Publications

detection of porcine circovirus type 1 in commercial pig vaccines using polymerase chain reaction.	the absence of extraneous viruses is a requirement in the quality control of vaccines for veterinary use in the european pharmacopoeia. a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay for the detection of porcine circovirus type 1 (pcv1) and type 2 (pcv2) was evaluated in 18 commercial porcine vaccines. since vaccine components may contain pcr enhancers or inhibitors, 13 of the studied vaccines (used as diluents) were subsequently spiked with different dilutions of pcv2 and tested by pcr. although pcv2 ...	2006	16624728
bacterial lipopolysaccharide induces porcine circovirus type 2 replication in swine alveolar macrophages.	monocyte/macrophage lineage cells are major target cells of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2). from tissues of field pigs suffering from postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws), both intracytoplasmic and intranuclear pcv2 signals, including antigens and nucleic acid, were easily detected in the monocyte/macrophage lineage cells. however, there was a high incidence of intracytoplasmic pcv2-positive signals, but lack of intranuclear signals and pcv2 replication in these cells in vitro. co ...	2006	16626898
the need for continuing vigilance: addressing the threat for transmission of blood-borne infectious disease.	as international travel and human encroachment into previously isolated areas have increased, so too has the potential for the emergence of new infectious diseases. populations likely to be susceptible to new infectious diseases have also increased in size. the past three decades have seen outbreaks of diseases caused by parvoviruses, nipah virus, circoviruses, and prions. infectious pathogens such as these are formidable opponents; they can adapt to new hosts or cause variant diseases within ne ...	2006	16631823
1h, 13c, and 15n nmr assignment of the rep protein nuclease domain from the porcine circovirus pcv2.		2006	16636755
the orf3 protein of porcine circovirus type 2 is involved in viral pathogenesis in vivo.	porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is the primary causative agent of an emerging swine disease, postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome. we previously showed that a novel identified protein, orf3, was not essential for pcv2 replication in cultured pk15 cells and played a major role in virus-induced apoptosis. to evaluate the role of the orf3 protein in viral pathogenesis in vivo, we inoculated 8-week-old balb/c mice that have been developed for pcv2 replication with orf3-deficient mutant pcv2 ( ...	2006	16641298
infection of pigs in ireland with lymphotropic gamma-herpesviruses and relationship to postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome.	three species of porcine lymphotropic herpesviruses (plhvs) have been described but there are few reports on the distribution and prevalence of these viruses in domestic pigs. we aimed to determine the plhv status of irish commercial pig herds, and to this end spleens taken from 110 healthy adult pigs sourced from 22 geographically distributed farms in ireland were analysed for plhv dna using novel species-specific polymerase chain reaction assays. we now report that plhv infection is widespread ...	2006	16672182
evidence of breed-dependent differences in susceptibility to porcine circovirus type-2-associated disease and lesions.	porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) has been confirmed as the primary cause of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws). however, in the field, pmws is seen only in a small percentage of pigs infected with pcv2. the overall objective of the study reported here was to determine whether host genetic differences in the susceptibility to pcv2-associated disease exist among selected breeds of pigs. this study included duroc (n = 23), landrace (n = 19), and large white (n = 21) pigs. the pigs we ...	2006	16672575
occurrence of swine salmonellosis in postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) affected pigs concurrently infected with porcine reproduction and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv).	fourteen diseased pigs from four farms in which there had been an outbreak of salmonellosis were investigated. granulomatous inflammation with depletion of lymphocytes was observed in the swollen lymph nodes in these pigs. antigens to porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) were immunolabeled in the lesions along with detection of viral dna as pcv2 by polymerase chain reaction (pcr). in addition, antigens to porcine reproductive respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) were immunodetected in the lungs and sa ...	2006	16679733
viral infections in pigeons.	this review provides a current update on the major viral diseases of the domestic pigeon (columba livia domestica), based on scientific reports and clinical experience. paramyxovirus 1, adenovirus, rotavirus, herpesvirus 1, poxvirus and circovirus infections are described according to common clinical signs and target tissues. since pigeons are sometimes treated as if they were poultry, the review also summarises the common viral infections of poultry for which pigeons are considered resistant. i ...	2006	16772130
demonstration of nicking/joining activity at the origin of dna replication associated with the rep and rep' proteins of porcine circovirus type 1.	the replication of porcine circovirus type 1 (pcv1) is thought to occur by rolling-circle replication (rcr), whereby the introduction of a single-strand break generates a free 3'-hydroxyl group serving as a primer for subsequent dna synthesis. the covalently closed, single-stranded genome of pcv1 replicates via a double-stranded replicative intermediate, and the two virus-encoded replication-associated proteins rep and rep' have been demonstrated to be necessary for virus replication. however, a ...	2006	16775310
the capsid protein of beak and feather disease virus binds to the viral dna and is responsible for transporting the replication-associated protein into the nucleus.	circoviruses lack an autonomous dna polymerase and are dependent on the replication machinery of the host cell for de novo dna synthesis. accordingly, the viral dna needs to cross both the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope before replication can occur. here we report on the subcellular distribution of the beak and feather disease virus (bfdv) capsid protein (cp) and replication-associated protein (rep) expressed via recombinant baculoviruses in an insect cell system and test the hypothesi ...	2006	16809327
cytokine and c-reactive protein profiles induced by porcine circovirus type 2 experimental infection in 3-week-old piglets.	the purpose of this study was to determine serum profiles of cytokines at a protein level and creactive protein (crp) during the development of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) in experimentally inoculated pigs. levels of serum ifn-alpha, il-6, il-10, and crp were examined for a 35-day period in 10 piglets experimentally infected with pcv2 at 3 weeks of age. four of the infected piglets developed severe pmws at 14 to 21 days post-infection (d.p.i.) and died prior to termination ...	2006	16817761
postweaning mortality in manitoba swine.	a case-control study to investigate the contribution of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) and porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv-2) to deaths among piglets of nursery age (19 to 68 d) in manitoba indicated a significant positive association between pcv-2 infection and an increased mortality rate in nursery pigs. the clinical syndrome pmws was seldom recognized in case or control herds; however, pcv-2 infection was widespread at the herd level. other factors more strongly associated w ...	2006	16850937
