Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted descending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| conflicting targets. | 2007 | 17317599 | |
| c. difficile 'endemic in health service'. | 2007 | 17319518 | |
| the complete genome sequence of clostridium difficile phage phic2 and comparisons to phicd119 and inducible prophages of cd630. | the complete genomic sequence of a previously characterized temperate phage of clostridium difficile, c2, is reported. the genome is 56 538 bp and organized into 84 putative orfs in six functional modules. the head and tail structural proteins showed similarities to that of c. difficile phage cd119 and streptococcus pneumoniae phage ej-1, respectively. homologues of structural and replication proteins were found in prophages 1 and 2 of the sequenced c. difficile cd630 genome. a putative holin ap ... | 2007 | 17322187 |
| jun n-terminal protein kinase enhances middle ear mucosal proliferation during bacterial otitis media. | mucosal hyperplasia is a characteristic component of otitis media. the present study investigated the participation of signaling via the jun n-terminal protein kinase (jnk) mitogen-activated protein kinase in middle ear mucosal hyperplasia in animal models of bacterial otitis media. otitis media was induced by the inoculation of nontypeable haemophilus influenzae into the middle ear cavity. western blotting revealed that phosphorylation of jnk isoforms in the middle ear mucosa preceded but paral ... | 2007 | 17325051 |
| methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus, clostridium difficile, and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing escherichia coli in the community: assessing the problem and controlling the spread. | although health care-associated methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus and clostridium difficile strains are primarily a risk to hospital patients, people are increasingly concerned about their potential to circulate in the community and the home. they are thus looking for support in order to understand the extent of the risk, and guidance on how to deal with situations where preventing infection from these species becomes their responsibility. a further concern are the community-acquired m ... | 2007 | 17327186 |
| clinical outcomes of intravenous immune globulin in severe clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | our objective was to determine if use of intravenous immune globulin (ivig) decreases the incidence of mortality, colectomies, and length of stay in the hospital in patients presenting with severe clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad). | 2007 | 17327194 |
| drug evaluation: opt-80, a narrow-spectrum macrocyclic antibiotic. | optimer pharmaceuticals inc, in collaboration with par pharmaceutical companies inc, is developing opt-80, a narrow-spectrum macrocyclic antibiotic secreted by the actinomycete dactylosporangium aurantiacum, for the potential treatment of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) and vancomycin-resistant enterococcus infection. a phase iib/iii clinical trial of opt-80 in patients with cdad is underway. | 2007 | 17328233 |
| clostridium difficile: association with thrombocytosis and leukocytosis. | apart from leukocytosis, few laboratory markers suggestive of clostridium difficile infections have been described. | 2007 | 17330684 |
| is clostridium difficile-associated infection a potentially zoonotic and foodborne disease? | clostridium difficile has received much attention in recent years because of the increased incidence and severity of nosocomial disease caused by this organism, but c. difficile-associated disease has also been reported in the community, and c. difficile is an emerging pathogen in animals. early typing comparisons did not identify animals as an important source for human infection, but recent reports have shown a marked overlap between isolates from calves and humans, including two of the predom ... | 2007 | 17331126 |
| autocatalytic cleavage of clostridium difficile toxin b. | clostridium difficile, the causative agent of nosocomial antibiotic-associated diarrhoea and pseudomembranous colitis, possesses two main virulence factors: the large clostridial cytotoxins a and b. it has been proposed that toxin b is cleaved by a cytosolic factor of the eukaryotic target cell during its cellular uptake. here we report that cleavage of not only toxin b, but also all other large clostridial cytotoxins, is an autocatalytic process dependent on host cytosolic inositolphosphate cof ... | 2007 | 17334356 |
| prevalence of toxin a-nonproducing/toxin-b-producing clostridium difficile in the tsukuba-tsuchiura district, japan. | in japan, many clinical laboratories may not have recognized toxin a-nonproducing/toxin b-producing (a-/b+) clostridium difficile, because rapid diagnostic kits detecting toxin b of c. difficile have not been available in the laboratories. therefore, we examined the prevalence of a-/b+ strains in the tsukuba-tsuchiura district, japan. fecal specimens submitted for c. difficile toxin tests in four tertiary hospitals in the district were collected for 6 months. several c. difficile a-/b+ strains, ... | 2007 | 17334727 |
