Publications

pyruvate:quinone oxidoreductase from corynebacterium glutamicum: purification and biochemical characterization.	pyruvate:quinone oxidoreductase catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to acetate and co2 with a quinone as the physiological electron acceptor. so far, this enzyme activity has been found only in escherichia coli. using 2,6-dichloroindophenol as an artificial electron acceptor, we detected pyruvate:quinone oxidoreductase activity in cell extracts of the amino acid producer corynebacterium glutamicum. the activity was highest (0.055 +/- 0.005 u/mg of protein) in cells grown on compl ...	2005	15659664
nopb, a type iii secreted protein of rhizobium sp. strain ngr234, is associated with pilus-like surface appendages.	rhizobium sp. strain ngr234 possesses a functional type three secretion system (ttss), through which a number of proteins, called nodulation outer proteins (nops), are delivered to the outside of the cell. a major constraint to the identification of nops is their low abundance in the supernatants of ngr234 strains grown in culture. to overcome this limitation, a more sensitive proteomics-based strategy was developed. secreted proteins from wild-type ngr234 were separated by two-dimensional gel e ...	2005	15659692
type iii secretion chaperones of pseudomonas syringae protect effectors from lon-associated degradation.	the hrp type iii secretion system (ttss) of pseudomonas syringae translocates effector proteins into the cytoplasm of host cells. proteolysis of hrpr by lon has been shown to negatively regulate the hrp ttss. the inability to bypass lon-associated effects on the regulatory system by ectopic expression of the known regulators suggested a second site of action for lon in ttss-dependent effector secretion. in this study we report that ttss-dependent effectors are subject to the proteolytic degradat ...	2005	15661015
antibacterial activity of seed proteins of robinia pseudoacacia.	a low molecular weight cationic peptide was isolated from robinia pseudoacacia seed and tested in vitro against seven bacteria (corynebacterium michiganense, staphylococcus aureus, bacillus subtilis, erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora, pseudomonas syringae pv syringae, xanthomonas campestris pv campestris, and escherichia coli). the peptide inhibited the growth of the tested strains. the effective concentrations required for 50% inhibition of bacterial growth ranged between 20 and 120 microg m ...	2005	15664465
espj is a prophage-carried type iii effector protein of attaching and effacing pathogens that modulates infection dynamics.	enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli, enteropathogenic e. coli, and citrobacter rodentium are highly adapted enteropathogens that successfully colonize their host's gastrointestinal tract via the formation of attaching and effacing (a/e) lesions. these pathogens utilize a type iii secretion system (ttss) apparatus, encoded by the locus of enterocyte effacement, to translocate bacterial effector proteins into epithelial cells. here, we report the identification of espj (e. coli-secreted protein j), ...	2005	15664905
involvement of acetosyringone in plant-pathogen recognition.	in this study, acetosyringone was identified as one of the major extracellular phenolics in tobacco suspension cells and was shown to have bioactive properties that influence early events in plant-bacterial pathogenesis. in our model system, tobacco cell suspensions treated with bacterial isolate pseudomonas syringae wt (hr+) undergo a resistant interaction characterized by a burst in oxygen uptake several hours after inoculation. when the extracellular concentration of acetosyringone in tobacco ...	2005	15670760
molecular nature of spontaneous modifications in gacs which cause colony phase variation in pseudomonas sp. strain pcl1171.	pseudomonas sp. strain pcl1171 displays colony phase variation between opaque phase i and translucent phase ii colonies, thereby regulating the production of secondary metabolites and exoenzymes. complementation and sequence analysis of 26 phase ii mutants and of 13 wild-type phase ii sectors growing out of phase i colonies showed that in all these cases the phase ii phenotype is caused by spontaneous mutations in gaca or/and gacs. mutation of gac reduced both the length of the lag phase and the ...	2005	15629930
the hrpk operon of pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000 encodes two proteins secreted by the type iii (hrp) protein secretion system: hopb1 and hrpk, a putative type iii translocator.	pseudomonas syringae is a gram-negative bacterial plant pathogen that is dependent on a type iii protein secretion system (ttss) and the effector proteins it translocates into plant cells for pathogenicity. the p. syringae ttss is encoded by hrp-hrc genes that reside in a central region of a pathogenicity island (pai). flanking one side of this pai is the exchangeable effector locus (eel). we characterized the transcriptional expression of the open reading frames (orfs) within the eel of p. syri ...	2005	15629936
evidence for two flagellar stators and their role in the motility of pseudomonas aeruginosa.	pseudomonas aeruginosa is a ubiquitous bacterium capable of twitching, swimming, and swarming motility. in this study, we present evidence that p. aeruginosa has two flagellar stators, conserved in all pseudomonads as well as some other gram-negative bacteria. either stator is sufficient for swimming, but both are necessary for swarming motility under most of the conditions tested, suggesting that these two stators may have different roles in these two types of motility.	2005	15629949
type iii secretion chaperones shcs1 and shco1 from pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000 bind more than one effector.	the hrp-type iii secretion (tts) system is a key pathogenicity factor of the plant pathogen pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000 that translocates effector proteins into the cytosol of the eukaryotic host cell. the translocation of a subset of effectors is dependent on specific chaperones. in this study an operon encoding a tts chaperone (shcs1) and the truncated effector hops1' was characterized. yeast two-hybrid analysis and pull-down assays demonstrated that these proteins interact. using p ...	2005	15632444
extensive gene diversity in septicemic escherichia coli strains.	extraintestinal pathogenic escherichia coli strains (expec) are the cause of a diverse spectrum of invasive infections in humans and animals, and these infections often lead to septicemia. strains of serogroups o2 and o78 of e. coli are involved in human urinary tract infections and newborn meningitis and also constitute the major serotypes involved in avian colisepticemia. in the present study we compared the unique genomic sequences of two such septicemic strains, strains o2-1772 and o78-9, ob ...	2005	15634952
posttranslational modification of myxobacterial carrier protein domains in pseudomonas sp. by an intrinsic phosphopantetheinyl transferase.	we demonstrate the ability of pseudomonas putida kt2440, pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000 and pseudomonas stutzeri dsm10701 to posttranslationally activate carrier protein (cp) domains of various polyketide synthases, nonribosomal peptide synthetases, and fatty acid synthase by their intrinsic phosphopantetheinyl transferase. the apo-form is modified to the holo-form of the cp by attaching a phosphopantetheine moiety from coenzymea to a conserved serine residue. the coding regions of the r ...	2005	15635461
