasting follow-up studies of he considering the neuropsychiatric symptoms (here delirium, mania, and eeg-slowing) and their relation to serum autoantibody levels. antithyroid-peroxidase autoantibodies, the hallmark of autoimmune thyroiditis, were found in the s ... | 2016 | 27688922 |
| substrate prediction of ixodes ricinus salivary lipocalins differentially expressed during borrelia afzelii infection. | evolution has provided ticks with an arsenal of bioactive saliva molecules that counteract host defense mechanisms. this salivary pharmacopoeia enables blood-feeding while enabling pathogen transmission. high-throughput sequencing of tick salivary glands has thus become a major focus, revealing large expansion within protein encoding gene families. among these are lipocalins, ubiquitous barrel-shaped proteins that sequester small, typically hydrophobic molecules. this study was initiated by mini ... | 2016 | 27584086 |
| dexamethasone intravitreal implants in the management of tubercular multifocal serpiginoid choroiditis. | continuous progression of lesions despite an adequate treatment has been described in tubercular multifocal serpiginoid choroiditis. reported treatments for this paradoxical response include systemic steroids, immunosuppressive drugs, and intravitreal methotrexate. we describe the use of dexamethasone intravitreal implants in a patient presenting with this condition. | 2016 | 27576870 |