Publications

campylobacter jejuni/coli in abattoirs and butchers shops.		1982	7185998
pregnancy diagnosis in dairy herds in england and wales.	a survey of 1692 dairy farmers in england and wales in 1979 revealed that 14.2 per cent had veterinary pregnancy diagnoses carried out on more than half their cows, 43.8 per cent on less than half and 42.0 per cent had none. the results showed a considerable increase in the use of pregnancy diagnosis since a survey in 1969. farmers with larger herds tended to make more use of pregnancy diagnosis and there were also some regional differences. in 64.6 per cent of herds pregnancy diagnosis was carr ...	1982	7186699
badgers guilty.		1981	7192800
distribution of cattle warble flies in britain: a larval survey.	a nationwide survey was conducted of the relative distribution and life cycles of the two cattle warble fly species hypoderma bovis and h lineatum to complement information derived from examining livestock at markets and hide damage at slaughter. warble fly larvae were collected from cattle at abattoirs in 59 counties in england, wales and scotland from february 1 to june 30, 1979. h bovis was commonest in all areas except the western isles of scotland. there was no evidence of cross-infestation ...	1981	7196111
worm burdens of dairy heifers in england and wales.	the size and composition of abomasal worm burdens from 143 casualty and cull dairy heifers were estimated. over 60 per cent had totals of less than 10,000, only four exceeded 100,000 and the overall mean was 16,285. ostertagia ostertagi was almost always present and usually formed the major proportion of the total. trichostrongylus axei was recorded in 83 heifers and was the most common species on 17 occasions. the numbers of arrested early fourth stage worms were highest in winter and declined ...	1981	7197843
the salmonella problem with particular reference to meat hygiene.		1981	7268019
use of anthelmintics for cattle in england and wales during 1978.	a study of anthelmintic treatments received by 40,000 cattle during 1978 on a random sample of 240 farms in england and wales showed that most were given against gastrointestinal nematodes for purposes of prophylaxis. analysis of the data indicates that of an estimated pounds 15m spent on anthelmintics and their administration, most was far less effectively employed than it might have been. errors of three kinds were common, some classes of cattle being dosed unnecessarily, animals being dosed a ...	1981	7269170
the age distribution of dizygotic twinning in humans and cattle: etiologic implications.		1981	7301884
bovine tuberculosis in badgers.		1981	7303163
in-vivo estimates for the uptake of caesium-137 by cattle grazing contaminated pasture around the esk and irt estuaries, cumbria, u.k.	sea water contaminated with diluted radioactive effluent from the windscale nuclear complex in cumbria periodically floods low-lying grazing pasture around the estuaries of the rivers esk, irt and mite near ravenglass. during 1979, an experiment was carried out to measure the transfer of caesium-137 from grass to muscle in cows grazing these pastures. grass samples were taken in a vivo external gamma-ray measurements were made on cattle. a very low transfer coefficient was found, less than 9 x 1 ...	1981	7336201
bovine cysticercosis survey.		1981	7336532
an historical look at embryo transfer.		1981	7014855
field use of an irradiated blood vaccine to protect cattle against redwater (babesia divergens infection) on a farm in dorset.	a field trial was conducted in dorset to determine whether calves could be protected against babesiosis by the prior inoculation of irradiated blood infected with babesia divergens. the trial involved 99 friesian heifers. forty were inoculated with infected blood from a donor calf after the blood had been irradiated to a dose of 28 kilorads, 31 were immune animals which had grazed on the infected site the previous year and 28 were susceptible animals. after exposure on a hillside where there wa ...	1981	7015679
aspects of the epidemiology of bovine tuberculosis in badgers and cattle. i. the prevalence of infection in two wild animal populations in south-west england.	the prevalence of infections caused by mycobacterium bovis was estimated in two populations of wild animals in the south west of england. a variety of mammalian species was trapped on farm land where incidents of infection with tuberculosis had occurred in cattle. bacteriological analysis of lymph node samples and lesions showed that the only animals acting as a reservoir for m. bovis were badgers. examination of arthropod ectoparasites of infected badgers proved negative for m. bovis and sugges ...	1981	7016985
[results of mastitis control programmes in dairy cows (author's transl)].		1981	7018010