| association between gastric acid suppressants and clostridium difficile colitis and community-acquired pneumonia: analysis using pharmacovigilance tools. | recent epidemiological studies identifying an association between some classes of gastric acid suppressants and clostridium difficile colitis and community-acquired pneumonia prompted our analysis. our objective was to retrospectively apply data mining algorithms (dmas) to the food and drug administration (fda) drug safety database to see if they might have directed/redirected attention to the reported association of gastric acid suppressive drugs with c. difficile colitis and community-acquired ... | 2007 | 17336566 |
| colonic delivery of compression coated nisin tablets using pectin/hpmc polymer mixture. | nisin containing pectin/hpmc compression coated tablets were prepared and their in vitro behavior tested for colonic delivery. nisin is a 34-amino-acid residue long, heat stable peptide belonging to the group a lantibiotics with wide antimicrobial activity against gram-positive bacteria. the invention can be useful for treating colonic infectious diseases such as by clostridium difficile, and also by colonization of vancomycin-resistant enterococci. in this study, each 100mg core tablet of nisin ... | 2007 | 17337171 |
| clostridium difficile colitis that fails conventional metronidazole therapy: response to nitazoxanide. | clostridium difficile-associated disease has increased in incidence and severity. recommended treatments include metronidazole and vancomycin. recent investigations, however, document the failure of metronidazole to cure a substantial proportion of patients with clostridium difficile colitis, but oral administration of vancomycin raises concerns over selection of antibiotic-resistant organisms in the hospital environment. we have recently shown that nitazoxanide is as effective as metronidazole ... | 2007 | 17337513 |
| [usefulness of immunological detection of both toxin a and toxin b in stool samples for rapid diagnosis of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea]. | toxin detection from stool specimens is critical for the diagnosis of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad). in japan, only two toxin detection kits targeting toxin a alone are commercially available. we evaluated immunocard toxin a & b (immunocard), based on enzyme immunoassay for the rapid detection of both c. difficile toxins a and b in stool specimens, compared to a toxin a detection kit (uniquick) and cytotoxin assay. c. difficile was also cultured from stool specimens and the to ... | 2007 | 17338314 |
| mapk interacts with xgef and is required for cpeb activation during meiosis in xenopus oocytes. | meiotic progression in xenopus oocytes, and all other oocytes investigated, is dependent on polyadenylation-induced translation of stockpiled maternal mrnas. early during meiotic resumption, phosphorylation of cpe-binding protein (cpeb) is required for polyadenylation-induced translation of mrnas encoding cell cycle regulators. xenopus gef (xgef), a rho-family guanine-exchange factor, influences the activating phosphorylation of cpeb. an exchange-deficient version of xgef does not, therefore imp ... | 2007 | 17344432 |
| clostridium difficile-associated disease: changing epidemiology and implications for management. | clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) is increasingly being reported in many regions throughout the world. the reasons for this are unknown, are likely to be multifactorial, and are the subject of several current investigations. in addition to the upsurge in frequency of cdad, an increased rate of relapse/recurrence, disease severity and refractoriness to traditional treatment have also been noted. moreover, severe disease has been reported in non-traditional hosts (e.g. younger age, s ... | 2007 | 17352510 |
| possible patient overlap in studies. | 2007 | 17353538 | |
| [infectious diseases (beside aids)]. | important epidemiological developments include the continuing dissemination of influenza a h5n1. it is not adapted to human beings, but its potential to cause a pandemic is confirmed. chikungunya has spread around the indian ocean. a new resistant staphylococcus aureus in increasingly prevalent in the community. finally, a virulent strain of clostridium difficile is emerging in north america and europe. new therapeutic developments are scarce. several studies promote a rational use of available ... | 2007 | 17354657 |
