Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted descending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| clostridium difficile testing algorithms: what is practical and feasible? | there has been renewed interest in the laboratory diagnosis of clostridium difficile infections due in large measure to the increase in both numbers and severity of cases of this disease. for the past two decades, enzyme-immunoassays (eias) for the detection of first c. difficile toxin a and then toxins a and b have been the most widely used diagnostic test for diagnosis of c. difficile infections. recently this diagnostic approach has been called into question by the recognition that a screenin ... | 2009 | 19853666 |
| [nosocomial infections--ecological niches]. | knowledge of ecological niches of nosocomial pathogens is used in treatment and prevention of nosocomial infections. this article offers an analysis of the ecological niches of three important nosocomial pathogens: clostridium difficile, staphylococcus aureus and legionella pneumophila. relevant terms are explained and examples of deliberate and non-deliberate manipulation of the niches and the following consequences are given. finally, the consequences of climate changes on the pattern of nosoc ... | 2009 | 19857394 |
| [clostridium difficile tox a/b ii test evaluation]. | we compared the performance of two commercial toxin detection kits, c. difficile toxin a/b (c. difficile tox a/b ii test; tox a/b ii) and c. difficile toxin a (uniquick), for (i) detection using highly purified toxin a solution; (ii) cross-reactivity using culture supernatants of toxin a-positive and b-positive c. difficile, toxin a-negative and b-positive c. difficile, and toxin a-negative and b-negative c. difficile strains and other bacteria; and (iii) sensitivity and specificity using clinic ... | 2009 | 19860252 |
| [antibiotic-associated diarrhea due to clostridium perfringens]. | a 40-year-old man undergoing allo-hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for chronic myelogenous leukemia and developing diarrhea was administered prophylactic antibiotics including levofloxacin, fluconazole, cotrimoxazole, and vancomycin. stool specimens were positive for toxin a in enzyme immunoassay but negative for toxin b in cell culture assay with a neutralization test, indicating that toxin a detection was false-positive. stool culture yielded enterotoxin producing clostridium perfringen ... | 2009 | 19860258 |
| evaluation of a new commercial taqman pcr assay for direct detection of the clostridium difficile toxin b gene in clinical stool specimens. | the progastro cd assay (prodesse, inc., waukesha, wi) is a new commercial taqman pcr assay that detects tcdb. the progastro cd assay was compared to the wampole clostridium difficile toxin b test (tox-b test; techlab, blacksburg, va), a cell culture cytotoxicity neutralization assay (cccna), and to anaerobic toxigenic bacterial culture, as the "gold standard," for 285 clinical stool specimens. assays were independently performed according to manufacturers' directions. a 1.0-ml sample was removed ... | 2009 | 19846637 |
| [to be or not to be for cefuroxime]. | 2009 | 19848348 | |
| identification of a pseudo-outbreak of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) and the effect of repeated testing, sensitivity, and specificity on perceived prevalence of cdi. | to describe a pseudo-outbreak of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) caused by a faulty toxin assay lot and to determine the effect of sensitivity, specificity, and repeated testing for c. difficile on perceived cdi burden, positive predictive value, and false-positive results. | 2009 | 19848606 |
| antimicrobial resistance in clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile is the leading cause of hospital-acquired diarrhoea and the number of outbreaks has risen markedly since 2003. the emergence and spread of resistance in c. difficile is complicating treatment and prevention. most isolates are still susceptible to vancomycin and metronidazole (mtz), however transient and heteroresistance to mtz have been reported. the prevalence of resistance to other antimicrobial agents is highly variable in different populations and in different countries ... | 2009 | 19828299 |
| chronic hepatitis, hepatic dysplasia, fibrosis, and biliary hyperplasia in hamsters naturally infected with a novel helicobacter classified in the h. bilis cluster. | we recently described helicobacter-associated progressive, proliferative, and dysplastic typhlocolitis in aging (18- to 24-month-old) syrian hamsters. other pathogens associated with typhlocolitis in hamsters, clostridium difficile, lawsonia intracellularis, and giardia spp., were not indentified. the presence of helicobacter genus-specific dna was noted by pcr in cecal and paraffin-embedded liver samples from aged hamsters by the use of helicobacter-specific pcr primers. by 16s rrna analysis, t ... | 2009 | 19759229 |
| evolving concepts in clostridium difficile colitis. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is the most important cause of nosocomial diarrhea. the emergence of a hypervirulent strain and other factors including antibiotic overuse contribute to the increasing incidence and severity of this potentially lethal infection. cdi has been reported in persons previously considered as low risk, such as young healthy persons without exposure to health care settings or antibiotics, peripartum women, and children. in patients with inflammatory bowel disease, t ... | 2009 | 19765368 |
