Publications

susceptibility of bovine antigen-presenting cells to infection by bovine herpesvirus 1 and in vitro presentation to t cells: two independent events.	the aim of the present study was to develop an in vitro system for presentation of bovine herpesvirus 1 (bhv-1) antigens to bovine t lymphocytes and to characterize the antigen-presenting cells (apc) which efficiently activate cd4(+) t cells. two approaches were used to monitor the infection of apc by bhv-1 as follows: (i) detection of viral glycoproteins at the cell surface by immunofluorescence staining and (ii) detection of ul26 transcripts by reverse transcription-pcr. the monocytes were inf ...	1999	10233945
antigen-specific in vitro activation of t-lymphocyte subsets of cattle immunized with a modified live bovine herpesvirus 1 vaccine.	bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells from cattle immunized with a modified live virus bovine herpesvirus 1 (bhv1) vaccine and from bhv1-negative cattle were incubated in vitro with inactivated bhv1 for 6 days. activation of t-lymphocyte subsets was measured by two-color flow cytometric analysis of t-cell phenotype and surface expression of cd25, the alpha-subunit of the high-affinity interleukin-2 receptor. vaccinated animals, but not unvaccinated animals, had cd3+, cd4+, and gamma-delta t ...	1999	10333238
immunization of neonates with dna encoding a bovine herpesvirus glycoprotein is effective in the presence of maternal antibodies.	neonates generally display low immune responsiveness to conventional vaccines, which may be due to the immaturity of their immune system and interference by maternal antibodies. because of the unique capacity of plasmid dna for the production of low doses of antigen over extended periods of time, we used dna immunization as an approach to induce immunity in neonates. previously, we demonstrated that a plasmid encoding a truncated secreted version of bovine herpesvirus-1 gd (tgd) induces protecti ...	1999	10333244
serological survey of viral antibodies in llamas (lama glama) in argentina.	this study analysed sera from 390 llamas (lama glama) from nine farms located in three different argentine provinces: buenos aires, cordoba and jujuy. the samples were tested for antibodies against 8 virus known to infect cattle: bovine herpesvirus type 1 (bhv-1), bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv), bovine adenovirus (badv iii), bovine enterovirus (bev), bovine rotavirus (brv), bluetongue virus (btv), bovine leukaemia virus (blv), and foot-and-mouth virus (fmdv) by conventional methods such as s ...	1999	10337237
modeling the effect of an outbreak of bovine herpesvirus type 1 on herd-level milk production of dutch dairy farms.	one of the impacts of disease is its effect on milk production. in the present study the effect of an outbreak of bovine herpesvirus type 1 on milk production at the herd level of certified bovine herpesvirus type 1-free dairy farms was modeled. the objective was to study several linear models to quantify the effects of a bovine herpesvirus type 1 outbreak on milk production accounting for the repeated measurements and incorporating our assumptions about the most likely duration of effects of th ...	1999	10342232
bovine herpes virus expressing envelope protein (e2) of bovine viral diarrhea virus as a vaccine candidate.	the gene encoding the envelope protein (e2) of bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) was expressed under the thymidine kinase (tk) promoter of korean bovine herpesvirus 1 (bhv-1) isolate. thymidine kinase negative (tk-) bhv-1 recombinants expressing e2 of bvdv were constructed and the expression of e2 was identified by immunofluorescence and western blotting. compared to wild type bhv-1, the recombinant bhv-1 had a delayed cytopathogenic effect in cells. the immunogenicity of the recombinant bhv-1 ...	1999	10342291
mucosal immunization of calves with recombinant bovine adenovirus-3: induction of protective immunity to bovine herpesvirus-1.	to determine the potential of replication-competent (e3-deleted) bovine adenovirus-3 (bav-3) as a delivery system for vaccine antigens in calves, we evaluated the ability of recombinant bav-3 expressing different forms of of bovine herpesvirus-1 (bhv-1) glycoprotein gd to protect against bhv-1 infection in calves that had pre-existing bav-3 specific antibodies. three- to four-month-old calves, vaccinated intranasally with recombinant bav-3 expressing full-length gd (bav3.e3gd) or a truncated ver ...	1999	10355773
induction of nitric oxide in bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells by bovine herpesvirus 1.	bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmcs) and monocytes were stimulated with bovine herpesvirus 1 (bhv-1), lps and concanavalin a (con a) to produce l-arginine-dependent nitric oxide (no) in vitro. no was detected as early as 12 hrs and up to 72 hrs post stimulation (p.s.). the no from lipopolysacharide (lps)-stimulated pbmcs and monocytes was found to exhibit antiviral effect against bhv-1. the anti-bhv-1 effect was inhibited with n(omega)-methyl l-arginine indicating involvement of ind ...	1999	10757233
identification of the us3 gene product of bhv-1 as a protein kinase and characterization of bhv-1 mutants of the us3 gene.	we have identified the product of the us3 gene of bovine herpes virus type 1 (bhv-1), which is homologous to the herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) us3 protein kinase (pk) gene. the antibodies against the bhv-1 us3 gene product reacted with a 58 kda polypeptide in bhv-1 infected cells and the 58 kda polypeptide purified by immuno-precipitation demonstrated pk activity. recent reports indicating that the us3 gene of hsv-1 is involved in the blockage of apoptosis in virus infected cells. as to th ...	1999	10854163
the associations of viral and mycoplasmal antibody titers with respiratory disease and weight gain in feedlot calves.	blood samples from 32 groups of calves (n = 700) were taken on arrival and after 28-35 days at the feedlot. eleven groups were housed in feedlots in ontario, and 21 groups in feedlots in alberta. serum antibody titers to bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv), parainfluenza virus type 3 (piv-3), infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (ibrv), mycoplasma dispar and m. bovis, plus data on bovine corona virus (bcv) from a previous study were investigated for t ...	1999	12001336
cellular expression of bovine herpesvirus 1 gd inhibits cell-to-cell spread of two closely related viruses without blocking their primary infection.	alphaherpesviral glycoprotein d (gd) is a critical component of the cell membrane penetration system. cells that express gd of herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv1), pseudorabies virus (prv), or bovine herpesvirus type 1.1 (bhv1.1) resist infection by the homologous virus due to interference with viral entry at the level of penetration. bhv1.1 gd interferes with the distantly related viruses hsv1 and prv despite only a 30-40% sequence similarity and the complete absence of antigenic cross-reactivit ...	1999	9927571
bovine herpesvirus 1 requires glycoprotein h for infectivity and direct spreading and glycoproteins gh(w450) and gb for glycoprotein d-independent cell-to-cell spread.	by analogy with glycoprotein h (gh) of herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) and pseudorabies virus (prv), gh may also be essential for penetration and cell-to-cell spread of bovine herpes-virus 1 (bhv-1). this was verified with a gh-negative bhv-1 mutant (gh-bhv-1), which replicated normally on gh-expressing cells but was unable to form plaques and infectious progeny on non-complementing cells. the block in entry could be overcome by polyethylene glycol-induced membrane fusion, demonstrating that ...	1999	9934684