| crystal structures reveal a thiol protease-like catalytic triad in the c-terminal region of pasteurella multocida toxin. | pasteurella multocida toxin (pmt), one of the virulence factors produced by the bacteria, exerts its toxicity by up-regulating various signaling cascades downstream of the heterotrimeric gtpases gq and g12/13 in an unknown fashion. here, we present the crystal structure of the c-terminal region (residues 575-1,285) of pmt, which carries an intracellularly active moiety. the overall structure of c-terminal region of pmt displays a trojan horse-like shape, composed of three domains with a "feet"-, ... | 2007 | 17360394 |
| does the nose know? the odiferous diagnosis of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | 2007 | 17366472 | |
| diagnosis of colitis: making the initial diagnosis. | the evaluation of patients with colitis of recent onset is a relatively common clinical challenge. the main considerations are infectious colitides, idiopathic ibd, ie, ulcerative and crohn's colitis, and colonic ischemia. an initial risk assessment on the basis of such factors as concurrent symptoms in contacts, travel history, medications, and human immunodeficiency virus risk factors should be followed by a thorough clinical history, physical examination, stool studies, blood tests, and, in s ... | 2007 | 17368227 |
| inflammatory bowel disease and clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: a growing problem. | 2007 | 17368229 | |
| incidence of clostridium difficile infection in inflammatory bowel disease. | clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) rates have been increasing. we sought to determine whether cdad incidence has increased specifically in hospitalized patients with ibd. we also explored possible differences in the risk for and time to presentation of cdad between ibd and non-ibd patients. | 2007 | 17368233 |
| impact of clostridium difficile on inflammatory bowel disease. | clostridium difficile-associated disease has increased significantly in north american medical centers. the impact of c difficile on patients with ibd (crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis) at the present time is unknown. | 2007 | 17368234 |
| clostridium difficile in discharged inpatients, germany. | 2007 | 17370545 | |
| first isolation of clostridium difficile 027 in japan. | 2007 | 17370932 | |
| transcutaneous immunization with clostridium difficile toxoid a induces systemic and mucosal immune responses and toxin a-neutralizing antibodies in mice. | clostridium difficile is the leading cause of nosocomial infectious diarrhea. c. difficile produces two toxins (a and b), and systemic and mucosal anti-toxin a antibodies prevent or limit c. difficile-associated diarrhea. to evaluate whether transcutaneous immunization with formalin-treated c. difficile toxin a (cda) induces systemic and mucosal anti-cda immune responses, we transcutaneously immunized three cohorts of mice with cda with or without immunoadjuvantative cholera toxin (ct) on days 0 ... | 2007 | 17371854 |
| a comparison of available and investigational antibiotics for complicated skin infections and treatment-resistant staphylococcus aureus and enterococcus. | this article compares vancomycin, teicoplanin, quinupristin-dalfopristin, linezolid, daptomycin, tigecyline, dalbavancin, telavancin, ceftobiprole, oritavancin, and ramoplanin for the treatment of complicated skin and skin structure infections (csssi), methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa), enterococcus, and vancomycin-resistant enterococcus. vancomycin, a glycopeptide antibiotic, is administered intravenously, and is the mainstay of treatment for mrsa and csssi. while not available ... | 2007 | 17373167 |
| deaths involving clostridium difficile: england and wales, 2001-2005. | 2007 | 17373384 | |
| a novel toxin homologous to large clostridial cytotoxins found in culture supernatant of clostridium perfringens type c. | an unknown cytotoxin was identified in the culture supernatant of clostridium perfringens type c. the cytotoxin, named tpel, which was purified using mab-based affinity chromatography, had a lethal activity of 62 minimum lethal dose (mld) mg(-1) in mice and a cytotoxic activity of 6.2x10(5) cytotoxic units (cu) mg(-1) in vero cells. the nucleotide sequence of tpel was determined. the entire orf had a length of 4953 bases, and the same nucleotide sequence was not recorded in the genbank/embl/ddbj ... | 2007 | 17379729 |
| review: clostridium difficile-associated disorders/diarrhea and clostridium difficile colitis: the emergence of a more virulent era. | 2007 | 17380404 | |
| infection control. an outbreak of innovation. | 2007 | 17380937 | |
| infection control. the big c. | c difficile is endemic in some hospitals and is difficult to eradicate as its spores can survive indefinitely. there is a compelling incentive for trusts to reduce cases as each one extends length of stay and costs pound 4,000. isolating infected patients has been shown to be effective but can be tricky to achieve. | 2007 | 17380967 |
| clostridium difficile in cardiac surgery: risk factors and impact on postoperative outcome. | clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) is a potentially preventable and often troublesome gastrointestinal complication after cardiac surgery. | 2007 | 17383346 |
