Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted descending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| severe pseudomembranous colitis after moxifloxacin use: a case series. | to describe the illnesses of 4 patients who developed severe pseudomembranous colitis after receiving moxifloxacin. | 2009 | 19066322 |
| outcomes following colectomy for clostridium difficile colitis. | clostridium difficile associated diarrhoea has become an important health problem in uk hospitals but surgical intervention is rarely required. there is little evidence regarding best practice for patients requiring surgical intervention. the aim of this multicentre study was to review our experience in patients requiring surgery for c. difficile colitis. | 2009 | 19070558 |
| effective and reduced-cost modified selective medium for isolation of clostridium difficile. | both for epidemiologic studies and for diagnostic testing, there is a need for effective, economical, and readily available selective media for the culture of clostridium difficile. we have developed a reduced-cost substitute for cycloserine-cefoxitin-fructose agar (ccfa), which is an effective but expensive selective medium for c. difficile. the modified medium, called c. difficile brucella agar (cdba), includes an enriched brucella base as a substitute for proteose peptone no. 2, and the conce ... | 2009 | 19073869 |
| comparison of a commercial real-time pcr assay for tcdb detection to a cell culture cytotoxicity assay and toxigenic culture for direct detection of toxin-producing clostridium difficile in clinical samples. | rapid detection of toxin-producing strains of clostridium difficile is essential for optimal management of patients with c. difficile infection. the bd geneohm (san diego, ca) cdiff assay, a real-time pcr assay that amplifies tcdb, was compared to a cell culture neutralization assay (wampole c. difficile toxin b [tox-b] test; techlab, blacksburg, va) and to toxigenic culture. using liquid (n = 273) and soft (n = 131) stool specimens from 377 symptomatic patients, all testing was performed on the ... | 2009 | 19073875 |
| predictors of serious complications due to clostridium difficile infection. | identifying individuals with severe clostridium difficile infection (cdi) at risk for major complications has become an important objective. presence of clinical variables that predict complications from cdi would have the potential to strongly influence management. | 2009 | 19077106 |
| avoiding pitfalls: what an endoscopist should know in liver transplantation--part ii. | over the last decade the number of patients undergoing transplantation has increased. at the same time, effective peri- and postoperative care and better surgical techniques have resulted in greater numbers of recipients achieving long-term survival. identification and effective management in the form of adequate treatment is essential, since any delay in diagnosis or treatment may result in graft loss or serious threat to patient's life. various aspects of endoscopic findings that can be common ... | 2009 | 19085103 |
| nosocomial outbreak of clostridium difficile-associated disease in a pediatric intensive care unit in madrid. | 2009 | 19090768 | |
| harbingers for clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | : recent research has recognized surrogate markers for clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad). among the most consistently identified markers are the leukocyte count, platelet count, and albumin level. previous investigators failed to exclude patients with hematologic disorders that may have confounded their results. therefore, the exclusion of this subset from our study lends it a unique perspective. | 2009 | 19092680 |
| can metronidazole still be used for treatment of clostridium difficile infections? | 2009 | 19094818 | |
| new antimicrobial agents for patients with clostridium difficile infections. | current drug treatment of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) focuses on metronidazole and vancomycin. early studies showed equivalence, but more recent reports indicate that oral vancomycin is preferred for serious cdi. recent work has demonstrated a need for new drugs due to challenges with the nap-1 strain, which appears to cause more refractory disease that is more likely to relapse. these two distinctive facets of treatment are the most challenging. this review discusses new agents in dev ... | 2009 | 19094821 |
| evaluation of enzyme immunoassays to detect clostridium difficile toxin from anaerobic stool culture. | stool culture for clostridium difficile, while necessary for strain typing and antimicrobial surveillance, cannot determine toxin production. we prospectively tested in triplicate 91 c difficile cultured isolates for toxin production by 2 enzyme immunoassays (eias) (meridian premier toxins a&b, meridian bioscience, cincinnati, oh; and techlab tox a/b ii, techlab, blacksburg, va) and cytotoxin neutralization bioassay (ctn). by ctn, 88% (80/91) were toxigenic. reproducibility was 93% (85/91) for c ... | 2009 | 19095569 |
| temocillin revived. | resistance in gram-negative pathogens is an increasing concern, with carbapenems often appearing as the only acceptable treatment option in serious infections. reviving older compounds that have fallen into disuse may help to alleviate this burden. temocillin (6-alpha-methoxy-ticarcillin) is resistant to most if not all classical and extended-spectrum beta-lactamases and to ampc enzymes. it is also chemically stable, allowing administration by continuous infusion. pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic ... | 2009 | 19095679 |