| [new antibiotics: small or big advances?]. | this contribution summarizes the "state-of-the-art" in the field of new antibiotics. on the one hand interesting new substances are discussed, on the other hand areas of interest for more research are shown. doripenem is a new broad-spectrum antibiotic which proved superior to other carbapenems as far as gram-negative bacilli were concerned and also showed less development of resistance. for the treatment of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa), linezolid, tigecyclin and daptomycin ... | 2009 | 19727633 |
| population-based surveillance of clostridium difficile infection in manitoba, canada, by using interim surveillance definitions. | to apply interim surveillance definitions of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) cases to 1 year of data from the provincewide surveillance system of manitoba, canada, to determine the epidemiology of cdi incident cases in a population. | 2009 | 19732008 |
| the role of environmental cleaning in the control of hospital-acquired infection. | increasing numbers of hospital-acquired infections have generated much attention over the last decade. the public has linked the so-called 'superbugs' with their experience of dirty hospitals but the precise role of environmental cleaning in the control of these organisms remains unknown. until cleaning becomes an evidence-based science, with established methods for assessment, the importance of a clean environment is likely to remain speculative. this review will examine the links between the h ... | 2009 | 19726106 |
| faecal transplant for recurrent clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea: a uk case series. | clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea (cdad) is an increasingly common and life threatening consequence of modern medical practice. recurrent disease is seen in up to one-third of patients and there is no consensus on optimal therapy. restoration of normal colonic flora addresses the underlying pathogenic mechanism in cdad. | 2009 | 19726581 |
| battle against hospital acquired infections has been too limited, mps' report says. | 2009 | 19903716 | |
| current use for old antibacterial agents: polymyxins, rifamycins, and aminoglycosides. | this article reviews three classes of antibacterial agents that are uncommonly used in bacterial infections and therefore can be thought of as special-use agents. the polymyxins are reserved for gram-negative bacilli that are resistant to virtually all other classes of drugs. rifampin is used therapeutically, occasionally as a companion drug in treatment of refractory gram-positive coccal infections, especially those involving foreign bodies. rifaximin is a new rifamycin that is a strict enteric ... | 2009 | 19909897 |
| screens address side room shortage. | with side rooms in ever shorter supply across nhs hospitals, the department of health has developed an ingenious portable isolation unit that can be rapidly assembled around the bed of patients suffering infections such as those caused by mrsa and clostridium difficile to help prevent cross-infection and simultaneously help reduce bed blocking. recent trials at the university college hospital in london (uclh), alongside a range of isolation screens, saw the various systems evaluated by clinician ... | 2009 | 19911555 |
| clostridium difficile and inflammatory bowel disease. | the past decade has seen an alarming increase in the burden of disease associated with clostridium difficile. several studies have now demonstrated an increasing incidence of c difficile infection in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) with a more severe course of disease compared with the non-ibd population. this article summarizes the available literature on the impact of c difficile infection on ibd and discusses the various diagnostic testing and treatment options available. also ... | 2009 | 19913210 |
| therapy- and non-therapy-dependent infectious complications in inflammatory bowel disease. | patients with inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) are susceptible to infections. | 2009 | 19897974 |
| application of a novel decontamination process using gaseous ozone. | environmental disinfection in a health care setting is an important aspect of infection control. recently, there has been interest in the use of vapor- and gas-based treatments for decontamination of surfaces and rooms. we describe preliminary results for an ozone-based decontamination of surfaces seeded with a range of vegetative cells and spores of bacteria of clinical relevance. the efficacy of the approach for room sanitization was also assessed. the protocol included use of a quenching agen ... | 2009 | 19898532 |
| antimicrobial prophylaxis in colorectal surgery: focus on ertapenem. | despite improvement in infection control measures and surgical practice, surgical site infections (ssis) remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality. in colorectal surgery, perioperative administration of a suitable antimicrobial regimen that covers both anaerobic and aerobic bacteria is universally accepted. in a prospective, double-blind, randomized study ertapenem was recently found to be more effective than cefotetan, a parenteral cephalosporin so broadly used as to be considered as gold ... | 2009 | 19898647 |