a chimeric protein comprised of bovine herpesvirus type 1 glycoprotein d and bovine interleukin-6 is secreted by yeast and possesses biological activities of both molecules.	bovine herpesvirus type 1 (bhv-1) glycoprotein d (gd) engenders mucosal and systemic immunity and protects cattle from viral infection. chimerization of cytokines with gd is being explored to confer intrinsic adjuvanticity on gd. addition of the appropriate cytokine may convert gd into an antigen that specifically engenders protective mucosal immunity. here dna coding for the mature bovine interleukin-6 (il-6) protein was fused through a synthetic glycine linker to the 3' end of dna coding for t ...	1999	9987163
construction and characterization of a glycoprotein e gene-deleted bovine herpesvirus type 1 recombinant.	to construct and characterize a recombinant glycoprotein (g)e gene-deleted bovine herpesvirus (bhv) type 1 (bhv-1).	1999	10048557
identification of murine cytotoxic t-lymphocyte epitopes of bovine herpesvirus 1.	major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class i molecules present endogenously derived viral peptides to cd8+ cytotoxic t-lymphocytes (ctls). the objective of this study was to identify the h-2dd- and h-2kd-restricted ctl epitopes of bovine herpesvirus 1 (bhv-1), based on the allele-specific peptide motifs (aspms) of the above class i molecules. nine sequences conforming to the h-2dd and h-2kd aspms were identified on bhv-1 proteins, and the respective peptides were synthesized. five of these pep ...	1999	10067674
the effect of pre-existing adenovirus-specific immunity on immune responses induced by recombinant adenovirus expressing glycoprotein d of bovine herpesvirus type 1.	we investigated whether pre-existing adenovirus-specific immunity influenced the development of immunity to a foreign antigen expressed by recombinant adenovirus. active adenovirus-specific immunity was induced in cotton rats by i.n. administration of wild type human adenovirus type 5 (had5) two weeks before immunisation with a had5 vector expressing the glycoprotein d (gd) of bovine herpesvirus type 1 (gd-de3 recombinant adenovirus). active adenovirus-specific immunity inhibited gd-specific imm ...	1999	10067700
glycoprotein gl-independent infectivity of pseudorabies virus is mediated by a gd-gh fusion protein.	envelope glycoproteins gh and gl, which form a complex, are conserved throughout the family herpesviridae. the gh-gl complex is essential for the fusion between the virion envelope and the cellular cytoplasmic membrane during penetration and is also required for direct viral cell-to-cell spread from infected to adjacent noninfected cells. it has been proposed for several herpesviruses that gl is required for proper folding, intracellular transport, and virion localization of gh. in pseudorabies ...	1999	10074151
strains of bovine herpesvirus 1 that do not express an epitope on glycoprotein e in cell culture still induce antibodies that can be detected in a ge-blocking elisa.	two bovine herpesvirus 1 (bhv1) field strains that do not express an epitope on glycoprotein e (ge) in cell culture were inoculated into calves to examine whether their sera became positive in a ge-blocking elisa that detects antibodies against ge. this ge-blocking elisa uses one monoclonal antibody that is directed against the above mentioned epitope. all calves, except one, infected with these ge-epitope negative bhv1 strains, became positive in this ge-blocking elisa, about two weeks later th ...	1999	10078594
evaluation of the effects of different trypsin treatments on semen quality after bhv-1 inactivation, and a comparison of the results before and after freezing, assessed by a computer image analyzer.	semen infected experimentally with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (bhv-1) was treated with trypsin at concentrations of 0.30%, 0.25% and 0.15%, with or without (w or w/o) trypsin inhibitor in order to render the semen virus free. the trypsin treatments (at 0.30% and 0.25% by concentration) inactivating the virus up to 10(4) tcid50/ml, and its effects on semen quality were assessed weekly from the 1st to 20th week after being frozen. the following parameters were determined using a compu ...	1999	10090565
antibody response to glycoprotein e after bovine herpesvirus type 1 infection in passively immunised, glycoprotein e-negative calves.	this study was conducted to determine whether young calves with maternal antibodies against bovine herpesvirus type 1 (bhv-1) but without antibodies against glycoprotein e (ge) can produce an active antibody response to ge after a bhv-1 infection. five calves received at birth colostrum from ge-seronegative cows which had been vaccinated two or three times with an inactivated bhv-1, ge-deleted marker vaccine. after inoculation with a wild-type virulent strain of bhv-1, all the passively immunise ...	1999	10097325
encephalitis induced by bovine herpesvirus 5 and protection by prior vaccination or infection with bovine herpesvirus 1.	calves were intranasally challenged with bovine herpesvirus 5 (bhv5) and followed for the development of viral infection, clinical encephalitis, histologic lesions in the brain, and viral sequences in the trigeminal ganglia. calves that were previously vaccinated with bovine herepesvirus 1 (bhv1, n = 4) or previously infected with bhv1 (n = 5) or that had not been exposed to either virus (n = 4) were compared. no calf developed signs of encephalitis, although all calves developed an infection as ...	1999	10098684
activation of caspases and p53 by bovine herpesvirus 1 infection results in programmed cell death and efficient virus release.	programmed cell death (pcd), or apoptosis, is initiated in response to various stimuli, including virus infection. bovine herpesvirus 1 (bhv-1) induces pcd in peripheral blood mononuclear cells at the g0/g1 phase of the cell cycle (e. hanon, s. hoornaert, f. dequiedt, a. vanderplasschen, j. lyaku, l. willems, and p.-p. pastoret, virology 232:351-358, 1997). however, penetration of virus particles is not required for pcd (e. hanon, g. meyer, a. vanderplasschen, c. dessy-doize, e. thiry, and p. p. ...	1999	10196272
cellular elongation factor 1delta is modified in cells infected with representative alpha-, beta-, or gammaherpesviruses.	earlier reports (y. kawaguchi, r. bruni, and b. roizman, j. virol. 71:1019-1024, 1997; y. kawaguchi, c. van sant, and b. roizman, j. virol. 72:1731-1736, 1998) showed that herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1) infection causes the hyperphosphorylation of translation elongation factor 1delta (ef-1delta) and that the modification of ef-1delta is the consequence of direct phosphorylation by a viral protein kinase encoded by the ul13 gene of hsv-1. the ul13 gene is conserved in members of all herpesvirus s ...	1999	10196346
studies of genetic relationships between bovine, caprine, cervine, and rangiferine alphaherpesviruses and improved molecular methods for virus detection and identification.	the glycoprotein b (gb) and d (gd) genes from five ruminant alphaherpesviruses, bovine herpesvirus 1 (bhv-1), bovine herpesvirus 5 (bhv-5), caprine herpesvirus 1 (caphv-1), cervine herpesvirus 1, and rangiferine herpesvirus 1, were partially sequenced. the nucleotide sequence alignments revealed a highly conserved gb gene, with homologies ranging between 87.2 and 99.6%, and a more variable gd gene, with homologies ranging between 71.3 and 98.9%. the phylogenetic analysis of the gb and gd nucleot ...	1999	10203465
cloning and expression of bovine herpesvirus-1 glycoprotein c.	glycoprotein c (gc) of bovine herpesvirus-1 (bhv-1) is expressed at high levels on surface of infected cells and on virus envelope. it is relatively immunodominant in antibody response to bhv-1 infection and protective in immunized bovines against bhv-1 challenge. in an attempt to express gc in mammalian cells, the 2.4 kb bamhi-ecori fragment, containing complete coding sequence of the gc gene was excised from a recombinant plasmid and cloned under the control of rsv-ltr. the resultant plasmid p ...	1999	10205673