skin sepsis in meat handlers: observations on the causes of injury with special reference to bone.	outbreaks of wound infection with streptococcus pyogenes and staphylococcus aureus occurred in a abattoir and a pork-processing factory in autumn 1980. investigations showed that staff handling the meat before de-boning were particularly affected and that bone was the cause of 48% of the wounds which became clinicially infected. of the total isolates of strep. pyogenes and staph. aureus from wounds of known cause 75% were from lesions caused by bone. in one outbreak streptococcal infection was ...	1981	7031129
campylobacter enteritis associated with the consumption of free school milk.	a large outbreak of campylobacter enteritis associated with the consumption of free school milk is described. the outbreak had an abrupt onset, and lasted for about 3 weeks; it involved mainly school children in the 2-4 and 5-7 year old age groups. during this period it was established from epidemiological and microbiological data that some 2500 children were infected. the source of the epidemic was almost certainly contaminated milk, although bacteriological proof could not be obtained. biotypi ...	1981	6895230
it came out of the sky.		1981	6913295
milk-borne campylobacter infection.	the common factor in 13 recent outbreaks of campylobacter jejuni enteritis was the consumption of unpasteurised or incompletely pasteurised milk. c jejuni is a common commensal in the alimentary tract of milking cows, but it is not clear how the milk becomes contaminated with the organism. pasteurisation will readily eliminate the organism from milk. in england and wales 3% of milk retailed is still unpasteurised, and in the light of these findings it is suggested that only pasteurised milk shou ...	1981	6786504
a study of bovine strains of mycobacterium tuberculosis isolated from humans in south-east england, 1977-1979.	bovine strains of mycobacterium tuberculosis were isolated from 137 of 5021 cases of tuberculosis (2.7%) occurring in south east england during the years 1977 to 1979. these were divisible into 'classical' and 'afro-asian' bovine strains according to their susceptibility to pyrazinamide. classical strains were the predominant type among the europeans and afro-asian types were commoner in immigrants. bovine strains caused a high incidence of extrapulmonary disease in both ethnic groups and there ...	1981	6795777
the occurrence and significance to animal health of salmonellas in sewage and sewage sludges.	a total of 882 samples of settled sewage, sewage sludges and final effluents from eight sewage treatment plants were examined for the presence of salmonellas. of these samples 68% were positive, isolations being made most frequently from settled sewage (85%), raw sludge (87%) and anaerobically digested sludge (96%). fewer isolations were made from final effluent (24%) and processed sludges (58%). samples usually contained less than 200 salmonellas/100 ml and arguments are presented that such con ...	1980	6985928
clostridium botulinum in british soil.	soil samples from various parts of britain were examined for clostridium botulinum by a sensitive technique comparable with that recently used for mud samples from british aquatic environments. the results showed beyond doubt that in britain the prevalence of the organism in soil is much lower than in mud. of 174 samples from all sites examined only 10 (5 . 7%) could be shown to contain cl. botulinum; this finding was consistent with the results of surveys made by less sensitive techniques in 19 ...	1980	7005328
anthrax. william smith greenfield, m.d., f.r.c.p., professor superintendent, the brown animal sanatory institution (1878-81). concerning the priority due to him for the production of the first vaccine against anthrax.	the purpose of this paper is to draw attention to the fact that w. s. greenfield, working at the brown animal sanatory institution in london, prepared an effective vaccine against anthrax and described his results some months before the experiment of pasteur at pouilly-le-fort. partly through lack of financial support and partly due to opposition by the antivivisectionists, greenfield was forced to confine his experiments to a small number of animals, but his results were nevertheless conclusive ...	1980	7007487
wellcome research: virology and the promotion of animal health.		1980	6259800
gastroenteritis with special reference to rotavirus.		1980	6261552
in-vitro culture of human hydatid material.		1980	6101653
proceedings of the first international conference for the standardisation of banded karyotypes of domestic animals. university of reading reading, england. 2nd-6th august 1976.		1980	6103884
campylobacter fetus subspecies jejuni: the need for surveillance.		1980	6768813
intensive livestock production: "costs exceed benefits".		1980	6777960