| clostridium difficile infections in a shanghai hospital: antimicrobial resistance, toxin profiles and ribotypes. | the incidence of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) has risen markedly since 2003, however data from china are limited. a 1-year study was conducted at the university hospital huashan to characterise clinical isolates of c. difficile. of 74 isolates, 56 were from the first episode of cdi (43 a(+)b(+) and 13 a(-)b(+)), 5 were from recurrences and 13 were toxin-negative. no binary toxin or tcdc deletion was detected. all strains were susceptible to metronidazole, vancomycin, meropenem and piper ... | 2009 | 19097757 |
| activity of vancomycin against epidemic clostridium difficile strains in a human gut model. | vancomycin and metronidazole remain the only primary options for the treatment of clostridium difficile infection (cdi). recent reports have suggested a superior clinical response to vancomycin therapy compared with metronidazole, but this has been difficult to prove or explain. there are few robust in vitro data of the effects of antibiotic treatment of cdi in a gut reflective setting. | 2009 | 19112083 |
| probiotics as prevention and treatment for diarrhea. | to critically appraise evidence on probiotic use for prevention and treatment of diarrhea in children and adults. | 2009 | 19114770 |
| renewed interest in a difficult disease: clostridium difficile infections--epidemiology and current treatment strategies. | renewed interest in clostridium difficile infections (cdi) is stimulating research into the pathogenesis and virulence factors for this pathogen. this review summarizes recent progress in the field, particularly in relation to the changing epidemiologic trends and new investigational treatments. | 2009 | 19114771 |
| rho proteins are negative regulators of tlr2, tlr3, and tlr4 signaling in astrocytes. | the family of toll-like receptors (tlrs) expressed by innate immune cells recognizes a spectrum of microbial components as well as molecules released from injured tissues. tlr ligation activates intracellular signaling cascades that culminate in the up-regulation of proinflammatory genes. we have recently demonstrated that the up-regulation of inflammatory cytokines mediated by tlr4 in astrocytes is negatively controlled by the monomeric gtpases of rho subfamily. the present study was undertaken ... | 2009 | 19115402 |
| clostridium difficile-related hospitalizations among us adults, 2006. | 2009 | 19116073 | |
| clostridial typhlitis associated with topical antibiotic therapy in a syrian hamster. | a syrian hamster that had been treated with topical antibiotic ointment for 10 days following injuries sustained during fighting was presented moribund. postmortem and microscopic examinations revealed lesions consistent with clostridial typhlitis and enteritis. anaerobic culture of caecal contents resulted in the isolation of two clostridium species, and caecal contents contained clostridium difficile enterotoxins. based on these findings, a diagnosis of acute c. difficile enterotoxaemia was ma ... | 2009 | 19116288 |
| clostridium difficile infection and surgery. | 2009 | 19109823 | |
| multipronged intervention strategy to control an outbreak of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) and its impact on the rates of cdi from 2002 to 2007. | at the end of 2002, a new, more virulent strain of clostridium difficile, designated bi/nap1, was the cause of a massive outbreak of infection in the province of quebec. this particular strain was associated with a dramatic increase in morbidity and mortality among affected patients in 2003-2004. we tested and implemented a multipronged infection control approach to curtail the rate of c. difficile infection (cdi). | 2009 | 19125681 |
| typing clostridium difficile strains based on tandem repeat sequences. | genotyping of epidemic clostridium difficile strains is necessary to track their emergence and spread. portability of genotyping data is desirable to facilitate inter-laboratory comparisons and epidemiological studies. | 2009 | 19133124 |
| nitazoxanide versus vancomycin in clostridium difficile infection: a randomized, double-blind study. | vancomycin is the only us food and drug administration-approved drug for treatment of clostridium difficile infection (cdi). metronidazole has been widely used for this purpose but may be inferior to vancomycin, especially for hospitalized patients with severe disease. we report a prospective, double-blind, randomized controlled trial comparing nitazoxanide with vancomycin for treatment of cdi. | 2009 | 19133801 |
| is rotavirus contributing to an increase of diarrhoea in a region of spain? | diarrhoeal illnesses are the most frequent of notifiable diseases in aragon. physicians notify diarrhoea cases with presumed infectious origin on a weekly basis. following an increase in 2005-2006, we aimed to identify the responsible organism(s) in order to inform control measures. we described seasonality of diarrhoea notifications for 1998-2004 and 2005-2006. we calculated correlations between diarrhoea notifications and enteric pathogens diagnosed in two aragonese laboratories, and applied l ... | 2009 | 19134236 |
| prospective derivation and validation of a clinical prediction rule for recurrent clostridium difficile infection. | prevention of recurrent clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is a substantial therapeutic challenge. a previous prospective study of 63 patients with cdi identified risk factors associated with recurrence. this study aimed to develop a prediction rule for recurrent cdi using the above derivation cohort and prospectively evaluate the performance of this rule in an independent validation cohort. | 2009 | 19162027 |