an avrpto/avrptob mutant of pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000 does not elicit pto-mediated resistance and is less virulent on tomato.	avrpto and avrptob are type iii effector proteins expressed by pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato strain dc3000, a pathogen of both tomato and arabidopsis spp. each effector physically interacts with the tomato pto kinase and elicits a hypersensitive response when expressed in tomato leaves containing pto. an avrpto deletion mutant of dc3000 previously was shown to retain avirulence activity on pto-expressing tomato plants. we developed an avrptob deletion mutant of dc3000 and found that it also re ...	2005	15672817
harpin of pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola harbors a protein binding site.	harpin hrpz of plant-pathogenic bacterium pseudomonas syringae elicits a hypersensitive response (hr) in some nonhost plants, but its function in the pathogenesis process is still obscure. hrpz-interacting proteins were identified by screening a phage-display library of random peptides. hrpz of the bean pathogen p. syringae pv. phaseolicola (hrpzpph) shows affinity to peptides with a consensus amino acid motif w(l)arwll(g/l). to localize the peptide-binding site, the hrpzpph gene was mutagenized ...	2005	15672819
the genome sequence of xanthomonas oryzae pathovar oryzae kacc10331, the bacterial blight pathogen of rice.	the nucleotide sequence was determined for the genome of xanthomonas oryzae pathovar oryzae (xoo) kacc10331, a bacterium that causes bacterial blight in rice (oryza sativa l.). the genome is comprised of a single, 4 941 439 bp, circular chromosome that is g + c rich (63.7%). the genome includes 4637 open reading frames (orfs) of which 3340 (72.0%) could be assigned putative function. orthologs for 80% of the predicted xoo genes were found in the previously reported x.axonopodis pv. citri (xac) a ...	2005	15673718
molecular characterization of proteolytic cleavage sites of the pseudomonas syringae effector avrrpt2.	during infection of arabidopsis thaliana, the bacterium pseudomonas syringae pv tomato delivers the effector protein avrrpt2 into the plant cell cytosol. within the plant cell, avrrpt2 undergoes n-terminal processing and causes elimination of arabidopsis rin4. previous work established that avrrpt2 is a putative cysteine protease, and avrrpt2 processing and rin4 elimination require an intact predicted catalytic triad in that avrrpt2. in this work, proteolytic events that depend on avrrpt2 activi ...	2005	15684089
mutations in pa2491 (mexs) promote mext-dependent mexef-oprn expression and multidrug resistance in a clinical strain of pseudomonas aeruginosa.	disruption of the pa2491 gene in a mini-tn5-tet insertion mutant of a clinical isolate of pseudomonas aeruginosa increased expression of the mexef-oprn multidrug efflux genes and decreased production of outer membrane protein oprd, concomitant with enhanced resistance to chloramphenicol, quinolones, and imipenem, which was reminiscent of previously described nfxc mutants. pa2491 encodes a probable oxidoreductase previously shown to be positively regulated by the mext positive regulator of mexef- ...	2005	15687188
bioinformatics analysis of the locus for enterocyte effacement provides novel insights into type-iii secretion.	like many other pathogens, enterohaemorrhagic and enteropathogenic strains of escherichia coli employ a type-iii secretion system to translocate bacterial effector proteins into host cells, where they then disrupt a range of cellular functions. this system is encoded by the locus for enterocyte effacement. many of the genes within this locus have been assigned names and functions through homology with the better characterised ysc-yop system from yersinia spp. however, the functions and homologie ...	2005	15757514
mediation of pathogen resistance by exudation of antimicrobials from roots.	most plant species are resistant to most potential pathogens. it is not known why most plant-microbe interactions do not lead to disease, although recent work indicates that this basic disease resistance is multi-factorial. here we show that the exudation of root-derived antimicrobial metabolites by arabidopsis thaliana confers tissue-specific resistance to a wide range of bacterial pathogens. however, a pseudomonas syringae strain that is both at least partly resistant to these compounds and ca ...	2005	15759001
[interaction of pantoea agglomerans with the agent of basal bacteriosis of wheat].	interactions between the agent of basal bacteriosis pseudomonas syringae pv. atrofaciens and epiphyte pantoea agglomerans have been studied in the laboratory and field conditions. it is shown the p. agglomerans affects the infectious process caused by p. s. pv. atrofaciens that leads to intensification of symptoms of the disease development. the epiphyte cells accumulation predominates under mutual artificial infection in the infected tissue. the higher competitive ability of the epiphyte p. agg ...	2005	15765881
genetic architecture of arabidopsis thaliana response to infection by pseudomonas syringae.	plant pathogens can severely reduce host yield and fitness. thus, investigating the genetic basis of plant response to pathogens is important to further understand plant-pathogen coevolution and to improve crop production. the interaction between arabidopsis thaliana and pseudomonas syringae is an important model for studying the genetic basis of plant-pathogen interactions. studies in this model have led to the discovery of many genes that differentiate a resistant from a susceptible plant. how ...	2005	15770233
a putative nucleoporin 96 is required for both basal defense and constitutive resistance responses mediated by suppressor of npr1-1,constitutive 1.	the arabidopsis thaliana suppressor of npr1-1, constitutive 1 (snc1) mutant contains a gain-of-function mutation in a toll interleukin1 receptor-nucleotide binding-leu-rich repeat-type resistance gene (r-gene), which leads to constitutive activation of disease resistance response against pathogens. in a screen for suppressors of snc1, a recessive mutation, designated mos3 (for modifier of snc1,3), was found to suppress the constitutive pathogenesis-related gene expression and resistance to virul ...	2005	15772285
metabolic, genomic, and biochemical analyses of glandular trichomes from the wild tomato species lycopersicon hirsutum identify a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of methylketones.	medium-length methylketones (c7-c15) are highly effective in protecting plants from numerous pests. we used a biochemical genomics approach to elucidate the pathway leading to synthesis of methylketones in the glandular trichomes of the wild tomato lycopersicon hirsutum f glabratum (accession pi126449). a comparison of gland est databases from accession pi126449 and a second l. hirsutum accession, la1777, whose glands do not contain methylketones, showed that the expression of genes for fatty ac ...	2005	15772286