the northumberland epidemic of foot-and-mouth disease, 1966.	the spread of foot-and-mouth disease during an epidemic in northumberland in july, august and september 1966 was analysed. although strong emitters, for example pigs, were not involved, in 18 of the 32 outbreaks spread could be attributed to the airborne route and in another 4, spread by this route was the most likely. airborne spread was in general between 1 and 8 km but on two occasions as much as 20 km. other means of spread included movement by animals, people and vehicles and carriage of vi ...	1980	7052228
some observations on the incidence of lameness in dairy cattle in somerset.	a three year study of practice records of lame cows and meteorological data on rainfall suggests a correlation between rainfall and incidence of lameness in dairy cattle. over a 12 month period requests to treat lameness in 1256 cattle were received by one six-person practice and were the subject of a detailed survey. the incidence on the 150 farms where lameness was recorded was 7.33 per cent, 92.2 per cent of lameness occurring in the foot. white line disease (34.9 per cent), pricked sole (20. ...	1980	7368534
epidemiological studies of calf respiratory disease in a large commercial veal unit.	records of treatments for respiratory disease among 952 calves in a large intensive veal unit were analysed. the frequency of disease was heavily age-dependent in the 34 batches of 28 calves with a peak at five weeks of age and little disease before the fourth or after the eighth week. the effect was evident for all of the three indices of disease examined: the numbers of first treatments, numbers of new courses of treatment and the total number of treatments. transient synchronisation of outbre ...	1980	7414078
two outbreaks of pyrexia with dermatitis in dairy cows.		1980	7434506
salmonella in wessex cattle.		1980	7445389
leptospira hebdomadis associated with an outbreak of illness in workers on a farm in north yorkshire.	four cases of illness attributed to leptospira hebdomadis occurred on a cattle farm in north yorkshire. the clinical features were a febrile illness that resembled influenza; in one case there was a lymphocytic meningitis. this infection is probably more common than is recognised at present, and prevention of further cases may be possible if diagnosed promptly.	1980	7448136
antibiotic residues in milk.		1980	7467095
decline in hypernatraemia.		1979	91864
campylobacter enteritis associated with consumption of unpasteurised milk.	in october and november 1978 two outbreaks of enteritis occurred in the north of england. symptoms lasted two to over eight days but in no case necessitated admission to hospital. faecal specimens from most of the patients were found to contain thermophilic campylobacter sp. inquiry disclosed that all patients had consumed unpasteurised milk from local farms. examination of rectal swabs from the cattle concerned and milk socks yielded strains of campylobacter sp indistinguishable from those isol ...	1979	444995
heberden oration 1978. recent studies on the control of joint damage: the contribution of the strangeways research laboratory.		1979	485574
cattle association discusses preventive medicine.		1979	505905
some epidemiological aspects of salmonellosis in relation to animal and human health.		1979	511494
antibody studies in natural bovine cowpox.	serological studies on cows recovered from natural cowpox indicated that haemagglutinin-inhibiting (hai) antibody persisted for at least 27 weeks, and virus neutralizing (vn) antibody persisted for at least 98 weeks.	1979	512354
anthrax in england and wales.		1979	514969
mastitis--the perpetual problem.		1979	516319
selenium status of cattle in devon.		1979	516359
the effect of a preparturient fenbendazole treatment on lactation yield in dairy cows.	studies carried out on nine farms in north-west england indicated that fenbendazole treatment of adult winter calving dairy cows in the dry period caused an overall increase of 173 kg in their subsequent lactation yield. there was some evidence to suggest that a correlation existed between pasture ostertagia ostertagi larval burdens and subsequent serum pepsinogen and milk yield responses post treatment. marked interherd and regional differences existed in the milk yield response to anthelmintic ...	1979	524709
infectious bovine rhinotracheitis.		1979	552711
clostridium botulinum in soil on the site of the former metropolitan (caledonian) cattle market, london.	sixty soil samples were collected from the redeveloped site of the former metropolitan (caledonian) cattle market, islington, london. of these, 15 (25%) contained clostridium botulinum and no less than four types (b, c, d and e) were demonstrated. early british soil surveys suggested that only 4--8% of samples contained cl. botulinum (type a or b). although there can be no absolute proof, it seems likely that the striking prevalence at the market site was the result of faecal contamination by a ...	1979	385765