bovine herpesvirus 1-induced apoptotic cell death: role of glycoprotein d.	bovine herpesvirus 1 (bhv-1) induces apoptotic cell death in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and in bovine b lymphoma (bl-3) cells. attachment but not penetration of bhv-1 is necessary to induce apoptosis in target cells, suggesting that one or more bhv-1 envelope glycoproteins could be involved in the activation of the apoptotic process. in the present study, we demonstrate that, although bhv-1 virions devoid of glycoprotein d (bhv-1 gd-/-) still bind to bl-3 cells, they are no longer able t ...	1999	10208932
a specific pcr to differentiate between ge negative vaccine and wildtype bovine herpesvirus type 1 strains.	in the context of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (ibr) control programmes using glycoprotein e (ge) deleted marker vaccines, a pcr assay was developed to allow the genotypic differentiation between wildtype bovine herpesvirus type 1 (bohv-1) and ge negative strains. this assay is based on the pcr amplification of a 281 bp dna fragment within the ge gene. the specificity of the amplification was confirmed by restriction endonuclease analysis and nucleotide sequencing of the pcr product. its ab ...	1999	10227121
airborne transmission of bhv1, brsv, and bvdv among cattle is possible under experimental conditions.	to control the diseases caused by bovine herpesvirus 1 (bhv1), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv), and bovine virus diarrhoea virus (bvdv), it is crucial to know their modes of transmission. the purpose of this study was to determine whether these viruses can be transmitted by air to a substantial extent. calves were housed in two separate isolation stables in which a unidirectional airflow was maintained through a tube in the wall. in one stable, three of the five calves were experimenta ...	1999	10227122
detection of bhv-1 in a naturally infected bovine fetus by a nested pcr assay.	bovine herpesvirus 1 (bhv-1) is frequently associated with abortion in naturally and experimentally infected cattle. most of the virus isolation and immunofluorescent antibody protocols described in the literature for detecting bhv-1 in bovine foetuses are rather laborious, costly and time-consuming. the detection is described of bhv-1 in the tissues of a naturally aborted bovine foetus by a nested pcr assay with no further hybridization procedures. optimal results were achieved by filtering the ...	1999	10359157
epitopes on glycoprotein c of bovine herpesvirus-1 (bhv-1) that allow differentiation between bhv-1.1 and bhv-1.2 strains.	in cattle, bovine herpesvirus-1 (bhv-1) can cause a mild genital disease known as infectious pustular vulvovaginitis (ipv) and a more severe respiratory disease known as infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (ibr). on the basis of epidemiological data, it has been proposed that these diseases are caused by strains with different genotypes (ibr by bhv-1.1 and ipv by bhv-1.2 strains). by using a panel of 237 bhv-1 isolates, a monoclonal antibody (mab 71) was found that failed to react with all 54 puta ...	1999	10374966
characterization of promoters integrated in the genome of bovine herpesvirus-1 (bhv-1).	bovine herpesvirus-1 (bhv-1) has been used as a vector of live recombinant vaccines for cattle which express the genes of other pathogens. because of the importance of the choice of the promoter which allows the efficient expression of the foreign genes in the bhv-1 vector, we compared the relative efficacy of various promoters integrated in the bhv-1 genome. the promoter sequences of the bhv-1 thymidine kinase (tk), gb, gc, sv40 early, and pseudorabies virus (prv) immediate early (ie) genes wer ...	1999	10379933
improved detection of bovine herpesvirus 1 in artificially infected bovine semen by protein amplification.	infection with bovine herpesvirus 1 (bhv 1) occurs worldwide and causes serious economic losses due to loss of animals, abortions, decreased milk production, and loss of body weight. there is a real need for sensitive diagnostic procedures for detection of the presence of virus in order to achieve effective control of bhv 1-induced diseases. bhv 1 is frequently found in bovine semen and can be widely transmitted through artificial insemination. thus the detection of bhv 1 in artificial inseminat ...	1999	10381088
induction of mucosal immune responses by administration of liposome-antigen formulations and interleukin-12.	we examined the effect of interleukin-12 (il-12) on the induction of mucosal immune responses following intranasal immunization with liposome-antigen formulations. we assessed the immune response to two recombinant glycoproteins (gd and gb) from bovine herpesvirus type 1 (bhv-1). positively charged liposomes induced significantly higher gd-specific iga titers than did immunization with antigen alone. this liposome formulation was selected to further assess the ability of il-12 to influence mucos ...	1999	10386857
bhv-1: new molecular approaches to control a common and widespread infection.	herpesviruses are widespread viruses, causing severe infections in both humans and animals. eradication of herpesviruses is extremely difficult because of their ability to establish latent and life-long infections. however, latency is only one tool that has evolved in herpesviruses to successfully infect their hosts; such viruses display a wide (and still incompletely known) panoply of genes and proteins that are able to counteract immune responses of their hosts. envelope glycoproteins and cyto ...	1999	10390543
immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a ge, gg and us2 gene-deleted bovine herpesvirus-1 (bhv-1) vaccine.	the efficacy and safety of a gene-deleted bovine herpesvirus-1 (bhv-1) vaccine was determined in a bovine herpesvirus challenge trial in calves. three different doses of the vaccine were administered intramuscularly at 10(5), 10(6) and 10(7) pfu/ml and compared to a commercial vaccine and non vaccinated control calves. challenge was performed by intranasal aerosolization with the cooper strain of bhv-1 (3 x 10(4) pfu/ml). the non-vaccinated calves shed significantly (p < 0.05) more virus than al ...	1999	10403598
detection of bovine herpesvirus type 1 in blood from naturally infected cattle by using a sensitive pcr that discriminates between wild-type virus and virus lacking glycoprotein e.	in the present study, we report for the first time on the detection of bovine herpesvirus type 1 (bhv-1) in whole-blood samples derived from naturally infected cattle. sensitive pcr assays specific for glycoprotein b (gb), gc, and ge of bhv-1 allow the detection of one bhv-1 dna copy in 10(5) to 10(7) peripheral blood leukocytes (pbls). the incidence of bhv-1-positive pbls in naturally infected cattle appears to be quite high (92.2% positive pbls among all samples tested), although in most cases ...	1999	10405392
antigen-specific cytokine and antibody isotype profiles induced by mucosal and systemic immunization with recombinant adenoviruses.	we investigated antigen-specific antibody and t-cell responses in mice immunized with human adenovirus type 5 (had5) vectors expressing either the authentic or truncated form of glycoprotein d (gd and tgd, respectively) of bovine herpesvirus type 1 (bhv-1). we also tested whether different routes of immunization influenced the level and type of immunity. immunization intranasally (i.n.) stimulated higher levels of gd-specific iga in the lung and nasal washes and induced a higher frequency of gd- ...	1999	10413357
bovine lymphocyte antigen-a11--specific peptide motif as a means to identify cytotoxic t-lymphocyte epitopes of bovine herpesvirus 1.	major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class i molecules present 8- to 10-mer viral peptides to antiviral cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ctls). identification of the allele-specific peptide motifs (aspms) of class i molecules enables the prediction of potential ctl epitopes of a virus from its protein sequences. based on the bovine herpesvirus 1 (bhv-1) protein sequences that conform to the bola-a11 aspm that we identified previously, potential ctl epitopes of bhv-1 were synthesized for use in cytotox ...	1999	10413361