| waterlow score to predict patients at risk of developing clostridium difficile-associated disease. | this study describes the development and testing of an assessment tool to predict the risk of patients developing clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad). the three phases of the study include the development of the tool, prospective testing of the validity of the tool using 1468 patients in a medical assessment unit and external retrospective testing using data from 29 425 patients. in the first phase of the study, receiver operating characteristic (roc) analysis identified the waterlow ... | 2009 | 19162374 |
| auranofin disrupts selenium metabolism in clostridium difficile by forming a stable au-se adduct. | clostridium difficile is a nosocomial pathogen whose incidence and importance are on the rise. previous work in our laboratory characterized the central role of selenoenzyme-dependent stickland reactions in c. difficile metabolism. in this work we have identified, using mass spectrometry, a stable complex formed upon reaction of auranofin (a gold-containing drug) with selenide in vitro. x-ray absorption spectroscopy supports the structure that we proposed on the basis of mass-spectrometric data. ... | 2009 | 19165513 |
| healthcare-associated infections: epidemiology, prevention, and therapy. | reducing nosocomial infection rates is a major component of healthcare improvement. this article reviews the epidemiology, prevention, and therapy for some of the most common healthcare-associated infections, including central line-associated bloodstream infections and catheter-associated urinary tract infections, and 3 common organisms: methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus, multidrug- resistant gram-negative bacteria, and clostridium difficile. | 2009 | 19170222 |
| infection control practices related to clostridium difficile infection in acute care hospitals in canada. | we carried out a survey to identify the infection prevention and control practices in place in canadian hospitals participating in the canadian nosocomial infection surveillance program (cnisp). | 2009 | 19171246 |
| what is on that keyboard? detecting hidden environmental reservoirs of clostridium difficile during an outbreak associated with north american pulsed-field gel electrophoresis type 1 strains. | numerous studies have demonstrated that environmental surfaces in the rooms of patients with clostridium difficile infection (cdi) are often contaminated with spores. however, less information is available regarding the frequency of contamination of environmental surfaces outside of cdi isolation rooms. | 2009 | 19171247 |
| [pseudomembranous colitis: ct-findings]. | 2009 | 19173153 | |
| [clostridium-difficile-associated diarrhea]. | clostridium difficile is the most frequent cause of nosocomial diarrhea and is a significant cause of morbidity among hospitalized patients. the inflammation is produced as a result of a non-specific response to toxins. in the last few years, a hypervirulent strain, nap1/bi/027, has been reported. symptoms usually consist of abdominal pain and diarrhea. the diagnosis should be suspected in any patient who develops diarrhea during antibiotic therapy or 6-8 weeks after treatment. diagnosis should ... | 2009 | 19174100 |
| clostridium difficile infections in children. | 2009 | 19174687 | |
| proton pump inhibitors increase significantly the risk of clostridium difficile infection in a low-endemicity, non-outbreak hospital setting. | proton pump inhibitors (ppi) have been linked to higher risk of clostridium difficile infection (cdi). the relevance of this association in hospitals with low disease activity, where an outbreak strain is nondominant, has been assessed in relatively few studies. | 2009 | 19183143 |
| structural insights into the molecular organization of the s-layer from clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile expresses a surface layer (s-layer) which coats the surface of the bacterium and acts as an adhesin facilitating interaction of the bacterium with host enteric cells. the s-layer contains a high-molecular-weight s-layer protein (hmw slp) and its low-molecular-weight partner protein (lmw slp). we show that these proteins form a tightly associated non-covalent complex, the h/l complex, and we identify the regions of both proteins responsible for complex formation. the 2.4 a x ... | 2009 | 19183279 |
| the role of immunoglobulin for the treatment of clostridium difficile infection: a systematic review. | clostridium difficile is the most common infectious cause of nosocomial healthcare-associated diarrhea. the increasing prevalence of c difficile, spread in the community, virulence and frequent relapse has created an urgent need to identify new effective treatments for c. difficile infection. among these, intravenous immunoglobulin (ivig) is used for cases of severe c. difficile infection. we undertook a systematic review to examine the published literature pertaining to the use of immunoglobuli ... | 2009 | 19186089 |
| autologous non-myeloablative haemopoietic stem cell transplantation in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a phase i/ii study. | autologous non-myeloablative haemopoietic stem cell transplantation is a method to deliver intense immune suppression. we evaluated the safety and clinical outcome of autologous non-myeloablative haemopoietic stem cell transplantation in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (ms) who had not responded to treatment with interferon beta. | 2009 | 19186105 |
| a 76-year-old man with recurrent clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: review of c. difficile infection. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is a common and increasingly severe nosocomial infectious disease. the case of mr s, a 76-year-old man with multiple recurrences of cdi, illustrates the difficulties in treating recurrent disease and the way it complicates the management of other medical conditions. risk factors for cdi include antimicrobial use, hospital admission, advancing age, and severe underlying disease. a clinical diagnosis of cdi is usually confirmed by identifying c. difficile toxi ... | 2009 | 19190304 |