effects on promoter activity of base substitutions in the cis-acting regulatory element of hrpxo regulons in xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae.	in xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, the causal agent of bacterial leaf blight of rice, hrpxo is known to be a transcriptional regulator for the hypersensitive response and pathogenicity (hrp) genes. several hrpxo regulons are preceded by a consensus sequence (ttcgc-n(15)-ttcgc), called the plant-inducible promoter (pip) box, which is required for expression of the gene that follows. thus, the pip box can be an effective marker for screening hrpxo regulons from the genome database. it is not known, ...	2005	15774873
identification of new protein-protein interactions involving the products of the chromosome- and plasmid-encoded type iv secretion loci of the phytopathogen xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri.	the recently sequenced genome of the bacterial plant pathogen xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri contains two virb gene clusters, one on the chromosome and one on a 64-kb plasmid, each of which codes for a previously uncharacterized type iv secretion system (t4ss). here we used a yeast two-hybrid assay to identify protein-protein interactions in these two systems. our results revealed interactions between known t4ss components as well as previously uncharacterized interactions involving hypothetic ...	2005	15774874
the type iii-dependent hrp pilus is required for productive interaction of xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria with pepper host plants.	the plant pathogenic bacterium xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria expresses a type iii secretion system that is necessary for both pathogenicity in susceptible hosts and the induction of the hypersensitive response in resistant plants. this specialized protein transport system is encoded by a 23-kb hrp (hypersensitive response and pathogenicity) gene cluster. here we show that x. campestris pv. vesicatoria produces filamentous structures, the hrp pili, at the cell surface under hrp-inducing ...	2005	15774889
functional analysis of the plant disease resistance gene pto using dna shuffling.	pto is a serine/threonine kinase that mediates resistance in tomato to strains of pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato expressing the (a)virulence proteins avrpto or avrptob. dna shuffling was used as a combinatorial in vitro genetic approach to dissect the functional regions of pto. the pto gene was shuffled with four of its paralogs from a resistant haplotype to create a library of recombinant products that was screened for interaction with avrpto in yeast. all interacting clones and a representati ...	2005	15790558
penetration of enveloped double-stranded rna bacteriophages phi13 and phi6 into pseudomonas syringae cells.	bacteriophages phi6 and phi13 are related enveloped double-stranded rna viruses that infect gram-negative pseudomonas syringae cells. phi6 uses a pilus as a receptor, and phi13 attaches to the host lipopolysaccharide. we compared the entry-related events of these two viruses, including receptor binding, envelope fusion, peptidoglycan penetration, and passage through the plasma membrane. the infection-related events are dependent on the multiplicity of infection in the case of phi13 but not with ...	2005	15795287
avrptob: a bacterial type iii effector that both elicits and suppresses programmed cell death associated with plant immunity.	pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000 is a model pathogen for studying the molecular basis of plant immunity and disease susceptibility in tomato and arabidopsis. dc3000 uses a type iii secretion system to inject effector proteins into the plant cell. type iii effectors are thought to promote bacterial virulence by suppressing plant defenses and enhancing access to nutrients trapped in the plant cell. the avrptob type iii effector elicits immunity-associated programmed cell death (pcd) when exp ...	2005	15796972
use of dominant-negative hrpa mutants to dissect hrp pilus assembly and type iii secretion in pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato.	the hrp pilus plays an essential role in the long-distance type iii translocation of effector proteins from bacteria into plant cells. hrpa is the structural subunit of the hrp pilus in pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (pst) dc3000. little is known about the molecular features in the hrpa protein for pilus assembly or for transporting effector proteins. from previous collections of nonfunctional hrpa derivatives that carry random pentapeptide insertions or single amino acid mutations, we identifi ...	2005	15797867
the arabidopsis gene cad1 controls programmed cell death in the plant immune system and encodes a protein containing a macpf domain.	to clarify the processes involved in plant immunity, we have isolated and characterized a single recessive arabidopsis mutant, cad1 (constitutively activated cell death 1), which shows a phenotype that mimics the lesions seen in the hypersensitive response (hr). this mutant shows spontaneously activated expression of pathogenesis-related (pr) genes, and leading to a 32-fold increase in salicylic acid (sa). inoculation of cad1 mutant plants with pseudomonas syringae pv tomato dc3000 shows that th ...	2005	15799997
antifreeze proteins modify the freezing process in planta.	during cold acclimation, winter rye (secale cereale l. cv musketeer) plants accumulate antifreeze proteins (afps) in the apoplast of leaves and crowns. the goal of this study was to determine whether these afps influence survival at subzero temperatures by modifying the freezing process or by acting as cryoprotectants. in order to inhibit the growth of ice, afps must be mobile so that they can bind to specific sites on the ice crystal lattice. guttate obtained from cold-acclimated winter rye lea ...	2005	15805474
blade-on-petiole-dependent signaling controls leaf and floral patterning in arabidopsis.	nonexpressor of pr genes1 (npr1) is a key regulator of the plant defense response known as systemic acquired resistance. accumulation of the signal molecule salicylic acid (sa) leads to a change in intracellular redox potential, enabling npr1 to enter the nucleus and interact with tgacg sequence-specific binding protein (tga) transcription factors, which in turn bind to sa-responsive elements in the promoters of defense genes. here, we show that two npr1-like genes, blade-on-petiole1 (bop1) and ...	2005	15805484
ancient haplotypes resulting from extensive molecular rearrangements in the wheat a genome have been maintained in species of three different ploidy levels.	plant genomes, in particular grass genomes, evolve very rapidly. the closely related a genomes of diploid, tetraploid, and hexaploid wheat are derived from a common ancestor that lived <3 million years ago and represent a good model to study molecular mechanisms involved in such rapid evolution. we have sequenced and compared physical contigs at the lr10 locus on chromosome 1as from diploid (211 kb), tetraploid (187 kb), and hexaploid wheat (154 kb). a maximum of 33% of the sequences were conser ...	2005	15805493
functional insights from the distribution and role of homopeptide repeat-containing proteins.	expansion of "low complex" repeats of amino acids such as glutamine (poly-q) is associated with protein misfolding and the development of degenerative diseases such as huntington's disease. the mechanism by which such regions promote misfolding remains controversial, the function of many repeat-containing proteins (rcps) remains obscure, and the role (if any) of repeat regions remains to be determined. here, a web-accessible database of rcps is presented. the distribution and evolution of rcps t ...	2005	15805494