international spread of multiresistent strains of salmonella typhimurium phage types 204 and 193 from britain to europe.		1979	390851
evolution of ideas on the life-span of the red blood cell.		1979	399642
dietary fibre and regional large-bowel cancer mortality in britain.	the relationship between food intake and cancer of the large bowel was assessed by calculating the average intakes of foods, nutrients and dietary fibre in the different regions of great britain and relating these to the regional pattern of death from colon and rectal cancers between 1969 and 1973. no significant associations were found with the consumption of fat, animal protein or beer, nor with current estimates of total dietary fibre intake. average intakes of the pentose fraction of total d ...	1979	574389
the influence of availability of free school milk on the height of children in england and scotland.	the effect is investigated of availability of free school milk on height gain in one year of six- and seven-year-old primary schoolchildren in england and scotland, using data collected annually from 1972 to 1976. the height gain of children for whom milk was available for the whole year of observation was compared with that of children who had no milk. out of 16 sex-country-year-specific analyses for children from manual social classes only, 13 showed no significant evidence of greater height g ...	1979	574407
the farmers request by john bradstreet.		1978	369104
clinical disease in cattle in england resembling dalmeny disease associated with suspected sarcocystis infection.		1978	413846
the prevalence of sarcocystis spp in dogs and red foxes.	protozoan parasites of the genus sarcocystis have been recognised for many years as intramuscular cysts of numerous vertebrates. it is only comparatively recently that the two-host nature of the life cycle has been recognised and that the intramuscular cysts are a stage in the developmental cycle of coccidian parasites of flesh eating mammals (fayer 1974, fayer and johnson 1973, 1974, rommel and others 1972, dubey 1976). carnivores ingest the intramuscular cysts from herbivores and presumably fr ...	1978	416553
a survey of thelazia worms in the eyelids of british cattle.	thelazia skrjabini and t gulosa were found in the eyes of 237 of 566 bovine heads (41.9 per cent) examined in a surrey abattoir during 1976. the prevalence of infection increased during late june, july and august, when a new generation of worms emerged in eyes. the burden in eyes ranged from one to 170 worms, with a mean count of 10.44 +/- 3.23. worms were found behind and in third eyelids and in the lacrimal ducts of lower eyelids, which makes their detection very difficult by clinical examinat ...	1978	565553
cot deaths and water-sodium.	over a thirty-year period in scunthorpe, during which there were two changes in the sodium content of the water supply, there were significantly more sudden deaths in infancy during the decade when sodium levels were highest. this is compatible with the hypothesis that hypernatraemia is a factor leading to cot death. changes in the incidence of breastfeeding over the same period may have contributed to, but are unlikely to account for, the result because the pattern was different in a neighbouri ...	1978	82031
serological studies of mucosal disease virus in england and wales.	a survey of the cattle population in england and wales showed that about 62 per cent of animals had neutralising (sn) antibody to bvd-md virus in their serum. fewer seropositive individuals were detected by immunodiffusion (53 per cent), and complement fixation (cf) tests (34 per cent). the prevalence of antibody was not affected by herd size, but some variation was found between various regions of the country, and the proportion of animals seropositive rose markedly with age. the immunodiffusio ...	1978	203990
a serological survey on the prevalence of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis in buckinghamshire, berkshire and oxfordshire.	of the 2368 cattle sera from herds in buckinghamshire, berkshire and oxfordshire examined for infectious bovine rhinotracheitis antibody by an indirect haemagglutination test, 162 (6.8 per cent) proved positive. positive titres were more prevalent in older cows and they tended to show higher titres. there was little evidence of infection in the bulls tested. the percentage of positive animals in berkshire and oxfordshire was 4.7 compared with 10.5 in buckinghamshire. the infection was not known ...	1978	211700
virus-induced papillomas of the alimentary tract of cattle.	an abattoir survey was carried out to determine the incidence and aetiology of squamous papillomas of the alimentary tract of cattle in scotland and north england as they were suspected of being involved in the genesis of alimentary carcinoma in certain localized geographical areas. a total of 7,746 cattle of a wide age range was examined. various subsets of this number were subjected to analyses of certain specific factors. the calculated overall incidence was 19% and the detailed site incidenc ...	1978	212374
