Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted descending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| genetic relatedness of clostridium difficile isolates from various origins determined by triple-locus sequence analysis based on toxin regulatory genes tcdc, tcdr, and cdtr. | a triple-locus nucleotide sequence analysis based on toxin regulatory genes tcdc, tcdr and cdtr was initiated to assess the sequence variability of these genes among clostridium difficile isolates and to study the genetic relatedness between isolates. a preliminary investigation of the variability of the tcdc gene was done with 57 clinical and veterinary isolates. twenty-three isolates representing nine main clusters were selected for tcdc, tcdr, and cdtr analysis. the numbers of alleles found f ... | 2008 | 18832125 |
| antibiotic prescribing. | 2008 | 18833972 | |
| a comparison of infection control program resources, activities, and antibiotic resistant organism rates in canadian acute care hospitals in 1999 and 2005: pre- and post-severe acute respiratory syndrome. | the resources for infection control in hospitals (rich) project assessed infection control programs and rates of antibiotic-resistant organisms (aros) in canadian acute care hospitals in 1999. in the meantime, the severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) outbreak and the concern over pandemic influenza have stimulated considerable government and health care institutional efforts to improve infection control systems in canada. | 2008 | 18834747 |
| induction of toxins in clostridium difficile is associated with dramatic changes of its metabolism. | certain amino acids, and cysteine in particular, promptly blocked toxin expression in clostridium difficile strain vpi 10463 when added to late-exponential-phase peptone-yeast cultures, i.e. prior to normal induction of toxins a and b. glucose reduced toxin yields by 80-fold, but only when supplemented at inoculation. forty upregulated c. difficile proteins were identified during maximum toxin expression, and most of these were enzymes involved in energy exchange, e.g. succinate, co/folate and b ... | 2008 | 18957596 |
| clostridium difficile--more difficult than ever. | 2008 | 18971494 | |
| metchnikoff and the centenary of probiotics: an update of their use in gastroenteric pathology during the age of development. | acute gastroenteritis, antibiotic-associated diarrhea, diarrhea due to clostridium difficile and traveller's diarrhea, helicobacter pylori infection and intestinal inflammatory diseases are primitive and/or secondary pathological conditions that alter the intestinal mucosa and microbiota. for years researchers have searched for solutions to restore and rebalance normal transit and intestinal flora. elia metchnikoff was the first one to introduce oral bacteriotherapy, that uses very efficient mic ... | 2008 | 18971903 |
| proton pump inhibitors are an independent risk factor for an increased length of hospital stay in patients with clostridium difficile infection. | 2008 | 18974472 | |
| infection control. a clean bill of health. | lat year the health commission detailed findings that contributed to two infection outbreaks at the kent trust. c difficile rates within the trust in the first quarter of this year were 73 per cent lower than in 20007 plans to set up a 200-strong patient council to give feedback to the board are underway. the trust is projecting a financial deficit of pound 3.8m for the current year. staff recruitment has been largely unaffected by the bad publicity and changes within the organisation. | 2008 | 18975411 |
| clostridium difficile infection. | 2008 | 18975492 | |
| [intestinal colonization and nosocomial spread of clostridium difficile in pediatric cancer patients under long-term hospitalization]. | clostridium difficile is a major causative agent of antimicrobial-associated diarrhea, and the leading cause of nosocomial diarrhea. we clarified intestinal colonization and nosocomial spread of c. difficile in pediatric cancer patients undergoing antineoplastic therapy during long-term hospitalization. subjects were 10 children with pediatric malignant diseases admitted from november 2005 to december 2006, aged 5 to 15 years, who received antineoplastic agents. stool specimens were examined at ... | 2008 | 18975584 |
| growth and geographic variation in hospitalizations with resistant infections, united states, 2000-2005. | from 2000 through 2005, hospitalizations with resistant infections (methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus, clostridium difficile-associated disease, vancomycin-resistant enterococcus, pseudomonas aeruginosa, and candida infection) nearly doubled, from 499,702 to 947,393. regional variations noted in the aggregate and by individual infection may help clarify modifiable risk factors driving these infections. | 2008 | 18976563 |
| diagnosis of clostridium difficile infection by toxin detection kits: a systematic review. | clostridium difficile can be a fatal hospital-acquired infection and its prevalence has increased. accurate diagnosis of c difficile is essential for patient management, infection control, and for defining its epidemiology. we did a systematic review of commonly used commercial assays for detection of c difficile toxin (cdt) a and b in stool samples. by comparison of detection of cdt in cell culture with or without selective culture for c difficile, the median sensitivities and specificities (iq ... | 2008 | 18977696 |