health status of bulls used for natural breeding on farms in south west scotland.	one hundred and nine breeding bulls were examined during the period november 1992 to june 1993 on farms in south west scotland for evidence of infectious diseases associated with breeding. preputial washings were collected to screen for campylobacter fetus venerialis, together with serial blood samples to assess their seroprevalence to bovine virus diarrhoea virus (bvdv), bovine herpes virus-1 (bhv-1), leptospira hardjo and bovine herpes virus-4 (bhv-4). the possible impact of natural mating on ...	1999	10416365
bhv-1 infections in styria (austria) caused by intra-community trade.	the present paper describes the prevalence of bhv-1 (bovine herpes virus 1) infections in the austrian province of styria from 1990 to 1997 and the corresponding eradication programme. based on the description of bhv-1 infections on seven holdings caused by intra-community trade, the additional guarantees granted under directive 64/432/eec (cec, 1964) are discussed and measures for improved protection of bhv-1-free regions suggested.	1999	10422369
evaluation of an immunofluorescent antibody test to detect bovine herpesvirus 1-specific igm.	an indirect immunofluorescent antibody test (iifat) was developed to detect bovine herpesvirus 1 (bhv-1)-specific igm. all sera were treated with protein-g agarose prior to testing to eliminate the possibility of false-positive results due to igm-isotype rheumatoid factor (igm-rf). specific igm was first detected 8 days after experimental infection of 3 calves free of maternally derived antibody, with peak responses occurring 2-7 days later. seroconversion was detected in all 3 calves using a si ...	1999	10424647
growth behavior of bovine herpesvirus-1 in permissive and semi-permissive cells.	bovine herpesvirus-1 (bhv-1) can replicate well in bovine-derived cell lines such as madin darby bovine kidney (mdbk) but grows poorly in hamster lung (hmlu-1). virus replication, dna synthesis, and immediate-early gene expression are severely restricted in hmlu-1. we compared adsorption and penetration of bhv-1 in permissive mdbk and semi-permissive hmlu-1 cells. at a low multiplicity of infection, bhv-1 attached to permissive mdbk cells twice as much as to hmlu-1. the presence of heparin inhib ...	1999	10426207
transcription map and expression of bovine herpesvirus-1 glycoprotein d in early region 4 of bovine adenovirus-3.	early region 4 (e4) of bovine adenovirus type 3 (bav-3) was analyzed by northern blotting, rt-pcr analysis, cdna sequencing, and s1 nuclease protection assays. the transcriptional map of the e4 region of bav-3 has marked dissimilarities from those of mouse adenovirus-1, ovine adenovirus-287, and human adenovirus-2, for which the transcriptional maps have been constructed. the e4 region of bav-3, located between 98.6 and 89.8 mu transcribes seven distinct classes of bovine adenovirus type 3 mrna. ...	1999	10441562
ileal and jejunal peyer's patches play distinct roles in mucosal immunity of sheep.	the majority of pathogens enter the body through mucosal surfaces and it is now evident that mucosal immunity can provide effective disease protection. however, the induction of mucosal immunity will require efficient targeting of mucosal vaccines to appropriate mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue. an animal model, based upon the surgical preparation of sterile intestinal 'loops' (blind-ended segments of intestine), was developed to evaluate mucosal and systemic immune responses to enteric vaccine ...	1999	10447767
the first immunoglobulin-like domain of hvec is sufficient to bind herpes simplex virus gd with full affinity, while the third domain is involved in oligomerization of hvec.	the human herpesvirus entry mediator c (hvec/prr1) is a member of the immunoglobulin family used as a cellular receptor by the alphaherpesviruses herpes simplex virus (hsv), pseudorabies virus, and bovine herpesvirus type 1. we previously demonstrated direct binding of the purified hvec ectodomain to purified hsv type 1 (hsv-1) and hsv-2 glycoprotein d (gd). here, using a baculovirus expression system, we constructed and purified truncated forms of the receptor containing one [hvec(143t)], two [ ...	1999	10482562
bovine herpesvirus 1 can infect cd4(+) t lymphocytes and induce programmed cell death during acute infection of cattle.	acute infection of cattle with bovine herpesvirus 1 (bhv-1) represses cell-mediated immunity, which can lead to secondary bacterial infections. since bhv-1 can induce apoptosis of cultured lymphocytes, we hypothesized that these virus-host interactions occur in cattle. to test this hypothesis, we analyzed lymph nodes and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) after calves were infected with bhv-1. in situ terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dutp nick end-labeling (tunel) staining of ...	1999	10482619
spontaneous bhv1 recombinants in which the gi/ge/us9 region is replaced by a duplication/inversion of the us1.5/us2 region.	in a bovine herpesvirus 1 (bhv1) vaccine strain, a spontaneous bhv1 mutant (za) was found that arose from a recombination between two isomeric forms of the bhv1 genome. in this za mutant one end of the u(s) region, containing part of the us1.5 gene, was found duplicated in an inverted orientation at the other end of the u(s) region. concurrently, a 2.7 kb deletion was found in za that encompasses both the us8 (ge) and us9 gene. analysis of the in vitro growth properties of a genetically modified ...	1999	10486108
diva vaccines that reduce virus transmission.	this brief review deals with the effect of diva (differentiating infected from vaccinated individuals) vaccines (also termed marker vaccines) on transmission of herpesviruses and pestiviruses in swine and cattle. pseudorabies and bovine herpesvirus 1 diva vaccines have been demonstrated to reduce transmission of wild-type virus in populations of pigs and cattle in the laboratory as well as in the field. a subunit diva vaccine based on the immunodominant e2 protein of classical swine fever virus ...	1999	10486928
effect of bovine herpesvirus-1 or bovine viral diarrhea virus on development of in vitro-produced bovine embryos.	in previous experiments, zona pellucida (zp)-intact in vitro-produced (ivp) embryos incubated for 1 hr with 10(6.3) tcid(50)/ml bovine herpes virus-1 (bhv-1), 10(5.3) tcid(50)/ml cytopathic (cp) bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) or 10(5.3) tcid(50)/ml noncytopathic (ncp) bvdv showed no signs of virus replication or embryonic degeneration. the aims of the present study were to investigate whether a prolonged presence (24 hr or 8 days) of 10(6.3) tcid(50)/ml bhv-1 or 10(5.3) tcid(50)/ml bvdv in a ...	1999	10497347
prevalence of bovine herpesvirus 1 (bhv-1) infection in hungarian cattle herds.	hungarian cattle herds were surveyed for bovine herpesvirus 1 (bhv-1) infection by elisa of milk and serum samples. in 1993, 75% of the large cattle herds (consisting of more than 50 cattle) and all small herds (small-scale producers' stocks), while in 1997 90% of the small herds were included in the survey. in the case of large herds, 79.3% of the herds and 64.1% of the samples tested were found to be positive. of the small herds, 13.5% and 15.7% tested positive in 1993 and 1997, respectively. ...	1999	10497823