| device-independent, real-time identification of bacterial pathogens with a metal oxide-based olfactory sensor. | a novel olfactory method for bacterial species identification using an electronic nose device called the mononose was developed. differential speciation of micro-organisms present in primary cultures of clinical samples could be performed by real-time identification of volatile organic compounds (vocs) produced during microbial replication. kinetic measurements show that the dynamic changes in headspace gas composition are orders of magnitude larger than the static differences at the end of ferm ... | 2009 | 19190942 |
| health care-associated clostridium difficile infection in adults admitted to acute care hospitals in canada: a canadian nosocomial infection surveillance program study. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is the most frequent cause of health care-associated infectious diarrhea in industrialized countries. the only previous report describing the incidence of health care-associated cdi (ha cdi) in canada was conducted in 1997 by the canadian nosocomial infection surveillance program. we re-examined the incidence of ha cdi with an emphasis on patient outcomes. | 2009 | 19191641 |
| clostridium difficile infection: same incidence and worse prognosis? | 2009 | 19191642 | |
| antimotility agents for the treatment of clostridium difficile diarrhea and colitis. | antimotility agent use for the treatment of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is discouraged. we reviewed the literature and unpublished postmarketing surveillance reports regarding antimotility treatment of cdi. twenty reports met inclusion criteria, describing 55 patients with cdi who were exposed to antimotility agents. all studies were case reports or series, with the exception of 1 retrospective review. nineteen patients (35%) improved, with clinical resolution. nine patients (16%) died ... | 2009 | 19191646 |
| antimotility agents for the treatment of clostridium difficile infection: is the juice worth the squeeze? | 2009 | 19191647 | |
| successful containment of a norovirus outreak in an acute adult psychiatric area. | we describe a norovirus outbreak in an acute adult psychiatric area in a tertiary care hospital. containment of the outbreak was challenging because of the patients' psychiatric conditions and the area's configuration. on the basis of this experience, recommendations were made to help prevent a similar scenario in the future. | 2009 | 19193019 |
| clostridium difficile-associated disease in the elderly, united states. | 2009 | 19193291 | |
| clostridium difficile pcr ribotype 078 toxinotype v found in diarrhoeal pigs identical to isolates from affected humans. | in diseased piglets from two dutch pig-breeding farms with neonatal diarrhoea for more than a year, culture and pcr analyses identified the involved microorganism as clostridium difficile pcr ribotype 078 harbouring toxin a (tcda) and b (tcdb), and binary toxin genes. isolated strains showed a 39 bp deletion in the tcdc gene and they were ermb gene-negative. a number of 11 porcine and 21 human isolated c. difficile pcr ribotype 078 toxinotype v strains were found genetically related by multiple- ... | 2009 | 19196280 |
| clostridium difficile. | 2009 | 19196682 | |
| fulminant clostridium difficile enteritis after proctocolectomy and ileal pouch-anal anastamosis. | clostridium difficile (c. difficile) infection of the small bowel is very rare. the disease course is more severe than that of c. difficile colitis, and the mortality is high. we present a case of c. difficile enteritis in a patient with ileal pouch-anal anastamosis (ipaa), and review previous case reports in order to better characterize this unusual condition. | 2009 | 19197378 |
| killing of rat basophilic leukemia cells by lethal toxin from clostridium sordellii: critical role of phosphatidylinositide 3'-oh kinase/akt signaling. | clostridium sordellii lethal toxin (tcsl) belongs to the family of clostridial glucosylating toxins. tcsl exhibits glucosyltransferase activity to inactivate rho and ras proteins. on cultured cells, tcsl causes actin reorganization ("cytopathic effect") and apoptotic cell death ("cytotoxic effect"). this study is based on the concept that the cytotoxic effects of tcsl depend on the glucosylation of critical substrate proteins rather than on the glucosyltransferase activity per se. the cytotoxic ... | 2009 | 19199813 |
| serum albumin in risk assessment for clostridium difficile. | 2009 | 19200621 | |
| prevalence of clostridium difficile in diarrhoeic and non-diarrhoeic piglets. | clostridium difficile is considered to be an important causative agent of porcine neonatal diarrhoea, having taken over from classic bacterial pathogens. however, there are currently no clear data concerning the prevalence of this microorganism in piglets, or about its relative distributions among diarrhoeic and non-diarrhoeic animals. in the present study, we analyzed the presence of c. difficile in rectal swabs from 780 piglets from two age groups (newborn and 1-2-month-old pigs) by means of m ... | 2009 | 19200665 |
| healthcare-associated infection in acute hospitals: which interventions are effective? | this study investigated the potential factors linked to healthcare-associated infection (hcai) rates in acute national health service hospitals, analysing mandatory surveillance data with existing data available to the healthcare commission, and supplemented by a bespoke questionnaire. a questionnaire was developed to cover important elements related to the management and control of hcai. additional data were collated from other sources. infection outcomes comprised the mandatory surveillance da ... | 2009 | 19201050 |
