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a human papillomavirus 8 e7 protein produced in plants is able to trigger the mouse immune system and delay the development of skin lesions.we investigated the potential of nicotiana benthamiana to express the e7 protein of human papillomavirus 8 (hpv-8), a paradigm genotype among cutaneous hpvs. the protein, modified in its putative prb-binding domain (e7(qgd)), was transiently expressed in leaves following infiltration with agrobacteria carrying either a binary vector combined with silencing suppressor constructs or replicating tobacco mosaic virus (tmv)-based vectors with different targeting signals. hpv-8 e7(qgd) yields ranged f ...201121234770
development and application of an efficient virus-induced gene silencing system in nicotiana tabacum using geminivirus alphasatellite.virus-induced gene silencing (vigs) is a recently developed technique for characterizing the function of plant genes by gene transcript suppression and is increasingly used to generate transient loss-of-function assays. here we report that the 2mdna1, a geminivirus satellite vector, can induce efficient gene silencing in nicotiana tabacum with tobacco curly shoot virus. we have successfully silenced the ß-glucuronidase (gus) gene in gus transgenic n. tabacum plants and the sulphur desaturase (su ...201121265040
the cop9 signalosome controls jasmonic acid synthesis and plant responses to herbivory and pathogens.the cop9 signalosome (csn) is a multi-protein complex that regulates the activities of cullin-ring e3 ubiquitin ligases (crls). crls ubiquitinate proteins in order to target them for proteasomal degradation. the csn is required for proper plant development. here we show that the csn also has a profound effect on plant defense responses. silencing of genes for csn subunits in tomato plants resulted in a mild morphological phenotype and reduced expression of wound-responsive genes in response to m ...201121265900
the 2b silencing suppressor of a mild strain of cucumber mosaic virus alone is sufficient for synergistic interaction with tobacco mosaic virus and induction of severe leaf malformation in 2b-transgenic tobacco plants.tobacco plants infected simultaneously by tobacco mosaic virus (tmv) and cucumber mosaic virus (cmv) are known to produce a specific synergistic disease in which the emerging leaves are filiformic. similar developmental malformations are also caused to a lesser extent by the severe strains (e.g., fny) of cmv alone, but mild strains (e.g., kin) cause them only in mixed infection with tmv. we show here that transgenic tobacco plants expressing 2b protein of cmv-kin produce filiformic symptoms when ...201121341985
anti-phytopathogenic activities of macro-algae extracts.aqueous and ethanolic extracts obtained from nine chilean marine macro-algae collected at different seasons were examined in vitro and in vivo for properties that reduce the growth of plant pathogens or decrease the injury severity of plant foliar tissues following pathogen infection. particular crude aqueous or organic extracts showed effects on the growth of pathogenic bacteria whereas others displayed important effects against pathogenic fungi or viruses, either by inhibiting fungal mycelia g ...201121673886
genetic modification of alternative respiration in nicotiana benthamiana affects basal and salicylic acid-induced resistance to potato virus x.salicylic acid (sa) regulates multiple anti-viral mechanisms, including mechanism(s) that may be negatively regulated by the mitochondrial enzyme, alternative oxidase (aox), the sole component of the alternative respiratory pathway. however, studies of this mechanism can be confounded by sa-mediated induction of rna-dependent rna polymerase 1, a component of the antiviral rna silencing pathway. we made transgenic nicotiana benthamiana plants in which alternative respiratory pathway capacity was ...201121356081
a simple, highly efficient method for heterologous expression in mammalian primary neurons using cationic lipid-mediated mrna transfection.expression of heterologous proteins in adult mammalian neurons is a valuable technique for the study of neuronal function. the post-mitotic nature of mature neurons prevents effective dna transfection using simple, cationic lipid-based methods. adequate heterologous protein expression is often only achievable using complex techniques that, in many cases, are associated with substantial toxicity. here, a simple method for high efficiency transfection of mammalian primary neurons using in vitro tr ...201021267423
positive-selection and ligation-independent cloning vectors for large scale in planta expression for plant functional genomics.transient expression is an easy, rapid and powerful technique for producing proteins of interest in plants. recombinational cloning is highly efficient but has disadvantages, including complicated, time consuming cloning procedures and expensive enzymes for large-scale gene cloning. to overcome these limitations, we developed new ligation-independent cloning (lic) vectors derived from binary vectors including tobacco mosaic virus (pjl-trbo), potato virus x (pgr106) and the pbi121 vector-based pm ...201021340673
synthesis and antiviral activity of 5‑(4‑chlorophenyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazole sulfonamides.starting from 4-chlorobenzoic acid, 10 new 5-(4-chlorophenyl)-n-substituted-n-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-sulfonamide derivatives were synthesized in six-steps. esterification of 4-chlorobenzoic acid with methanol and subsequent hydrazination, salt formation and cyclization afforded 5-(4-chlorophen-yl)-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-thiol (5). conversion of this intermediate into sulfonyl chloride 6, followed by nucleophilic attack of the amines gave the title sulfonamides 7a-7j whose structures were confirmed by ...201021150824
stable isotope labelled mass spectrometry for quantification of the relative abundances for expressed proteins induced by peat1.the protein elicitor from the mycelium of alternaria tenuissima has been isolated. the elicitor triggered resistance to the tobacco mosaic virus in tobacco by inducing relative oxygen species, but without causing hypersensitive necrosis. the elicitor is reported to impart resistance against verticillium dahliae and to increase yield in cotton, but its mechanism is not yet clear. in this study, the stable isotope labelled mass spectrometry method was used to quantify the relative abundances of pr ...201021181342
structure of hibiscus latent singapore virus by fiber diffraction: a nonconserved his122 contributes to coat protein stability.hibiscus latent singapore virus (hlsv) is a rigid rod-shaped plant virus and a new member of the tobamovirus family. unlike all other tobamoviruses, the hlsv genome contains a unique poly(a) tract in its 3' untranslated region. the virion is composed of a monomeric coat protein (cp) unit of 18 kda, arranged as a right-handed helix around the virus axis. we have determined the structure of hlsv at 3.5 å by x-ray fiber diffraction and refined it to an r-factor of 0.096. while the overall structure ...201021195089
the 20s proteasome α5 subunit of arabidopsis thaliana carries an rnase activity and interacts in planta with the lettuce mosaic potyvirus hcpro protein.in plants, the ubiquitin/26s proteasome system (ups) plays a central role in protein degradation and is involved in many steps of defence mechanisms, regardless of the types of pathogen targeted. in addition to its proteolytic activities, the ups ribonuclease (rnase) activity, previously detected in 20s proteasome preparations from cauliflower and sunflower (helianthus annuus), has been shown to specifically target plant viral rnas in vitro. in this study, we show that recombinant arabidopsis th ...201021199564