replication-defective bovine adenovirus type 3 as an expression vector.	although recombinant human adenovirus (hav)-based vectors offer several advantages for somatic gene therapy and vaccination over other viral vectors, it would be desirable to develop alternative vectors with prolonged expression and decreased toxicity. toward this objective, a replication-defective bovine adenovirus type 3 (bav-3) was developed as an expression vector. bovine cell lines designated vido r2 (hav-5 e1a/b-transformed fetal bovine retina cell [fbrc] line) and 6.93.9 (madin-darby bovi ...	1999	10516020
restriction endonuclease analysis of bhv-1 and bhv-5 strains isolated in argentina.	the genomes of 10 bovine herpesvirus 1 and 5 strains isolated in argentina from 1989 to 1994, recovered from animals showing different clinical signs, and two reference strains (los angeles and a663) were compared by restriction endonuclease analysis. four restriction enzymes, hindiii, bamhi, ecori and psti, were used and analysis of the restriction patterns used to assign the isolate to either the bhv-1.1, bhv-1.2 or bhv-5 genotype. there was a correlationship between restriction pattern and cl ...	1999	10528541
seroprevalence to bovine virus diarrhoea virus and other viruses of the bovine respiratory complex in venezuela (apure state).	six hundred and fifteen serum samples obtained from cows in five districts of apure state, venezuela, were tested by elisa for antibodies to bovine virus diarrhoea virus (bvdv). the same samples were also elisa-tested for antibodies to bovine herpesvirus type 1 (bhv-1) and bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv). additionally, the haemagglutination-inhibition (hi) test was used for detecting antibodies to parainfluenza virus type 3 (piv-3). overall, seroprevalence to bvdv was 36+/-7% (se); ser ...	1999	10530426
the latency-related gene of bovine herpesvirus 1 inhibits programmed cell death.	although viral gene expression occurs in the peripheral nervous system during acute infection, bovine herpesvirus 1 (bhv-1) gene expression is extinguished, many neurons survive, and latency ensues. the only abundant viral transcript expressed during latency is the latency-related (lr) rna, which is alternatively spliced in trigeminal ganglia during acute infection (l. devireddy and c. jones, j. virol. 72:7294-7301, 1998). a subset of neurons express a protein encoded by the lr gene and the lr p ...	1999	10559283
altering the cellular location of an antigen expressed by a dna-based vaccine modulates the immune response.	the potential for dna vaccines encoding mutated versions of the same antigen to modulate immune responses in c3h/hen mice was investigated. we created expression plasmids that encoded several versions of glycoprotein d (gd) from bovine herpesvirus 1, including authentic membrane-anchored glycoprotein (pslrsv.agd), a secreted glycoprotein (pslrsv.sgd), and an intracellular protein (pslrsv.cgd). immunization of an inbred strain of mice with these plasmids resulted in highly efficacious and long-la ...	1999	10559338
reduced serum lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase activity and cholesteryl ester concentration in calves experimentally inoculated with pasteurella haemolytica and bovine herpes virus-1.	lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (lcat), the enzyme responsible for esterification of cholesterol in plasma, is reported to be implicated in the regulation of inflammation in laboratory animals. the purpose of the present study was to elucidate the possible relevance of lcat in the pathogenesis of calf pneumonia induced by inoculations of pasteurella haemolytica and bovine herpes virus-1 into the calf lung. serum lcat activity was significantly (p < 0.01) reduced in calves inoculated with pa ...	1999	10563286
mapping t and b lymphocyte epitopes of bovine herpesvirus-1 glycoprotein b.	glycoprotein b (gb) is a major envelope protein of bovine herpesvirus-1 (bhv-1). as a subunit vaccine, the extracellular domain of recombinant gb induces neutralizing antibody and t cell responses that engender protection against virus challenge. here, lymphocytes from animals of different parentage were analysed for t cell proliferation to the gb extracellular domain for immune recognition. four truncated overlapping gb gene segments encoding 742 amino acids were expressed from a baculovirus ve ...	1999	10573163
serological survey for antibodies against selected infectious agents among fallow deer (dama dama) in central italy.	sera were collected from 224 fallow deer (dama dama) in reserves in central italy. samples were tested for antibodies against chlamydia spp., brucella spp. and coxiella spp. with the complement fixation (cf) test. indirect immunofluorescence was used to test for antibodies against borrelia spp. and agglutination tests were conducted for leptospira interrogans antibodies. enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) tests were used to detect antibodies against bovine herpesvirus-1 (bhv-1) and bovine ...	1999	10574071
significance of neospora caninum in british dairy cattle determined by estimation of seroprevalence in normally calving cattle and aborting cattle.	a case control study was conducted to evaluate the significance of neospora caninum infections in cattle in england and wales. the prevalence of n. caninum in normally calving cattle (the control group; n = 418) and aborting cattle (n = 633) was estimated using a commercial antibody-detection elisa. prevalence estimates for bovine virus diarrhoea virus, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus and leptospira hardjo were also obtained by serology. the prevalence of n. caninum was significantly hig ...	1999	10576570
induction of immune responses to bovine herpesvirus type 1 gd in passively immune mice after immunization with a dna-based vaccine.	the potential for plasmids encoding a secreted form of bovine herpesvirus type 1 (bhv-1) glycoprotein d (gd) to elicit immune responses in passively immune mice following intramuscular immunization was investigated. in these experiments, 6- to 8-week-old female c3h/hen or c57bl/6 mice were passively immunized with hyperimmune antisera raised against bhv-1 recombinant, truncated (secreted) gd immediately prior to immunization with plasmids. a single immunization of passively immune mice with plas ...	1999	10580044
expression of bovine viral diarrhoea virus glycoprotein e2 by bovine herpesvirus-1 from a synthetic orf and incorporation of e2 into recombinant virions.	expression cassettes containing the codons for the pestivirus e (rns) signal peptide (sig) followed by a chemically synthesized orf that encoded the bovine viral diarrhoea virus (bvdv) strain c86 glycoprotein e2, a class i membrane glycoprotein, were constructed with and without a chimeric intron sequence immediately upstream of the translation start codon, and incorporated into the genome of bovine herpesvirus-1 (bhv-1). the resulting recombinants, bhv- 1/sige2(syn) and bhv-1/sige2(syn)-intron, ...	1999	10580045
improved detection of five closely related ruminant alphaherpesviruses by specific amplification of viral genomic sequences.	the detection and discrimination of five closely related ruminant alphaherpesviruses, bovine herpesvirus 1 (bhv-1), bovine herpesvirus 5 (bhv-5), caprine herpesvirus 1 (caphv-1), cervine herpesvirus 1 (cerhv-1), and rangiferine herpesvirus 1 (ranhv-1), were achieved by the development of specific pcr systems. the highly variable n-terminal of the glycoprotein c was chosen to select the diagnostic primers, except for the cerhv-1 primers, which targeted the glycoprotein d region. all the assays pr ...	1999	10598083
characterization of monoclonal antibodies against bovine herpesvirus 1 gd fusion protein expressed in e. coli.	a total of 20 hybridoma cell lines secreting monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against e. coli expressed bovine herpesvirus-1 (bhv-1) gd fusion protein were produced following the fusion of sp2/0 myeloma cells with splenocytes from balb/c mice immunized previously with immunoaffinity purified bhv-1 gd fusion protein. an indirect fluorescent antibody test (ifat) using bhv-1 infected mdbk cells was used for the selection of positive hybridomas secreting specific antibody. the monoclonal antibody isotyp ...	1999	10598086