circovirus inclusion bodies in intestinal muscle cells of a canary.	multiple cytoplasmic inclusion bodies were observed in the intestinal smooth muscle cells of an adult canary from an aviary with a history of high mortality (50%) both in adult and young birds. grossly, a mild enteritis was the only lesion appreciable. smears of the proventricular contents contained a few megabacteria (macrorhabdus ornithogaster). the intestinal inclusions were found in very high numbers in all parts of the tract examined. they appeared round to oval, amphophilic and hyaline in ...	2006	16854639
seroprevalence of six reproductive pathogens in european wild boar (sus scrofa) from spain: the effect on wild boar female reproductive performance.	we studied the seroprevalence of six reproductive pathogens in spanish hunter-harvested wild boar females. the sample was representative of the hunting harvest in the studied hunting estates. mean antibody prevalences were: 60.6+/-0.06% for aujeszky's disease virus (adv), 56.6+/-0.09% for porcine parvovirus (ppv), 51.8+/-0.06% for porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), 29.7+/-0.09% for brucella spp. and 36.3+/-0.1% for toxoplasma gondii. we did not detect antibodies against porcine reproductive and r ...	2006	16076482
muco-cutaneous candidiasis in two pigs with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome.	in two distinct commercial swine herds, poor weight gain and an increased number of animals showing wasting were observed among nursery and growing pigs. cases of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) and infection with haemophilus parasuis had been previously diagnosed in these herds. one growing wasted pig from each herd was necropsied and showed enlarged lymph nodes. pseudomembranous material adhered to the dorsum of the tongue, soft and hard palate in case 1, and in case 2, fibri ...	2006	15955715
cardiovascular lesions in pigs naturally or experimentally infected with porcine circovirus type 2.	abundant intracytoplasmic porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) was associated with myocardiocyte swelling or necrosis, or myocardial fibrosis (or both) in three naturally infected pigs aged 4-7 weeks from three different farms. one 6 week old pig from a fourth farm had severe diffuse segmental to circumferential lymphohistiocytic and plasmacytic periarteritis and endarteritis in several organs, pcv2 antigen was demonstrated in endothelial cells, and inflammatory cells in the arterial walls. in three ...	2006	16325842
genetic characterization of type 2 porcine circoviruses detected in hungarian wild boars.	porcine circoviruses (pcv) are present in pigs worldwide; they are grouped into two types: pcv1 comprising non-pathogenic viruses and pcv2 responsible for several clinical manifestations. both types are frequently detected in domestic pigs, the prevalence and role of pcv in wild boars however, is not well studied. during the years 2002-2003 over 2000 organ samples of hungarian wild boars were collected, grouped and samples from 307 different animals were tested by polymerase chain reaction for t ...	2006	16328152
pathological and aetiological studies of multifocal interstitial nephritis in wasted pigs at slaughter.	multifocal interstitial nephritis in pigs has been associated with several infectious agents. the objective of the present study was to investigate several different potential infectious agents associated with "white-spotted" kidneys in pigs suffering from wasting at slaughter (aged 6-8 months). twenty-nine case kidneys (with a "white-spotted" gross appearance) classified into 3 macroscopic lesional grades, and 15 control kidneys (lacking gross lesions), were obtained from a pig abattoir. labora ...	2006	16332382
serological investigation and genomic characterization of pcv2 isolates from different geographic regions of zhejiang province in china.	sera collected from 46 swine farms in zhejiang province were evaluated for the presence of antibodies to pcv2 using an indirect-fluorescent antibody procedure. in addition pcv2 isolated from superficial inguinal lymph node samples collected from 40-to 90-day-old pigs with clinical signs of post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) using the pk-15 cell line were sequenced and compared. overall seroprevalence of pcv2 antibody averaged 58.34% for all samples. breakdown of serology by group ...	2006	16400605
identification of porcine circovirus type 2 in retrospective cases of pigs naturally infected with porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus.	the identification of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) was studied in fresh intestinal tissues by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and in formalin-fixed, paraffin-wax-embedded intestinal tissues by in situ hybridisation. the tissues came from pigs naturally infected with porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (pedv). a total of 35 (32.7%) of 107 small intestinal samples from pigs naturally infected with pedv were found to be positive using pcr. positive signals for pcv2 were detected in 32 (29.9%) of 1 ...	2006	16427593
inhibition of porcine circovirus type 2 replication in mice by rna interference.	porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is the primary causative agent of an emerging swine disease, postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) for which no antiviral treatment is available. to exploit the possibility of using rna interference (rnai) as a therapeutic approach against the disease, plasmid-borne short hairpin rnas (shrnas) were generated to target the pcv2 genome. transfection of these shrnas into cultured pk15 cells caused a significant reduction in viral rna production that was ...	2006	16427679
correlation between the presence of neutralizing antibodies against porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2) and protection against replication of the virus and development of pcv2-associated disease.	in a previous study, it was demonstrated that high replication of porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2) in a gnotobiotic pig was correlated with the absence of pcv2-neutralizing antibodies. the aim of the present study was to investigate if this correlation could also be found in spf pigs in which pmws was experimentally reproduced and in naturally pmws-affected pigs.	2006	16445856
observations on detection, excretion and transmission of pigeon circovirus in adult, young and embryonic pigeons.	infections with pigeon circovirus (picv) occur in young racing pigeons and pigeons raised for meat production and have been reported worldwide, but relatively little is known about the disease induced by picv infection. the aim of this study was to investigate how picv is transmitted. using a sensitive polymerase chain reaction (pcr) test, the presence of picv was investigated in a wide range of samples from adult pigeons, embryos, breeders and young birds, which were derived from a racing loft ...	2006	16448939
effects of the timing of the administration of mycoplasma hyopneumoniae bacterin on the development of lesions associated with porcine circovirus type 2.	to determine whether there is an effect of the timing of vaccination on porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv-2) replication and pcv-2-associated lesions, 78 pigs were randomly assigned to eight groups: group 1 (10 pigs) was vaccinated with a commercial mycoplasma hyopneumoniae vaccine at two and four weeks of age, group 2 (nine pigs) was vaccinated at four and six weeks of age, group 3 (10 pigs) at six and eight weeks of age and group 4 (10 pigs) at eight and 10 weeks of age; group 5 (nine pigs) was v ...	2006	16461621