| clostridium difficile toxin cdt induces formation of microtubule-based protrusions and increases adherence of bacteria. | clostridium difficile causes antibiotic-associated diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis by production of the rho gtpase-glucosylating toxins a and b. recently emerging hypervirulent clostridium difficile strains additionally produce the binary adp-ribosyltransferase toxin cdt (clostridium difficile transferase), which adp-ribosylates actin and inhibits actin polymerization. thus far, the role of cdt as a virulence factor is not understood. here we report by using time-lapse- and immunofluoresce ... | 2009 | 19834554 |
| [diagnostic guideline of ulcerative colitis]. | ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammatory disorder causing mucosal inflammation of the colorectum with crypt abnormality on biopsy. it affects the rectum and a variable extent of the colon in continuity. ulcerative colitis is characterized by a relapsing and remitting course. it arises from an interaction between genetic and environmental factors, but the precise etiology is unknown. the incidence and prevalence in korea are still low compared with those of western countries, but have increas ... | 2009 | 19835217 |
| real-time pcr testing for cdi improves outcomes and reduces costs. | 2009 | 19891147 | |
| clostridium difficile infection: a critical analysis of the guidance. | a recent report by the department of health, clostridium difficile infection: how to deal with the problem - a board to ward approach, is a revised set of guidelines based on best practice and key recommendations for the nhs to ensure the control of clostridium difficile infection (cdi). it takes into account a national framework for clinical governance which did not previously exist, a framework that gives significant weight to infection control as a matter of patient safety, and highlights tha ... | 2009 | 20081684 |
| clostridium difficile in solid organ transplant recipients. | 2009 | 20070693 | |
| enteric pathogens in hiv/aids from a tertiary care hospital. | patterns of enteric infections in hiv in developing countries may differ in several important ways from developed countries, the knowledge of which can often guide therapy when resource limitations hamper the exact diagnosis of the etiological agent in hiv-associated diarrhea. | 2009 | 20049303 |
| [clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea due to antimicrobial for perioperative antibacterial prophylaxis-clinical observation in 8 patients]. | 2009 | 20034326 | |
| [clostridium difficile associated diarrhea (cdad)--hard to crack]. | clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) is the most common documented cause of nosocomial diarrhea in developed countries. in recent years morbidity and mortality associated with this pathogen have increased significantly, simultaneously with the appearance of a new strain--nap1/bi/027--which was implicated in epidemics of severe disease in hospitals around the world. despite the accumulated experience in identification and treatment of patients, physicians continue to face complicated ... | 2009 | 20027984 |
| c. difficile outside hospital. | 2009 | 20009039 | |
| prescribing cascade in an 80-year-old japanese immigrant. | 2009 | 20002762 | |
| clostridium difficile enteritis after colectomy. | clostridium difficile infection of the colon is, unfortunately, a relatively common occurrence that typically follows treatment with antibiotics; however, c. difficile infection of the small bowel is a much more rare phenomenon with only 19 cases reported to date. we present three cases of isolated c. difficile enteritis after colectomy. although all three patients were identified early and successfully treated with medical management without the need for surgical intervention, previous authors ... | 2009 | 19999913 |
| [a case of pseudomenbranous colitis after paclitaxel and carboplatin chemotherapy]. | antibiotics-associated pseudomembranous colitis is well documented and caused by abnormal overgrowth of toxin producing clostridium difficile colonizing the large bowel of patients undergoing antibiotic therapy. administration of chemotherapeutic agents is frequently complicated by diarrhea and enterocolitis. however, pseudomembranous colitis related to chemotherapeutic agent usage is very rare. we experienced a 67 old-years male patient diagnosed of non-small cell lung carcinoma who complained ... | 2009 | 19934614 |
| infection control practices in assisted living communities. | few states require assisted living communities (alcs) to have an infection control plan (icp), nor do they provide guidelines about infection control practices in alcs or require communicable disease reporting to appropriate health agencies or even within the community itself. most communities do not have an icp that addresses prevention, detection, investigation, control, monitoring, or communication of an infectious outbreak. this article discusses the presentation and management of pneumonia, ... | 2009 | 19963152 |
| post-operative antibiotic use in nonperforated appendicitis. | the appropriate use of preoperative antibiotics in patients undergoing appendectomy for acute appendicitis has been shown to decrease the rate of surgical site infections (ssis). the benefits of postoperative courses of antibiotics in these patients, however, remain unclear. | 2009 | 19969124 |