polarity of enteropathogenic escherichia coli espa filament assembly and protein secretion.	type iii secretion systems (ttss) are sophisticated macromolecular structures that play an imperative role in bacterial infections and human disease. the ttss needle complex is conserved among bacterial pathogens and shows broad similarity to the flagellar basal body. however, the ttss of enteropathogenic and enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli, two important human enteric pathogens, is unique in that it has an approximately 12-nm-diameter filamentous extension to the needle that is composed of t ...	2005	15805534
crystal structure of the flagellar rotor protein flin from thermotoga maritima.	flin is a component of the bacterial flagellum that is present at levels of more than 100 copies and forms the bulk of the c ring, a drum-shaped structure at the inner end of the basal body. flin interacts with flig and flim to form the rotor-mounted switch complex that controls clockwise-counterclockwise switching of the motor. in addition to its functions in motor rotation and switching, flin is thought to have a role in the export of proteins that form the exterior structures of the flagellum ...	2005	15805535
identification of rcna (yohm), a nickel and cobalt resistance gene in escherichia coli.	we report here on the isolation and primary characterization of the yohm gene of escherichia coli. we show that yohm encodes a membrane-bound polypeptide conferring increased nickel and cobalt resistance in e. coli. yohm was specifically induced by nickel or cobalt but not by cadmium, zinc, or copper. mutation of yohm increased the accumulation of nickel inside the cell, whereas cells harboring yohm in multicopy displayed reduced intracellular nickel content. our data support the hypothesis that ...	2005	15805538
the phytotoxin coronatine and methyl jasmonate impact multiple phytohormone pathways in tomato.	coronatine (cor) is a phytotoxin produced by several pathovars of pseudomonas syringae and consists of coronafacic acid (cfa), an analog of methyl jasmonic acid (meja), and coronamic acid (cma), which resembles 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (acc), a precursor to ethylene. an understanding of how cor functions, is perceived by different plant tissues, and the extent to which it mimics meja remain unclear. in this study, cor and related compounds were examined with respect to structure and ...	2005	15807783
the h2o2-regulated ep5c gene encodes a peroxidase required for bacterial speck susceptibility in tomato.	bacterial speck caused by the pathogen pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (p. s. tomato) is a devastating disease of tomato plants. here we show that inhibition of ep5c gene expression, which encodes a secreted cationic peroxidase, is sufficient to confer resistance against p. s. tomato. the inhibition of ep5c protein accumulation in antisense tomato plants established resistance that was not accompanied by the pre-activation of known defense pathways. therefore, ep5c inhibition represents a novel ...	2005	15807789
the biosynthetic gene cluster for the beta-lactam antibiotic tabtoxin in pseudomonas syringae.	dna sequence analysis revealed that the biosynthetic genes of the unusual beta-lactam antibiotic tabtoxin reside at the att site adjacent to the lysc trna gene in pseudomonas syringae br2. orfs encoded within the region included ones with similarity to beta-lactam synthase and clavaminic acid synthase, as well as amino acid synthesis enzymes. novel orfs were present in a portion of the biosynthetic region associated with a toxin hypersensitivity phenotype. tabtoxin resistance was associated with ...	2005	16506699
initiating a crystallographic analysis of recombinant (s)-2-hydroxypropylphosphonic acid epoxidase from streptomyces wedmorensis.	the oxirane (1r,2s)-1,2-epoxypropylphosphonic acid (fosfomycin) is a natural product antibiotic produced in streptomyces wedmorensis by the metal-ion-dependent (s)-2-hydroxypropylphosphonic acid epoxidase. this epoxidase is highly unusual since it has no requirement for a haem prosthetic group. the gene encoding the enzyme, fom4, has been cloned and a highly efficient recombinant source of the enzyme established. two different crystal forms, tetragonal and hexagonal, have been obtained. the hexa ...	2005	16511089
health considerations regarding horizontal transfer of microbial transgenes present in genetically modified crops.	the potential effects of horizontal gene transfer on human health are an important item in the safety assessment of genetically modified organisms. horizontal gene transfer from genetically modified crops to gut microflora most likely occurs with transgenes of microbial origin. the characteristics of microbial transgenes other than antibiotic-resistance genes in market-approved genetically modified crops are reviewed. these characteristics include the microbial source, natural function, function ...	2005	16489267
membrane release and destabilization of arabidopsis rin4 following cleavage by pseudomonas syringae avrrpt2.	the arabidopsis rin4 protein mediates interaction between the pseudomonas syringae type iii effector proteins avrb, avrrpm1, and avrrpt2 and the arabidopsis disease-resistance proteins rpm1 and rps2. confocal laser-scanning fluorescence microscopy following particle bombardment of tobacco leaf epidermal cells was used to examine the subcellular localization of fusions between gfp and rin4 or several of its homologs and to examine the effects of cobombardment with avrrpt2 or avrrpml. this study s ...	2005	16478045
[fatty acids composition of cellular lipids of the collected and newly isolated pseudomonas lupini strains].	fatty acid composition of cellular lipids of 23 pseudomonas lupini strains (beltjukova et koroljova 1968) has been investigated. cellular fatty acids which contained from c10 to c19 carbon atoms have been identified. basic fatty acid of those pseudomonas cells are hexadecanoic, hexadecenoic and octadecanoic acids. the 3-hydroxydecanoic (c10:0 3oh), 3-hydroxydodecanoic (c12:0 3oh), 2-hydroxydodecanoic (c12:0 2oh) and cyclopropane fatty acids which contain 17 and 19 carbon atoms have been detected ...	2005	16396109
[analysis of the coding region for signal peptide-containing proteins in pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato genome].	the completed 5 615 orfs of chromosome sequence of pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato were analyzed by signalp 3.0. the result revealed that 679 orfs consisted of putative secretary proteins with signal peptides. 107 orfs of signal peptides have been named. the length of most signal peptides was different from 19 amino acids to 31 amino acids, and the most dominant one was 23 amino acids in length. the size of most orfs varied between 101 ~ 400 amino acids. the frequency of particular amino acids i ...	2005	16378946