distinction between porcine circovirus type 2 enteritis and porcine proliferative enteropathy caused by lawsonia intracellularis.	the presence of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) was studied immunohistochemically in formalin-fixed, paraffin wax-embedded samples of intestinal tissue from 80 pigs with a clinical history suggestive of lawsonia intracellularis-associated diarrhoea. histopathologically, enteritis of varying intensity was diagnosed in 64 of the pigs. of these 64 animals, 34 (18%) were infected with both pcv2 and l. intracellularis. of the remaining 30 cases of enteritis, 23 (77%) were attributed to pcv2 infectio ...	2006	17070535
renal tubular necrosis and interstitial hemorrhage ("turkey-egg kidney") in a circovirus-infected yorkshire cross pig.	a juvenile yorkshire cross pig with rapidly progressive acute renal failure was submitted for necropsy. there was marked edema and disseminated petechiation of both kidneys, producing the "turkey-egg" appearance that is characteristic of exotic diseases such as african and classical swine fever. microscopic findings included renal tubular epithelial necrosis with extensive interstitial edema and hemorrhage; lymphoplasmacytic, eosinophilic, and histiocytic tubulointerstitial nephritis; and numero ...	2006	17037624
detection and sequence analysis of avian polyomavirus and psittacine beak and feather disease virus from psittacine birds in taiwan.	avian polyomavirus (apv) and psittacine beak and feather disease virus (pbfdv) are the most common viral diseases of psittacine birds. in taiwan, however, the existence of these viruses in psittacine birds has not been established. polymerase chain reaction (pcr) methodology was therefore employed to ascertain whether apv and pbfdv genomes were present in isolates from psittacine birds of taiwan. a total of 165 psittacine birds belonging to 22 genera were examined between 2002 and 2005. findings ...	2006	17039833
serodiagnostic comparison of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and surface plasmon resonance for the detection of antibody to porcine circovirus type 2.	this paper describes the cloning and expression of the capsid protein of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) in an escherichia coli expression system that was used to produce a fusion protein for subsequent immunologic studies: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and surface plasmon resonance (spr). polymerase chain reaction was used to amplify the gene encoding the capsid protein from the dna of pcv2. the protein was then cloned into a prset prokaryotic expression vector. western blot analys ...	2006	17042378
the role of immunostimulation in the development of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in pigs under field conditions.	we evaluated the effects of immunostimulation in the development of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) in 930 pigs 53 to 54 d old in a grower/finisher barn with a history of pmws. the pigs were allocated to 5 treatment groups: 4 groups received a single intramuscular injection of respisure-one (a commercial mycoplasma hyopneumoniae vaccine; n = 197), emulsigen (an oil-based adjuvant; n = 172), alhydrogel (an aluminum-hydroxide-based adjuvant; n = 172), or physiologic saline (n = 2 ...	2006	17042379
swine and circovirus.	in the 1990s post-weaning, multi-systemic wasting syndrome (pmws) emerged in n. america and europe as a major disease problem with significant welfare and economic consequences for pig producers. the disease, characterised by wasting, respiratory, enteric and lymphoid system problems in pigs of 4-16 weeks of age, has since spread so that today it has a global distribution. pcv-2 is consistently associated with pmws, is more abundant in association with pmws and is considered by many to be the ca ...	2006	17058486
porcine circovirus type 2 replicase binds the capsid protein and an intermediate filament-like protein.	porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is an important porcine pathogen that establishes persistent subclinical infections but may, on activation, contribute to the development of post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws). this disease is characterized by weight loss, respiratory or digestive disorders and enlarged lymph nodes with lymphocyte depletion. the molecular mechanisms behind the development of the disease are completely unknown. in order to clarify functions of the different viral p ...	2006	17030855
genetic and experimental comparison of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) isolates from cases with and without pcv2-associated lesions provides evidence for differences in virulence.	there are marked differences in the clinical expression of diseases associated with porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) in the field. the objective of this study was to compare the sequences and pathogenicity of pcv2 isolates from field cases with and without pcv2-associated lesions. forty-two specific-pathogen-free (spf) pigs were assigned randomly to three groups of 14 pigs each. at 7 weeks of age, group 1 pigs were mock-inoculated with saline, group 2 pigs were inoculated with pcv2-4838 (isolate ...	2006	16963751
potentiation of porcine circovirus 2-induced postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome by porcine parvovirus is associated with excessive production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha.	this study investigated the potentiation of porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2)-induced postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome by porcine parvovirus (ppv) and found it was associated with excessive production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (tnf-alpha). colostrum-deprived conventional pigs were inoculated intranasally with pcv2 or ppv alone or in combination (pcv2 and ppv). in vitro assay of tnf-alpha, obtained from alveolar macrophages coinfected with pcv2 and ppv, showed a significant increase in t ...	2006	16966450
porcine circovirus 2 uses heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate b glycosaminoglycans as receptors for its attachment to host cells.	monocyte/macrophage lineage cells are target cells in vivo for porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2) replication. the porcine monocytic cell line 3d4/31 supports pcv2 replication in vitro, and attachment and internalization kinetics of pcv2 have been established in these cells. however, pcv2 receptors remain unknown. glycosaminoglycans (gag) are used by several viruses as receptors. the present study examined the role of gag in attachment and infection of pcv2. heparin, heparan sulfate (hs), chondroitin s ...	2006	16537616
detection of porcine circovirus type 2 viremia and seroconversion in naturally infected pigs in a farrow-to-finish barn.	porcine serum was assayed by 2 polymerase chain reaction (pcr) protocols (nested pcr [npcr] and non-nested pcr) and a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to determine when porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) viremia and a rise in the serum level of pcv2-specific antibody occurred in pigs raised in a large canadian farrow-to-finish barn. eight serial blood samples were collected from each of 40 pigs from 5 to 156 (+/- 1.5) d of age; 6 pigs were removed from the study for various reasons at ...	2006	16548333