| clostridium difficile. | 2009 | 19202581 | |
| clostridium difficile. | 2009 | 19202582 | |
| clostridium difficile. | 2009 | 19202583 | |
| rifaximin in treatment of recurrent clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: an uncontrolled pilot study. | 2009 | 18385603 | |
| rare case of "red man" syndrome in a female patient treated with oral vancomycin for clostridium difficile diarrhoea. | a 58-year-old caucasian woman was admitted for knee replacement but during the postoperative period she developed sepsis due to pneumonia, which was treated with coamoxiclav and then piperacillin (for 2 weeks). she had renal failure, which needed haemofiltration. during her recovery she had diarrhoea due to clostridium difficile, which was not controlled with metronidazole. vancomycin was therefore given, but she developed urticarial erythematous skin rash and hence it was stopped. she was not o ... | 2009 | 21886654 |
| prevention of clostridium difficile infection with saccharomyces boulardii: a systematic review. | clostridium difficile is a major cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea within the hospital setting. the yeast saccharomyces boulardii has been found to have some effect in reducing the risk of c difficile infection (cdi); however, its role in preventive therapy has yet to be firmly established. | 2009 | 20011734 |
| clostridium difficile-associated colitis following the use of chinese medicine. | chinese medicine is becoming widely used in the uk to treat many medical conditions, including acne. we report a case in which chinese medicine, lian qiao bai du wan, was used to treat acne in a teenage boy. the patient then suffered severe diarrhoea with blood and mucus per rectum. examination of the stool revealed clostridium difficile infection. treatment with oral metronidazole improved his symptoms. | 2009 | 21686665 |
| pseudomembranous colitis in four patients with cystic fibrosis following lung transplantation. | in the present study, 4 patients with cystic fibrosis undergoing lung transplantation (from a total of 137) who developed fulminant pseudomembranous colitis are described. initial presentation was variable and the mortality rate was 50% despite urgent colectomy. in one case the presenting abdominal distension was thought to be due to meconium ileus equivalent. it is concluded that clostridium difficile colitis may be a difficult diagnosis in patients with cystic fibrosis and follows a fulminant ... | 2009 | 21686410 |
| clostridium difficile enteritis in a patient after total proctocolectomy. | clostridium difficile infection is associated with antibiotic therapy and usually limited to the colonic mucosa. however, it is also a rare cause of enteritis, with only a few cases reported in the literature. in the present report, the case of a 30-year-old woman with clostridium difficile enteritis who previously had a panproctocolectomy with end ileostomy for severe ulcerative colitis is described. previously reported cases of clostridium difficile enteritis are also reviewed. previous antibi ... | 2009 | 21686438 |
| antiapoptotic proteins bcl-2 and bcl-xl inhibit clostridium difficile toxin a-induced cell death in human epithelial cells. | it has been well established that clostridium difficile toxin a (tcda) induces cell death in human epithelial cells. however, the mechanism of tcda-induced cell death remains to be fully characterized. here, we show that tcda induces dose-dependent cell death in ovarian carcinoma and colonic carcinoma cell lines. tcda-mediated cell death, as well as caspase 8 and caspase 3 activation, were specifically abrogated by anti-toxin antibodies. although caspase 8 and caspase 3 were activated by tcda in ... | 2009 | 19797069 |
| growth-inhibiting activities of phenethyl isothiocyanate and its derivatives against intestinal bacteria. | the growth-inhibiting activities of sinapis alba l. seed-derived materials were examined on the growth of bifidobacterium bifidum, b. breve, b. longum, clostridium difficile, c. perfringens, escherichia coli, lactobacillus acidophilus, and l. casei. the active component of s. alba seeds was purified using silica gel column chromatography and hplc and was identified as phenethyl isothiocyanate by various spectroscopic analyses. the antimicrobial activity of phenethyl isothiocyanate varied accordi ... | 2009 | 19799675 |
| use of longitudinal surveillance data to assess the effectiveness of infection control in critical care. | a simple method for quantifying nosocomial infection and colonization with multidrug-resistant organisms is described. this method is applied to the intensive care unit of an academic medical center where longitudinal surveillance data have been used to assess the impact of infection control interventions and antibiotic use. | 2009 | 19803721 |
| use of international classification of diseases, ninth revision, clinical modification codes and medication use data to identify nosocomial clostridium difficile infection. | the international classification of diseases, ninth revision, clinical modification (icd-9-cm) code for clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is used for surveillance of cdi. however, the icd-9-cm code alone cannot separate nosocomial cases from cases acquired outside the institution. the purpose of this study was to determine whether combining the icd-9-cm code with medication treatment data for cdi in hospitalized patients could enable us to distinguish between patients with nosocomial cdi and ... | 2009 | 19803724 |