bitriazolyl acyclonucleosides synthesized via huisgen reaction using internal alkynes show antiviral activity against tobacco mosaic virus.a family of novel bitriazolyl acyclonucleosides were synthesized using a simple and convenient one-step synthetic procedure via the huisgen reaction by addition of nan(3) onto triazole nucleosides bearing internal alkynyl groups introduced at the 5-position of the triazole ring. some of the compounds exhibited interesting antiviral activity against tobacco mosaic virus, demonstrating the importance of the bitriazolyl motif for the observed antiviral activity.201021095122
insight into the structural organization of the omega leader of tmv rna: the role of various regions of the sequence in the formation of a compact structure of the omega rna.the 5'-untranslated sequence of tobacco mosaic virus rna--the so called omega leader--is a well-known translational enhancer. the structure of the omega rna has unusual features. despite the absence of extensive secondary structure of the watson-crick type, the omega rna possesses a stable compact conformation. the central part of the omega sequence contains many caa repeats and is flanked by u-rich regions. in this work we synthesized the polyribonucleotides containing modified omega sequences, ...201021114960
an induced hypersensitive-like response limits expression of foreign peptides via a recombinant tmv-based vector in a susceptible tobacco.by using tobacco mosaic virus (tmv)-based vectors, foreign epitopes of the vp1 protein from food-and-month disease virus (fmdv) could be fused near to the c-terminus of the tmv coat protein (cp) and expressed at high levels in susceptible tobacco plants. previously, we have shown that the recombinant tmv vaccines displaying fmdv vp1 epitopes could generate protection in guinea pigs and swine against the fmdv challenge. recently, some recombinant tmv, such as tmvfn20 that contains an epitope fn20 ...201021124743
over-expression of the triploid white poplar ptdrl01 gene in tobacco enhances resistance to tobacco mosaic virus.a full-length cdna, designated as the populus tomentosa disease resistance-like 01 (ptdrl01) gene, was isolated from triploid white poplar [(populus tomentosa × p. bolleana) × p. tomentosa]. the protein thought to be produced by the ptdrl01 gene contains a nuclear localisation sequence (nls), a toll/interleukin-1 receptor (tir) homologue region, a nucleotide binding site (nbs) and a leucine-rich repeat (lrr) domain. the protein also exhibits a considerable degree of homology to n-like resistance ...201021143735
the actin cytoskeleton is involved in the regulation of the plasmodesmal size exclusion limit.plasmodesmata (pd) are the communication channels which allow the trafficking of macromolecules between neighboring cells. such cell-to-cell movement of macromolecules is regulated during plant growth and development; however, little is known about the regulation mechanism of pd size exclusion limit (sel). plant viral movement proteins (mps) enhance the invasion of viruses from cell to cell by increasing the sel of the pd and are therefore a powerful means for the study of the plasmodesmal regul ...201021150300
biotemplated aqueous-phase palladium crystallization in the absence of external reducing agents.a new synthetic strategy enabling highly controlled aqueous-phase palladium crystallization on the tobacco mosaic virus (tmv) is demonstrated without the addition of external reducing agents. this low cost, solution processing method yields continuous and uniform coatings of polycrystalline palladium on tmv, creating highly uniform palladium nanowires of tens of nanometers in thickness and hundreds of nanometers in length. our approach utilizes a palladium chloride precursor to produce metallic ...201020845914
chemical and enzymatic probing of spatial structure of the omega leader of tobacco mosaic virus rna.the 5'-untranslated sequence of tobacco mosaic virus rna - the so-called omega leader - exhibits features of a translational enhancer of homologous and heterologous mrnas. the absence of guanylic residues, the presence of multiple trinucleotide caa repeats in its central region, and the low predictable probability of the formation of an extensive secondary structure of the watson-crick type were reported as the peculiarities of the primary structure of the omega leader. in this work we performed ...201020618128
inhibitory effect on the tobacco mosaic virus infection by a plant ring finger protein.in the yeast two-hybrid screening of plant factors interacting with tobacco mosaic virus (tmv) rna-dependent rna polymerase (rdrp), we found a protein containing a ring finger motif in tobacco (nicotiana tabacum) and designated it as tarf (tmv-associated ring finger protein). tarf is a homologue of a lotus japonicus ring finger protein (ljnsring) involved in the symbiotic interaction between l. japonicus and mesorhizobium loti. when tarf was silenced by virus-induced gene silencing (vigs) method ...201020621138
a broad-spectrum, efficient and nontransgenic approach to control plant viruses by application of salicylic acid and jasmonic acid.plant viruses cause many diseases that lead to significant economic losses. however, most of the approaches to control plant viruses, including transgenic processes or drugs are plant-species-limited or virus-species-limited, and not very effective. we introduce an application of jasmonic acid (ja) and salicylic acid (sa), a broad-spectrum, efficient and nontransgenic method, to improve plant resistance to rna viruses. applying 0.06 mm ja and then 0.1 mm sa 24 h later, enhanced resistance to cuc ...201021046144
design, synthesis, and antiviral evaluation of phenanthrene-based tylophorine derivatives as potential antiviral agents.a series of c9-substituted phenanthrene-based tylophorine derivatives (pbts) were designed, synthesized, and first evaluated for their antiviral activities against tobacco mosaic virus (tmv). these compounds contain a phenanthrene core structure and can be synthesized some efficiently with excellent yields compared with tylophorine alkaloid. the bioassay results show that some of these compounds exhibited higher antiviral activity against tmv in vivo than tylophorine and commercial ningnanmycin. ...201021058739
antimicrobial peptaibols induce defense responses and systemic resistance in tobacco against tobacco mosaic virus.trichoderma spp. are well-known biocontrol agents because of their antimicrobial activity against bacterial and fungal phytopathogens. however, the biochemical mechanism of their antiviral activity remains largely unknown. in this study, we found that trichokonins, antimicrobial peptaibols isolated from trichoderma pseudokoningii smf2, could induce defense responses and systemic resistance in tobacco (nicotiana tabacum var. samsun nn) against tobacco mosaic virus (tmv) infection. local trichokon ...201021062346
peat1-induced systemic acquired resistance in tobacco follows salicylic acid-dependent pathway.systemic acquired resistance (sar) is an inducible defense mechanism which plays a central role in protecting plants from pathogen attack. a new elicitor, peat1 from alternaria tenuissima, was expressed in escherichia coil and characterized with systemic acquired resistance to tobacco mosaic virus (tmv). peat1-treated plants exhibited enhanced systemic resistance with a significant reduction in number and size of tmv lesions on wild tobacco leaves as compared with control. the quantitative analy ...201021088909