the distribution of antibodies to border disease virus among sheep in england and wales.	within a sample of the sheep population of england and wales, 10.8 per cent of 3506 individuals had immunodiffusion test antibody to bovine viral diarrhoea mucosal disease virus antigen. there were marked differences between various geographical regions in the proportion of sheep with antibody, and border disease may be more common in some areas than disease records indicate.	1978	214835
studies on bovine leukosis as it is seen in england and wales.	a random series of 14 clinical cases of bovine leukosis as it is seen in england and wales has been studied clinically, haematologically, serologically (by the indirect fluorescent antibody test and later by agar gel immunodiffusion as well), virologically (for evidence of bovine leukaemia virus--blv) and using the electron microsocope to count intranuclear pockets in circulating lymphocytes. additionally calves have been inoculated with whole blood and a tissue lymphocyte suspension from the fi ...	1978	224793
pregnancy toxaemia of beef cows in orkney.	pregnancy toxaemia in beef cows is assessed based on approximately 30 isolated cases seen in orkney during the period 1974 to 1977. case histories of nine of these are included. a mortality rate of over 90 per cent was recorded. the importance of nutrition and early detection is emphasised.	1978	664198
isolation of mycoplasma canadense from an outbreak of bovine masitis in england.		1978	685107
a critical analysis of condemnation data for cattle, pigs and sheep 1969 to 1975.		1978	698775
observations on parasitic gastroenteritis and bronchitis in grazing calves: untreated calves.		1978	751988
[health measures in obtaining milk (a review of the foreign literature].		1977	847889
is cowpox misnamed? a review of 10 human cases.	twelve separate outbreaks of confirmed cowpox, 10 involving humans, were reviewed. six of the patients, including three children, had severe infections and five were admitted to hospital. in three outbreaks both people and cows were affected but it was not known how the infections entered the herds. in seven outbreaks no direct contact with cattle was established and clinical and serological examination failed to show evidence of cowpox in the bovine population. comparison of these data with inf ...	1977	861644
salmonellae in waterways in north yorkshire associated with human and animal effluent.		1977	882632
[phenylmercuric acetate poisoning in veal calves (author's transl)].		1977	882971
bovine babesianis: a case reported in devon, england.		1977	884647
veterinary surgeons and the medicines (labelling) amendment regulations 1977.	further changes to the medicine labelling regulations have important implications for practising veterinary surgeons. they amend the regulations made recently by specifying warning labels and other special labelling requirements for certain types of veterinary medical products.	1977	906227
isotopic composition of cattle pancreatic stones: biological and geochemical implications.	latitudinal variations of the o18/o16-ratios of carbonate and phosphate of cattle pancreatic stones parallel a similar pattern of oxygen isotope values in rain water. c13/c12-ratios were virtually identical for the 7 cases studied. isotopic measurements of mammalian hard tissues may be used for studying short-term climatic variations through quaternary.	1977	923694
domestic animal transport regulations.		1977	928643
incidence of salmonella infection in animals in england and wales 1968--1974.	of a total of 23,609 incidents of salmonella infection reported during the period 1968--74, 20,326 occurred in cattle, 1744 in poultry and other birds, 675 in sheep, 558 in pigs and 306 in other species of animals. despite the large number of serotypes isolated (153), 88% of incidents were due to only two stereotypes: s. dublin (15,929 incidents of which 15,446 occurred in cattle ) and s. typhimurium (4842 incidents of which 3785 occurred in cattle and 732 in birds). s. choleraesuis was the thir ...	1977	319168
the rebound phenomenon of gordon holmes.	contrary to a prevalent belief, the rebound phenomenon of gordon holmes is not a sign of cerebellar disease. it is elicited by having the patient attempt to move a limb against resistance. when the resistance is suddenly removed, the limb normally moves a short distance in the desired direction and then rebounds (jerks back in the opposite direction). gordon holmes pointed out that the rebound phenomenon is (1) present in normal libs, (2) exaggreated in spastic limbs, and (3) absent in limbs aff ...	1977	320970
evaluation of mastitis control programs.		1977	326740