| finding the gaps: an assessment of infection control surveillance needs in british columbia acute care facilities. | this paper reports on an infection prevention and control surveillance survey of acute care facilities (acfs) performed by the provincial infection control network of british columbia. | 2008 | 18945521 |
| [percutaneous endoscopic colostomy for treatment of an antibiotic-induced pseudomembranous colitis]. | a 61-year-old man was admitted with diffuse abdominal pain and diarrhea for one week. a few weeks before admission he had been given antibiotics for an exacerbation of his chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. on physical examination he presented with bronchospasm, abdominal tenderness, active bowel sounds and slight edema in both legs. | 2008 | 18946851 |
| antibiotic stewardship and clostridium difficile-associated disease. | 2008 | 18947324 | |
| meta-analysis to assess risk factors for recurrent clostridium difficile infection. | summary: clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is the most common cause of hospital-acquired diarrhoea. it is estimated that 15-20% of patients experience recurrence of cdi. a limited number of studies have looked at the risk factors for recurrent cdi. we conducted a meta-analysis of observational studies and randomised controlled trials (rcts) to assess risk factors for recurrent cdi. studies were identified using the pubmed database and search terms 'clostridium difficile associated diarrhoea' ... | 2008 | 18951661 |
| prevention of the cytopathic effect induced by clostridium difficile toxin b by active rac1. | clostridium difficile toxin b (tcdb) glucosylates low molecular weight gtp-binding proteins of the rho subfamily and thereby causes actin re-organization (cell rounding). this "cytopathic effect" has been generally attributed to rhoa inactivation. here we show that cells expressing non-glucosylatable rac1-q61l are protected from the cytopathic effect of tcdb. in contrast, cells expressing rhoa-q63l or mock-transfected cells are fully susceptible for the cytopathic effect of tcdb. these findings ... | 2008 | 18848548 |
| a mouse model of clostridium difficile-associated disease. | infection with clostridium difficile causes nosocomial antibiotic-associated diarrhea and colitis. hamsters historically have been used to investigate disease pathogenesis and treatment, but are not ideal models because of the lack of hamster-specific reagents and genetically modified animals, and because they develop fulminant disease. the aim of this study was to establish a mouse model of antibiotic-induced c. difficile-associated disease (cdad) that more closely resembles human disease. | 2008 | 18848941 |
| descriptive study of selected healthcare-associated infections using national hospital episode statistics data 1996-2006 and comparison with mandatory reporting systems. | summary: using hospital episode statistics (hes) data from england for the period 1996-2006, we performed a descriptive study to compare records of clostridium difficile for inpatients aged >or=65 years and for all patients following any of four types of orthopaedic procedures. results showed that infection rates for c. difficile increased whereas rates for orthopaedic surgical site infections (ssis) decreased. both types of infection were more common in older female patients and in patients wit ... | 2008 | 18849092 |
| clostridium difficile: preventing epidemic outbreaks in home health. | clostridium difficile is not affected by alcohol-based hand rubs or most cleaning solutions. as a result, it spreads quickly and easily. spores can survive for months on environmental surfaces. epidemics of hypervirulent mutations in the united states, canada, and europe are causing life-threatening infections, with rising mortality rates. this article aims to teach home health clinicians what they need to know to protect patients, families, themselves, and the community beyond the patient's hom ... | 2008 | 18849725 |
| clinical review of the management of fulminant clostridium difficile infection. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is a frequent cause of morbidity and mortality among elderly hospitalized patients. a small but increasing number of patients have developed fulminant cdi, and a significant number of these patients require emergency colectomy. in this review, we discuss the risk factors, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of fulminant cdi. | 2008 | 18853982 |
| new agents for clostridium difficile-associated disease. | clostridia-derived diseases, in particular c. difficile-associated disease (cdad), have been increasing in incidence, severity, and morbidity. the mainstay of treatment options has relied upon metronidazole and vancomycin, but these treatments routinely result in high relapse rates (20%) and, in the case of metronidazole, decreasing efficacy. | 2008 | 18922104 |
| alcohol-based rubs for hand antisepsis. | 2008 | 18922477 | |
| clostridium difficile colitis: wash your hands before stopping the proton pump inhibitor. | proton pump inhibitors (ppis) have revolutionized the management of acid-related disorders. the potential adverse effects related to ppi use fall into four main categories: idiosyncratic reactions, drug-drug interactions, drug-induced reflex hypergastrinemia, and drug-induced hypochlorhydria. clostridium difficile (c. difficile) colitis, an epidemic of major importance among hospitalized individuals, is potentially facilitated by the fourth mechanism in ppi users. this article interprets the res ... | 2008 | 18924259 |
| distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of clostridium difficile pcr ribotypes in english hospitals, 2007-08. | a surveillance study designed to provide a representative sample of the strains of clostridium difficile causing infections in hospitals in england was in operation from april 2007 to the end of march 2008. six hundred and seventy-seven isolates were obtained from 186 hospitals in the nine geographical regions of england as recognised by the health protection agency's regional microbiology network. typing studies revealed that pcr ribotype 027 is now the most common strain isolated from symptoma ... | 2008 | 18926105 |
| ozone gas is an effective and practical antibacterial agent. | bacterial infections continue to pose a threat to health in many institutional and communal settings, and epidemics are frequent. current control measures are clearly inadequate; thus, there is a need for a simple, effective, and safe way to decontaminate surfaces. | 2008 | 18926308 |
| characterization of clostridium difficile isolates using capillary gel electrophoresis-based pcr ribotyping. | we have developed a clostridium difficile pcr ribotyping method based on capillary gel electrophoresis and have compared it with conventional pcr ribotyping. a total of 146 c. difficile isolates were studied: five isolates were reference strains (pcr ribotypes 001, 014, 017, 027 and 053); 141 were clinical isolates comprising 39 austrian pcr ribotypes collected in the period 2006-2007 at 25 austrian healthcare facilities. capillary gel electrophoresis yielded up to 11 fragments per isolate and 4 ... | 2008 | 18927415 |
| probiotics in allergy management. | the gut contains a diverse bacterial flora that is acquired at birth and has a number of physiological functions. administration of prebiotics or probiotics may favourably alter this gut microflora. prebiotics are poorly digested oligosaccharides that promote the growth of desirable bacteria and may have other beneficial gastrointestinal and systemic effects. probiotics are "helpful" human bacteria that provide a variety of health benefits when administered exogenously. probiotics produce benefi ... | 2008 | 18931598 |
| clostridium difficile-associated disease in human stem cell transplant recipients: coming epidemic or false alarm? | clostridium difficile is the most common cause of nosocomial diarrhea in the united states and europe, and is a cause of significant morbidity and mortality among hospitalized patients. a newly identified epidemic strain has been associated with many hospital outbreaks of c. difficile-associated disease (cdad), raising the concern of an escalating burden of cdad among at-risk patients. hematopoietic sct (hsct) recipients are known to be at increased risk for a wide variety of infectious complica ... | 2008 | 18836490 |
| successful treatment of clostridium difficile colitis with intravenous immunoglobulin. | 2008 | 18836636 | |
| nature's therapy for recurrent clostridium difficile diarrhea. interview by paul c. adams. | 2008 | 18837170 | |
| spectrum of clostridium difficile infections outside health care facilities. | 2008 | 18838443 | |
| patterns of antibiotic use and risk of hospital admission because of clostridium difficile infection. | previous observations have indicated that infection with clostridium difficile occurs almost exclusively after exposure to antibiotics, but more recent observations have suggested that prior antibiotic exposure may be less frequent among cases of community-acquired disease. | 2008 | 18838451 |
| strategies to prevent clostridium difficile infections in acute care hospitals. | 2008 | 18840091 | |
| lactobacillus plantarum 299v reduces colonisation of clostridium difficile in critically ill patients treated with antibiotics. | the incidence of clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) in hospitalised patients is increasing. critically ill patients are often treated with antibiotics and are at a high risk of developing cdad. lactobacillus plantarum 299v (lp299v) has been found to reduce recurrence of cdad. we investigated intensive care unit (icu) patients with respect to the impact of lp299v on c. difficile colonisation and on gut permeability and parameters of inflammation and infection in that context. | 2008 | 18840110 |
| the adiponectin receptors adipor1 and adipor2 activate erk1/2 through a src/ras-dependent pathway and stimulate cell growth. | adiponectin is an adipocyte-derived cytokine that has attracted much attention because of its insulin-sensitizing effects in liver and skeletal muscle. two adiponectin receptors, adipor1/r2, have been cloned, but relatively little is known about their intracellular signaling mechanisms. we found that full-length adiponectin rapidly and robustly activates the erk1/2 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in primary vascular smooth muscle, vascular endothelial cells, and hepatocytes. in a hek293 ... | 2008 | 18842004 |
| [epidemiological study of clostridium difficile strains isolated in jean-verdier-rené-muret hospitals from 2001 to 2007]. | clostridium difficile is the most common agent of nosocomial bacterial diarrhoea in adults. in 2006, c. difficile outbreaks were described in france with the highly virulent strain pcr-ribotype 027, which is also resistant to moxifloxacin and erythromycin. the aim of this study is to perform a phenotypic and molecular characterization of c. difficile strains isolated in jean-verdier-rené-muret hospitals. thirty three c. difficile toxigenic strains isolated in symptomatic patients from 2001 to 20 ... | 2008 | 18842360 |