| introduction to the special issue on clostridium difficile. | 2009 | 19944988 | |
| clostridium difficile ribotypes 001, 017, and 027 are associated with lethal c. difficile infection in hesse, germany. | from january 2008 to april 2009, 72 cases of severe clostridium difficile infection were reported from 18 different districts in the state of hesse, germany. a total of 41 c. difficile isolates from 41 patients were subjected to pcr ribotyping. pcr ribotype (rt) 027 was the most prevalent strain accounting for 24 of 41 (59%) of typed isolates, followed by rt 001 (eight isolates, 20%), rt 017 and 042 (two isolates each), and rt 003, 066, 078, 081, and rki-034 (one isolate each). eighteen patients ... | 2009 | 19941785 |
| decrease of hypervirulent clostridium difficile pcr ribotype 027 in the netherlands. | after the first outbreaks of clostridium difficile pcr ribotype 027 (north american pulsed-field type 1, restriction endonuclease analysis group bi) in the netherlands in 2005, a national surveillance programme for c. difficile infection (cdi) was started. furthermore, national guidelines were developed to rapidly recognise type 027 infections and prevent further spread. the mean incidence of cdi measured in 14 hospitals remained stable throughout the years: an incidence of 18 per 10,000 admissi ... | 2009 | 19941791 |
| still difficult; clinical practice guidelines for clostridium difficile infection. | 2009 | 19929971 | |
| european society of clinical microbiology and infectious diseases (escmid): data review and recommendations for diagnosing clostridium difficile-infection (cdi). | the aim of the present systematic review was to evaluate the available evidence on laboratory diagnosis of cdi and to formulate recommendations to optimize cdi testing. in comparison with cell culture cytotoxicity assay (cca) and toxigenic culture (tc) of stools, we analyzed the test characteristics of 13 commercial available enzyme immunoasssays (eia) detecting toxins a and/or b, 4 eias detecting clostridium difficile glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh), and a real-time pcr for c. difficile toxin b g ... | 2009 | 19929972 |
| european society of clinical microbiology and infectious diseases (escmid): treatment guidance document for clostridium difficile infection (cdi). | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is a potentially fatal illness with an increasing incidence worldwide. despite extensive ongoing research into cdi treatment, management of cdi still poses important problems, such as a high propensity to relapse and refractoriness to treatment, especially when there is an ileus and oral drugs cannot be administered. this guideline evaluates the available literature, discusses criteria for disease severity and provides recommendations for cdi treatment, indi ... | 2009 | 19929973 |
| correlation of multidrug resistance, toxinotypes and pcr ribotypes in clostridium difficile isolates from kuwait. | clostridium difficile is a common cause of nosocomial diarrhea. its role in community-acquired diarrhea is also becoming an important public health concern. hardly any studies have correlated strain ribotypes, toxinotypes and multidrug resistant (mdr) profiles. to investigate these characteristics, 65 c. difficile isolates obtained from stool samples of patients whose cultures were negative on admission but became positive after 48 h of admission to the icus of our hospitals were studied to dete ... | 2009 | 19933043 |
| historical and changing epidemiology of healthcare-associated infections. | this review compares the historical perspectives on healthcare-associated infections (hcais) with the current changing epidemiological picture as it relates to these infections. evidence in support of these changes is given using trends in mortality for clostridium difficile and meticillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia in england as examples. the impact of current intervention programmes which target these, and other hcais, is also considered and knowledge gaps and options for chan ... | 2009 | 19925942 |
| [infections with clostridium difficile following antibiotic therapy]. | 2009 | 19927920 | |
| prevalence and etiology of nosocomial diarrhoea in children < 5 years in tikrit teaching hospital. | a cross-sectional hospital-based study was carried out at tikrit teaching hospital, iraq, from october 2004 to september 2005, to identify the prevalence and etiology of nosocomial infectious diarrhoea among children under 5 years of age. of 259 children admitted to the paediatric ward for reasons other than diarrhoea and hospitalized for more than 3 days, clinical and laboratory analysis of stool samples showed nosocomial diarrhoea in 84 children (32.4%). the most common causative agents were e ... | 2009 | 20214124 |
| nosocomial diarrhoea in adult medical patients: the role of clostridium difficile in a north italian acute care teaching hospital. | the number of patients with severe clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea (cdad) increases. health care facilities are requested to establish rates of nosocomially acquired cdad (n-cdad) to understand the impact of control or prevention measures, and the burden of n-cdad on health care resources. | 2009 | 20099443 |