exposure to host resistance mechanisms drives evolution of bacterial virulence in plants.	bacterial pathogenicity to plants and animals has evolved through an arms race of attack and defense. key players are bacterial effector proteins, which are delivered through the type iii secretion system and suppress basal defenses . in plants, varietal resistance to disease is based on recognition of effectors by the products of resistance (r) genes . when recognized, the effector or in this scenario, avirulence (avr) protein triggers the hypersensitive resistance reaction (hr), which generate ...	2005	16360685
expression profiling soybean response to pseudomonas syringae reveals new defense-related genes and rapid hr-specific downregulation of photosynthesis.	transcript profiling during susceptible (s) and hypersensitive response-associated resistance (r) interactions was determined in soybean (glycine max). pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea carrying or lacking the avirulence gene avrb, was infiltrated into cultivar williams 82. leaf rna was sampled at 2, 8, and 24 h postinoculation (hpi). significant changes in transcript abundance were observed for 3,897 genes during the experiment at p < or = 0.000005. many of the genes showed a similar direction ...	2005	16353551
internalization of escherichia coli o157:h7 following biological and mechanical disruption of growing spinach plants.	the internalization and persistence of a bioluminescent escherichia coli o157:h7 ph1 was investigated in growing spinach plants that had been either biologically or mechanically damaged. in control (undamaged) plants cultivated in soil microcosms inoculated with e. coli o157:h7 phl, the bacterium was recovered from surface-sterilized root tissue but not from leaves. mechanical disruption of the seminal root and root hairs of the plants did not result in the internalization of the pathogen into t ...	2005	16355819
[enhanced resistance to phytopathogenic bacteria in transgenic tobacco plants with synthetic gene of antimicrobial peptide cecropin p1].	plasmids with a synthetic gene of the mammalian antimicrobial peptide cecropin p1 (cecp1) controlled by the constitutive promoter 35s rna of cauliflower mosaic virus were constructed. agrobacterial transformation of tobacco plants was conducted using the obtained recombinant binary vector. the presence of gene cecp1 in the plant genome was confirmed by pcr. the expression of gene cecp1 in transgenic plants was shown by northern blot analysis. the obtained transgenic plants exhibit enhanced resis ...	2005	16358711
[kinetic parameters of single ion channels and stationary conductivities of phytotoxin modified lipid bilayers].	as shown earlier, phytotoxins produced by pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae form ion channels of "small" and "large" conductance when incorporated into planar lipid membranes. the multilevel conductance is due to cluster organization of the channels (kaulin et al., 1998; gurnev et al., 2002). in this study the kinetic parameters of syringomycin e (sre) and syringostatin a (ssa) channels in negatively charged bilayer lipid membranes were estimated. the average time of open state of the small chan ...	2005	16706157
widespread genetic exchange among terrestrial bacteriophages.	bacteriophages are the most numerous entities in the biosphere. despite this numerical dominance, the genetic structure of bacteriophage populations is poorly understood. here, we present a biogeography study involving 25 previously undescribed bacteriophages from the cystoviridae clade, a group characterized by a dsrna genome divided into three segments. previous laboratory manipulation has shown that, when multiple cystoviruses infect a single host cell, they undergo (i) rare intrasegment reco ...	2005	16365305
the shiga toxin 1-converting bacteriophage bp-4795 encodes an nlea-like type iii effector protein.	in this study, the complete dna sequence of shiga toxin 1-converting bacteriophage bp-4795 was determined. the genome of bp-4795 consists of 85 open reading frames, including two complete is629 elements and three morons at the end of its late regulatory region. one of these morons encodes a type iii effector that is translocated by the locus of enterocyte effacement-encoded type iii secretion system into hela cells, where it localizes with the golgi apparatus.	2005	16321954
evaluation of the antimicrobial activities of plant oxylipins supports their involvement in defense against pathogens.	plant oxylipins are a large family of metabolites derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids. the characterization of mutants or transgenic plants affected in the biosynthesis or perception of oxylipins has recently emphasized the role of the so-called oxylipin pathway in plant defense against pests and pathogens. in this context, presumed functions of oxylipins include direct antimicrobial effect, stimulation of plant defense gene expression, and regulation of plant cell death. however, the preci ...	2005	16299186
role of salicylic acid and fatty acid desaturation pathways in ssi2-mediated signaling.	stearoyl-acyl carrier protein desaturase-mediated conversion of stearic acid to oleic acid (18:1) is the key step that regulates the levels of unsaturated fatty acids (fas) in cells. our previous work with the arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) ssi2/fab2 mutant and its suppressors demonstrated that a balance between glycerol-3-phosphate (g3p) and 18:1 levels is critical for the regulation of salicylic acid (sa)- and jasmonic acid-mediated defense signaling in the plant. in this study, we have ev ...	2005	16306139
cuticular lipid composition, surface structure, and gene expression in arabidopsis stem epidermis.	all vascular plants are protected from the environment by a cuticle, a lipophilic layer synthesized by epidermal cells and composed of a cutin polymer matrix and waxes. the mechanism by which epidermal cells accumulate and assemble cuticle components in rapidly expanding organs is largely unknown. we have begun to address this question by analyzing the lipid compositional variance, the surface micromorphology, and the transcriptome of epidermal cells in elongating arabidopsis (arabidopsis thalia ...	2005	16299169
arabidopsis vegetative storage protein is an anti-insect acid phosphatase.	indirect evidence previously suggested that arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) vegetative storage protein (vsp) could play a role in defense against herbivorous insects. to test this hypothesis, other atvsp-like sequences in arabidopsis were identified through a basic local alignment search tool search, and their transcriptional profiles were investigated. in response to methyl jasmonate application or phosphate starvation, atvsp and atvsp-like genes exhibited differential expression patterns, s ...	2005	16258019
enhanced tolerance to environmental stress in transgenic plants expressing the transcriptional coactivator multiprotein bridging factor 1c.	abiotic stresses cause extensive losses to agricultural production worldwide. acclimation of plants to abiotic conditions such as drought, salinity, or heat is mediated by a complex network of transcription factors and other regulatory genes that control multiple defense enzymes, proteins, and pathways. associated with the activity of different transcription factors are transcriptional coactivators that enhance their binding to the basal transcription machinery. although the importance of stress ...	2005	16244138