| [the use of bundles in clinical practice]. | a bundle is a small, straightforward set of scientifically grounded elements (generally three to five) that, when implemented together, result in better outcomes than when implemented individually. bundles have found their greatest application in the prevention of healthcare-associated infections (hais). the bundles examined concern the prevention of vap for patients undergoing mechanical ventilation, the prevention of bsi cvc, the prevention of surgical side infection (ssi), the prevention of c ... | 2008 | 18843209 |
| development and application of the active surveillance of pathogens microarray to monitor bacterial gene flux. | human and animal health is constantly under threat by emerging pathogens that have recently acquired genetic determinants that enhance their survival, transmissibility and virulence. we describe the construction and development of an active surveillance of pathogens (asp) oligonucleotide microarray, designed to 'actively survey' the genome of a given bacterial pathogen for virulence-associated genes. | 2008 | 18844996 |
| [antimicrobial susceptibility of clostridium difficile clinical isolates collected from 2001 to 2007 in a french university hospital]. | the aim of this study was to determine the antimicrobial susceptibilities of clostridium difficile clinical isolates obtained from symptomatic patients suffering from diarrhoea. | 2008 | 18845403 |
| evaluation of repeat clostridium difficile enzyme immunoassay testing. | clostridium difficile is the leading cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis, which have significant morbidity and mortality. accurate and timely diagnosis is critical. repeat enzyme immunoassay testing for c. difficile toxin has been recommended because of <100% sensitivity. all c. difficile tests between 1 january 2006 and 31 december 2006 were retrospectively analyzed for results and testing patterns. the wampole c. difficile tox a/b ii enzyme immunoassay kit was ... | 2008 | 18845820 |
| deaths from norovirus among the elderly, england and wales. | the number of deaths in england and wales associated with gastrointestinal pathogens, norovirus in particular, in persons >or=65 years was estimated for 2001-2006. regression analysis was used to model monthly counts of gastrointestinal pathogens in fecal samples from infected patients against monthly counts of deaths from infectious and noninfectious intestinal diseases. data came from the office of national statistics (death registrations from local registrars) and from the health protection a ... | 2008 | 18826817 |
| who's winning the war? | traditionally, methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) has been seen as an infection control problem in healthcare communities. it is now clear that antibiotic use is also an important factor in the control of mrsa, both in the treatment of infection and also, paradoxically perhaps, as a cause of the mrsa problem, in the same way that antibiotic use causes clostridium difficile disease. at both levels, major improvements in the quality of our antibiotic use are required, particularly ... | 2008 | 18829723 |
| comparison of three commercial methods for rapid detection of clostridium difficile toxins a and b from fecal specimens. | three rapid enzyme immunoassays (x/pect clostridium difficile toxin a/b test, wampole tox a/b quik chek, and immunocard toxins a&b) were compared for the diagnosis of clostridium difficile infection. of the 367 stool specimens tested, 102 (27.8%) were positive for toxigenic c. difficile when a combination of direct cytotoxicity assay and cytotoxic culture was used as the gold standard. sensitivity/specificity values were 49.0%/95.8%, 54.9%/95.5%, and 66.7%/95.1%, respectively. the median times t ... | 2008 | 18784313 |
| nonutility of repeat laboratory testing for detection of clostridium difficile by use of pcr or enzyme immunoassay. | the diagnostic gains of repeat testing for clostridium difficile by enzyme immunoassay and pcr (i.e., initial negative result followed by positive result) within a 7-day period were 1.9 and 1.7%, respectively. there is little value of repeat testing for c. difficile by enzyme immunoassay or pcr. | 2008 | 18784320 |
| clostridium difficile-positive stools: a retrospective identification of risk factors. | in an attempt to determine the association of potential risk factors and an increase in the rate of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) at a tertiary teaching institution in the midwest united states, all cdad cases among admissions from a period of 20 consecutive months were analyzed. a retrospective chart review was performed on 4992 admissions from this period. logistic regression analysis suggested a correlation between cdad and multiple factors. | 2008 | 18786452 |
| intestinal inflammation in nursing infants: different causes and a single treatment ... but of protected origin. | three case histories of nursing infants suffering from different forms of intestinal problems, who underwent special dietary therapy in order to solve situations that would be difficult to deal with using the special artificial milk varieties on the market, are presented. these children were administered a homemade food consisting ofparmigiano reggiano cheese seasoned for at least 36 months, rice or maize custard and tapioca, sugar, maize oil. in the first case the diagnosis of "widespread nonsp ... | 2008 | 18788512 |
| metronidazole and vancomycin: equivalence of initial efficacy in cdad. | 2008 | 18796117 | |
| [clostridium difficile and clostridium difficile colitis - what are the novelties?]. | 2008 | 18798363 | |