[construction of molecular clone of chimeric porcine circovirus(pcv1-2) and identification of its infectivity].	porcine circovirus type 2(pcv2) recently emerged as an important infectious pathogen for pigs in the world. unfortunately, there is no efficient method to deal with pcv2 infection until now. in this study, chimeric porcine circovirus molecular clone (psk2pcv1-2) was constructed by cloning capsid gene of pcv2 into the backbone of pcv1. pk-15 cells was transfected with psk2pcv1-2 and then cultivated in plate for five passages. mrna of pcv1 orf1 and pcv2 orf2 were detected in the fifth passage, but ...	2006	16579487
co-infection of pneumocystis carinii f. sp. suis and porcine circovirus-2 (pcv2) in pig lungs obtained from slaughterhouses in southern and midwestern regions of brazil.		2006	17169081
[detection of mycoplasma suis in clinical cases with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in swine].	mycoplasma suis is a swine erythrocyte obligatory parasite. its presence may result in chronic or acute anaemia in different pig categories. it is considered that the postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) is caused by porcine circovirus type 2, but some aspects of the pathogenesis remain unknown. pmws signs are impaired weight gain, anaemia and jaundice in 5 to 12 week-old pigs that suffer from immunosuppression and bacterial co-infections. the pigs with signs of these diseases on th ...	2006	17152209
genetic characterisation of australian strains of porcine circovirus types 1 and 2.	as post-weaning multi-systemic wasting syndrome (pmws) has not been identified within australia, to determine if the absence of disease was associated with genetic differences between the strains of porcine circovirus (pcv) present in australia and those from countries in association with pmws.	2006	17156322
resistance of porcine circovirus and chicken anemia virus to virus inactivation procedures used for blood products.	virus inactivation procedures are used to prevent contamination of plasma-derived blood products with viruses. pasteurization or prolonged dry heat has proven effective against several enveloped and nonenveloped viruses and provides an additional layer of safety for plasma products.	2006	17076851
[enzyme immunoassay for detection of porcine circovirus type 2, by using the recombinant capsid protein orf-2].	recombinant antigen orf2 from porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv-2) was produced, by using the baculovirus expression system, with histidine tags to allow purification by metal-chelate affinity chromatography. the purity of the protein was verified by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; and its immunospecificity was confirmed by the immunoblotting test using reference pcv-2-positive and pcv-2-negative porcine sera and monoclonal antibodies. the protein was used as an antigen to develop an indirect e ...	2006	17087066
thymic granulomatous lesions in pigs.	rare cases of thymic granulomatous lesions were found in pigs. the lesions consisted of epithelioid cells, multinucleated giant cells, and lymphocytes. such lesions also were observed in the mesenteric lymph nodes, spleen, kidney, and stomach. the cytoplasm of the majority of giant cells and some epithlioid cells was periodic acid-schiff (pas) positive. all cells were positive for vimentin, lysozyme, and desmin. ultrastructurally, the giant cells were rich in organella and attached to adjacent e ...	2006	17099169
serological diagnosis of goose circovirus infections.	infections with goose circovirus (gocv) are associated with growth retardation and developmental problems in farmed geese. an indirect immunofluorescence assay for detecting virus-specific serum antibody was developed for diagnostic and epidemiological purposes. in the absence of a method for growing gocv in cell culture, the assay was based on the reaction of antibodies with the gocv capsid protein produced within baby hamster kidney cells using the eukaryotic semliki forest virus expression ve ...	2006	17121739
porcine acute phase protein concentrations in different diseases in field conditions.	five acute phase proteins (apps) [c-reactive protein (crp), serum amyloid a (saa), haptoglobin (hp), pig-map and albumin] were measured in pigs with naturally occurring infections by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv), aujeszky's disease virus (adv), porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) and mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, and in animals with tail and ear bites, arthritis and other acute inflammatory processes. healthy specific pathogen-free (spf) pigs were used as controls. in prr ...	2006	17123428
immunosuppression as a feature of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome.		2006	15919218
reduction of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) infection in swine alveolar macrophages by porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2)-induced interferon-alpha.	two common viral pathogens of swine, namely, porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv), were investigated in regard to their effects on monolayer cultures of swine alveolar macrophages (ams). the purpose was to identify selected cellular changes and responses potentially associated with the clinical reactions of pigs infected with either or both of these viruses. measurements included the (1) absolute and relative numbers of infected, viable ...	2005	15936905
subset-dependent modulation of dendritic cell activity by circovirus type 2.	viral interactions with dendritic cells (dcs) have important consequences for immune defence function. certain single-stranded dna viruses that associate with a number of species, including humans and pigs, exhibit interesting characteristics in this context. porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) can persist within myeloid dcs in the absence of virus replication. internalization was observed with both conventional blood dcs and plasmacytoid dcs [natural interferon-producing cells (nipcs)], as well as ...	2005	15946256
features of porcine circovirus-2 disease: correlations between lesions, amount and distribution of virus, and clinical outcome.	tissue sets from 36 snatch-farrowed colostrum-deprived (sf/cd) and 71 caesarian-derived gnotobiotic swine infected with porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv-2) as neonates were examined and scored for the types and tissue distribution of histologic lesions associated with this viral infection. the occurrence and severity of these lesions were correlated with qualitative and quantitative determinations of viral burden in tissues by immunohistochemistry (ihc) and tissue titrations for infectious virus, ...	2005	15948294
development of a reverse transcription-pcr assay to detect porcine circovirus type 2 transcription as a measure of replication.	porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is a non-enveloped, single-stranded, circular dna virus. in situ hybridization and pcr assays have detected pcv2 dna in multiple organs and cell types from infected pigs; however, it is not clear if this represents replicating virus or virion dna. we describe the development of a single-tube rt-pcr assay to differentiate pcv2 replication products and virus dna. primers targeted to the open-reading frame 2 (orf2) of pcv2 were designed to amplify both virus dna (98 ...	2005	15582706