cauliflower mosaic virus, a compatible pathogen of arabidopsis, engages three distinct defense-signaling pathways and activates rapid systemic generation of reactive oxygen species.	we analyzed expression of marker genes for three defense pathways during infection by cauliflower mosaic virus (camv), a compatible pathogen of arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana), using luciferase reporter transgenes and directly by measuring transcript abundance. expression of pr-1, a marker for salicylic acid signaling, was very low until 8 d postinoculation and then rose sharply, coinciding with the rise in virus levels. in contrast, as early as 2 h postinoculation, transcriptional up-regulat ...	2005	16169957
genome-wide identification and testing of superior reference genes for transcript normalization in arabidopsis.	gene transcripts with invariant abundance during development and in the face of environmental stimuli are essential reference points for accurate gene expression analyses, such as rna gel-blot analysis or quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (pcr). an exceptionally large set of data from affymetrix ath1 whole-genome genechip studies provided the means to identify a new generation of reference genes with very stable expression levels in the model plant species arabidopsis ...	2005	16166256
arabidopsis senescence-associated gene101 stabilizes and signals within an enhanced disease susceptibility1 complex in plant innate immunity.	plant innate immunity against invasive biotrophic pathogens depends on the intracellular defense regulator enhanced disease susceptibility1 (eds1). we show here that arabidopsis thaliana eds1 interacts in vivo with another protein, senescence-associated gene101 (sag101), discovered through a proteomic approach to identify new eds1 pathway components. together with phytoalexin-deficient4 (pad4), a known eds1 interactor, sag101 contributes intrinsic and indispensable signaling activity to eds1-dep ...	2005	16040633
maintenance of embryonic auxin distribution for apical-basal patterning by pin-formed-dependent auxin transport in arabidopsis.	molecular mechanisms of pattern formation in the plant embryo are not well understood. recent molecular and cellular studies, in conjunction with earlier microsurgical, physiological, and genetic work, are now starting to define the outlines of a model where gradients of the signaling molecule auxin play a central role in embryo patterning. it is relatively clear how these gradients are established and interpreted, but how they are maintained is still unresolved. here, we have studied the contri ...	2005	16055631
evolution of a microbial nitrilase gene family: a comparative and environmental genomics study.	completed genomes and environmental genomic sequences are bringing a significant contribution to understanding the evolution of gene families, microbial metabolism and community eco-physiology. here, we used comparative genomics and phylogenetic analyses in conjunction with enzymatic data to probe the evolution and functions of a microbial nitrilase gene family. nitrilases are relatively rare in bacterial genomes, their biological function being unclear.	2005	16083508
a second kazal-like protease inhibitor from phytophthora infestans inhibits and interacts with the apoplastic pathogenesis-related protease p69b of tomato.	the plant apoplast forms a protease-rich environment in which proteases are integral components of the plant defense response. plant pathogenic oomycetes, such as the potato (solanum tuberosum) and tomato (lycopersicon esculentum) pathogen phytophthora infestans, secrete a diverse family of serine protease inhibitors of the kazal family. among these, the two-domain epi1 protein was shown to inhibit and interact with the pathogenesis-related protein p69b subtilase of tomato and was implicated in ...	2005	15980196
vitamin b1 functions as an activator of plant disease resistance.	vitamin b(1) (thiamine) is an essential nutrient for humans. vitamin b(1) deficiency causes beriberi, which disturbs the central nervous and circulatory systems. in countries in which rice (oryza sativa) is a major food, thiamine deficiency is prevalent because polishing of rice removes most of the thiamine in the grain. we demonstrate here that thiamine, in addition to its nutritional value, induces systemic acquired resistance (sar) in plants. thiamine-treated rice, arabidopsis (arabidopsis th ...	2005	15980201
analysis of microbial gene transcripts in environmental samples.	we analyzed gene expression in marine and freshwater bacterioplankton communities by the direct retrieval and analysis of microbial transcripts. environmental mrna, obtained from total rna by subtractive hybridization of rrna, was reverse transcribed, amplified with random primers, and cloned. approximately 400 clones were analyzed, of which approximately 80% were unambiguously mrna derived. mrnas appeared to be from diverse taxonomic groups, including both bacteria (mainly alpha- and gamma-prot ...	2005	16000831
common defences.		2005	15940281
major signaling pathways modulate arabidopsis glucosinolate accumulation and response to both phloem-feeding and chewing insects.	plant responses to enemies are coordinated by several interacting signaling systems. molecular and genetic studies with mutants and exogenous signal application suggest that jasmonate (ja)-, salicylate (sa)-, and ethylene (et)-mediated pathways modulate expression of portions of the defense phenotype in arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana), but have not yet linked these observations directly with plant responses to insect attack. we compared the glucosinolate (gs) profiles of rosette leaves of 4-w ...	2005	15923339
the role of salicylic acid in the induction of cell death in arabidopsis acd11.	salicylic acid (sa) is implicated in the induction of programmed cell death (pcd) associated with pathogen defense responses because sa levels increase in response to pcd-inducing infections, and pcd development can be inhibited by expression of salicylate hydroxylase encoded by the bacterial nahg gene. the acd11 mutant of arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana l. heynh.) activates pcd and defense responses that are fully suppressed by nahg. to further study the role of sa in pcd induction, we compar ...	2005	15923330
regulation of plant disease resistance, stress responses, cell death, and ethylene signaling in arabidopsis by the edr1 protein kinase.	enhanced disease resistance 1 (edr1) encodes a ctr1-like kinase and was previously reported to function as a negative regulator of disease resistance and ethylene-induced senescence. here, we report that the edr1 mutant displays enhanced stress responses and spontaneous necrotic lesions under drought conditions in the absence of pathogen, suggesting that edr1 is also involved in stress response signaling and cell death regulation. double mutant analysis revealed that these drought-induced phenot ...	2005	15894742
heat stress phenotypes of arabidopsis mutants implicate multiple signaling pathways in the acquisition of thermotolerance.	to investigate the importance of different processes to heat stress tolerance, 45 arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) mutants and one transgenic line were tested for basal and acquired thermotolerance at different stages of growth. plants tested were defective in signaling pathways (abscisic acid, salicylic acid, ethylene, and oxidative burst signaling) and in reactive oxygen metabolism (ascorbic acid or glutathione production, catalase) or had previously been found to have temperature-related ph ...	2005	15923322