| [specific antisepsis and environmental disinfection in preventing "clostridium difficile associated diarrhea"]. | in the last years, clostridium difficile acquired great interest for public health because of constant increase of clostridium difficile associated diarrhea (cdad), especially in nosocomial field and as a consequences of its pathogenicity and virulence. oro-faecal transmission and great environmental persistence of clostridium difficile indicate hand hygiene of health care workers and environmental disinfection practices as key interventions for prevention and control of nosocomial cdad. the cur ... | 2009 | 20169831 |
| clostridium difficile: highlights from anaerobe 2008, the 9th biennial congress of the anaerobe society of the americas, long beach, california, usa, june 24-27, 2008. | 2009 | 20151487 | |
| stool transplantation for older patients with clostridium difficile infection. | 2009 | 20122011 | |
| battling h1n1. | 2009 | 20108792 | |
| detection of clostridium difficile infection: a suggested laboratory diagnostic algorithm. | currently, the diagnosis of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) relies on the detection of toxins a and b in faeces but the sensitivity of these tests has been questioned, particularly in advanced disease. in this context, additional methods to enhance the diagnosis of c. difficile have been investigated. in this study, 1007 faecal samples are tested using toxigenic culture, an immunoassay for toxins ab and the c. difficile-specific glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) test. samples positive by any o ... | 2009 | 20095124 |
| infection control: a review for certification. | 2009 | 20088193 | |
| 18-f fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography indicating unsuspected infections in two patients with dermatomyositis. | dermatomyositis is an idiopathic inflammatory myopathy that may be associated with malignancies. the technique of 18-f fluorodeoxyglucose (fdg)-positron emission tomography (pet) is an important tool to investigate underlying malignancy in patients with a possible paraneoplastic syndrome. we report two consecutive patients with dermatomyositis in whom 18-f fdg-pet revealed unsuspected infections. physicians should be aware that a positive 18-f fdg-pet is not specific for malignancy and may revea ... | 2009 | 20055842 |
| changes in laboratory and clinical workload for clostridium difficile infection from 2003-2007. | abstract clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is a growing concern with increases in incidence and associated financial burden. retrospective analysis of patients admitted to hospitals in edinburgh from 2003-2007 and tested for c. difficile toxins was performed. a total of 45412 faecal samples were tested and 6286 (13.8%) were positive. overall cdi was identified in 1.7 cases/1000 in-patient occupied bed days (obd). the incidence of cdi fell from 1.98 cases/1000 obd in 2006 to 1.48 cases/1000 o ... | 2009 | 20041900 |
| assessment of the potential risk of infection associated with clostridium difficile from porcine xenografts. | there are numerous concerns over the potential for transfer of pathogens between species during clinical xenotransplantation, and although current clinical application is limited, porcine xenografts have been previously used to treat patients with severe burns. donor animals providing the xenografts are sourced from a healthy commercial herd, however, as pigs are a known source of zoonotic agents, a number of diseases are required to be excluded from pigs used for xenotransplantation purposes. m ... | 2009 | 20042046 |
| activation of pak1/2 during the shedding of platelet microvesicles. | simultaneously to phospholipid flip-flop that supports the procoagulant activity of activated platelets, blebs, supported by actin reorganization, are formed at the plasma membrane and generate microvesicles. the molecular mechanism of microvesicle shedding from activated platelets implicates ca influx and ca-dependent protease, calpain. we previously demonstrated that the formation of lamellipodias and filopodias associated with platelet shape change involved the reorganization of actin filamen ... | 2009 | 20523167 |
| injudicious antibiotic use leading to fulminating clostridium difficile infection: a case report. | the case illustrates the myriad of fulminating complications due to clostridium difficile infection in a previously healthy individual without any risk factors. community acquired clostridium difficile infection can occur even many weeks after the course of broad spectrum antibiotics. there is no definitive pattern or guidelines to predict who would develop the fulminating complications. | 2009 | 20181200 |
| [factors associated with clostridium difficile disease in a tertiary-care medical institution in mexico: a case-control study]. | clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) has been clearly associated with the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics worldwide. however, information about cdad is scarce in mexico and latin america. | 2009 | 20184096 |
| clostridium difficile and inflammatory bowel disease: implications for current clinical practice. | clostridium difficile infection should always be included in the differential diagnosis of patients with refractory inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) symptoms, as it is well known to induce or mimic a flare of ibd. there is currently an alarming increase in the incidence of c. difficile infection in europe and north america. current epidemiologic data suggest that more virulent strains, such as c. difficile 027/nap1/bi, are emerging. testing for both c. difficile toxins a and b should be done, an ... | 2009 | 20948756 |