| [recurrence of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea prevented by the administration of a whey concentrate from specifically immunised cows; prospective study]. | to try to prevent recurrences of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea (cdad) by treatment with a specific neutralising secretory iga-enriched whey-protein concentrate (40%) made from the milk of cows immunised with c. difficile and its toxins. | 2008 | 18808082 |
| [treatment of recurrent clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea with a suspension of donor faeces]. | to study the effect of treating recurrent clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea (cdad) with a suspension of donor faeces. | 2008 | 18808083 |
| [epidemiology of clostridium difficile pcr ribotype 027 in the netherlands 2005-present and the emergence of other subtypes]. | outbreaks of clostridium difficile associated diarrhoea (cdad) involving the virulent pcrribotype 027, toxinotype iii were first reported in the netherlands in 2005. this ribotype has now been detected in 26 of the 97 hospitals in the netherlands. in 13 of the hospitals, the introduction of ribotype 027 was linked to increased cdad incidence; this was found in 2 hospitals since december 2006. ribotype 027 has also been detected in to nursing homes. in 2007, no evidence of ribotype 27 was found i ... | 2008 | 18808085 |
| role of klebsiella oxytoca in antibiotic-associated diarrhea. | klebsiella oxytoca was recently shown to be the causative agent of antibiotic-associated hemorrhagic colitis. because it is unclear whether k. oxytoca also causes nonhemorrhagic antibiotic-associated diarrhea, our study investigated a possible association between k. oxytoca and that disorder. | 2008 | 18808355 |
| emergence of clostridium difficile infection due to a new hypervirulent strain, polymerase chain reaction ribotype 078. | since 2005, an increase in the prevalence of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) due to polymerase chain reaction ribotype 078 has been noticed in the netherlands. this strain has also been identified as the predominant strain in pigs and calves. | 2008 | 18808358 |
| deaths involving clostridium difficile; england and wales, 2003-07. | 2008 | 18810888 | |
| international infection control council. global consensus conference on infection prevention and control practice for clostridium difficile associated disease (cdad). | 2008 | 18811105 | |
| antibiotic-associated diarrhea: epidemiology, trends and treatment. | a common complication of antibiotic use is the development of gastrointestinal disease. this complication ranges from mild diarrhea to pseudomembranous colitis. outbreaks of antibiotic-associated diarrhea (aad) may also occur in healthcare settings, usually caused by clostridium difficile. aad typically occurs in 5-35% of patients taking antibiotics and varies depending upon the specific type of antibiotic, the health of the host and exposure to pathogens. the pathogenesis of aad may be mediated ... | 2008 | 18811240 |
| evaluation of the risks of shedding salmonellae and other potential pathogens by therapy dogs fed raw diets in ontario and alberta. | dogs that participate in animal-assisted interventions (aais), often called 'therapy dogs', commonly interact with humans whose immune systems are not functioning optimally. the advisability of feeding raw meat (including poultry) to these animals remains a highly contentious issue, in spite of increasing evidence that raw meat is frequently contaminated with salmonella. we set out to determine if consuming raw meat influences the risk of therapy dogs shedding salmonella and other pathogens. two ... | 2008 | 18811908 |
| mechanisms of infectious diarrhea. | infectious diarrhea is an important public health problem worldwide. research has provided new insights into the mechanisms of diarrhea caused by various pathogens that are classified as noninflammatory, inflammatory or invasive. these three groups of organisms cause two diarrheal syndromes--noninflammatory diarrhea and inflammatory diarrhea. the noninflammatory diarrheas are caused by enterotoxin-producing organisms such as vibrio cholerae and enterotoxigenic escherichia coli, or by viruses tha ... | 2008 | 18813221 |
| contamination of hospital curtains with healthcare-associated pathogens. | in a culture survey, we found that 42% of hospital privacy curtains were contaminated with vancomycin-resistant enterococci, 22% with ethicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus, and 4% with clostridium difficile. hand imprint cultures demonstrated that these pathogens were easily acquired on hands. hospital curtains are a potential source for dissemination of healthcare-associated pathogens. | 2008 | 18823274 |
| [comparison of three enzyme immunoassays for detection of clostridium difficile toxins a and b]. | diagnosis of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea is classically based on detection of toxin a and/or toxins a+b by using several techniques. however, these techniques show important differences in terms of sensitivity and specificity. in this work, we compared three commercial immunoenzymatic tests for detecting c. difficile toxins. | 2008 | 18824307 |
| single-dose cefuroxime with gentamicin reduces clostridium difficile-associated disease in hip-fracture patients. | antibiotic-associated clostridium difficile diarrhoea may complicate recovery from surgery for proximal femoral fracture. we undertook a four-year case-control study to evaluate a change in antibiotic prophylaxis in our department. during the period january 2003 to january 2005, patients received three doses of prophylactic cefuroxime (1.5g). we then introduced a new regimen, comprising of one single dose of cefuroxime (1.5g) with gentamicin (240mg) at induction. prior to the change in prophylax ... | 2008 | 18621442 |