particle-mediated dna immunization of cattle confers long-lasting immunity against bovine herpesvirus-1.	particle-mediated delivery was used as a method to vaccinate ruminants with a dna vaccine. the optimal conditions for gene gun-based delivery of gold particles into the epidermal layer of the skin were determined. after delivery of the gold particles, an inflammatory response was observed. this response occurred regardless of the presence of plasmid and therefore was a result of the physical disturbance of the skin by the gold particles. to identify transfected cells, a plasmid expressing a gree ...	1999	10603316
serological and molecular diagnosis of bovine viral diarrhoea virus and evidence of other viral infections in dairy calves with respiratory disease in venezuela.	an investigation based on 2 studies was carried out to assess the involvement of bovine virus diarrhoea virus (bvdv), bovine herpesvirus type 1 (bhv-1), and bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) in calf respiratory disease in dairy farms in venezuela. in the first study, 8 farms were selected and paired serum samples from 42 calves with respiratory disease were tested by elisa for antibodies to the 3 viruses. seroconversion to bvdv, bhv-1, and brsv was found to 5, 2, and 6 farms out of the 8 ...	1999	10605142
[apoptosis induced by bovine herpesvirus 1].	the mechanism by which bovine herpesvirus 1 (bhv-1) induces apoptic cell death is not fully understood. attachment but not penetration of bhv-1 is necessary to induce apoptosis in target cells suggesting that one or more bhv-1 envelope glycoprotein(s) could be involved in the activation of the apoptotic process. in this context, we show that bhv-1 virions devoid of glycoprotein d (gd) are no longer able to induce apoptosis. in contrast, virions which contain gd in the viral envelope but do not g ...	1998	10230108
resistance to bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) induced in calves by a recombinant bovine herpesvirus-1 expressing the attachment glycoprotein of brsv.	the ability of a bovine herpesvirus-1 (bhv-1) recombinant expressing the g protein of bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) to protect against brsv infection was examined in calves. a synthetic g gene was inserted behind the ge promoter of bhv-1 to give a ge-negative, bhv-1/g recombinant. gnotobiotic calves, vaccinated intranasally and intratracheally with bhv-1/g were challenged 6 weeks later with the snook strain of brsv. as controls, calves were vaccinated with a ge-negative mutant of bhv ...	1998	9680140
infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis: a review.	the economic impact of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (ibk) warrants continued investigation of the mechanisms by which moraxella bovis survives on and colonizes the corneal surface. virulent strains of m bovis produce hemolysin and exhibit different plasmid profiles than nonvirulent strains. interactions among host, environment, vector, season, and concurrent infection influence the prevalence of ibk. mycoplasma sp. or infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus may enhance or hasten the di ...	1998	9686385
cd4(+) cytotoxic t-lymphocyte activity against macrophages pulsed with bovine herpesvirus 1 polypeptides.	bovine herpesvirus 1 (bhv-1) induces immune suppression, but the mechanisms for suppression are not well identified. we examined the induction and activity of bhv-1-specific cytolytic cd4(+) t lymphocytes (ctl) by stimulating peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) of cattle immunized with attenuated live bhv-1. cytolytic effector cells were primarily cd4(+) t lymphocytes and lysed autologous, but not allogeneic, macrophages infected with bhv-1 or pulsed with bhv-1 polypeptides. apoptosis of b ...	1998	9696796
alternative splicing of the latency-related transcript of bovine herpesvirus 1 yields rnas containing unique open reading frames.	the latency-related transcript (lrt) of bovine herpesvirus 1 (bhv-1) is the only abundant viral rna detected during latency. a previous study (a. hossain, l. m. schang, and c. jones, j. virol. 69:5345-5352, 1995) concluded that splicing of polyadenylated [poly(a)+] and splicing of nonpolyadenylated [poly(a)-] lrt are different. in this study, splice junction sites of lrt were identified. in trigeminal ganglia of acutely infected calves (1, 7, or 15 days postinfection [p.i.]) or in latently infec ...	1998	9696825
attachment but not penetration of bovine herpesvirus 1 is necessary to induce apoptosis in target cells.	bovine herpesvirus 1 (bhv-1) induces apoptotic cell death in bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells and b-lymphoma cells. using a bhv-1 glycoprotein h null mutant, we have demonstrated that although penetration of bhv-1 is not required, attachment of bhv-1 viral particles is essential for the induction of apoptosis.	1998	9696867
occurrence of some viruses and bacteria involved in respiratory diseases of ruminants in hungary.	serological surveys, virological and bacteriological investigations were carried out on large populations of lambs and calves kept in intensive fattening units on hungarian large-scale farms, in order to study the occurrence of viruses and bacteria involved in the respiratory disease complex. the investigations were carried out in stocks where 5-20% of the young animals succumbed to acute or chronic pneumonia every year. serological surveys revealed that seropositivity to bovine adenovirus type ...	1998	9713141
critical factors affecting the diagnostic reliability of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay formats.	this paper aims to evaluate different formats of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisas) for detection of virus-specific antibodies and focuses on factors that may influence the diagnostic reliability of such tests. newly developed and well-established elisas for detection of infections of bovine herpesvirus 1 (bhv1), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv), classical swine fever virus (csfv), pseudorabies virus (prv) and bovine viral diarrhoea virus (bvdv) are used as examples. differ ...	1998	9713894
bovine herpesvirus type 1 glycoprotein h is essential for penetration and propagation in cell culture.	bovine herpesvirus type 1 (bhv-1) glycoprotein h (gh) is a structural component of the virion which forms a complex with glycoprotein gl. to study the role of bhv-1 gh in the virus infectious cycle, a gh null mutant was constructed in which the gh coding sequences were deleted and replaced by the escherichia coli lacz cassette. the bhv-1 gh null mutant was propagated in trans-complementing mdbk cells, stably transfected with plasmid pmep4 containing the bhv-1 gh gene under the control of the ind ...	1998	9714247
effects of long-term infection with bovine immunodeficiency virus and/or bovine leukemia virus on antibody and lymphocyte proliferative responses in cattle.	immune responses were examined in cattle between 3-5 years after experimental inoculation with bovine immunodeficiency virus (big) and/or bovine leukemia virus (blv). lymphocyte proliferative responses to con a or to allogeneic lymphocytes with foreign major histocompatibility complex molecules (allo mhc) were determined by 3h-thymidine incorporation assays. antigen-specific antibody and lymphocyte proliferative responses were measured following vaccination with tetanus toxoid (tt) and bovine he ...	1998	9730220