| diagnostic algorithm using a sensitive broth culture method for detection of clostridium difficile toxin from stool samples. | the two-step glutamate dehydrogenase antigencytotoxicity neutralization assay algorithm has been found to be reliable for the diagnosis of toxigenic clostridium difficile. however, the high sensitivity of the screening method is compromised by the relative low sensitivity of the second step, the direct cytotoxin neutralization assay (dcna) using a fecal filtrate. the objective of the present study was to compare the dcna with an indirect cytotoxin neutralization assay (icna). | 2009 | 21119790 |
| a study of the prevalence of cytotoxic and non-cytotoxic klebsiella oxytoca fecal colonization in two patient populations. | klebsiella oxytoca is a cause of antibiotic-associated hemorrhagic colitis. few reports of the occurrence of k oxytoca within stool exist and there is no gold standard method for its isolation. | 2009 | 21119796 |
| increasing incidence of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in inflammatory bowel disease. | over the last decade a rise in clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) has been observed. a higher incidence of cdad has also been suggested in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (ibd), and may be a challenging factor in the differential diagnosis of flares. it is unclear if the increase is caused by the enhanced use of immunosuppressive therapy in ibd. we investigated if cdad infection is increasing in ibd patients and evaluated outcome and possible predisposing factors. | 2009 | 21172241 |
| diagnosis of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | 2009 | 21172260 | |
| bacteremia due to clostridium difficile: case report and review of the literature. | the purpose of this study is to report a case of c. difficile bacteremia in a crohn's disease patient and to review the literature on previously reported cases. | 2009 | 24179365 |
| trends in clostridium difficile disease: epidemiology and intervention. | clostridium difficile is the most common cause of nosocomial infectious diarrhea. the incidence of c difficile infection (cdi) is increasing in both inpatients and outpatients, and outbreaks caused by a hypervirulent strain of c difficile are resulting in more severe disease. moreover, community-associated cdi is occurring in persons who lack the traditional risk factors, which include antibiotic use, advanced age, and severe underlying disease. the clinical severity of cdi ranges from a mild, s ... | 2009 | 25237212 |
| c. difficile infection extends hospital stay for ventilated patients. | patients on prolonged, acute mechanical ventilation have a higher risk of clostridium difficile -associated disease than other hospital patients. concurrent c. difficile infection is associated with longer hospital stay and costs. | 2009 | 28086665 |
| call for probe into deaths from superbug. | the scottish labour party is calling for a scotland-wide investigation into deaths caused by clostridium difficile. | 2009 | 28080755 |
| 'superbug supremo' to oversee random hospital inspections. | a 'superbug supremo' is to be appointed to spearhead scotland's new inspectorate to scrutinise hospitals' performance in dealing with infections such as mrsa and clostridium difficile. | 2009 | 27732445 |
| antibiotic resistance: the challenge from an industry perspective. | trained in medical microbiology and infectious diseases in the uk, glenn tillotson has over 20 years pharmaceutical experience in various areas, including clinical research, marketing, scientific communications, strategic development and global launch programs. mainly in the field of anti-infectives, tillotson has been instrumental in the development of ciprofloxacin and moxifloxacin, as well as other drugs in the bayer portfolio. after leaving bayer, he worked as a consultant microbiologist and ... | 2009 | 24410641 |
| clostridium difficile outbreak: a small group of pharmacists makes a big impact. | 2009 | 22478880 | |
| current treatment options for severe clostridium difficile-associated disease. | a notable trend toward severe clostridium difficile colitis and poor outcomes has emerged since recognition of the hyper-virulent c. difficile nap1/027 strain. this trend has increased the emphasis on appropriate treatment regimens in refractory cases of c. difficile infection. in mild-to-moderate cases, oral metronidazole remains adequate first-line therapy, but in the absence of a good clinical response, switching to vancomycin may be necessary. oral vancomycin should be used as initial therap ... | 2008 | 21904490 |
| surveillance for community-associated clostridium difficile--connecticut, 2006. | clostridium difficile is a well-known cause of hospital-acquired infectious diarrhea and is associated with increased health-care costs, prolonged hospitalizations, and increased patient morbidity. previous antimicrobial use, especially use of clindamycin or ciprofloxacin, is the primary risk factor for development of c. difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) because it disrupts normal bowel flora and promotes c. difficile overgrowth. historically, cdad has been associated with elderly hospital in ... | 2008 | 18385641 |