| potential adverse effects of proton pump inhibitors. | proton pump inhibitors (ppis) have revolutionized the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease and peptic ulcer disease over the past two decades. among the most commonly prescribed agents worldwide, ppis' overall safety profile is unquestionable. however, emerging evidence indicates that ppi therapy, particularly with long-term and/or high-dose administration, is associated with several potential adverse effects, including enteric infections (eg, clostridium difficile), community-acquired ... | 2008 | 18625128 |
| clostridium difficile infection: a surgical disease in evolution. | several recent publications suggest an increase in the incidence of clostridium difficile colitis. however, such studies commonly lack denominators over which to index this rise. there is also concern in the literature that disease virulence is increasing. | 2008 | 18612709 |
| [the efficacy of probiotics in gastrointestinal disease]. | probiotics are live microbial feed supplement which beneficially affects the host animals by improving its microbial balance. probiotics have been used in the treatment of bacterial or viral induced acute intestinal infection. in recent years, some clinical studies have shown the therapeutic effects of probiotics in the treatment of chronic inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) or prevention of allergic disease. evidence exists for therapeutic use of probiotics in acute infectious diarrhea, clostridi ... | 2008 | 18616132 |
| clostridium difficile infections in a canadian tertiary care hospital before and during a regional epidemic associated with the bi/nap1/027 strain. | since 2002, an epidemic of clostridium difficile infections has occurred in southern quebec, canada. at hôpital maisonneuve-rosemont, montreal, quebec, canada, the incidence of c. difficile infections increased from 11/1,000 admissions (1999 to 2002) to 27/1,000 admissions (2003 to 2005). we compared the exposures and outcomes for patients infected with strains with different ribopatterns isolated before (n = 55) and during (n = 175) the epidemic, as well as the in vitro activities of antibiotic ... | 2008 | 18573937 |
| holding back the tide. | 2008 | 18575205 | |
| changing pattern of clostridium difficile associated diarrhoea in a tertiary care hospital: a 5 year retrospective study. | frequent use of broad spectrum antibiotics in hospitalized patients has increased the incidence of clostridium difficile diarrhoea in recent years. in our tertiary care hospital in north india, c. difficile was responsible for 15 per cent of cases of nosocomial diarrhoea in 1999. a retrospective study was carried out to determine the frequency of c. difficile associated diarrhoea (cdad) in our hospital, and to assess the effect of awareness among the hospital personnel and control measures taken ... | 2008 | 18577793 |
| surveillance for clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in long-term care facilities: what you get is not what you see. | 2008 | 18578671 | |
| clostridium difficile pancolitis in adults with cystic fibrosis. | we report three cases of clostridium difficile pancolitis in adults with cystic fibrosis (cf) in whom the presenting symptoms were atypical. all three required treatment with systemic steroids, in addition to oral vancomycin and metronidazole to achieve resolution of the colitis. this experience suggests that c. difficile colitis should be considered in individuals with cf presenting with non-specific abdominal symptoms. | 2008 | 18585983 |
| [treatment of osteoarticular infections with clindamycin in adults]. | the main characteristics of clindamycin are adequate for treatment of osteoarticular infections (oai): good bone diffusion, broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and oral use. | 2008 | 18718729 |
| a clinical risk index for clostridium difficile infection in hospitalised patients receiving broad-spectrum antibiotics. | identification of a population at high risk for clostridium difficile infection (cdi) would enable cdi prevention strategies to be designed. the purpose of this study was to create a clinical risk index that would predict those at risk for cdi. a cdi risk index was therefore developed, based on a cohort of hospital patients given broad-spectrum antibiotics, and divided into a development and validation cohort. logistic regression equations helped identify significant predictors of cdi. a scoring ... | 2008 | 18723249 |
| chronic multifocal osteomyelitis due to clostridium difficile in an adolescent with sickle cell anemia. | 2008 | 18724265 | |
| in vitro activity of opt-80 tested against clinical isolates of toxin-producing clostridium difficile. | agar dilution antimicrobial susceptibility testing (clsi, m11-a7, 2007) performed for 208 toxin-producing clinical isolates of clostridium difficile resulted in opt-80 mics ranging from 0.06 to 1 microg/ml, with 90% of the isolates inhibited by a concentration of 0.5 microg/ml. the in vitro activity of opt-80 was independent of the susceptibilities of isolates to nine other antimicrobial agents. | 2008 | 18725442 |