a protein encoded by the latency-related gene of bovine herpesvirus 1 is expressed in trigeminal ganglionic neurons of latently infected cattle and interacts with cyclin-dependent kinase 2 during productive infection.	despite productive viral gene expression in the peripheral nervous system during acute infection, the bovine herpesvirus 1 (bhv-1) infection cycle is blocked in sensory ganglionic neurons and consequently latency is established. the only abundant viral transcript expressed during latency is the latency-related (lr) rna. lr gene products inhibit s-phase entry, and binding of the lr protein (lrp) to cyclin a was hypothesized to block cell cycle progression. this study demonstrates lrp is a nuclear ...	1998	9733854
induction of immunity in the respiratory tract and protection from bovine herpesvirus type 1 infection by different routes of immunization with recombinant adenovirus.	to investigate the capability of different routes of immunization with replication-competent recombinant adenovirus to induce antigen-specific antibody responses, we immunized cotton rats with a human adenovirus type 5 (had5) vector expressing the glycoprotein d (gd) of bovine herpesvirus type 1 (bhv-1) (gd-de3). different routes of mucosal and systemic immunization (intraduodenal-oral, intraduodenal, intranasal and intradermal) with gd-de3 stimulated similar levels of gd-specific igg in the ser ...	1998	9765030
construction and characterization of e3-deleted bovine adenovirus type 3 expressing full-length and truncated form of bovine herpesvirus type 1 glycoprotein gd.	using the homologous recombination machinery of e. coli, a 1.245-kb deletion was introduced in the e3 region of bovine adenovirus 3 (bav3) genomic dna cloned in a plasmid. transfection of the restriction enzyme-excised, linear e3-deleted bav3 genomic dna into primary fetal bovine retina cells produced infectious virus (bav3. e3d), suggesting that all the e3-specific open reading frames are nonessential for virus replication in vitro. using a similar approach, we constructed replication-competent ...	1998	9770436
comparative molecular epidemiological investigation on different bovine herpes viruses.	eight bulgarian bovine herpes viruses, two hungarian herpes viruses 1a, 3a, calves isolate named mramor, buffalo isolate 723 and two referents bhv 1 strains were investigated by restrictase fragment pattern analysis. migration profile of viral dna by using different restrictase enzymes hpa i, bamh i and hind iii were compared. clearly differences among two hungarian strains, calves isolate mramor, buffalo isolate 723 and 8 bulgarian and two referents bhv 1 strain was observed. the strain sartze ...	1998	9775356
an epidemiological and economic simulation model to evaluate the spread and control of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis in the netherlands.	bovine herpesvirus type i (bhv1), causing infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (ibr), was introduced in the netherlands in 1971. in 1993, about 42% of the dairy cows had antibodies against bhv1. in the future, stricter requirements are anticipated regarding the health status of exported breeding cows and material. to support policymakers in their decisions on ibr eradication, a simulation model was developed in which the epidemiological and economic consequences of various control strategies were e ...	1998	9785377
effect of vaccine-induced immune activation on the performance of early-weaned pigs.	two groups of 96 pigs were studied to determine the influence of weaning age, nursery site and a challenge to their immune system on their performance. the weaning ages were 11 to 16 days and 16 to 21 days. one nursery was on-site and the second nursery was off-site. immune activation was stimulated by the administration of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (ibr) vaccine to half of the pigs at each site. serum virus neutralisation titres to ibr and total immunoglobulins were monitored in s ...	1998	9795401
a high sensitivity-nested pcr assay for bhv-1 detection in semen of naturally infected bulls.	several different pcr protocols for the detection of bovine herpesvirus-1 (bhv-1) in bovine semen, are available in the literature. most of them are rather laborious and the majority were performed on laboratory samples, artificially contaminated semen or semen provided from experimentally inoculated animals. furthermore, to obtain higher levels of sensitivity, additional dot-blot procedures are frequently necessary. we describe the detection of bhv-1 in bovine semen and the supernatant of cell ...	1998	9810617
inactivation of viruses by beta-propiolactone in human cryo poor plasma and igg concentrates.	virus inactivation by cold treatment with beta-propiolactone (bpl) was investigated in human cryo poor plasma and purified igg concentrates spiked with relevant human viruses or appropriate animal model viruses. the samples were treated with 0.1 or 0.25% bpl for 300 or 480 min, respectively. residual infectivity was determined by standard microtitration assays on tissue culture cells. the inactivation of all viruses tested was more effective in igg than in plasma. igg: r1=4-5.5 log10 for vesicul ...	1998	9811521
novel entry pathway of bovine herpesvirus 1 and 5.	herpesviruses enter cells by a yet poorly understood mechanism. we visualized the crucial steps of the entry pathway of bovine herpesvirus 1 (bhv-1) and bhv-5 by transmission and scanning electron microscopy, employing cryotechniques that include time monitoring, ultrarapid freezing, and freeze substitution of cultured cells inoculated with virus. a key step in the entry pathway of both bhv-1 and bhv-5 is a unique fusion of the outer phospholipid layer of the viral envelope with the inner layer ...	1998	9811689
the ectodomain of a novel member of the immunoglobulin subfamily related to the poliovirus receptor has the attributes of a bona fide receptor for herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 in human cells.	we report on the functional cloning of a hitherto unknown member of the immunoglobulin (ig) superfamily selected for its ability to confer susceptibility to herpes simplex virus (hsv) infection on a highly resistant cell line (j1.1-2 cells), derived by exposure of bhktk- cells to a recombinant hsv-1 expressing tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnf-alpha). the sequence of herpesvirus ig-like receptor (higr) predicts a transmembrane protein with an ectodomain consisting of three cysteine-bracketed doma ...	1998	9811737
the prevalence of antibody to the viruses of bovine virus diarrhoea, bovine herpes virus 1, rift valley fever, ephemeral fever and bluetongue and to leptospira sp in free-ranging wildlife in zimbabwe.	the prevalence of antibody to the viruses of bovine virus diarrhoea (bvd), bovine herpes virus typel (bhv1), rift valley fever (rvf), bovine ephemeral fever (bef) and bluetongue (bt) and to leptospira sp. was determined in wildlife populations in zimbabwe. evidence of infection with bvd virus was found in 14 of the 16 species examined but was greatest in eland taurotragus oryx, nyala tragelaphus angasi and bushbuck tragelaphus scriptus. persistent infection with bvd virus was found in 1 of 303 a ...	1998	9825798
[immunobiology of bovine respiratory syncytial virus infections].	this paper describes recent findings on the immunobiology of bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) infections. the pathobiology of alveolar macrophages and brsv, and the immunological reaction of cattle to the virus after natural or experimental infection, or vaccination, were studied. because in severe cases brsv infection leads to lower respiratory tract disease, replication of brsv in alveolar macrophages was studied. alveolar macrophages, which are important aspecific defense cells in th ...	1998	9836385
expression and cellular distribution of baculovirus-expressed bovine herpesvirus 1 (bhv-1) glycoprotein d (gd) sequences.	glycoprotein d (gd) of bovine herpesvirus 1 (bhv-1), a homolog of herpes simplex virus gd, represents a major component of the viral envelope and is a dominant immunogen. to study the antigenic properties of the different regions of gd, we have expressed the full-length gd encoding gene and overlapping fragments spanning various regions of the gd open reading frame in a baculovirus (autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus)--insect cell (spodoptera frugiperda, sf-9) system. maximum leve ...	1998	9856100