self-assembly of virus particles on flat surfaces via controlled evaporation.dynamic self-assembly of nonvolatile solutes via controlled solvent evaporation has been exploited as a simple route to create a variety of hierarchically assembled structures. in this work, two glass slides were used to form a confined space in which a solution of a rodlike nanoparticle, tobacco mosaic virus (tmv), was evaporated to create large-scale stripe patterns. the height and width of the stripes are dependent on the tmv concentration. the large-scale-patterned surfaces can be applied to ...201021090822
rice ragged stunt virus segment s6-encoded nonstructural protein pns6 complements cell-to-cell movement of tobacco mosaic virus-based chimeric virus.the protein(s) that support intercellular movement of rice ragged stunt virus (rrsv) have not yet been identified. in this study, the role of three nonstructural proteins pns6, pns7 and pns10 in cell-to-cell movement were determined with a movement-deficient tobacco mosaic virus (tmv) vector. the results showed that only the pns6 could complement the cell-to-cell movement of the movement-deficient tmv in nicotiana tabacum xanthi nc and n. benthamiana plants, and both n- and c-terminal 50 amino a ...201020541571
4.6a cryo-em reconstruction of tobacco mosaic virus from images recorded at 300 kev on a 4k x 4k ccd camera.tobacco mosaic virus (tmv) is a plant virus with a highly ordered organisation and has been described in three different structural states: as stacked disks without rna (x-ray crystallography), as a helical form with rna (x-ray fibre diffraction) and as a second distinct helical form with rna (cryo-em). here we present a structural analysis of tmv as a test object to assess the quality of cryo-em images recorded at 300 kev on a ccd camera. the 4.6a tmv structure obtained is consistent with the p ...201020558300
plant-expressed recombinant mountain cedar allergen jun a 1 is allergenic and has limited pectate lyase activity.mountain cedar (juniperus ashei) pollen commonly causes a winter time allergic rhinitis in the central usa. jun a 1 is the dominant allergenic protein, but biologically active recombinant jun a 1 has not been successfully expressed, despite numerous attempts with several expression systems.201020559000
hiv-1 neutralization profile and plant-based recombinant expression of actinohivin, an env glycan-specific lectin devoid of t-cell mitogenic activity.the development of a topical microbicide blocking the sexual transmission of hiv-1 is urgently needed to control the global hiv/aids pandemic. the actinomycete-derived lectin actinohivin (ah) is highly specific to a cluster of high-mannose-type glycans uniquely found on the viral envelope (env). here, we evaluated ah's candidacy toward a microbicide in terms of in vitro anti-hiv-1 activity, potential side effects, and recombinant producibility. two validated assay systems based on human peripher ...201020559567
the role of vacuolar processing enzyme (vpe) from nicotiana benthamiana in the elicitor-triggered hypersensitive response and stomatal closure.elicitors/pathogen-associated molecular patterns (pamps) trigger the plant immune system, leading to rapid programmed cell death (hypersensitive response, hr) and stomatal closure. previous reports have shown that the vacuolar processing enzyme (vpe), a cysteine proteinase responsible for the maturation of vacuolar proteins, has caspase-1-like activity and mediates tmv- and mycotoxin-induced cell death. the role of vpe from nicotiana benthamiana in the response to three elicitors: bacterial harp ...201020603283
control of translational initiation in the wheat-embryo cell-free protein expression system for producing homogenous products.wheat-embryo cell-free protein expression system allows efficient production of a wide variety of proteins. homogeneity of the end products is an important characteristic of an advanced cell-free system that will be used in a field of protein science such as structural biology. a translation enhancer such as the omega sequence derived from tobacco mosaic virus, that allows cap-independent translation of the mrna in the cell-free system, is required for low-cost preparation of template mrnas in t ...201020304073
virus-templated photoimprint on the surface of an azobenzene-containing polymer.a photoimprint-based immobilization process is presented for cylindrical viruses on the surface of an azobenzene-bearing acrylate polymer by using atomic force microscopy (afm). tobacco mosaic virus (tmv), 18 nm in diameter and ca. 300 nm in length, was employed as a model virus. first, a droplet of an aqueous solution containing tmv was placed on the acrylate polymer surface. after drying the droplet, the polymer surface was irradiated with light at a wavelength of 470 nm from blue-light-emitti ...201020604579
silencing of wipk and sipk mitogen-activated protein kinases reduces tobacco mosaic virus accumulation but permits systemic viral movement in tobacco possessing the n resistance gene.infection of tobacco cultivars possessing the n resistance gene with tobacco mosaic virus (tmv) results in confinement of the virus by necrotic lesions at the infection site. although the mitogen-activated protein kinases wipk and sipk have been implicated in tmv resistance, evidence linking them directly to disease resistance is, as yet, insufficient. viral multiplication was reduced slightly in wipk- or sipk-silenced plants but substantially in wipk/sipk-silenced plants, and was correlated wit ...201020615114
a novel two-component tobacco mosaic virus-based vector system for high-level expression of multiple therapeutic proteins including a human monoclonal antibody in plants.expression of multiple therapeutic proteins from tobacco mosaic virus (tmv)-based vectors was not successful when plants were coinoculated with a mixture of two tmv vectors engineered to express two foreign genes individually. here, we have engineered and developed a defective rna (drna)-based tmv vector (drt-v) that utilizes two components of the same virus, with the drna component depending on the helper virus for replication. agrobacterium-mediated coinoculation of nicotiana benthamiana plant ...201020673747
rapid detection of tobacco mosaic virus using the reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification method.tobacco mosaic virus (tmv) can cause a severe disease that is capable of greatly reducing tobacco quality and yield. in this study, a one-step reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp) assay was developed for detection of tmv. the concentration of mg(2+), reaction temperature and reaction time of the rt-lamp were optimized to 5 mm, 65°c, and 60 min, respectively. the detection limit of the method was 100 times higher than that of rt-pcr. visual inspection of rt-lamp ...201020680362
virus hybrids as nanomaterials for biotechnology.the current review describes advances in the field of bionanotechnology in which viruses are used to fabricate nanomaterials. viruses are introduced as protein cages, scaffolds, and templates for the production of biohybrid nanostructured materials where organic and inorganic molecules are incorporated in a precise and a controlled fashion. genetic engineering enables the insertion or replacement of selected amino acids on virus capsids for uses from bioconjugation to crystal growth. the variety ...201020688511
[study of the antiviral activity of cyclopentene beta,beta'-triketone disodium salt in the leaves of two nicotiana tabacum l. cultivars infected with tobacco mosaic virus].the effect of disodium salt of 2-acetyl-4-hydroxycarbonylmethylthio-5-chlorocyclopent-4-en-1,3-dione on development of the infection caused by tobacco mosaic virus in the leaves of two nicotiana tabacum l. cultivars--an oversensitive cultivar xanthi-nc and systemically affected samsun--was studied. the results suggest that this compound interferes with reproduction of the virus. this antiviral displayed the highest activity when applied in a mixture with the virus, presumably due to its action o ...201021077372