effect of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor on post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in porcine circovirus type-2-transfected piglets.	post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) is a complex disease syndrome in swine, affecting nursery and fattening pigs. although ongoing evidence suggests that porcine circovirus type-2 (pcv2) is the causal agent of pmws, the host immune system appears to have a crucial role in the pmws pathogenesis of pcv2-affected pigs. owing to difficulties in producing a biologically pure form of pcv2 devoid of the other viral agents commonly present in swine tissues, we decided to use a tandem-clon ...	2005	15676031
detection of rampant nucleotide reversion at the origin of dna replication of porcine circovirus type 1.	mutational analysis was conducted to investigate the involvement of the "loop-sequence" (which is flanked by a pair of 11-nucleotide inverted repeats) at the origin of dna replication of porcine circovirus type 1 with respect to viral protein synthesis, dna self-replication and progeny virus production. the results demonstrated that an octanucleotide (a1g2t3a4t5t6a7c8) embedded in the loop is essential for viral dna replication. similar to previous work with porcine circovirus type 2, this octan ...	2005	15708589
necrotising lymphadenitis associated with porcine circovirus type 2 in pigs.		2005	15736700
detection of porcine circovirus type 2, porcine parvovirus and porcine pseudorabies virus from pigs with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome by multiplex pcr.	multiplex pcr was established to detect porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv-2), porcine parvovirus (ppv) and porcine pseudorabies virus (prv) and applied to samples from 137 piglets exhibiting clinical signs of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws). pcv-2 dna was detected from all samples. moreover, 43 samples were positive for ppv but negative for prv; 11 samples were positive for prv but negative for ppv; and 35 samples were positive both for ppv and prv. these results suggests that pcv ...	2005	15736858
birth abnormalities in pregnant sows infected intranasally with porcine circovirus 2.	six pregnant sows were inoculated intranasally at 3 weeks before the expected farrowing date with porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2). the pcv2-inoculated sows showed abortion and premature farrowing, whereas two uninfected negative control sows remained clinically healthy and farrowed normally. pcv2 antigen and dna were detected by immunohistochemistry and in-situ hybridization, respectively, in lymph node, spleen, thymus, lung, tonsil and liver from both stillborn and liveborn piglets. simultaneous de ...	2005	15737340
experimental reproduction of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) in pigs in sweden and denmark with a swedish isolate of porcine circovirus type 2.	an experimental model using 3-day-old snatch-farrowed colostrum-deprived piglets co-infected with porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) and porcine parvovirus (ppv) is at present one of the best methods to study factors affecting development of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws). a swedish isolate of pcv2 (s-pcv2) retrieved in 1993 from a healthy pig has been used in this model to reproduce pmws in pigs from northern ireland. this virus has been present in the swedish pig population fo ...	2005	15737473
detection of beak and feather disease virus (bfdv) and avian polyomavirus (apv) dna in psittacine birds in italy.	beak and feather disease (psittacine circovirus) and budgerigar fledgling disease (avian polyomavirus) are viral diseases that can frequently affect captive psittacine birds. we designed the first survey to investigate the presence of beak and feather disease virus (bfdv) and avian polyomavirus (apv) inside the population of captive psittacine birds in italy. samples were collected in 18 italian psittacine breeding centres and four trade centres over a 4-year period. a total of 1516 birds were t ...	2005	15752264
duplex shuttle pcr for differential diagnosis of budgerigar fledgling disease and psittacine beak and feather disease.	two common viral diseases in psittacine birds including budgerigar fledgling disease (bfd), generally called avian polyomavirus (apv) infection, and psittacine beak and feather disease (pbfd) have similar clinical manifestations characterized by feather disorders. a duplex shuttle pcr was developed for detection of apv and pbfd virus (pbfdv). two pairs of oligonucleotide primers were designed to amplify a 298-bp fragment of the t/t antigen region of apv genome and a 495-bp fragment of the capsid ...	2005	15781996
identification of pig circovirus type 2 in new zealand pigs.	interest in porcine circovirus has been stimulated by the recent emergence of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) in pigs and the potential use of pig organs for xenotransplantation in humans. porcine circovirus type 1 (pcv1) is considered to be widespread in pigs but nonpathogenic. circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is a similar virus but has been differentiated only recently as a separate type. high tissue concentrations of pcv2 are associated with lesions in pmws cases, but the etiologica ...	2005	15808691
lack of evidence of porcine circovirus type 1 and type 2 infection in piglets with congenital tremors in korea.		2005	15816185
a review of porcine circovirus 2-associated syndromes and diseases.	clinical expression of porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2) infection in swine may result in several distinct syndromes and diseases including post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws), porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (pdns), reproductive failure, porcine respiratory disease complex, granulomatous enteritis, necrotizing lymphadenitis, and possibly exudative epidermitis. association of pcv2 with congenital tremor in piglets is still controversial. the extent of the involvement of pcv2 ...	2005	15848776
identification of viral pathogens in aborted fetuses and stillborn piglets from cases of swine reproductive failure in spain.	the objective of the present study was to determine the presence of recognised abortifacient viruses such as porcine reproductive and respiratory virus (prrsv), aujeszky's disease virus (adv), porcine parvovirus (ppv) and porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), in tissues from aborted fetuses and stillborn neonates in cases of late reproductive failure in swine. a total of 293 specimens (fetuses aborted in the last third of gestation and stillborn piglets) from 100 different cases of late-term abortio ...	2005	15848788
human circovirus tt virus genotype 6 expresses six proteins following transfection of a full-length clone.	the expression profile of the circovirus ttv has not yet been fully characterized. in this paper, we show that following transfection of a full-length viral clone of ttv genotype 6, each of the three virally encoded mrnas is translated from two initiating augs, and therefore, the ttv genome generates at least six proteins. localization studies of hemagglutinin-tagged versions of these proteins in fixed cells, and green fluorescent protein-tagged versions of these proteins in living cells, expres ...	2005	15858033
evaluation of virus decontamination techniques for porcine embryos produced in vitro.	the objective of this study was to explore approaches to decontaminate embryos either contaminated naturally or under experimental conditions with different viruses. embryos were obtained from in vitro maturation and fertilisation of porcine oocytes. after 7 days of development, morula and blastocyst stages were exposed for 1 h to the following viruses: encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv), porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), porcine parvovirus (ppv), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome vir ...	2005	15910918