| effects of subinhibitory concentrations of antibiotics on colonization factor expression by moxifloxacin-susceptible and moxifloxacin-resistant clostridium difficile strains. | recent outbreaks of clostridium difficile infection have been related to the emergence of the nap1/027 epidemic strain. this strain demonstrates increased virulence and resistance to the c-8-methoxyfluoroquinolones gatifloxacin and moxifloxacin. these antibiotics have been implicated as major c. difficile infection-inducing agents. we investigated by real-time reverse transcription-pcr the impact of subinhibitory concentrations of ampicillin, clindamycin, ofloxacin, and moxifloxacin on the expre ... | 2009 | 19805572 |
| single immunoglobulin infusion can reverse hemodynamic failure associated with severe clostridium difficile colitis. | 2009 | 19806111 | |
| cwp84, a surface-associated cysteine protease, plays a role in the maturation of the surface layer of clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile is a major and growing problem as a hospital-associated infection that can cause severe, recurrent diarrhea. the mechanism by which the bacterium colonizes the gut during infection is poorly understood but undoubtedly involves protein components within the surface layer (s-layer), which play a role in adhesion. in c. difficile, the s-layer is composed of two principal components, the high and low molecular weight s-layer proteins, which are formed from the post-translationa ... | 2009 | 19808679 |
| modulation of pathogen-induced ccl20 secretion from ht-29 human intestinal epithelial cells by commensal bacteria. | human intestinal epithelial cells (iecs) secrete the chemokine ccl20 in response to infection by various enteropathogenic bacteria or exposure to bacterial flagellin. ccl20 recruits immature dendritic cells and lymphocytes to target sites. here we investigated iec responses to various pathogenic and commensal bacteria as well as the modulatory effects of commensal bacteria on pathogen-induced ccl20 secretion. ht-29 human iecs were incubated with commensal bacteria (bifidobacterium infantis or la ... | 2009 | 19814810 |
| pros and cons of antibiotic therapy for pouchitis. | restorative proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis has become the surgical treatment of choice for patients with medically refractory ulcerative colitis or ulcerative colitis with dysplasia and for the majority of patients with familial adenomatous polyposis. however, pouchitis and other pouch-associated complications frequently occur following surgery. pouchitis is the most common long-term complication of ileal pouch-anal anastomosis in patients with ulcerative colitis, with a cumul ... | 2009 | 19817675 |
| diversity of moxifloxacin resistance during a nosocomial outbreak of a predominantly ribotype aru 027 clostridium difficile diarrhea. | to characterize the extent and diversity of moxifloxacin resistance among clostridium difficile isolates recovered during a predominantly anaerobe reference unit (aru) ribotype 027-associated nosocomial outbreak of antibiotic associated diarrhea we measured the susceptibility of 34 field isolates and 6 laboratory strains of c. difficile to moxifloxacin. we ribotyped the isolates as well as assaying them by pcr for the metabolic gene, gdh, and the virulence genes, tcda, tcdb, tcdc, cdta and cdtb. ... | 2009 | 19818865 |
| evidence-based review of probiotics for antibiotic-associated diarrhea and clostridium difficile infections. | probiotics are living microbes taken to confer a health benefit on the host. although probiotics have a long history of use in europe and asia and have been on the u.s. market for over 14 years, there is still confusion about how to effectively use them. the use of probiotics for the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea (aad) and the treatment of clostridium difficile infections (cdi) has been tested in randomized controlled clinical trials. this paper will review the evidence supporting ... | 2009 | 19825425 |
| bacteriophage-mediated toxin gene regulation in clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile has been identified as the most important single identifiable cause of nosocomial antibiotic-associated diarrhea and colitis. virulent strains of c. difficile produce two large protein toxins, toxin a and toxin b, which are involved in pathogenesis. in this study, we examined the effect of lysogeny by phicd119 on c. difficile toxin production. transcriptional analysis demonstrated a decrease in the expression of pathogenicity locus (paloc) genes tcda, tcdb, tcdr, tcde, and ... | 2009 | 19776116 |
| fecal bacteriotherapy for recurrent clostridium difficile infection. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) has emerged as a major complication associated with the use of systemic antimicrobial agents. broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents disrupt the ecological bacterial balance in the colon and create an opportunity for c. difficile overgrowth with attendant production of toxins and clinical symptoms of colitis. recommended therapies for cdi include oral administration of metronidazole or vancomycin for 10-14 days. however, 5% to 35% of patients experience infecti ... | 2009 | 19778623 |
| varied prevalence of clostridium difficile in an integrated swine operation. | the objectives of this study were to compare the prevalence of clostridium difficile (cd) among different age and production groups of swine in a vertically integrated swine operation in texas in 2006 and to compare our isolates to other animal and human isolates. results are based on 131 cd isolates from 1008 swine fecal samples and pork trim samples (overall prevalence of 13%). the prevalence (number positive/number tested in production type) of cd was different between the groups (p<or=0.001) ... | 2009 | 19778624 |