biophysical and atomic force microscopy characterization of the rna from satellite tobacco mosaic virus.agarose gel electrophoresis, circular dichroism and differential scanning calorimetry showed that single-stranded rna from satellite tobacco mosaic virus transforms from a conformationally 'closed state' at 4°c to a more conformationally 'open state' at 65°c. the transition is reversible and shows no hysteresis. atomic force microscopy (afm) allowed visualization of the two states and indicated that the conformationally 'closed state' probably corresponds to the native encapsidated conformation, ...201020693537
micromechanics model of liquid crystal anisotropic triple lines with applications to self-assembly.directed self-assembly of mesophases at three phase contact lines has been reported for a variety of solutions, including micelles, tobacco mosaic virus, dna, silk, and others, through the action of capillary forces, wetting processes, and/or evaporation. this communication presents a new micromechanical line-excess model of the anisotropic contact line tension for nematic liquid crystal phases, which incorporates well characterized liquid crystal interfacial tensions. the anisotropic line tensi ...201020695537
microfluidic fabrication of hydrogel microparticles containing functionalized viral nanotemplates.we demonstrate rapid microfluidic fabrication of hybrid microparticles composed of functionalized viral nanotemplates directly embedded in polymeric hydrogels. specifically, genetically modified tobacco mosaic virus (tmv) templates were covalently labeled with fluorescent markers or metalized with palladium (pd) nanoparticles (pd-tmv) and then suspended in a poly(ethylene glycol)-based solution. upon formation in a flow-focusing device, droplets were photopolymerized with uv light to form microp ...201020695589
pulling genetic rna out of tobacco mosaic virus using single-molecule force spectroscopy.rna-coat protein interactions in intact tobacco mosaic virus have been investigated for the first time directly on the single-molecule level by pulling the genetic rna step by step out of the helical groove formed by its protein coat. the effects of pulling speed and ph on rna-protein interactions are presented. in addition, the rebinding behavior of the detached rna with the protein coat is discussed. our results demonstrate the possibility of studying nucleic acid-protein interactions in more ...201020698668
virus-enabled silicon anode for lithium-ion batteries.a novel three-dimensional tobacco mosaic virus assembled silicon anode is reported. this electrode combines genetically modified virus templates for the production of high aspect ratio nanofeatured surfaces with electroless deposition to produce an integrated nickel current collector followed by physical vapor deposition of a silicon layer to form a high capacity silicon anode. this composite silicon anode produced high capacities (3300 mah/g), excellent charge-discharge cycling stability (0.20% ...201020707328
synthesis and antiviral bioactivity of chiral thioureas containing leucine and phosphonate moieties.a series of novel chiral thioureas 3a-n bearing leucine and phosphonate moieties were synthesized in excellent yields. the structures of the compounds were completely characterized by elemental analysis, ir, 1h-, 13c-, 31p- and 19f-nmr spectral data. a half-leaf method was used to determine the in vivo protective and curative efficacies of the title products against tobacco mosaic virus (tmv). the compounds 3l and 3n displayed good in vivo protection and curative effects against tmv with inhibit ...201020714289
ank, a host cytoplasmic receptor for the tobacco mosaic virus cell-to-cell movement protein, facilitates intercellular transport through plasmodesmata.plasmodesma (pd) is a channel structure that spans the cell wall and provides symplastic connection between adjacent cells. various macromolecules are known to be transported through pd in a highly regulated manner, and plant viruses utilize their movement proteins (mps) to gate the pd to spread cell-to-cell. the mechanism by which mp modifies pd to enable intercelluar traffic remains obscure, due to the lack of knowledge about the host factors that mediate the process. here, we describe the fun ...201021124937
trastuzumab-binding peptide display by tobacco mosaic virus.human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (her2/neu) is a target for the humanized monoclonal antibody trastuzumab. recently, trastuzumab-binding peptides (tbp) of her2/neu that inhibit proliferation of breast cancer cells were identified. we have now studied conditions of efficient assembly in vivo of tobacco mosaic virus (tmv)-based particles displaying tbp on its surface. the system is based on an agrobacterium-mediated co-delivery of binary vectors encoding tmv rna and coat protein (cp) with ...201020801474
quantitative sequence-kinetics relationship in antigen-antibody interaction kinetics based on a set of descriptors [corrected].the interaction between recombinant fab57p and the coat protein of tobacco mosaic virus was studied using quantitative structure-activity relationship (qsar) method. the development of quantitative multivariate model has shown to be a promising approach for unraveling protein-protein interactions by designed mutations in peptide sequence. this approach makes it possible to stereo-chemically determine which residue properties contribute most to the interaction. a set of side-chain descriptors was ...201020807221
self-assembled ni/tio2 nanocomposite anodes synthesized via electroless plating and atomic layer deposition on biological scaffolds.ni(core)/tio(2)(shell) nanocomposite anodes were fabricated on three-dimensional, self-assembled nanotemplates of tobacco mosaic virus using atomic layer deposition, exhibiting high capacities and rate capability and extremely low average capacity fading (∼0.024% per cycle) for ∼1000 cycles.201020820509
enhanced glutathione metabolism is correlated with sulfur-induced resistance in tobacco mosaic virus-infected genetically susceptible nicotiana tabacum plants.sulfur-induced resistance, also known as sulfur-enhanced defense (sir/sed) was investigated in nicotiana tabacum cv. samsun nn during compatible interaction with tobacco mosaic virus (tmv) in correlation with glutathione metabolism. to evaluate the influence of sulfur nutritional status on virus infection, tobacco plants were treated with nutrient solutions containing either sufficient sulfate (+s) or no sulfate (-s). sufficient sulfate supply resulted in a suppressed and delayed symptom develop ...201020923352
an h-type thioredoxin functions in tobacco defense responses to two species of viruses and an abiotic oxidative stress.various thioredoxin (trx) proteins have been identified in plants. however, many of the physiological roles played by these proteins remain to be elucidated. we cloned a trxh-like gene predicted to encode an h-type trx in tobacco (nicotiana tabacum) and designated it nttrxh3, based on the biochemical activity of the nttrxh3 protein. overexpression of nttrxh3 conferred resistance to tobacco mosaic virus and cucumber mosaic virus, both of which showed reduced multiplication and pathogenicity in nt ...201020923353