experimental infection of 3-week-old conventional colostrum-fed pigs with porcine circovirus type 2 and porcine parvovirus.	this report describes an experimental infection with porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) in combination with porcine parvovirus (ppv) in 3-week-old conventional colostrum-fed pigs with maternal antibodies to both viruses. two groups of four pigs each were inoculated with pcv2 and ppv. one of the groups received also a commercial inactivated vaccine against porcine pleuropneumonia to evaluate possible effects of the stimulation of the immune system of pigs on the infection. another group of four pig ...	2005	15916871
porcine circovirus diseases.	porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is a member of the family circoviridae, a recently established virus family composed of small, non-enveloped viruses, with a circular, single-stranded dna genome. pcv2, which is found all over the world in the domestic pig and probably the wild boar, has been recently associated with a number of disease syndromes, which have been collectively named porcine circovirus diseases (pcvd). postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws), porcine dermatitis and nephro ...	2005	16583778
[the expression of porcine circovirus type 2 orf2 gene in insect cells and its character].	to produce the recombinant baculovirus transfer plasmid pfast-orf2, the orf2 gene of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) was subcloned into baculovirus transfer vector (pfastbac(tm1) ) using bac-to-bac baculovirus expression system. e. coli dh10bac (gibco brl) containing baculovirus shutter vector (bacmid) and helper vector was transformed with recombinant plasmid pfast-orf2. within e. coli dh10bac, the orf2 gene was transposed into the bacmid. the colonies of e. coli containing recombinant bacmid ...	2005	16468356
characterization of a previously unidentified viral protein in porcine circovirus type 2-infected cells and its role in virus-induced apoptosis.	porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is the causative agent of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in pigs. in this study, transcription and translation of a novel viral gene (termed orf3 here) was detected during productive infection of pcv2 in pk15 cells. the results of infection with orf3-deficient pcv2 by site-directed mutagenesis indicated that the protein is not essential for viral replication. to investigate the underlying mechanism of cell death caused by replication of pcv2, apoptosi ...	2005	15956572
the detection of porcine circovirus in the australian pig herd.	to determine if porcine circovirus (pcv) type 1 (pcv1) or type 2 (pcv2) is present in the australian pig herd, to conduct preliminary genetic characterisation of any viruses detected, and to determine if there is any obvious virological reason why post-weaning multisystemic wasting disease (pmws), associated with pcv infection in other countries, has not been detected in australia.	2005	15957393
binding and entry characteristics of porcine circovirus 2 in cells of the porcine monocytic line 3d4/31.	porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2) is associated with post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome and reproductive problems in pigs. cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage are important target cells in pcv2-infected pigs, but the method of binding and entry of pcv2 into these cells is unknown. therefore, binding and entry of pcv2 to the porcine monocytic cell line 3d4/31 were studied by visualization of binding and internalization of pcv2 virus-like particles (vlps) by confocal microscopy and chemica ...	2005	15958685
porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (pdns) is associated with a systemic cytokine expression profile indicative of proinflammation and a th1 bias.	porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (pdns) is broadly discussed as a porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2)-associated disease, although pcv2, in contrast to postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws), has to date not been proven to be the aetiologic agent. in order to better understand the complex immunopathology of pdns, the systemic cytokine expression profiles of (i) five pigs suffering from pdns, (ii) five animals suffering from naturally acquired pmws and (iii) five controls were ...	2005	15963571
synthetic peptide-derived antibody-based immunohistochemistry for the detection of porcine circovirus 2 in pigs with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome.	porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2) was detected consistently in formalin-fixed paraffin wax-embedded lymph node and spleen from experimentally and naturally infected pigs by synthetic peptide-derived polyclonal antibody-based immunohistochemistry. synthetic peptides were generated from open reading frame 2 of pcv2 by solid-phase peptide synthesis, purified by high performance liquid chromatography, and injected into rabbits to produce polyclonal antibody. positive cells had large nuclei with abundant c ...	2005	15964590
in vitro expression, monoclonal antibody and bioactivity for capsid protein of porcine circovirus type ii without nuclear localization signal.	we expressed firstly the capsid protein gene defecting the nuclear localization signal (nls) of porcine circovirus type ii (pcv2) in escherichia coli as a fusion protein with glutathione s-transferase (rgst-dcap protein). the purified rgst-dcap protein and the recombinant nls-defected cap protein of pcv2 (rdcap protein) from the purified rgst-dcap protein reacted specifically with swine antiserum to pcv2. furthermore, the obtained monoclonal antibodies (mabs) to rdcap protein were shown to bind ...	2005	15964652
[antigenic analysis of the recombinant capsid protein of porcine circovirus type 2].	the nuclear localization signal (nls)-defected capsid protein gene (dcap) of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) was expressed firstly in escherichia coli as a fusion protein with glutathione s-transferase (rgst-dcap protein). the purified rgst-dcap protein and nls-defected cap protein of pcv2 (rdcap protein) from the purified rgst-dcap protein reacted specifically with swine antiserum to pcv2. furthermore, the obtained monoclonal antibodies (mabs) to rdcap protein were shown to bind to pcv2 partic ...	2005	15989230
[pcr detection of pcv-2 and prrsv in porcine pleuropneumonia samples].	pcv-2 (porcine circovirus type-2, pcv-2) and prrsv (porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, prrsv) were detected by pcr from 253 porcine pleuropneumonia samples and 125 clinically healthy lung samples were collected from different districts of shandong province. the results showed that 171 samples for pcv-2 and 101 samples for prrsv were positive. the positive ratio were 67.5% and 40%, respectively. the co-infection number of pcv-2 and prrsv was 68 in 253 samples, the positive ratio ...	2005	15989234
pmws: an emerging disease identified in archived porcine tissues.	postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) is a disease caused by porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv-2). the disease was present as early as 1986 in spain, 1989 in japan and 1993 in thailand. in view of this, we considered it possible that the disease may also have been present in switzerland prior to its first description in 2001. a retrospective investigation was performed on paraffin-embedded lymphoid organs and ileum from 496 pigs aged 5-13 weeks collected between 1976 and mid-2001. the s ...	2005	15993797