the serological relationship of a british theileria with other theileria species using the indirect fluorescent antibody test.	antisera and antigens of a theileria species isolated from british cattle were compared with those of six strains of theileria mutans from geographically separated areas in east and south africa, using the indirect fluorescent antibody (ifa) test. it was found that the british theileria species did not react in the ifa test with these strains of t mutans. the british theileria species was also compared with a variety of other theileria species using the ifa test and no reactions were detected. i ...	1977	327522
salmonellas in milk.		1977	337065
bloodless castrators.		1977	337637
bruce and the african trypanosomes.		1977	20787
infection of british deer and farm animals with epizootic haemorrhagic disease of deer virus.		1977	198436
the control of cattle fertility; the use of computerized records.		1977	608075
a note on the properties of urine excreted by grazing cattle.		1976	5629
the incidence of freemartins in heifer calves purchased from markets.		1976	936453
brucellosis eradication in great britain.		1976	941015
the establishment and operation of a central laboratory for pregnancy testing in cows.		1976	963523
early diagnosis of non-pregnancy in cattle: the first eighteen months of a commercial service.		1976	963524
composition of ewe's milk.		1976	986407
some observations on "paralytic myoglobinuria" of cattle in britain.		1976	997177
separation and recombination of babesia divergens and ehrlichia phagocytophila from a field case of redwater from eire.	a blood sample received from a field case of redwater in eire caused simultaneous infections of babesia divergens and ehrlichia phagocytophila when inoculated into a splenectomised calf. each disease agent was isolated in a separate splenectomised calf by suppressive drug treatment of the other agent, and blood stabilates were made. the disease agents were inoculated synchronously or asychronously into groups of calves, whose reactions were observed. infection with b divergens had no effect on t ...	1976	1006962
the distribution of serotypes of escherichia coli in cow-pats and other animal material compared with serotypes of e. coli isolated from human sources.	the serotypes of 13,139 strains of escherichia coli isolated from humans were compared with the serotypes of 1076 strains isolated from animals. 689 of these strains were isolated from fresh cow-pats on 22 sites in england and wales. 708 different o/h combinations were found. of these, 520 were found in human strains only, 130 from animal strains only and 58 o/h serotypes from humans and animals. approximately half of the animal strains could not be typed with the full set of sera used.	1976	778259
the distribution of o-antigen types of escherichia coli in normal calves, compared with man, and their r plasmid carriage.		1976	780334
cattle plague in coventry in the mid-eighteenth century.		1976	788322
farewell to queen's hospital, sidcup.		1976	793663
nutrition classics. nature 144:442-3; 1939; d. keilin and t. mann: carbonic anhydrase.		1976	821024
salmonellosis in wild mammals.	one thousand two hundred and sixty-nine freeliving, wild mammals, representative of 16 species from estates in berkshire, oxfordshire and surrey, were examined for the presence of salmonellas. salmonella typhimurium was isolated from 1 and s. dublin from 7 house mice (mus musculus). there were no isolations from the other species examined. it was concluded that the house-mice infected with s. dublin acquired the organism from experimentally infected cattle. the wild mammal population does not at ...	1976	1068191
studies on the 1967--68 foot and mouth disease epidemic: incubation period and herd serial interval.	the incubation period during this epidemic was studied using both a spectral analysis-cum-filtering method and analysis of case histories. using spectral analysis, the modal herd serial interval was estimated to be 8--10 days based on the record of the daily number of outbreaks and an adjusted cattler series. the case histories tended to confirm these estimates but indicated that the serial interval varied considerably between species. the filtering method revealed that the herd serial interval ...	1976	1068194
epidemiological studies on the 1967-1968 foot-and-mouth disease epidemic: the reporting of suspected disease.	from an analysis of the telephone reports in ten fmd control centres in the west midlands, the veterinary officers' reports on each outbreak, the farm patrol reports and the daily number of outbreaks announced on the 17.50 h b.b.c. t.v. news, it would appear that the reporting of suspected outbreaks was indirectly related to the local disease activity. private veterinary practitioners reported older cases of fmd at the beginning and end of the epidemic than in the middle.	1976	1069810
a survey of drug resistance in salmonella isolated from animals in england and wales during 1972.		1976	1260419