| the use of new and better antibiotics for bacterial infections in patients with leukemia. | bacterial infection is the most common complication of chemotherapy-induced neutropenia particularly in patients with hematologic malignancies. bacterial infections predominate during the initial phases of neutropenic episodes. the spectrum of bacterial infection continues to evolve globally and locally at the institutional level, as do patterns of antimicrobial susceptibility/resistance. these trends are often associated with local treatment practices (eg, use of antimicrobial prophylaxis, open ... | 2009 | 19778864 |
| molecular epidemiology of clostridium difficile over the course of 10 years in a tertiary care hospital. | the molecular epidemiology of endemic and outbreak clostridium difficile strains across time is not well known. | 2009 | 19780659 |
| the a, b, bi, and cs of clostridium difficile. | 2009 | 19780660 | |
| comparative genome and phenotypic analysis of clostridium difficile 027 strains provides insight into the evolution of a hypervirulent bacterium. | the continued rise of clostridium difficile infections worldwide has been accompanied by the rapid emergence of a highly virulent clone designated pcr-ribotype 027. to understand more about the evolution of this virulent clone, we made a three-way genomic and phenotypic comparison of an 'historic' non-epidemic 027 c. difficile (cd196), a recent epidemic and hypervirulent 027 (r20291) and a previously sequenced pcr-ribotype 012 strain (630). | 2009 | 19781061 |
| characterization of the sporulation initiation pathway of clostridium difficile and its role in toxin production. | clostridium difficile is responsible for significant mortality and morbidity in the hospitalized elderly. c. difficile spores are infectious and are a major factor contributing to nosocomial transmission. the spo0a response regulator is the master regulator for sporulation initiation and can influence many other cellular processes. using the clostron gene knockout system, we inactivated genes encoding spo0a and a putative sporulation-associated sensor histidine kinase in c. difficile. inactivati ... | 2009 | 19783633 |
| treatment of irritable bowel syndrome with probiotics. an etiopathogenic approach at last? | irritable bowel syndrome (ibs) is the most common functional digestive disorder, and may affect 11-20% of the adult population in industrialized countries. in accordance with rome iii criteria (2006) ibs involves abdominal pain and bowel habit disturbance, which are not explained by structural or biochemical abnormalities. several hypotheses attempt to account for the pathophysiology of ibs, but the etiology still remains uncertain or obscure, perhaps multifactorial. abnormalities in colonic mic ... | 2009 | 19785495 |
| tales from the c. difficile trenches. | 2009 | 19786472 | |
| a systems ergonomics analysis of the maidstone and tunbridge wells infection outbreaks. | this paper describes a systems ergonomics analysis of the recent outbreaks of clostridium difficile, which occurred over the period 2005-07 within the uk maidstone and tunbridge wells nhs trust. the analysis used documents related to the outbreak, alongside the construction of a system model in order to probe deeper into the nature of contributory factors within the trust. the findings from the analysis demonstrate the value of looking further at cross-level and whole-system aspects of infection ... | 2009 | 19787500 |
| pka and epac cooperate to augment bradykinin-induced interleukin-8 release from human airway smooth muscle cells. | airway smooth muscle contributes to the pathogenesis of pulmonary diseases by secreting inflammatory mediators such as interleukin-8 (il-8). il-8 production is in part regulated via activation of gq-and gs-coupled receptors. here we study the role of the cyclic amp (camp) effectors protein kinase a (pka) and exchange proteins directly activated by camp (epac1 and epac2) in the bradykinin-induced il-8 release from a human airway smooth muscle cell line and the underlying molecular mechanisms of t ... | 2009 | 19788733 |
| comparison of a rapid molecular method, the bd geneohm cdiff assay, to the most frequently used laboratory tests for detection of toxin-producing clostridium difficile in diarrheal feces. | six hundred diarrheal stool specimens were collected from inpatients and outpatients at local university hospitals for the detection of toxigenic clostridium difficile using three parallel methods, the bd geneohm cdiff assay, the tissue culture cytotoxicity assay, and a commercially available enzyme-linked fluorescence immunoassay (elfa) (vidas c. difficile toxin a and b assay; biomérieux). toxigenic c. difficile culture was also performed to further clarify discordant results. during a 3-month ... | 2009 | 19794052 |
| responsibility for managing healthcare-associated infections: where does the buck stop? | the prevention and control of healthcare-associated infections (hcais) requires a tripartite partnership between clinicians and carers, managers and government/department of health (doh) across the whole health and social care community. mandatory surveillance of meticillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia and clostridium difficile infection has shown a significant fall from peak numbers in 2003/04 and 2006, respectively, and there is now a zero tolerance approach to preventable infec ... | 2009 | 19765862 |
| infections caused by gram-positive bacteria: a review of the global challenge. | infections caused by multidrug-resistant gram-positive bacteria represent a major public health burden, not just in terms of morbidity and mortality, but also in terms of increased expenditure on patient management and implementation of infection control measures. staphylococcus aureus and enterococcus spp. are established pathogens in the hospital environment, and their frequent multidrug resistance complicates therapy. the archetypal hospital "superbug", methicillin-resistant s. aureus (mrsa), ... | 2009 | 19766888 |