mutational analysis of the direct tandem repeat sequences at the origin of dna replication of porcine circovirus type 1.	mutational analysis was conducted to investigate the role of the nucleotide sequences flanking the stem-loop palindromic structure at the origin of dna replication of porcine circovirus type 1 (pcv1) with respect to self-dna replication and progeny virus generation. the results demonstrated that the a-rich sequence to the left of the palindrome is non-essential for virus replication. although a set of four hexanucleotide (h) sequences to the right of the palindrome (organized in two tandem repea ...	2005	15993915
immunogenicity of a recombinant pseudorabies virus expressing orf1-orf2 fusion protein of porcine circovirus type 2.	porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is associated with post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws). pseudorabies (pr) is also an important infectious disease in swine and sometimes co-infect with pcv2. an attenuated pseudorabies virus (prv) has been successfully used as a vector for live viral vaccines. in this study, a recombinant prv expressing orf1-orf2 fusion protein of pcv2 was constructed and its immunogenicity was tested in mice and pigs. the orf1 and partial orf2 gene of pcv2 yu-a st ...	2005	16006077
comparative genetic characterization of porcine circovirus type 2 samples from german wild boar populations.	pcv-2 is involved in "postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome" (pmws), "porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome" (pdns), respiratory and reproductive disorders, and thereby plays a crucial role in today's swine production world-wide. the virus is apparently ubiquitous in domestic pigs and has also been demonstrated in wild pigs. up to now, a characterization of pcv-2 samples from wild pigs, which might help to estimate the possible role of wild pigs as sources of domestic pig infection, h ...	2005	16023798
correlation between type of adaptive immune response against porcine circovirus type 2 and level of virus replication.	porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2) replication is characterized by high variation among infected pigs. this study investigated the role of immunologic responses in causing this variation. twelve gnotobiotic pigs were inoculated with pcv2. four of these pigs were treated with cyclosporin a (cysa) to monitor the effect of the adaptive immunity on the development of the pcv2 infection. through lymph node biopsies at 10, 15, and 21 days postinoculation (dpi), pcv2 replication in lymphoid tissues was monito ...	2005	16035945
nonsuppurative myocarditis caused by porcine circovirus type 2 in a weak-born piglet.	reproductive failure associated with porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) was observed in a farm, and a weak-born 8-day-old piglet was examined pathologically. focal to locally extensive lesions, including infiltration of macrophages and lymphocytes, fibrosis and degeneration of the myocardium were observed in the heart. pcv2 antigens and nucleic acids were detected in degenerated cardiomyocytes and macrophages infiltrating the heart by immunohistochemical staining and in situ hybridization. depleti ...	2005	16082126
genotyping of porcine circovirus type 2 from a variety of clinical conditions in china.	genotypes of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) in clinical tissue specimens collected from pigs of different region in china between 2001 and 2003 were analyzed by pcr and restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) analysis of pcv2 genomic dna encompassing the complete orf2. the results showed that nine different genotypes (a-i) were identified and designated chn-2a, chn-2b, chn-2c, chn-2d, chn-2e, chn-2f, chn-2g, chn-2h and chn-2i, respectively. amongst the genotypes, 0.6% were chn-2a (1/17 ...	2005	16105722
[recombination and expression of orf1 and orf2 gene of porcine circovirus type 2 and gene of pseudorabies virus].	orf1 and orf2 gene of porcine circovirus type 2 were cloned by pcr with the specific primers designed according to genome of pcv2 (ay035820). following extraction and digestion, pcr products were subsequently inserted into universal transfer vector plecmv (deleted partial ge and gi of pseudorabies virus) to generate recombinant transfer plasmid pieorf1-orf2. the genomic dna of prv tk-/ge- /lacz+ strain and pieorf1-orf2 were co-transfected into ibrs-2 cells with lipofectin, and recombinant virus ...	2005	16108358
australian piggeries investigated for pmws.		2005	16119414
reproduction of pmws in immunostimulated spf piglets transfected with infectious cloned genomic dna of type 2 porcine circovirus.	postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) is a recently emerged disease affecting pigs. type 2 porcine circovirus (pcv2) has been associated with this syndrome although other factors are required in association with this virus for pmws expression. the aim of this study was to investigate whether general immunostimulation (injections of keyhole limpet hemocyanin emulsified in incomplete freund adjuvant and of thioglycollate medium) could strengthen the severity of pmws in six-week-old spe ...	2005	16120245
spatial and temporal patterns of pig herds diagnosed with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) during the first two years of its occurrence in denmark.	the clinical syndrome postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) in pigs has emerged globally during the last decade. in october 2001, the first pig herd diagnosed with pmws was reported in denmark, and since then the number of herds diagnosed with pmws has increased markedly. the etiology of pmws is not well understood, but increased knowledge of the causal factors is prerequisite for applying preventive interventions. in this study we described the temporal (time of diagnosis), spatial ...	2005	16126352
postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) in pigs in croatia: detection and characterisation of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2).	the objective of this study was to characterise porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) from pigs with naturally occurring postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) in croatia, and to determine the epizootiological, clinical and pathomorphological features of the disease. during a systematic health monitoring programme conducted in the period from january 2002 to june 2003, pmws was suspected on eight different pig-producing farms in croatia. the diagnosis of pmws met all three key criteria: th ...	2005	16156133
analysis of the subcellular localization of the proteins rep, rep' and cap of porcine circovirus type 1.	porcine circovirus type 1 (pcv1) encodes two major orfs. the cap gene comprises the major structural protein of pcv, the rep gene specifies rep and rep', which are both essential for initiating the replication of the viral dna. rep corresponds to the full-length protein, whereas rep' is a truncated splice product that is frame-shifted in its c-terminal sequence. in this study, the cellular localization of pcv1-encoded proteins was investigated by immune fluorescence techniques using antibodies a ...	2005	16168452