| a study of clostridium difficile-associated disease at king chulalongkorn memorial hospital, thailand. | currently, in established antibiotic era, there is a widespread and increasing use of broad-spectrum antibiotics. clostridium difficile, one of the troublesome intruders, flourishes when normal gut flora is altered by antibiotics. c. difficile is recognized as a frequent and leading cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and colitis. it causes substantial morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients. | 2008 | 18386542 |
| current and future treatment modalities for clostridium difficile-associated disease. | current and future treatment modalities for clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) are reviewed. | 2008 | 18387898 |
| tolevamer, an anionic polymer, neutralizes toxins produced by the bi/027 strains of clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) is caused by the toxins the organism produces when it overgrows in the colon as a consequence of antibiotic depletion of normal flora. conventional antibiotic treatment of cdad increases the likelihood of recurrent disease by again suppressing normal bacterial flora. tolevamer, a novel toxin-binding polymer, was developed to ameliorate the disease without adversely affecting normal flora. in the current study, tolevamer was tested for its ability ... | 2008 | 18391047 |
| effect on diagnostic yield of repeated stool testing during outbreaks of clostridium difficile-associated disease. | the effect on diagnostic yield of testing sequential stools was assessed during two hospital epidemics of clostridium difficile. using a rapid immunoassay, c. difficile-associated disease was diagnosed in 237 diarrhoeal patients, of whom 204 (86%) were diagnosed from the first faeces sample and 12 (5%) were diagnosed from follow-up samples obtained within 1 week. the remaining 21 (9%) patients yielded a positive test from stools obtained >1 week after the initial negative sample. it was conclude ... | 2008 | 18393996 |
| clostridium difficile surveillance trends, saxony, germany. | 2008 | 18394306 | |
| structure and mode of action of clostridial glucosylating toxins: the abcd model. | toxins a and b, which are the major virulence factors of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis caused by clostridium difficile, are the prototypes of the family of clostridial glucosylating toxins. the toxins inactivate rho and ras proteins by glucosylation. recent findings on the autocatalytic processing of the toxins and analysis of the crystal structures of their domains have made a revision of the current model of their actions on the eukaryotic target cells necessary. | 2008 | 18394902 |
| clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: an emerging threat to pregnant women. | to estimate if clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) is increasing in peripartum women. | 2008 | 18395693 |
| heterogeneity of large clostridial toxins: importance of clostridium difficile toxinotypes. | clostridium difficile toxinotypes are groups of strains defined by changes in the paloc region encoding two main virulence factors: toxins tcda and tcdb. currently, 24 variant toxinotypes (i-xxiv) are known, in addition to toxinotype 0 strains, which contain a paloc identical to the reference strain vpi 10463. variant toxinotypes can also differ from toxinotype 0 strains in their toxin production pattern. the most-studied variant strains are tcda-, tcdb+ (a-b+) strains and binary toxin cdt-produ ... | 2008 | 18397287 |
| first cluster of clindamycin-resistant clostridium difficile pcr ribotype 027 in switzerland. | 2008 | 18399816 | |
| efficacy of clostridium butyricum preparation concomitantly with helicobacter pylori eradication therapy in relation to changes in the intestinal microbiota. | antibiotic associated diarrhea due to human intestinal microbiota abnormalities is a side effect of h. pylori eradication therapy. we examined intestinal microbiota changes during h. pylori eradication therapy and the preventive effect of cbm588 as a probiotic agent. nineteen patients with gastro-duodenal ulcer were randomly divided into three groups: group a (without probiotics), group b (with regular doses of cbm588) and group c (with double doses of cbm588). the incidence of diarrhea and soft ... | 2008 | 18402597 |
| covert assessment of concurrent and construct validity of a chart to characterize fecal output and diarrhea in patients receiving enteral nutrition. | an accurate and convenient method for characterizing fecal output and a consistent threshold for classifying diarrhea in patients receiving enteral nutrition are required. the aim of this study is to covertly assess the construct and concurrent validity of a chart for characterizing fecal output and classifying diarrhea in patients receiving enteral nutrition. | 2008 | 18407909 |
| clinical trial: effectiveness of lactobacillus rhamnosus (strains e/n, oxy and pen) in the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea in children. | convincing evidence that probiotic administration can lower the risk of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea is limited to certain micro-organisms. | 2008 | 18410562 |
| treatment of clostridium difficile disease in patients not responding to metronidazole. | 2008 | 18410968 | |