| predicting clostridium difficile toxin in hospitalized patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhea. | clostridium difficile infection is implicated in 20%-30% of cases of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. studying hospitalized patients who received antibiotic therapy and developed diarrhea, our objective was to compare the clinical characteristics of patients who developed c. difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) with those of patients with a negative result of a stool assay for c. difficile toxin. | 2007 | 17385141 |
| successful use of feedback to improve antibiotic prescribing and reduce clostridium difficile infection: a controlled interrupted time series. | to investigate the effect of reinforcing a narrow-spectrum antibiotic policy on antibiotic prescription and clostridium difficile infection (cdi) rates by feedback of antibiotic use to doctors, as part of a departmental audit and feedback programme. | 2007 | 17387117 |
| how knowledgeable are nurses about c. difficile? | jacqueline randle and colleagues report the results of their small-scale study of infection control link professionals' knowledge about clostridium difficile and how they use this knowledge in practice. | 2007 | 17388150 |
| c. difficile inquest too narrow as "quebec strain" goes international. | 2007 | 17389432 | |
| clostridium difficile enteritis: an early postoperative complication in inflammatory bowel disease patients after colectomy. | clostridium difficile, the leading cause of hospital-acquired diarrhea, is known to cause severe colitis. c. difficile small bowel enteritis is rare (14 case reports) with mortality rates ranging from 60 to 83%. c. difficile has increased in incidence particularly among patients with inflammatory bowel disease. this case series of six patients from 2004 to 2006 is the largest in the literature. all patients received antibiotics before colectomies for ulcerative colitis and developed severe enter ... | 2007 | 17390162 |
| isolation and characterisation of toxin a-negative, toxin b-positive clostridium difficile in dublin, ireland. | clostridium difficile is a major cause of infectious diarrhoea in hospitalised patients. most pathogenic c. difficile strains produce two toxins, a and b; however, clinically relevant toxin a-negative, toxin b-positive (a- b+) strains of c. difficile that cause diarrhoea and colitis in humans have been isolated worldwide. the aims of this study were to isolate and characterise a- b+ strains from two university hospitals in dublin, ireland. samples positive for c. difficile were identified daily ... | 2007 | 17391385 |
| a 31-year-old, hiv-positive man presenting with emesis and bloody diarrhea. c. difficile infection. | 2007 | 17396470 | |
| upregulation of the immediate early gene product rhob by exoenzyme c3 from clostridium limosum and toxin b from clostridium difficile. | adp-ribosylation of rho(a,b,c) by the family of exoenzyme c3-like transferases induces reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton based on inactivation of rhoa. no data are available on the role of rhob in c3-treated cells. in murine fibroblasts treated with the cell-permeable exoenzyme c3 from clostridium limosum (c3), an increase in the level of rhob was observed. this upregulation of rhob was based on transcriptional activation, as it was responsive to inhibition by actinomycin d and accompanie ... | 2007 | 17397186 |
| [clostridium difficile associated diarrhea in the elderly patient]. | clostridium difficile is the leading cause of infectious nosocomial diarrhea in the elderly. it may cause colitis of variable severity and extraintestinal involvement. hand transmission is the most important, and it is related to prolonged antibiotic therapies in elderly patients with severe baseline disease. diagnosis is based on culture and immunological tests to detect its toxins. when there is no response to conservative treatment (withdrawal of the antibiotic and support therapy), metronida ... | 2007 | 17397570 |
| treatment of clostridium difficile--associated disease (cdad). | 2007 | 17400866 | |
| epidemiology, pathogenesis, and management of clostridium difficile infection. | clostridium difficile infection is an important health problem worldwide and leads to increased morbidity and mortality, particularly among the elderly population. antibiotics, especially those with a broad spectrum, often trigger the infection; hence the use of unnecessary antibiotics should be avoided. mild to moderate cases respond to metronidazole or vancomycin. severe cases may require bowel resection. chronic relapsing cases require a prolonged course of antibiotics, immunoglobulin, probio ... | 2007 | 17404858 |
| spores, babies, and alcohol. a nurse's battle with c. diff. | 2007 | 17405362 | |