circovirus-infected geese studied by in situ hybridization.	it has now been established that circovirus infection is common in farmed geese, but little is known about the clinicopathological significance of such infections. ten clinically diseased geese suspected of being infected by circovirus were studied by in situ hybridization using a goose circovirus dna probe. circovirus dna was demonstrated in the bursa of fabricius (bf), spleen, thymus, bone marrow, liver, kidney, lung and heart, indicating that infection can be multisystemic. in some birds, vir ...	2005	16191706
new data on the transmission of pigeon circovirus.	nineteen racing pigeons aged from one to five years were examined postmortem. pcr tests showed that the spleens of 16 of them were positive for pigeon circovirus, the livers of six were positive, and blood from one of them was positive for the virus. five of 44 embryos in embryonated eggs collected from three lofts were positive by pcr, but swabs taken from the crops of 64 adult birds which were feeding one- to 10-day-old squabs in these three lofts were negative for the viral dna.	2005	16199776
ultrastructural alterations in human blood leukocytes induced by porcine circovirus type 1 infection.	swine infectious pathogens, especially viruses, represent a potential public health risk associated with the use of pig tissues for xenotransplantation in humans. we hypothesized that porcine circovirus type i (pcv-1) may infect human mononuclear cells, resulting in ultrastructural alterations of the target cells.	2005	16202070
amplification and sequencing of brachyspira spp. specific portions of nox using paraffin-embedded tissue samples from clinical colitis in austrian pigs shows frequent solitary presence of brachyspiramurdochii.	brachyspira infections are significant causes of enterocolitis in pigs. in order to differentiate pathogenic species (brachyspira (br.) hyodysenteriae, brachyspira pilosicoli) from less pathogenic or non-pathogenic species (brachyspira intermedia, brachyspira innocens, brachyspira murdochii) in paraffin-embedded tissue samples a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) protocol allowing identification of brachyspira at species level in archival material was developed. this approach was complemented by se ...	2005	16213113
a comparison of haemagglutination, haemagglutination inhibition and pcr for the detection of psittacine beak and feather disease virus infection and a comparison of isolates obtained from loriids.	psittacine beak and feather disease (pbfd) is recognized as a threat for endangered psittacine birds in australia, new zealand and south africa. several diagnostic methods for the detection of beak and feather disease virus (bfdv) infection have been developed but there are few studies comparing the relative merits or sensitivity and specificity of each diagnostic test. in this report, the results of pcr, haemagglutination (ha) and haemagglutination inhibition (hi) testing of diagnostic samples ...	2005	16227226
co-occurrence of west nile fever and circovirus infection in a goose flock in hungary.	the authors investigated an outbreak of west nile fever characterized by severe neurological symptoms and death in a flock of 3600 6-week-old geese. ataxia, intermittent torticollis and opisthotonus, incoordination, rhythmic side-to-side movement of the head, wriggling of the neck and abnormal head position were features of the disease. death occurred within 4 to 5 days after the clinical signs appeared. the average daily mortality was 5 to 15, reaching 14% (in total) over a period of 6 weeks. t ...	2005	16236574
a disease complex associated with pigeon circovirus infection, young pigeon disease syndrome.	in order to collect more convincing data on the aetiological agent of young pigeon disease syndrome (ypds), a comprehensive study was performed on pigeons in german lofts with or without outbreaks of ypds. the investigations included examination of histories, clinical signs and pathology, as well as parasitological and microbiological analysis. pigeons in their 4th to 12th week of life exhibited clinical signs at higher frequency and with greater severity than pigeons of other ages. greenish liq ...	2005	16236576
postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) in pigs with particular emphasis on the causative agent, the mode of transmission, the diagnostic tools and the control measures. a review.	postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) is a worldwide emerging disease of weaned piglets. the objective of this review is to summarize the current knowledge regarding pmws, its causative agent, mode of transmission, diagnostic techniques to detect pcv-2, the possible control measures, and the association of pmws and pcv-2 with porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (pdns). the causative agent of pmws is porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv-2), however, not all pigs infected with pcv-2 ...	2005	16238110
[prevalence and association of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), porcine parvovirus (ppv) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) in aborted fetuses, mummified fetuses, stillborn and nonviable neonatal piglets].	porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) seems to cause reproductive failure in sows not only in experimental studies. a retrospective study was made with a total of 252 aborted fetuses, mummified fetuses, stillborn and nonviable neonatal piglets to determine the presence of pcv2, porcine parvovirus (ppv) and porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus (prrsv) by pcr. pcv2 was found in all stages of gestation in 27.1 percent of samples examined. a statistically significant association could be s ...	2005	16240914
development of a polymerase chain reaction-based in vivo method in the diagnosis of subclinical pigeon circovirus infection.	this paper describes a polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-based method performed on blood samples and intestinal content to detect subclinical pigeon circovirus (picv) infection in live pigeons. in addition, two sets of primers (primer set 1 and 2), designed in two different regions of the viral genome, were used to provide evidence of possible differences in pcr responses. blood and intestinal content samples were randomly collected from a total of 50 apparently healthy meat pigeons, aged 1 to 5 w ...	2005	16252485
porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) causes apoptosis in experimentally inoculated balb/c mice.	we have previously described microscopic and electron microscopic alterations in lymphoid organs of pcv2 inoculated mice as apoptosis. in this study we wanted to investigate the molecular pathogenetic mechanism of pcv2-induced apoptosis. eight-week old balb/c mice were either sham inoculated (control mice) or inoculated intraperitoneally (ip) and intranasally (in) with a single (spcv mice) or multiple (mpcv mice) doses of pcv2. four control mice and 4 spcv mice were sacrificed 7, 14, 28 and 42 d ...	2005	16259631
effects of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) maternal antibodies on experimental infection of piglets with pcv2.	to determine the effects of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) maternal antibodies on and response to experimental pcv2 infection, 24 piglets were divided into four groups on the basis of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay titers of pcv2 maternal antibodies: group a (n = 6; sample/positive [s/p] ratio, <0.2), group b (n = 5; s/p ratio, >0.2 to <0.5), and groups c (n = 8) and d (n = 5) (s/p ratio, >0.5). piglets in groups a, b, and c were inoculated with pcv2 at day 0 and challenged with pcv2 at ...	2005	16275955