| overuse and inappropriate prescribing of proton pump inhibitors in patients with clostridium difficile-associated disease. | clostridium difficile is the most common infectious cause of colitis and has been increasingly diagnosed in hospitalized patients. the number of prescriptions for proton pump inhibitors (ppis) has also increased significantly over time. few studies have reported an association between c. difficile-associated disease (cdad) and ppi use. | 2008 | 18411220 |
| gp96 is a human colonocyte plasma membrane binding protein for clostridium difficile toxin a. | clostridium difficile toxin a (txa), a key mediator of antibiotic-associated colitis, requires binding to a cell surface receptor prior to internalization. our aim was to identify novel plasma membrane txa binding proteins on human colonocytes. txa was coupled with biotin and cross-linked to the surface of ht29 human colonic epithelial cells. the main colonocyte binding protein for txa was identified as glycoprotein 96 (gp96) by coimmunoprecipitation and mass spectrum analysis. gp96 is a member ... | 2008 | 18411291 |
| infection control measures to limit the spread of clostridium difficile. introduction. | 2008 | 18412709 | |
| infection control measures to limit the spread of clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea (cdad) presents mainly as a nosocomial infection, usually after antimicrobial therapy. many outbreaks have been attributed to c. difficile, some due to a new hyper-virulent strain that may cause more severe disease and a worse patient outcome. as a result of cdad, large numbers of c. difficile spores may be excreted by affected patients. spores then survive for months in the environment; they cannot be destroyed by standard alcohol-based hand disinfecti ... | 2008 | 18412710 |
| successful treatment of fulminant clostridium difficile infection with fecal bacteriotherapy. | 2008 | 18413636 | |
| sporicidal activity of two disinfectants against clostridium difficile spores. | the sporicidal activity of an odour-free peracetic acid-based disinfectant (wofasteril) and a widely-used dichloroisocyanurate preparation (chlor-clean) was assessed against spores of the hyper-virulent strain of clostridium difficile (ribotype 027), in the presence and absence of organic matter. in environmentally clean conditions, dichloroisocyanurate achieved a >3 log10 reduction in 3 minutes, but a minimum contact time of 9 minutes was required to reduce the viable spore load to below detect ... | 2008 | 18414294 |
| clostridium difficile toxinotype v, ribotype 078, in animals and humans. | 2008 | 18417662 | |
| infection control experience in a cooperative care center for transplant patients. | to characterize infection control experience during a 6.5-year period in a cooperative care center for transplant patients. | 2008 | 18419364 |
| the case for vancomycin as the preferred drug for treatment of clostridium difficile infection. | 2008 | 18419480 | |
| vancomycin for the treatment of clostridium difficile infection: for whom is this expensive bullet really magic? | the epidemiology, clinical severity, and case-fatality ratio of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) changed dramatically with the emergence of a toxin hyperproducing strain (bi/nap1/027) in north america and europe in 2000. for the treatment of cdi, metronidazole and vancomycin remain the 2 most commonly used drugs. the 3 randomized controlled trials published thus far, as well as the upcoming tolevamer trial, use intermediate outcomes, rather than the outcomes that now preoccupy clinicians: t ... | 2008 | 18419481 |
| treatment of metronidazole-refractory clostridium difficile enteritis with vancomycin. | clostridium difficile infection of the colon is a common and well-described clinical entity. clostridium difficile enteritis of the small bowel is believed to be less common and has been described sparsely in the literature. | 2008 | 18426352 |
| re-examination of risk factors for non-clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea in hospitalized patients. | this paper is a report of a study to determine the incidence of non-clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea in hospitalized patients and to re-evaluate clinical characteristics and other risk factors related to non-c. difficile-associated diarrhoea. | 2008 | 18426460 |
| rifamycin antibiotics for treatment of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | to review the existing data on use of the rifamycin class of antibiotics as therapy for clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad). | 2008 | 18430792 |
| a case-control study of community-associated clostridium difficile infection. | the aim of this study was to determine the incidence of and risk factors for community-associated clostridium difficile infection (cdi). | 2008 | 18434341 |
| comparison of real-time pcr for detection of the tcdc gene with four toxin immunoassays and culture in diagnosis of clostridium difficile infection. | we have developed a rapid real-time pcr method using fluorescence resonance energy transfer probes and the lightcycler (roche diagnostics), which will detect the presence of the tcdc gene of clostridium difficile in stool samples. our pcr method also will identify the presence of base pair deletions, one of which (18 bp) has been associated with the "epidemic" toxin-hyperproducing strains. we compared the results of this pcr with those of three c. difficile toxin-detecting enzyme immunoassays (e ... | 2008 | 18434563 |