| clostridium difficile colitis in solid organ transplantation--a single-center experience. | clostridium difficile (cd) is one of the most common causes of diarrhea in solid organ transplantation (sot). between 1996 and 2005, a total of 2474 solid organ transplants were performed at our institution, of which 43 patients developed cd-associated diarrhea. there were 3 lung, 3 heart, 20 liver, 8 kidney-pancreas, 6 kidney, 1 composite tissue, and 2 multivisceral recipients. onset of cd infection ranged from 5 to 2453 days posttransplant. all patients presented with abdominal pain and watery ... | 2007 | 17406820 |
| fatal fulminant clostridium difficile colitis during chop therapy for lymphoma: an autopsy case. | although clostridium difficile colitis is a common problem during chemotherapy, fulminant expression is rarely observed. here, we describe a 68-year-old woman who developed fatal colitis due to clostridium difficile infection. the patient was treated with chop therapy for relapsed lymphoma. in the nadir phase, she developed severe bloody diarrhea with a high fever and died within 12 hours after the beginning of symptoms. clostridium difficile was identified in her stool and an autopsy showed hem ... | 2007 | 17409606 |
| evaluation of two immunochromatographic tests (immunocard toxins a&b, xpect c. difficile toxin a&b) and pcr for the detection of clostridium difficile toxins in faecal samples. | 2007 | 17412423 | |
| urocortin ii mediates pro-inflammatory effects in human colonocytes via corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 2alpha. | urocortin ii (ucnii) is a neuropeptide that binds with high affinity to the corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 2 (crhr2) in peripheral tissues. ucnii is synthesised in the intestine, but its role in human intestinal inflammation is largely unknown. | 2007 | 17412781 |
| hospital acquired infection. | 2007 | 17413144 | |
| improvement targets for c difficile must be valid. | 2007 | 17413147 | |
| [current topics concerning emerging and re-emerging bacterial infections]. | 2007 | 17419432 | |
| [clostridium difficile and cytomegalovirus involved in a case of pseudomembranous colitis]. | we report an unusual case of pseudomembranous colitis with fatal outcome where c. difficile and cytomegalovirus coexistense in a peruvian patient with aids and gastrointestinal compromise by a mycobacterium. | 2007 | 18183282 |
| scopes have limits with flexibility. | 2007 | 18186442 | |
| comparative role of antibiotic and proton pump inhibitor in experimental clostridium difficile infection in mice. | clostridium difficile inoculated balb/c mice were investigated to assess the comparative role of antibiotic and proton pump inhibitor. they were examined for colonization and toxin production by c. difficile as well as myeloperoxidase activity and histopathological changes in the intestinal tract. the c. difficile count, toxin a and b titres and myeloperoxidase activity were significantly higher (p>0.05) in ampicillin and lansoprazole receiving groups as compared to the control and the c. diffic ... | 2007 | 18094539 |
| [laboratory-based evaluation of tox a/b quik chek "nissui" to detect toxins a and b of clostridium difficile]. | the tox a/b quik chek "nissui" which detects both toxin a (tcda) and toxin b (tcdb) of clostridium difficile in stool specimens through immunochromatography was first approved to be released in japan, and we evaluated its accuracy. in the evaluation, the tox a/b quik chek "nissui" could correctly detect tcda and tcdb in solution and in stool specimens spiked with culture broth of tcda and/or tcdb-producing isolates of c. difficile. the minimum detectable concentrations for tcda and tcdb were det ... | 2007 | 18154439 |
| war on white coats. | 2007 | 18156024 | |
| effects of a human milk-derived human milk fortifier on the antibacterial actions of human milk. | to compare the effects of a human breastmilk-derived fortifier on the antibacterial activity of milk obtained from lactating mothers delivering prematurely with the effects of a powdered fortifier on the same milk. | 2007 | 18081457 |
| screening for vancomycin-resistant enterococci using stools sent for clostridium difficile cytotoxin assay is effective: results of a survey of 300 patients in a large singapore teaching hospital. | to assess the efficacy of screening stools sent for clostridium difficile cytotoxin assay (cdta) for surveillance of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (vre). | 2007 | 18071603 |
| [pseudomembranous colitis]. | for some thirty years it has been known that pathologic proliferation oftoxigenic clostridium difficile may lead to inflammation of colonic mucosa which, in its fully developed form, manifests as pseudomembranous colitis. cdad (clostridium difficile - associated disease or diarrhoea) is the term which is generally and quite aptly used for the disease in literature on the subject. in most cases, the disease develops after the administration of broad-spectrum antibiotics, yet there are also other ... | 2007 | 18072436 |
| lessons from the maidstone and tunbridge tragedy. | 2007 | 18073641 | |