monoclonal antibody-based triple antibody sandwich-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunocapture reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction for odontoglossum ringspot virus detection.odontoglossum ringspot virus (orsv) infects numerous commercially important orchids and causes significant losses worldwide. the coat protein (cp) gene of orsv was cloned and expressed in escherichia coli by using the pet-32a expression vector, and the expression of recombinant protein was confirmed by western blotting using anti-orsv antibodies. the recombinant protein was purified using ni-nta agarose, and the purified protein was used as an immunogen to produce monoclonal antibodies (mabs) an ...201020933014
pol ii-directed short rnas suppress the nuclear export of mrna.the synthesis and subsequent nuclear export of non-coding rna (ncrna) directed by rna polymerase (pol) ii is very sensitive to abiotic and biotic external stimuli including pathogen challenges. to assess whether stress-induced ncrnas may suppress the nuclear export of mrna, we exploited the ability of agrobacterium tumefaciens to co-deliver pol i, ii and iii promoter-based vectors for the transcription of short (s) ncrnas, gfp mrna or genomic rna of plant viruses (tobacco mosaic virus, tmv; or p ...201020953971
optimal efficiency of self-assembling light-harvesting arrays.using a classical master equation that describes energy transfer over a given lattice, we explore how energy transfer efficiency along with the photon capturing ability depends on network connectivity, on transfer rates, and on volume fractions-the numbers and relative ratio of fluorescence chromophore components, e.g., donor (d), acceptor (a), and bridge (b) chromophores. for a one-dimensional ad array, the exact analytical expression (derived in appendix a) for efficiency shows a steep increas ...201020964280
dramatic thermal stability of virus-polymer conjugates in hydrophobic solvents.we have developed a method for integrating the self-assembling tobacco mosaic virus capsid into hydrophobic solvents and hydrophobic polymers. the capsid was modified at tyrosine residues to display an array of linear poly(ethylene glycol) chains, allowing it to be transferred into chloroform. in a subsequent step, the capsids could be transferred to a variety of hydrophobic solvents, including benzyl alcohol, o-dichlorobenzene, and diglyme. the thermal stability of the material against denatura ...201020964388
thermal transition of native tobacco mosaic virus and rna-free viral proteins into spherical nanoparticles.spherical nanoparticles (snps) were generated by two-step thermal remodelling of native tobacco mosaic virus (tmv) at 94 °c. particles of irregular shape and varying size were generated by tmv at 90 °c. they could be converted into snps by heating at 94 °c and were considered to be intermediate precursors of snps. in addition to snp monomers (53 nm diameter), generated by individual tmv virions, large snps (100-800 nm diameter) were assembled. the size of the snps depended on the tmv concentrati ...201020980527
tobacco mosaic virus infection results in an increase in recombination frequency and resistance to viral, bacterial, and fungal pathogens in the progeny of infected tobacco plants.our previous experiments showed that infection of tobacco (nicotiana tabacum) plants with tobacco mosaic virus (tmv) leads to an increase in homologous recombination frequency (hrf). the progeny of infected plants also had an increased rate of rearrangements in resistance gene-like loci. here, we report that tobacco plants infected with tmv exhibited an increase in hrf in two consecutive generations. analysis of global genome methylation showed the hypermethylated genome in both generations of p ...201020498336
a chimeric satellite transgene sequence is inefficiently targeted by viroid-induced dna methylation in tobacco.in plants, transgenes containing potato spindle tuber viroid (pstvd) cdna sequences were efficient targets of pstvd infection-mediated rna-directed dna methylation. here, we demonstrate that in pstvd-infected tobacco plants, a 134 bp pstvd fragment (pstvd-134) did not become densely methylated when it was inserted into a chimeric satellite tobacco mosaic virus (stmv) construct. only about 4-5% of all cytosines (cs) of the pstvd-134 were methylated when flanked by satellite sequences. in the same ...201020364297
a tobamovirus expression vector for agroinfection of legumes and nicotiana.the highest recombinant protein expression levels in plants have been achieved using tobacco mosaic virus (tmv) vectors via agroinoculation of the tobacco, nicotiana benthamiana. these vectors have been utilized for pharmaceutical protein production and also can serve as rapid gene expression screens for proteonomics. we have constructed a similar vector based on the legume-infecting tobamovirus, sunn hemp mosaic virus (shmv), by deleting the coat protein gene (shmv eliminate coat protein gene o ...201020380855
[cloning of y3 gene encoding a tobacco mosaic virus inhibitor from coprinus comatus and transformation to nicotiana tabacum].the protein y3 was a tmv inhibitor which was encoded by y3 gene. the aim of this work was to clone the full length of y3 gene from coprinus comatus and to reveal its inhibitory function to tmv in in vivo conditions.201020387460
virus-based microrna expression for gene functional analysis in plants.traditional virus-induced gene silencing (vigs) is a powerful virus-based short interfering rna-mediated rna silencing technique for plant functional genomics. besides short interfering rnas, micrornas (mirnas) have also been shown to regulate gene expression by rna silencing in various organisms. however, plant virus-based mirna silencing has not been reported. in addition, a number of plant mirnas have been identified or predicted, while their functions are largely unknown. thus, there is an u ...201020388670
impact of assembly state on the defect tolerance of tmv-based light harvesting arrays.self-assembling, light harvesting arrays of organic chromophores can be templated using the tobacco mosaic virus coat protein (tmvp). the efficiency of energy transfer within systems containing a high ratio of donors to acceptors shows a strong dependence on the tmvp assembly state. rod and disk assemblies derived from a single stock of chromophore-labeled protein exhibit drastically different levels of energy transfer, with rods significantly outperforming disks. the origin of the superior tran ...201020392093
helicase atpase activity of the tobacco mosaic virus 126-kda protein modulates replicase complex assembly.mutations disrupting helicase domain motifs of the tobacco mosaic virus 126/183-kda proteins were investigated for their effect on replicase function and assembly. these mutations inhibited virus replication but did not affect 126-kda induced n gene resistance or rnai suppression. however, in vivo expressed 126-kda motif mutants yielded two distinct cytoplasmic phenotypes that correlated with atpase activity. specifically, atpase active 126-kda proteins produced small cytoplasmic bodies that res ...201020413140
cucumber mosaic virus movement protein severs actin filaments to increase the plasmodesmal size exclusion limit in tobacco.plant viral movement proteins (mps) enable viruses to pass through cell walls by increasing the size exclusion limit (sel) of plasmodesmata (pd). here, we report that the ability of cucumber mosaic virus (cmv) mp to increase the sel of the pd could be inhibited by treatment with the actin filament (f-actin)-stabilizing agent phalloidin but not by treatment with the f-actin-destabilizing agent latrunculin a. in vitro studies showed that cmv mp bound globular and f-actin, inhibited actin polymeriz ...201020435906