evolutionary and ecological genomics of arabidopsis.		2005	15955921
transcriptional profiling of sorghum induced by methyl jasmonate, salicylic acid, and aminocyclopropane carboxylic acid reveals cooperative regulation and novel gene responses.	we have conducted a large-scale study of gene expression in the c4 monocot sorghum (sorghum bicolor) l. moench cv btx623 in response to the signaling compounds salicylic acid (sa), methyl jasmonate (meja), and the ethylene precursor aminocyclopropane carboxylic acid. expression profiles were generated from seedling root and shoot tissue at 3 and 27 h, using a microarray containing 12,982 nonredundant elements. data from 102 slides and quantitative reverse transcription-pcr data on mrna abundance ...	2005	15863699
in vivo studies of genomic packaging in the dsrna bacteriophage phi8.	phi8 is a bacteriophage containing a genome of three segments of double-stranded rna inside a polyhedral capsid enveloped in a lipid-containing membrane. plus strand rna binds and is packaged by empty procapsids. whereas phi6, another member of the cystoviridae, shows high stringency, serial dependence and precision in its genomic packaging in vitro and in vivo, phi8 packaging is more flexible. unique sequences (pac) near the 5' ends of plus strands are necessary and sufficient for phi6 genomic ...	2005	15762996
auxin: regulation, action, and interaction.	the phytohormone auxin is critical for plant growth and orchestrates many developmental processes.	2005	15749753
the arabidopsis plastidic glucose 6-phosphate/phosphate translocator gpt1 is essential for pollen maturation and embryo sac development.	plastids of nongreen tissues can import carbon in the form of glucose 6-phosphate via the glucose 6-phosphate/phosphate translocator (gpt). the arabidopsis thaliana genome contains two homologous gpt genes, atgpt1 and atgpt2. both proteins show glucose 6-phosphate translocator activity after reconstitution in liposomes, and each of them can rescue the low-starch leaf phenotype of the pgi1 mutant (which lacks plastid phosphoglucoisomerase), indicating that the two proteins are also functional in ...	2005	15722468
differential expression and evolution of the arabidopsis cyp86a subfamily.	some members of the arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) cyp86a and cyp94b cytochrome p450 monooxygenase subfamilies, which share some sequence homology with the animal and fungal fatty acid hydroxylases, have been functionally defined as fatty acid omega-hydroxylases. with these activities, these and other fatty acid hydroxylases have potential roles in the synthesis of cutin, production of signaling molecules, and prevention of accumulation of toxic levels of free fatty acids. the constitutive a ...	2005	15709153
caspases. regulating death since the origin of life.		2005	15761210
the structure of coral allene oxide synthase reveals a catalase adapted for metabolism of a fatty acid hydroperoxide.	8r-lipoxygenase and allene oxide synthase (aos) are parts of a naturally occurring fusion protein from the coral plexaura homomalla. aos catalyses the production of an unstable epoxide (an allene oxide) from the fatty acid hydroperoxide generated by the lipoxygenase activity. here, we report the structure of the aos domain and its striking structural homology to catalase. whereas nominal sequence identity between the enzymes had been previously described, the extent of structural homology observ ...	2004	15625113
the structure of coral allene oxide synthase reveals a catalase adapted for metabolism of a fatty acid hydroperoxide.	8r-lipoxygenase and allene oxide synthase (aos) are parts of a naturally occurring fusion protein from the coral plexaura homomalla. aos catalyses the production of an unstable epoxide (an allene oxide) from the fatty acid hydroperoxide generated by the lipoxygenase activity. here, we report the structure of the aos domain and its striking structural homology to catalase. whereas nominal sequence identity between the enzymes had been previously described, the extent of structural homology observ ...	2004	15625113
the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway and plant development.		2004	15579807
the cytoskeleton as a regulator and target of biotic interactions in plants.		2004	15591444
a conserved transcript pattern in response to a specialist and a generalist herbivore.	transcript patterns elicited in response to attack reveal, at the molecular level, how plants respond to aggressors. these patterns are fashioned both by inflicted physical damage as well as by biological components displayed or released by the attacker. different types of attacking organisms might therefore be expected to elicit different transcription programs in the host. using a large-scale dna microarray, we characterized gene expression in damaged as well as in distal arabidopsis thaliana ...	2004	15494554
investigations into the role of the plastidial peptide methionine sulfoxide reductase in response to oxidative stress in arabidopsis.	peptidyl met residues are readily oxidized by reactive oxygen species to form met sulfoxide. the enzyme peptide met sulfoxide reductase (pmsr) catalyzes the reduction of met sulfoxides back to met. in doing so, pmsr is proposed to act as a last-chance antioxidant, repairing proteins damaged from oxidative stress. to assess the role of this enzyme in plants, we generated multiple transgenic lines with altered expression levels of the plastid form of pmsr (pmsr4). in transgenic plants, pmsr4 expre ...	2004	15516509
molecular genetics of disease resistance in cereals.	this botanical briefing attempts to summarize what is currently known about the molecular bases of disease resistance in cereal species and suggests future research directions.	2004	15466878
overexpression of constitutive differential growth 1 gene, which encodes a rlckvii-subfamily protein kinase, causes abnormal differential and elongation growth after organ differentiation in arabidopsis.	to better understand genetic regulation of differential growth of plant organs, a dominant and semidwarf mutant, constitutive differential growth 1-dominant (cdg1-d), was isolated utilizing the technique of activation tagging. cdg1-d showed pleiotropic phenotype including dwarfism, exaggerated leaf epinasty, and twisted or spiral growth in hypocotyl, inflorescence stem, and petiole. hypocotyls of cdg1-d were longer than those of wild type under light conditions. the phenotype was caused by activ ...	2004	15466232
new pulses in plant research.		2004	15461810
co-infection weakens selection against epistatic mutations in rna viruses.	co-infection may be beneficial in large populations of viruses because it permits sexual exchange between viruses that is useful in combating the mutational load. this advantage of sex should be especially substantial when mutations interact through negative epistasis. in contrast, co-infection may be detrimental because it allows virus complementation, where inferior genotypes profit from superior virus products available within the cell. the rna bacteriophage phi6 features a genome divided int ...	2004	15454523