| [drug-induced pseudomembranous colitis]. | 2007 | 18074594 | |
| clostridium difficile. | case study: george, a 55-year-old retired businessman with a diagnosis of myelofibrosis, underwent an allogeneic stem cell transplantation from his human leukocyte antigen-matched brother in june 2006. he was admitted to the hospital for a possible flare of graft-versus-host disease (gvhd) of the gut. his medications included tacrolimus, budesonide, and bechlamethasone for immunosuppression and pantoprazole. a stool sample was positive for clostridium difficile toxin a on october 31, 2006, and h ... | 2007 | 18063537 |
| low risk of irritable bowel syndrome after clostridium difficile infection. | the incidence of postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome (ibs) ranges between 4% and 32% of individuals after bacterial or parasitic infection. this study analyzed ibs symptoms in hospitalized patients three months after a symptomatic clostridium difficile infection. | 2007 | 18026576 |
| editorial commentary: vancomycin for your mother, metronidazole for your mother-in-law. | 2007 | 17988743 | |
| association of proton-pump inhibitors with outcomes in clostridium difficile colitis. | the role of concurrent use of proton-pump inhibitors (ppis) in the outcomes of treatment for clostridium difficile colitis was studied. methods. the records of inpatients at a large veterans affairs medical center in whom c. difficile colitis was diagnosed between june 2004 and july 2005 were retrospectively reviewed. data collected included patient characteristics at baseline, antibiotic therapy prescribed before and during therapy for c. difficile colitis, concurrent treatment with a ppi, resp ... | 2007 | 17989446 |
| [diarrhea associated to clostridium difficile in an elderly patient. global perspective]. | 2007 | 18021658 | |
| detection of clostridium difficile in stool samples from patients in the early period after liver transplantation. | we examined the frequency of detection of clostridium difficile (cd) toxins compared with the recovery of c. difficile in stool specimen cultures among orthotopic liver transplant (olt) patients with nosocomial diarrhea in the early period. | 2007 | 18021993 |
| the distribution and density of clostridium difficile toxin receptors on the intestinal mucosa of neonatal pigs. | clostridium difficile is an enteric pathogen affecting a variety of mammals, but it has only recently been diagnosed as a cause of neonatal typhlocolitis in pigs. the most important virulence factors of c. difficile are 2 large exotoxins, toxin a (tcda) and toxin b (tcdb). tcda is a potent enterotoxin with effects on host tissues that are dependent upon receptor-mediated endocytosis of the intact toxin. tcdb is an effective cytotoxin, but it apparently does not bind receptors on intact mucosal e ... | 2007 | 18039894 |
| the changing face of clostridium difficile: what treatment options remain? | in this issue of the journal, an article by pepin et al. documents the shifting sands of the modern-day clostridium difficile epidemic as seen in quebec. pepin and coauthors' observation that the superior activity of vancomycin over metronidazole has been lost since the emergence there of the hypervirulent strain nap1/027 in 2003 has implications for the future treatment of c. difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad). this editorial explores these, particularly in complicated cases and high-risk pop ... | 2007 | 18042108 |
| clostridium difficile-associated disease with lethal outcome in a 77-year-old woman. a case report. | clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) ranges in severity from mild diarrhoea to fulminant colitis and death. antimicrobial use is the primary risk factor for development of cdad. c. difficile typically affects older or severely ill patients, hospitalized or residents in long-term-care facilities. we report a case of cdad in a 77-year-old woman operated on for cholecystitis calculosa and treated with cephalosporins and aminoglycosides. symptoms and signs of cdad were watery diarrhoea, m ... | 2007 | 18043555 |
| [acute and prolonged infectious diarrheas, of microbial and viral etiology: methods of clinical and microbiological diagnosis]. | the authors relate clinical-microbiological criteria for a rational diagnosis of acute and prolonged enteritis, distinguishing between home and imported diarrheas. during 2005, 381 subjects (192 children and 189 adults) with acute diarrhea and 110 subjects (16 children and 94 adults) with prolonged diarrhea were examined. in the first group salmonella prevailed in 11.1% of cases (10.9% among children and 11.1% among adults); campylobacter in 9.2% (respectively 8.9% and 9.5%); other bacteria were ... | 2007 | 18044404 |
| acute trust boards still failing in bug battle, watchdog claims. | 2007 | 18019262 | |
| clostridium difficile infection frequency in patients with nosocomial infections or using antibiotics. | clostridium difficile is the most common cause of nosocomial infectious diarrhea. the frequency of colonization in hospitalized patients varies between 10 and 43%. | 2007 | 18019703 |