| new advances in clostridium difficile infection: changing epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment and control. | clostridium difficile infection and clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) are growing worldwide health threats. recent studies have identified new host risk factors, diagnostic approaches and therapies of cdad. the present review focuses on scientific papers published in the past 18 months in an attempt to provide the latest information on the topic. | 2008 | 18725800 |
| clathrin- and caveolae-independent entry of feline infectious peritonitis virus in monocytes depends on dynamin. | feline infectious peritonitis virus (fipv), a coronavirus that causes a lethal chronic disease in cats, enters feline monocytes via endocytosis. in this study, the pathway of internalization is characterized by evaluating the effect of chemical inhibitors and/or expression of dominant-negative (dn) proteins on the percentage of internalized virions per cell and infection. further, co-localization studies were performed to determine the involvement of certain cellular internalization proteins. fi ... | 2008 | 18753224 |
| severe clostridium difficile-associated disease in children. | three cases of clostridium difficile-associated disease in children were detected within a short time interval. intensive therapy was required in 2 cases with colectomy in one of them. one of the severe cases was community-acquired. two patients had underlying diseases (hirschprung disease, down syndrome) and also tested positive for enteric viruses (rotavirus, calicivirus). | 2008 | 18756189 |
| update in infectious disease treatment. | studies published during the past year on the treatment of several infectious diseases provide valuable information that should enable us to treat our patients more effectively. among those findings: oral vancomycin (vancocin) is superior to oral metronidazole (flagyl) for treating patients with severe clostridium difficile-associated disease. the risk of death from any cause may be higher with the use of cefepime (maxipime) than with other beta-lactam antibiotics. in patients presenting to prim ... | 2008 | 18756840 |
| [ulcerous colitis and infection with cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus and clostridium difficile]. | the treatment of severe flares of ulcerative colitis is based on systemic corticosteroids, immunomodulators such as cyclosporine and azathioprine and in some cases tnf-alpha-antagonists, respectively. these immunosuppressed patients are susceptible for infectious pathogens. here we report the case of a patient with a severe flare of ulcerative colitis that was first treated with systemic corticosteroids combined with immunomodulators and subsequent with infliximab. the patient then experienced a ... | 2008 | 18759202 |
| clindamycin-resistant clone of clostridium difficile pcr ribotype 027, europe. | 2008 | 18760028 | |
| increasing incidence of clostridium difficile-associated disease, singapore. | 2008 | 18760029 | |
| increasing rates in clostridium difficile infection (cdi) among hospitalised patients, spain 1999-2007. | limited information is available on the burden and epidemiology of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) in spain. the present report communicates the secular trends in prevalence of cdi among hospitalised patients in spain from 1999 through 2007. data were obtained through the epine study (estudio de prevalencia de las infecciones nosocomiales en los hospitales españoles), a point prevalence study series of nosocomial infections among patients admitted to hospital in spain. a total of 378 cases ... | 2008 | 18761902 |
| update of clostridium difficile infection due to pcr ribotype 027 in europe, 2008. | outbreaks of clostridium difficile infections (cdi) with increased severity, high relapse rate and significant mortality have been related to the emergence of a new, hypervirulent c. difficile strain in north america and europe. this emerging strain is referred to as pcr ribotype 027 (type 027). since 2005, individual countries have developed surveillance studies about the spread of type 027.c. difficile type 027 has been reported in 16 european countries. it has been responsible for outbreaks i ... | 2008 | 18761903 |
| clostridium difficile: summary of actions in the european union. | 2008 | 18761907 | |
| first cases of clostridium difficile pcr ribotype 027 acquired in austria. | 2008 | 18761973 | |
| clostridium difficile-associated disease in the hiv-infected patient. | 2008 | 18762141 | |
| trusts warned c diff probe decision sets no precedent. | 2008 | 18763346 | |
| clostridium difficile: a reemerging pathogen. | clostridium difficile is an important health care-associated pathogen, especially among older adults who are disproportionately affected by c difficile infection (cdi). during the current decade, there has been a dramatic increase in the incidence and severity of health care-associated cdi. these clinically relevant changes are temporally associated with the emergence of a hypervirulent strain of c difficile that has now become widely disseminated. the increased burden of disease and incidence o ... | 2008 | 18763846 |
| clathrin-independent endocytosis of erbb2 in geldanamycin-treated human breast cancer cells. | the epidermal growth factor (egf)-receptor family member erbb2 is commonly overexpressed in human breast cancer cells and correlates with poor prognosis. geldanamycin (ga) induces the ubiquitylation, intracellular accumulation and degradation of erbb2. whether ga stimulates erbb2 internalization is controversial. we found that erbb2 was internalized constitutively at a rate that was not affected by ga in sk-br-3 breast cancer cells. instead, ga treatment altered endosomal sorting, causing the tr ... | 2008 | 18765569 |