genevestigator. arabidopsis microarray database and analysis toolbox.	high-throughput gene expression analysis has become a frequent and powerful research tool in biology. at present, however, few software applications have been developed for biologists to query large microarray gene expression databases using a web-browser interface. we present genevestigator, a database and web-browser data mining interface for affymetrix genechip data. users can query the database to retrieve the expression patterns of individual genes throughout chosen environmental conditions ...	2004	15375207
the potassium-dependent transcriptome of arabidopsis reveals a prominent role of jasmonic acid in nutrient signaling.	full genome microarrays were used to assess transcriptional responses of arabidopsis seedlings to changing external supply of the essential macronutrient potassium (k(+)). rank product statistics and iterative group analysis were employed to identify differentially regulated genes and statistically significant coregulated sets of functionally related genes. the most prominent response was found for genes linked to the phytohormone jasmonic acid (ja). transcript levels for the ja biosynthetic enz ...	2004	15347784
evidence for a direct link between glutathione biosynthesis and stress defense gene expression in arabidopsis.	the mutant regulator of apx2 1-1 (rax1-1) was identified in arabidopsis thaliana that constitutively expressed normally photooxidative stress-inducible ascorbate peroxidase2 (apx2) and had >/=50% lowered foliar glutathione levels. mapping revealed that rax1-1 is an allele of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase 1 (gsh1), which encodes chloroplastic gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase, the controlling step of glutathione biosynthesis. by comparison of rax1-1 with the gsh1 mutant cadmium hypersensitive ...	2004	15308753
the f-box protein ahslf-s2 controls the pollen function of s-rnase-based self-incompatibility.	recently, we have provided evidence that the polymorphic self-incompatibility (s) locus-encoded f-box (slf) protein ahslf-s(2) plays a role in mediating a selective s-rnase destruction during the self-incompatible response in antirrhinum hispanicum. to investigate its role further, we first transformed a transformation-competent artificial chromosome clone (tac26) containing both ahslf-s(2) and ahs(2)-rnase into a self-incompatible (si) line of petunia hybrida. molecular analyses showed that bot ...	2004	15308757
the oxylipin signal jasmonic acid is activated by an enzyme that conjugates it to isoleucine in arabidopsis.	despite its importance in a variety of plant defense responses, our understanding of how jasmonic acid (ja) functions at the biochemical level is limited. several amino acid conjugates of ja were tested for their ability to complement the ja-insensitive arabidopsis thaliana mutant jar1-1. unlike free ja, ja-ile inhibited root growth in jar1-1 to the same extent as in the wild type, whereas ja-val, ja-leu, and ja-phe were ineffective inhibitors in both genotypes. thin-layer chromatography and gas ...	2004	15258265
database searching by flexible protein structure alignment.	we have recently developed a flexible protein structure alignment program (fatcat) that identifies structural similarity, at the same time accounting for flexibility of protein structures. one of the most important applications of a structure alignment method is to aid in functional annotations by identifying similar structures in large structural databases. however, none of the flexible structure alignment methods were applied in this task because of a lack of significance estimation of flexibl ...	2004	15215527
the effect of water, sugars, and proteins on the pattern of ice nucleation and propagation in acclimated and nonacclimated canola leaves.	infrared video thermography was used to observe ice nucleation temperatures, patterns of ice formation, and freezing rates in nonacclimated and cold acclimated leaves of a spring (cv quest) and a winter (cv express) canola (brassica napus). distinctly different freezing patterns were observed, and the effect of water content, sugars, and soluble proteins on the freezing process was characterized. when freezing was initiated at a warm subzero temperature, ice growth rapidly spread throughout nona ...	2004	15247390
fatcat: a web server for flexible structure comparison and structure similarity searching.	protein structure comparison, an important problem in structural biology, has two main applications: (i) comparing two protein structures in order to identify the similarities and differences between them, and (ii) searching for structures similar to a query structure. many web-based resources for both applications are available, but all are based on rigid structural alignment algorithms. fatcat server implements the recently developed flexible protein structure comparison algorithm fatcat, whic ...	2004	15215455
salicylate accumulation inhibits growth at chilling temperature in arabidopsis.	the growth of arabidopsis plants in chilling conditions could be related to their levels of salicylic acid (sa). plants with the sa hydroxylase nahg transgene grew at similar rates to col-0 wild types at 23 degrees c, and growth of both genotypes was slowed by transfer to 5 degrees c. however, at 5 degrees c, nahg plants displayed relative growth rates about one-third greater than col-0, so that by 2 months nahg plants were typically 2.7-fold larger. this resulted primarily from greater cell exp ...	2004	15173571
camalexin is synthesized from indole-3-acetaldoxime, a key branching point between primary and secondary metabolism in arabidopsis.	characteristic for cruciferous plants is their production of n- and s-containing indole phytoalexins with disease resistance and cancer-preventive properties, previously proposed to be synthesized from indole independently of tryptophan. we show that camalexin, the indole phytoalexin of arabidopsis thaliana, is synthesized from tryptophan via indole-3-acetaldoxime (iaox) in a reaction catalyzed by cyp79b2 and cyp79b3. cyp79b2/cyp79b3 double knockout mutant is devoid of camalexin, as it is also d ...	2004	15148388
arabidopsis peptide methionine sulfoxide reductase2 prevents cellular oxidative damage in long nights.	peptide methionine sulfoxide reductase (pmsr) is a ubiquitous enzyme that repairs oxidatively damaged proteins. in arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana), a null mutation in pmsr2 (pmsr2-1), encoding a cytosolic isoform of the enzyme, exhibited reduced growth in short-day conditions. in wild-type plants, a diurnally regulated peak of total pmsr activity occurred at the end of the 16-h dark period that was absent in pmsr2-1 plants. this pmsr activity peak in the wild-type plant coincided with increas ...	2004	15031406
constitutive and inducible trypsin proteinase inhibitor production incurs large fitness costs in nicotiana attenuata.	plant trypsin proteinase inhibitors (tpis) are potent herbivore- and jasmonate (ja)-induced defenses, but support for the commonly invoked explanation for their inducible expression, namely their associated fitness costs, has been elusive. to determine whether the expression of tpis incurs fitness costs, we expressed 175 bp of the seven-domain pi from nicotiana attenuata in an antisense orientation in a tpi-producing genotype (wt) of n. attenuata to reduce tpi expression. moreover, we expressed ...	2004	14757829