| infection control. behind closed doors: is kent scandal a one-off. | 2007 | 18020250 | |
| a case of clostridium difficile-associated disease due to the highly virulent clone of clostridium difficile pcr ribotype 027, march 2007 in germany. | 2007 | 18005641 | |
| confirmed cases and report of clusters of severe infections due to clostridium difficile pcr ribotype 027 in germany. | 2007 | 18005642 | |
| first isolation of clostridium difficile pcr ribotype 027 in finland. | 2007 | 18005648 | |
| probiotics in the management of colonic disorders. | probiotics have been used in humans for almost a century and widely recommended for the treatment of a variety of ills assumed to be of colonic origin, including diarrhea, constipation, bloating, and flatulence. more recently, probiotics have been evaluated in the management of specific colonic disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, and clostridium difficile colitis. it is evident that no two probiotics are exactly alike; why then should we expect reproducible re ... | 2007 | 17991347 |
| update of clostridium difficile-associated disease due to pcr ribotype 027 in europe. | recent outbreaks of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea (cdad) with increased severity, high relapse rate and significant mortality have been related to the emergence of a new, hypervirulent c. difficile strain in north america, japan and europe. definitions have been proposed by the european centre of disease prevention and control (ecdc) to identify severe cases of cdad and to differentiate community-acquired cases from nosocomial cdad (http://www.ecdc.europa.eu/documents/pdf/cl_dif_v2. ... | 2007 | 17991399 |
| annual incidence of mrsa falls in england, but c difficile continues to rise. | 2007 | 17991958 | |
| long-term survival in a patient with acinar cell carcinoma of pancreas. a case report and review of literature. | acinar cell carcinoma of the pancreas is a rare malignancy that may have acinar and endocrine differentiation. clinical practice guidelines exist for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. however, treatment protocols for acinar cell carcinoma of the pancreas have not been standardized. | 2007 | 17993731 |
| trans-cinnamaldehyde from cinnamomum zeylanicum bark essential oil reduces the clindamycin resistance of clostridium difficile in vitro. | therapy with antimicrobial drugs, such as clindamycin, that perturb the intestinal flora but fail to inhibit growth of other microorganisms can permit the proliferation of clostridium difficile and the elaboration of exotoxin. therefore, there has been increasing interest in the use of inhibitors of antibiotic resistance for use in combination therapy. the essential oil of cinnamomum zeylanicum bark enhanced the bactericidal activity of clindamycin and decreased the minimum inhibitory concentrat ... | 2007 | 17995898 |
| rac2 gtpase activation by angiotensin ii is modulated by ca2+/calcineurin and mitogen-activated protein kinases in human neutrophils. | angiotensin ii (ang ii) highly stimulates superoxide anion production by neutrophils. the g-protein rac2 modulates the activity of nadph oxidase in response to various stimuli. here, we describe that ang ii induced both rac2 translocation from the cytosol to the plasma membrane and rac2 gtp-binding activity. furthermore, clostridium difficile toxin a, an inhibitor of the rho-gtpases family rho, rac and cdc42, prevented ang ii-elicited o2-/ros production, phosphorylation of the mitogen-activated ... | 2007 | 17975262 |
| outcome of metronidazole therapy for clostridium difficile disease and correlation with a scoring system. | to determine the response rate of clostridium difficile disease (cdd) to treatment with metronidazole and assess a scoring system to predict response to treatment with metronidazole when applied at the time of cdd diagnosis. | 2007 | 17983659 |
| epidemiology of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in a peruvian tertiary care hospital. | the prevalence, incidence, and epidemiologic factors of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) in a peruvian hospital were studied. we conducted a cross-sectional study in patients > 14 years of age from medical/surgical wards of the cayetano heredia national hospital (lima, peru) from september 2005 to may 2006. cdad was defined in a case of nosocomial diarrhea when c. difficile toxin a and/or toxin b was detected by enzyme immune assay (eia) in stools. a total of 4,264 patients were ... | 2007 | 17984329 |
| control of an outbreak of infection with the hypervirulent clostridium difficile bi strain in a university hospital using a comprehensive "bundle" approach. | background: in june 2000, the hospital-acquired clostridium difficile (cd) infection rate in our hospital (university of pittsburgh medical center-presbyterian, pittsburgh, pa) increased to 10.4 infections per 1000 hospital discharges (hds); the annual rate increased from 2.7 infections per 1000 hds to 7.2 infections per 1000 hds and was accompanied by an increase in the frequency of severe outcomes. forty-seven (51%) of 92 ha cd isolates in 2001 were identified as the "epidemic bi strain." a co ... | 2007 | 17968819 |