bacterially expressed double-stranded rnas against hot-spot sequences of tobacco mosaic virus or potato virus y genome have different ability to protect tobacco from viral infection.posttranscriptional gene silencing, also known as rna interference, involves degradation of homologous mrna sequences in organisms. in plants, posttranscriptional gene silencing is part of a defense mechanism against virus infection, and double-stranded rna is the pivotal factor that induces gene silencing. in this paper, we got seven hairpin rnas (hprnas) constructs against different hot-spot sequences of tobacco mosaic virus (tmv) or potato virus y (pvy) genome. after expression in escherichia ...201020437276
the synergistic effects of multivalent ligand display and nanotopography on osteogenic differentiation of rat bone marrow stem cells.cell-substrate interactions play a vital role in governing crucial cell functions such as adhesion, proliferation and differentiation. surface topography and chemical properties can initiate signaling cascades modulating cell behavior. however, mimicking extracellular environment to direct cell functions through cell-surface interactions is challenging. in this report, we employed tobacco mosaic virus (tmv) as a model system to present nanotopographic features along with multivalent ligand displ ...201020452665
oligonucleotide microarray-based detection and identification of 10 major tomato viruses.a dna microarray chip was developed for screening 10 major economically important tomato viruses from infected plants using "combimatrix" platform 40-mer oligonucleotide probes. a total of 279 oligonucleotide virus probes were specific for simultaneous multiple detection, identification, differentiation and/or genotyping of each of the following tomato rna viruses and/or strains and a virus satellite: cucumber mosaic virus, cucumber mosaic virus satellite rna, tomatoinfectiouschlorosisvirus, tom ...201020470828
anti-tobacco mosaic virus (tmv) quassinoids from brucea javanica (l.) merr.two new quassinoids, javanicolide e (1) and javanicolide f (2), along with fifteen known c-20 quassinoids were isolated from the seeds of brucea javanica (l.) merr. the antitobacco mosaic virus (tmv) activity of these quassinoids was screened by the conventional half-leaf and leaf-disk method along with western blot analysis. all of the seventeen quassinoids showed potent anti-tmv activity. among them, eight compounds, brusatol (3), bruceine b (4), bruceoside b (5), yadanzioside i (6), yadanzios ...201020050684
biofabrication methods for the patterned assembly and synthesis of viral nanotemplates.this paper reports on novel methodologies for the patterning and templated synthesis of virus-structured nanomaterials in two- and three-dimensional microfabricated architectures using the tobacco mosaic virus (tmv). the tmv is a high aspect ratio biological molecule which can be engineered to include amino acids with enhanced binding properties. these modifications facilitate self-assembly of the tmv onto various substrates and enable its use as a template for the synthesis of nanostructured ma ...201020051613
fluorescent protein recruitment assay for demonstration and analysis of in vivo protein interactions in plant cells and its application to tobacco mosaic virus movement protein.we describe a simple fluorescent protein-based method to investigate interactions with a viral movement protein in living cells that relies on the in vivo re-localization of proteins in the presence of their interaction partners. we apply this method in combination with fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (flim) to demonstrate that a domain of the tobacco mosaic virus (tmv) movement protein (mp) previously predicted to mediate protein:protein interactions is dispensable for these contacts. ...201020070568
local lesions and induced resistance.the local lesion phenomenon is one of the most notable resistance mechanisms where virus after multiplying in several hundred cells around the point of entry, does not continue to spread and remains in a local infection. several types of local lesions are known, inter alia, necrotic, chlorotic, and starch lesions. cells inside the lesion generally contain much less virus than cells in a systemic infection. cytopathic changes accompany the local lesion development. proteases that may have propert ...201020109664
toward a quarter century of pathogen-derived resistance and practical approaches to plant virus disease control.the concept of pathogen-derived resistance (pdr) describes the use of genetic elements from a pathogen's own genome to confer resistance in an otherwise susceptible host via genetic engineering [j. theor. biol. 113 (1985) 395]. illustrated with the bacteriophage qbeta in escherichia coli, this strategy was conceived as a broadly applicable approach to engineer resistance against pathogens. for plant viruses, the concept of pdr was validated with the creation of tobacco plants expressing the coat ...201020109666
phytaspase, a relocalisable cell death promoting plant protease with caspase specificity.caspases are cysteine-dependent proteases and are important components of animal apoptosis. they introduce specific breaks after aspartate residues in a number of cellular proteins mediating programmed cell death (pcd). plants encode only distant homologues of caspases, the metacaspases that are involved in pcd, but do not possess caspase-specific proteolytic activity. nevertheless, plants do display caspase-like activities indicating that enzymes structurally distinct from classical caspases ma ...201020111004
detection and quantification of infectious avian influenza a (h5n1) virus in environmental water by using real-time reverse transcription-pcr.routes of avian influenza virus (aiv) dispersal among aquatic birds involve direct (bird-to-bird) and indirect (waterborne) transmission. the environmental persistence of h5n1 virus in natural water reservoirs can be assessed by isolation of virus in embryonated chicken eggs. here we describe development and evaluation of a real-time quantitative reverse transcription (rt)-pcr (qrt-pcr) method for detection of h5n1 aiv in environmental water. this method is based on adsorption of virus particles ...201020118369
on the thermal stability of surface-assembled viral-metal nanoparticle complexes.biological supramolecules offer attractive templates for nanoparticle synthesis and nanodevice fabrication because of their precise size and shape. viruses in particular have gained significant attention in nanodevice fabrication for applications such as nanoelectronics, batteries, catalysis, and sensing. however, the performance range of these viral-nanoparticle complexes is not well known because of the lack of fundamental studies on their properties. in this work, we employ in situ grazing in ...201020155984
binding of monoclonal antibodies to the movement protein (mp) of tobacco mosaic virus: influence of subcellular mp localization and phosphorylation.monoclonal antibodies (mabs) to recombinant movement protein (mp(rec)) of tobacco mosaic virus (tmv) were used to reveal the dependence of mp epitope accessibility to mabs on subcellular mp localization and post-translational mp phosphorylation. leaves of nicotiana benthamiana or n. tabacum were inoculated mechanically with tmv or agroinjected with an mp expression vector. at different time post-inoculation, er membrane- and cell wall-enriched fractions (er-mp and cw-mp, respectively) were isola ...201020164264
from virus structure to chromatin: x-ray diffraction to three-dimensional electron microscopy.early influences led me first to medical school with a view to microbiology, but i felt the lack of a deeper foundation and changed to chemistry, which in turn led me to physics and mathematics. i moved to the university of cape town to work on the x-ray crystallography of some small organic compounds. i developed a new method of using molecular structure factors to solve the crystal structure, which won me a research studentship to trinity college cambridge and the cavendish laboratory. there i ...201020192760