production and characterisation of monoclonal antibodies specific for bovine interleukin-4.	genetic immunisation is a simple method for producing polyclonal antibodies in mice. by this method, we produced antibodies against bovine interleukin-4 (boil-4). after a final injection with a recombinant boil-4 protein, nine stable hybridoma cell lines were established which secreted monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against this cytokine. specific binding of each of the mabs to recombinant boil-4 produced by escherichia coli, baculovirus, and trypanosoma brucei was demonstrated in an indirect elis ...	1998	9860184
adaptive conjoint analysis to determine perceived risk factors of farmers, veterinarians and ai technicians for introduction of bhv1 to dairy farms.	a study was carried out to determine the possibility of a more-closed farming system for (dutch) dairy farms. the objective of the study was to provide effective and economically profitable management advice for improving the animal-health status of farms. management measures will only be successfully applied if supported by farmers and their advisors (such as veterinarians). therefore, the perception of farmers and advisors of the importance of various risk factors for the introduction of disea ...	1998	9879584
compatibility of plasmids expressing different antigens in a single dna vaccine formulation.	one anticipated advantage of dna immunization is the potential to create multivalent vaccines. we have examined the effects of mixing plasmids into single formulations using plasmids expressing four different membrane bound glycoproteins from bovine herpesvirus-1 (bhv-1), bovine parainfluenzavirus-3 (bpi3) and human influenza virus (hinf). plasmids were delivered by intradermal injection into the tails of mice and the types of responses generated were clearly affected by the expressed antigen. p ...	1998	9880010
evaluation of a single dilution elisa system for detection of seroconversion to bovine viral diarrhea virus, bovine respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza-3 virus, and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus: comparison with testing by virus neutralization and hemagglutination inhibition.	a single-dilution quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) system, based on commercial elisa kits, for the simultaneous detection of seroconversion to bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv), parainfluenza-3 virus (pi3v), and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (ibrv) was evaluated by testing acute and convalescent serum pairs from 564 cattle in 145 outbreaks of respiratory disease. seroconversion to bvdv, brsv, pi3v and ibrv was detected i ...	1998	9526859
epidemiological characteristics of bovine herpesvirus 1 infections determined by bulk milk testing of all dutch dairy herds.	samples of bulk milk were taken from all 33,636 dutch dairy herds in november 1994 and tested for the presence of bovine herpesvirus 1 (bhv-1) antibodies with a gb-blocking elisa. sixteen per cent of the herds had a negative bhv-1 status in the bulk milk. farms with only dairy cows were 1.9 times more likely to have a negative or weakly positive bhv-1 status than herds which also had beef/veal animals. farms in areas containing less than one herd/km2 were 1.5 times more likely to have a negative ...	1998	9533279
[spread of an intramuscularly administered live ge-negative bhv1 marker vaccine in 2 cattle farms].	cattle are vaccinated with a live ge-negative bhv1-marker vaccine as a part of a programme to eradicate bovine herpes virus 1 in the netherlands. to investigate whether this vaccine is transmitted to unvaccinated cattle in a herd after intramuscular administration, cattle from two herds were vaccinated: of a herd of 114 bhv1-antibody negative cattle on one farm, 45 animals were vaccinated, and of a dairy herd of 55 cattle in another farm, all 10 bhv1-positive animals were vaccinated. vaccination ...	1998	9537086
[introduction of bhv1 on dairy farms. risk assessment by cattle farmers and veterinarians].	a study is being carried out at wageningen agricultural university together with, among others, the animal health service to determine the possibilities and economic consequences of a more closed farming system for (dutch) dairy farms. three identical workshops, held in the evening, were organized as part of the study. the opinion of farmers and their veterinarians on the importance of risk factors for the introduction of diseases on a farm was determined, using bovine herpes virus type 1 (bhv1) ...	1998	9537105
the class ii membrane glycoprotein g of bovine respiratory syncytial virus, expressed from a synthetic open reading frame, is incorporated into virions of recombinant bovine herpesvirus 1.	the bovine herpesvirus 1 (bhv-1) recombinants bhv-1/eg(ori) and bhv-1/eg(syn) were isolated after insertion of expression cassettes which contained either a genomic rna-derived cdna fragment (bhv-1/eg(ori)) or a modified, chemically synthesized open reading frame (orf) (bhv-1/eg(syn)), which both encode the attachment glycoprotein g of bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv), a class ii membrane glycoprotein. northern blot analyses and nuclear runoff transcription experiments indicated that tr ...	1998	9557663
detection of a novel bovine lymphotropic herpesvirus.	degenerate pcr primers which amplify a conserved region of the dna polymerase genes of the herpesvirus family were used to provide sequence evidence for a new bovine herpesvirus in bovine b-lymphoma cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc). the sequence of the resultant amplicon was found to be distinct from those of known herpesvirus isolates. alignment of amino acid sequences demonstrated 70% identity with ovine herpesvirus 2, 69% with alcelaphine herpesvirus 1, 65% with bovine herp ...	1998	9557713
simple and rapid purification of alphaherpesviruses by chromatography on a cation exchange membrane.	a simple and rapid method is described for the purification of two alphaherpesviruses, pseudorabies virus (prv) and bovine herpesvirus 1, by chromatography on a cation exchange membrane. cell culture supernatants were passed over a sulfonic-acid modified filter membrane and virions were eluted with a potassium chloride-containing buffer. over 85% of the virus was eluted within a single fraction and specific infectivity of the resulting virus preparation was over 10-fold higher than that of sucro ...	1998	9562416
intradermal immunization with a bovine herpesvirus-1 dna vaccine induces protective immunity in cattle.	although intramuscular (i.m.) injection of dna encoding glycoprotein d (gd) of bovine herpesvirus-1 (bhv-1) induces immune responses in cattle, this route of delivery is inefficient. here we assessed three parameters that may enhance the efficacy of a gd dna vaccine in cattle. first, the immune response generated by i.m. injected plasmid expressing a secreted form of gd (tgd) was determined and found to be very similar in magnitude to the response induced by gd-expressing plasmid. secondly, gd- ...	1998	9568979
bovine herpesvirus 1-induced apoptosis: phenotypic characterization of susceptible peripheral blood mononuclear cells.	bovine herpesvirus 1 (bhv-1), a member of the alphaherpesvirinae, induces apoptotic cell death in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc). to investigate the process by which bhv-1 induces apoptosis, we determined the susceptibility of the three main pbmc subpopulations to bhv-1-induced apoptosis. this study shows that bhv-1 can induce apoptosis individually in t lymphocytes, b lymphocytes and monocytes. this conclusion is based on the following findings: (i) bhv-1 substantially reduces the pe ...	1998	9572546