| confronting clostridium difficile in inpatient health care facilities. | 2007 | 17968820 | |
| [infectious aetiologies of travelers' diarrhoea]. | traveler's diarrhoea (td) occurs in 20 to 60% of european or north-american travelers in intertropical areas. following return from endemic zone, malaria must always be evocated in front of febrile diarrhoea. many causative infectious agents are involved in td and their frequency may vary according to destination and seasons. the main agents involved in td are escherichia coli pathovars (especially enterotoxigenic and enteroaggregative e. coli) followed by enteroinvasive bacteria (campylobacter ... | 2007 | 17942257 |
| doctors need a "sea change" in their attitude to c difficile. | 2007 | 17947757 | |
| refractory clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | 2007 | 17955101 | |
| treatment strategies for c. difficile associated diarrhea. | clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea usually occurs as a complication of antibiotic treatment. recent data shows an increase in incidence rate of cdad and higher rates of morbidity, colectomy and death. the management of cdad involves discontinuing the inciting antibiotic agent and treatment with metronidazole or vancomycin. the reduced response rates and higher recurrence rates with metronidazole treatment reported in recent studies raise the question of the effectiveness of metronidazole ... | 2007 | 17955730 |
| amoxicillin-associated hemorrhagic colitis in the presence of klebsiella oxytoca. | antibiotic-induced diarrhea can be a significant source of morbidity. pseudomembranous colitis, or clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad), is an increasingly reported adverse effect of therapy with broad-spectrum antibiotics and can prolong the hospital stay of affected patients. although sharing some of the same clinical symptoms as cdad, antibiotic-associated hemorrhagic colitis is a distinctly separate form of colitis that is characterized by the absence of toxin-producing c. diffic ... | 2007 | 17963468 |
| [interest of the disk diffusion method for screening clostridium difficile isolates with decreased susceptibility to antibiotics]. | in vitro determination of clostridium difficile susceptibility to antibiotics is not routinely performed. the aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of antibiotic susceptibility determination with the disk diffusion method for screening c. difficile isolates with decreased susceptibility to antibiotics. | 2007 | 17905536 |
| the clostron: a universal gene knock-out system for the genus clostridium. | progress in exploiting clostridial genome information has been severely impeded by a general lack of effective methods for the directed inactivation of specific genes. those few mutants that have been generated have been almost exclusively derived by single crossover integration of a replication-deficient or defective plasmid by homologous recombination. the mutants created are therefore unstable. here we have adapted a mutagenesis system based on the mobile group ii intron from the ltrb gene of ... | 2007 | 17658189 |
| a case of recurrent clostridium difficile diarrhea. | clostridium difficile is an important and increasingly common cause of nosocomial diarrhea. recent epidemics of c. difficile-associated disease (cdad) reveal a pathogen that is becoming more virulent, leading to an increase in disease severity, treatment failures, and relapses. those of advanced age are at a particular risk of acquiring this debilitating and costly disease. this case describes cdad recurring in an 87-year-old resident of a long-term care facility, which caused hospitalization. a ... | 2007 | 17658971 |
| outcomes of clostridium difficile-associated disease treated with metronidazole or vancomycin before and after the emergence of nap1/027. | to reassess the comparative efficacy of vancomycin versus metronidazole in the treatment of clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) after the emergence in 2003 of the hypervirulent nap1/027 strain. | 2007 | 17900327 |
| safety and cost savings of an improved three-day rule for stool culture in hospitalised children and adults. | stools sent for culture from patients after three days of hospitalisation have a low yield (<1%) for bacterial enteric pathogens (bep), excluding clostridium difficile, and are expensive to process. a 'three-day rule' for rejection of specimens has previously been validated in adults. we evaluated a three-day rule for paediatric stool samples by retrospective review of all stool culture results from 1995 to 2002. excluding c. difficile, yield for bep in samples sent within three days following a ... | 2007 | 17900758 |