helix-helix interactions and their impact on protein motifs and assemblies.protein secondary structure elements are arranged in distinct structural motifs such as four-alpha-helix bundle, 8alpha/8beta tim-barrel, rossmann dinucleotide binding fold, assembly of a helical rod. each structural motif is characterized by a particular type of helix-helix interactions. a unique pattern of contacts is formed by interacting helices of the structural motif. in each type of fold, edges of the helix surface, which participate in the formation of helix-helix contacts with preceding ...201020202472
in vitro assembly of tobacco mosaic virus coat protein variants derived from fission yeast expression clones or plants.tobacco mosaic virus (tmv) derivatives are explored currently extensively with regard to nanotechnological applications. since certain technically desired tmv mutants may not be accessible from plants, the utility of the fission yeast schizosaccharomyces pombe for heterologous production of tmv coat protein (cp) variants was explored, including wild-type (wt) cp and two genetically engineered mutants: tmv-cp-his(6) containing a c-terminal hexahistidine (his(6)) tag, and tmv-cp-e50q with enhanced ...201020219539
tobacco mutants with reduced microtubule dynamics are less susceptible to tmv.a panel of seven sr1 tobacco mutants (ater1 to ater7) derived via t-dna activation tagging and screening for resistance to a microtubule assembly inhibitor, ethyl phenyl carbamate, were used to study the role of microtubules during infection and spread of tobacco mosaic virus (tmv). in one of these lines, ater2, alpha-tubulin is shifted from the tyrosinylated into the detyrosinated form, and the microtubule plus-end marker gfp-eb1 moves significantly slower when expressed in the background of th ...201020230489
50 years of fiber diffraction.in 1955 ken holmes started working on tobacco mosaic virus (tmv) as a research student with rosalind franklin at birkbeck college, london. afterward he spent 18months as a post doc with don caspar and carolyn cohen at the children's hospital, boston where he continued the work on tmv and also showed that the core of the thick filament of byssus retractor muscle from mussels is made of two-stranded alpha-helical coiled-coils. returning to england he joined aaron klug's group at the newly founded ...201020079849
salicylate-mediated interactions between pathogens and herbivores.plants employ hormone-mediated signaling pathways to defend against pathogens and insects. we tested predictions about the relative effect of jasmonate and salicylate pathways and how they mediate interactions between pathogens and herbivores. we employed two pathogens of tomato, pseudomonas syringae (pst) and tobacco mosaic virus (tmv), that are known to elicit distinct components of the two pathways, and we address the consequences of their induction for resistance in wild-type and salicylate- ...201020462121
systemic induction and role of mitochondrial alternative oxidase and nitric oxide in a compatible tomato-tobacco mosaic virus interaction.the role of mitochondrial alternative oxidase (aox) and the relationship between aox and nitric oxide (no) in virus-induced systemic defense to tobacco mosaic virus (tmv) were investigated in susceptible tomato (solanum lycopersicum) plants. tmv inoculation to the lower leaves induced a rapid no synthesis and aox activation in upper uninoculated leaves as early as 0.5 day postinoculation. application of exogenous potassium cyanide (kcn, a cytochrome pathway inhibitor) at nonlethal concentrations ...201019958137
inhibition of sterol biosynthesis reduces tombusvirus replication in yeast and plants.the replication of plus-strand rna viruses depends on subcellular membranes. recent genome-wide screens have revealed that the sterol biosynthesis genes erg25 and erg4 affected the replication of tomato bushy stunt virus (tbsv) in a yeast model host. to further our understanding of the role of sterols in tbsv replication, we demonstrate that the downregulation of erg25 or the inhibition of the activity of erg25p with an inhibitor (6-amino-2-n-pentylthiobenzothiazole; apb) leads to a 3- to 5-fold ...201020015981
arabidopsis synaptotagmin syta regulates endocytosis and virus movement protein cell-to-cell transport.synaptotagmins are calcium sensors that regulate synaptic vesicle exo/endocytosis. thought to be exclusive to animals, they have recently been characterized in plants. we show that arabidopsis synaptotagmin syta regulates endosome recycling and movement protein (mp)-mediated trafficking of plant virus genomes through plasmodesmata. syta localizes to endosomes in plant cells and directly binds the distinct cabbage leaf curl virus (calcuv) and tobacco mosaic virus (tmv) cell-to-cell movement prote ...201020133785
the constitutive expression of arabidopsis plasmodesmal-associated class 1 reversibly glycosylated polypeptide impairs plant development and virus spread.arabidopsis class 1 reversibly glycosylated polypeptides (c1rgps) were shown to be plasmodesmal-associated proteins. transgenic tobacco (nicotiana tabacum) plants constitutively expressing gfp tagged atrgp2 under the control of the camv 35s promoter are stunted, have a rosette-like growth pattern, and in source leaves exhibit strong chlorosis, increased photoassimilate retention and starch accumulation that results in elevated leaf specific fresh and dry weights. basal callose levels around plas ...201019887501
potatovirus x and tobacco mosaic virus-based vectors compatible with the gateway cloning system.virus-based expression vectors are important tools for high-level production of foreign proteins and for gene function analysis through virus induced gene silencing. to exploit further their advantages as fast, high yield replicons, a set of vectors was produced by converting and adapting potato virus x (pvx) and tobacco mosaic virus (tmv)-based vectors to allow easy cloning of foreign sequences by the gateway cloning system. target genes were cloned efficiently by recombination and successfully ...201019903495
simple, readily controllable palladium nanoparticle formation on surface-assembled viral nanotemplates.transition-metal nanoparticles possess unique size-dependent optical, electronic, and catalytic properties on the nanoscale, which differ significantly from their bulk properties. in particular, palladium (pd) nanoparticles have properties applicable to a wide range of applications in catalysis and electronics. however, predictable and controllable nanoparticle synthesis remains challenging because of harsh reaction conditions, artifacts from capping agents, and unpredictable growth. biological ...201019919039
nanoscale protein assemblies from a circular permutant of the tobacco mosaic virus.the protein coat of the tobacco mosaic virus (tmv) has been explored extensively for the construction of nanoscale architectures. in previous work, we have reported efficient tmv-based light harvesting systems bearing chromophores in a hollow channel of the assembled protein. we have also reported an n-terminal transamination/oximation method that could be used to attach electrodes and catalytic groups to the exterior surface of the rods. to complement these techniques, we report herein a new ci ...201019924865
tomato yellow leaf curl virus infection of a resistant tomato line with a silenced sucrose transporter gene leht1 results in inhibition of growth, enhanced virus spread, and necrosis.to identify genes involved in resistance of tomato to tomato yellow leaf curl virus (tylcv), cdna libraries from lines resistant (r) and susceptible (s) to the virus were compared. the hexose transporter leht1 was found to be expressed preferentially in r tomato plants. the role of leht1 in the establishment of tylcv resistance was studied in r plants where leht1 has been silenced using tobacco rattle virus-induced gene silencing (trv vigs). following tylcv inoculation, leht1-silenced r plants s ...201019946703