| comparison of oritavancin versus vancomycin as treatments for clindamycin-induced clostridium difficile pcr ribotype 027 infection in a human gut model. | to compare the efficacy of oritavancin and vancomycin in the treatment of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) using an in vitro human gut model. | 2008 | 18772161 |
| deaths involving mrsa and clostridium difficile by communal establishment: england and wales, 2001-06. | 2008 | 18595388 | |
| attributable outcomes of endemic clostridium difficile-associated disease in nonsurgical patients. | data are limited on the attributable outcomes of clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad), particularly in cdad-endemic settings. we conducted a retrospective cohort study of nonsurgical inpatients admitted for >/=48 hours in 2003 (n = 18,050). the adjusted hazard ratios for readmission (hazard ratio 2.19, 95% confidence interval [ci] 1.87-2.55) and deaths within 180 days (hazard ratio 1.23, 95% ci 1.03-1.46) were significantly different among cdad case-patients and noncase patients. in a ... | 2008 | 18598621 |
| toxinotype v clostridium difficile in humans and food animals. | clostridium difficile is a recognized pathogen in neonatal pigs and may contribute to enteritis in calves. toxinotype v strains have been rare causes of human c. difficile-associated disease (cdad). we examined toxinotype v in human disease, the genetic relationship of animal and human toxinotype v strains, and in vitro toxin production of these strains. from 2001 through 2006, 8 (1.3%) of 620 patient isolates were identified as toxinotype v; before 2001, 7 (<0.02%) of approximately 6,000 isolat ... | 2008 | 18598622 |
| pandemic and seasonal influenza: therapeutic challenges. | influenza a viruses cause significant morbidity and mortality annually, and the threat of a pandemic underscores the need for new therapeutic strategies. here, we briefly discuss novel antiviral agents under investigation, the limitations of current antiviral therapy and stress the importance of secondary bacterial infections in seasonal and pandemic influenza. additionally, the lack of new antibiotics available to treat increasingly drug resistant organisms such as methicillin-resistant staphyl ... | 2008 | 18598914 |
| rho gtpase, rac1, regulates skp2 levels, vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, and intima formation in vitro and in vivo. | vascular smooth muscle cell (vsmc) proliferation contributes to intima formation after angioplasty or venous by-pass grafting, and during atherosclerosis. vsmc proliferation requires degradation of p27(kip1) promoted by s-phase kinase-associated protein-2 (skp2), an f-box protein component of the skp-cullin-f-box(skp2) ubiquitin-ligase. we investigated the role of rac(1) in the regulation of skp2 in rat vsmc. | 2008 | 18599477 |
| the ifn-gamma-induced transcriptional program of the ciita gene is inhibited by statins. | statins are 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme a (hmg-coa) reductase inhibitors that exert anti-inflammatory effects. ifn-gamma induction of class ii mhc expression, which requires the class ii transactivator (ciita), is inhibited by statins; however, the molecular basis for suppression is undetermined. we describe that statins inhibit ifn-gamma-induced class ii mhc expression by suppressing ciita gene expression, which is dependent on the hmg-coa reductase pathway. in addition, ciita expressio ... | 2008 | 18601229 |
| costs of nosocomial clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea. | nosocomial clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) is a common infection in hospitals. a matched case-control study was carried out to determine hospital-wide excess costs due to cdad. cases were assessed by prospective hospital-wide surveillance in a tertiary care university hospital in 2006. nosocomial cases of cdad (>72h after admission) were matched to control patients without cdad in a ratio 1:3 using the same diagnosis-related group in the same year, for a hospital stay at least as ... | 2008 | 18602185 |
| is over-use of proton pump inhibitors fuelling the current epidemic of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea? | many developed countries have seen an increase in cases of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea (cdad) in recent years. this has occurred despite heightened awareness of the risks of broad-spectrum antibiotics, overall reduction in antibiotic use and increased focus on hospital hygiene. some of the increase is due to the introduction of new hypervirulent strains, but it predates the description of these. the epidemic coincides with increased use of proton pump inhibitors (ppis), much of wh ... | 2008 | 18602190 |
| clostridium perfringens enterotoxin in antibiotic-associated diarrhea. | clostridium perfringens type a is associated with 5-20% cases of antibiotic-associated diarrhea (aad) even though clostridium difficile is implicated in the most severe cases. fecal specimens from one hundred hospitalized patients, who developed diarrhea regardless of antibiotic intake and who were negative for c. difficile toxin assay, were investigated for c. perfringens enterotoxin (cpe). simultaneously, cultures were set up for other possible aetiological factors. ten healthy controls were a ... | 2008 | 18603680 |
| novel risk factors for clostridium difficile-associated disease in a setting of endemicity? | 2008 | 18605911 |