| nmr-based metabonomics analysis of mouse urine and fecal extracts following oral treatment with the broad-spectrum antibiotic enrofloxacin (baytril). | the human gastrointestinal tract is home to hundreds of species of bacteria and the balance between beneficial and pathogenic bacteria plays a critical role in human health and disease. the human infant, however, is born with a sterile gut and the complex gastrointestinal host/bacterial ecosystem is only established after birth by rapid bacterial colonization. composition of newborn gut flora depends on several factors including type of birth (ceasarian or natural), manner of early feeding (brea ... | 2009 | 19768747 |
| infections in patients with multiple myeloma in the era of high-dose therapy and novel agents. | the introduction of stem cell transplantation and the novel anti-myeloma agents, bortezomib, thalidomide, and lenalidomide, have improved the outcome of patients with multiple myeloma. these advances have transformed myeloma into a chronic condition, with multiple relapses and salvage therapies, all of which result in cumulative immunosuppression and higher risk of infection. in addition to the immunodeficiency related to myeloma and its complications, the type of anti-myeloma therapy used also ... | 2009 | 19769539 |
| preventing healthcare-associated infection: risks, healthcare systems and behaviour. | more than 177 000 potentially preventable healthcare-associated infections (hais) occur per annum in australia with sizable attributable mortality. organizational systems to protect against hai in hospitals in australia are relatively poorly developed. awareness and practice of infection control by medical and other healthcare staff are often poor. these lapses in practice create significant risk for patients and staff from hai. excessive patient exposure to antimicrobials is another key factor ... | 2009 | 19769680 |
| public reports of infection rates urged. | 2009 | 19770253 | |
| relationship between antibiotic consumption and clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: an epidemiological note. | 2009 | 19770290 | |
| comparison of vidas cdab and cda immunoassay for the detection of clostridium difficile in a tcda- tcdb+ c. difficile prevalent area. | enzyme immunoassays for tcda and/or tcdb are widely used for diagnosis of c. difficile infection. this study compared the performance of the new vidas c. difficile toxin a & b assay (cdab) with that of the existing vidas c. difficile toxin a ii assay (cda) in a tcda(-)tcdb(+) prevalent area. a total of 555 fecal samples were cultured and tested using cdab and cda. c. difficile was isolated in 150 samples and the concordance rate was 81.8% (454/555) between cdab and cda. pcr assays for tcda and/o ... | 2009 | 19772927 |
| infection control and iv therapy in patients with clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile is a spore-forming anaerobe belonging to the family clostridium, with the bacteria being found in low numbers in approximately 5% of the healthy adult population. together with meticillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus, it is a major healthcare-associated infection and is responsible for considerable morbidity and mortality. antibiotics administered to patients can alter normal gut flora, allowing the proliferation of c. difficile and causing antibiotic-associated diarrhoe ... | 2009 | 19773686 |
| deaths involving clostridium difficile: england and wales, 2008. | 2009 | 19774833 | |
| fulminant clostridium difficile colitis isolated to the ascending colon by a diverting transverse loop colostomy. | 2009 | 19774963 | |
| infectious agents detected in the feces of diarrheic foals: a retrospective study of 233 cases (2003-2008). | diarrhea is common in foals but there are no studies investigating the relative prevalence of common infectious agents in a population of hospitalized diarrheic foals. | 2009 | 19747192 |
| motility and flagellar glycosylation in clostridium difficile. | in this study, intact flagellin proteins were purified from strains of clostridium difficile and analyzed using quadrupole time of flight and linear ion trap mass spectrometers. top-down studies showed the flagellin proteins to have a mass greater than that predicted from the corresponding gene sequence. these top-down studies revealed marker ions characteristic of glycan modifications. additionally, diversity in the observed masses of glycan modifications was seen between strains. electron tran ... | 2009 | 19749038 |
| proposed checklist of hospital interventions to decrease the incidence of healthcare-associated clostridium difficile infection. | the incidence and severity of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) are increasing, and previously described interventions for controlling the spread of cdi are not easily generalized to multiple healthcare institutions. | 2009 | 19751156 |
| distinctive profiles of infection and pathology in hamsters infected with clostridium difficile strains 630 and b1. | currently, the golden syrian hamster is widely considered an important model of clostridium difficile disease, as oral infection of this animal pretreated with antibiotics reproduces many of the symptoms observed in humans. two c. difficile strains, b1 and 630, showed significant differences in the progression and severity of disease in this model. b1-infected hamsters exhibited more severe pathology and a shorter time to death than hamsters infected with 630. histological changes in the gut did ... | 2009 | 19752031 |