enantioseparation and plant virucidal bioactivity of new quinazoline derivatives with alpha-aminophosphonate moiety.enantiomers of some new quinazoline derivatives bearing alpha-aminophosphonate moiety were separated under normal-phase conditions on two immobilized polysaccharide-based chiral stationary phases (chiralpak ia and chiralpak ic). the role of two chiral stationary phases (csps), polar modifier and column temperature on retention time and separation factor was studied. apparent thermodynamic parameters were deduced from van't hoff plots and plausible mechanism of chiral recognition has been discuss ...201019963443
synthesis and antiviral activities of phenanthroindolizidine alkaloids and their derivatives.racemic phenanthroindolizidine alkaloids tylophorine, antofine, and deoxytylophorinine, and optically pure alkaloids s-(+)-tylophorine and r-(-)-tylophorine were synthesized and evaluated for their antiviral activities against tobacco mosaic virus (tmv). further salinization modifications based on tylophorine increased stability and water solubility and improved the antiviral activity in application. the bioassay results showed that most of these synthesized compounds showed higher antiviral act ...201020000413
synthesis of 4-methyl-1,2,3-thiadiazole derivatives via ugi reaction and their biological activities.the ugi reaction is a green and rapid one-pot reaction for lead derivation. to develop novel candidate pesticides with diverse biological activities, two series of 4-methyl-1,2,3-thiadiazole derivatives containing active substructures of 3-chloro-4-methylphenyl or 3-fluoro-4-methylphenyl, respectively, were rationally designed and synthesized via ugi reaction according to the principle of combinations of bioactive substructures. all of the structures of newly synthesized compounds were confirmed ...201020000685
significance of eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1a in tobacco mosaic virus infection.eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1a (eef1a) has been shown to interact with both the viral rna-dependent rna polymerase and the 3'-terminal genomic rna of tobacco mosaic virus (tmv). in this study, we demonstrated that the down-regulation of eef1a mrna levels by virus-induced gene silencing using potato virus x vector dramatically reduced the accumulation of tmv rna and the spread of tmv infection. the translation activity of the eef1a-silenced nicotiana benthamiana leaves was not severe ...201020012112
regulation of osteogenic differentiation of rat bone marrow stromal cells on 2d nanorod substrates.bone marrow stromal cells (bmscs) possess multi-lineage differentiation potential and can be induced to undergo differentiation into various cell types with the correct combination of chemical and environmental factors. although, they have shown great prospects in therapeutic and medical applications, less is known about their behavior on nanosurfaces mimicking the extra cellular matrix (ecm). in this report we have employed 2d substrates coated with tobacco mosaic virus (tmv) nanorods to study ...201020022632
a history of virus diseases of plants: from the beginning to 1950.the history of plant virology has given much space to viruses, especially to tobacco mosaic virus, but very little space to virus diseases. still, viruses were clearly characterised only more than fifty years after the first observations and descriptions of diseases appearing infected with ineffable agents and, until the 1950s, most of the plant virologists spent a lot of time to study the disease as the preliminary but absolutely necessity in order to identify the virus. the first virus disease ...201021384323
optimization of fermentation conditions for production of anti-tmv extracellular ribonuclease by bacillus cereus using response surface methodology.bacillus cereus zh14 was previously found to produce a new type of antiviral ribonuclease, which was secreted into medium and active against tobacco mosaic virus. in order to enhance the ribonuclease production, in this study the optimization of culture conditions using response surface methodology was done. the fermentation variables including culture temperature, initial ph, inoculum size, sucrose, yeast extract, mgso(4).7h(2)o, and kno(3) were considered for selection of significant ones by u ...201019466461
cloning, structural features, and expression analysis of resistance gene analogs in tobacco.using degenerate primers based on the conserved nucleotide binding site (nbs) and protein kinase domain (pkd), 100 resistance gene analogs (rgas) were isolated from tobacco variety nicotiana repanda. blastx search against the genbank database revealed that 27 belong to the nbs class and 73 belong to the protein kinase (pk) class. cluster analysis and multiple sequence alignment of the deduced protein sequences indicate that rgas of the nbs class can be divided into two groups: toll/interleukin r ...201019728156
quantitative study of au(iii) and pd(ii) ion biosorption on genetically engineered tobacco mosaic virus.one major obstacle in the mineralization of metal onto biologically derived templates is the lack of fundamental information pertaining to the relationship between metal ion loading and overall metal deposition onto the biotemplate. this study focuses on au(iii) and pd(ii) biosorption on the genetically-modified model biological template tobacco mosaic virus (tmv1cys). metal ion (au(iii) or pd(ii)) loading on the tmv1cys template was measured as a function of the equilibrium concentration of au( ...201019914631
the influence of rna-dependent rna polymerase 1 on potato virus y infection and on other antiviral response genes.the gene encoding rna-dependent rna polymerase 1 (rdr1) is involved in basal resistance to several viruses. expression of the rdr1 gene also is induced in resistance to tobacco mosaic virus (tmv) mediated by the n gene in tobacco (nicotiana tabacum cv. samsun nn) in an incompatible hypersensitive response, as well as in a compatible response against potato virus y (pvy). reducing the accumulation of ntrdr1 transcripts by rna inhibition mediated by transgenic expression of a double-stranded rna h ...200919737104
production of biologically active human myelocytokines in plants.an effective system for expression of human granulocyte and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factors (hg-csf and hgm-csf) in nicotiana benthamiana plants was developed using viral vector based on tobacco mosaic virus infecting cruciferous plants. the genes of target proteins were cloned into the viral vector driven by actin promoter of arabidopsis thaliana. the expression vectors were delivered into plant cells by agroinjection. maximal synthesis rate was detected 5 days after injection ...200919916932
induced er chaperones regulate a receptor-like kinase to mediate antiviral innate immune response in plants.mounting an effective innate immune response against pathogens requires the rapid and global reprogramming of host cellular processes. here we employed complementary proteomic methods to identify differentially regulated proteins early during a plant's defense response. besides defense-related proteins, constituents of the largest category of upregulated proteins were cytoplasmic- and er-residing molecular chaperones. investigating the significance of upregulated er chaperones, we find that sile ...200919917500
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