Publications

immunocytochemical characterization of p24, a baculovirus capsid-associated protein.	an open reading frame (orf 1) located upstream of the polyhedron envelope protein gene in the orgyia pseudotsugata multinucleocapsid nuclear polyhedrosis virus (opmnpv) genome was cloned in-frame into a trpe bacterial expression vector. the fusion protein produced by this construct was used for the preparation of a monospecific antiserum. western blot analysis of extracts from opmnpv-infected lymantria dispar cells and autographa californica npv (acmnpv)-infected spodoptera frugiperda cells dete ...	1993	8423444
bovine respiratory syncytial virus nucleocapsid protein expressed in insect cells specifically interacts with the phosphoprotein and the m2 protein.	the coding region of the gene for the nucleocapsid (n) protein of bovine respiratory syncytial virus has been inserted into the genome of autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (acnpv) using transfer vector pvl 1393. infection of spodoptera frugiperda cells with recombinant virus resulted in the synthesis of high levels of n protein. this protein was indistinguishable from the authentic bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) n protein by sds-gel electrophoresis and immunoprecipitat ...	1993	8438581
nucleotide sequence of the p74 gene of a baculovirus pathogenic to the spruce budworm, choristoneura fumiferana multicapsid nuclear polyhedrosis virus.	polypeptide p74 has been found to be essential for production of virulent occlusion bodies of the baculovirus autographa californica multicapsid nuclear polyhedrosis virus (acmnpv). hybridization with acmnpv-derived probes has led to the location of the p74 gene in the spruce budworm virus, choristoneura fumiferana mnpv. sequence data indicate that cfmnpv p74 is 73% identical to acmnpv at the nucleotide level and 77% identical at the amino acid level. elements of predicted secondary structure ar ...	1993	8439559
saturable attachment sites for polyhedron-derived baculovirus on insect cells and evidence for entry via direct membrane fusion.	this research provides the first evidence for specific receptor binding of polyhedron-derived baculovirus (pdv) to host cells and to lepidopteran brush border membrane vesicles (bbmv) and demonstration of entry via a nonendocytotic pathway involving direct membrane fusion. the technique of fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis was used to investigate the specificity of binding between the pdv phenotype of lymantria dispar nuclear polyhedrosis virus (ldnpv) and host membranes. fluorescein ...	1993	8445715
three baculovirus genes involved in late and very late gene expression: ie-1, ie-n, and lef-2.	we developed a method to identify baculovirus genes required for late and very late gene expression that is based on subtraction of clones from an autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus genomic library which is able to trans activate promoters of reporter plasmids in transient expression assays. using this assay, we found that three genes located between 83.7 and 7.5 map units of the autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus genome were involved in expression from the late cap ...	1993	8445724
an apoptosis-inhibiting baculovirus gene with a zinc finger-like motif.	spodoptera frugiperda sf-21 cells infected with autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus mutants which lack a functional p35 gene undergo apoptosis, a type of programmed cell death. to identify p35-homologous genes in other baculoviruses, a. californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus dna containing a deletion in p35 was cotransfected into sf-21 cells along with genomic dnas from other baculoviruses. one of the viral dnas which were able to rescue wild-type infection was from cydia pomonella ...	1993	8445726
nucleotide sequence and transcriptional analysis of a gene encoding gp41, a structural glycoprotein of the baculovirus autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus.		1993	8445739
ligand binding by a recombinant insect juvenile hormone binding protein.	a cdna for the hemolymph juvenile hormone binding protein (jhbp) of larval manduca sexta has been isolated, sequenced, and expressed in an insect cell line. a recombinant baculovirus, containing the jhbp cdna fused to the p10 promoter of autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus, was constructed. insect cells (sf9) infected with this virus secreted recombinant jhbp (rjhbp) into the medium (> 50 micrograms/ml), and cotranslational removal of an 18 amino acid leader sequence was observed. ...	1993	8448166
functional domains of the p10 protein of autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus.	distinct functional domains in the autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus p10 protein were identified by analysis of p10 mutants. when up to 15 amino acids from the carboxy terminus were deleted, truncated p10 proteins were found in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm of infected cells, but formed no fibrillar structures. this suggested that the positively charged carboxy terminus is not required for nuclear or cytoplasmic localization of p10 protein, but is involved in protein-protein ...	1993	8468550
sequence, transcriptional mapping, and overexpression of p47, a baculovirus gene regulating late gene expression.	a 2.8-kb region of the autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus genome was sequenced and found to contain an open reading frame (p47) which was capable of rescuing a previously characterized temperature-sensitive mutant, ts317 (s. partington, h. yu, a. lu, and e. b. carstens, virology 157:91-102, 1990). transcriptional mapping demonstrated that an early 4.2-kb rna encoded the p47 open reading frame and probably overlapped the 39k delayed-early gene. the p47 open reading frame was cloned ...	1993	8474157
the 35-kilodalton protein gene (p35) of autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus and the neomycin resistance gene provide dominant selection of recombinant baculoviruses.	autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (acmnpv) recombinants were constructed to test the effectiveness of the acmnpv 35-kilodalton protein gene (35k gene) and the bacterial neomycin resistance gene (neo) as dominant selectable markers for baculoviruses. insertion of the acmnpv apoptosis suppressor gene (p35) into the genome of p35-deletion mutants inhibited premature host cell death and increased virus yields up to 1200-fold at low multiplicities in spodoptera frugiperda (sf21) cell ...	1993	8493093
identification and characterization of lef-1, a baculovirus gene involved in late and very late gene expression.	an autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (acmnpv) gene required in transient expression assays for late and very late viral gene expression was identified, sequenced, and transcriptionally mapped. this gene, designated late expression factor 1 (lef-1), was located between 7.4 and 8.7 map units of the acmnpv physical map. it was identified by cotransfecting spodoptera frugiperda cultured cells with a collection of overlapping cloned dna fragments covering the entire acmnpv genome and ...	1993	8497062
activation and detection of a latent baculovirus resembling mamestra brassicae nuclear polyhedrosis virus in m. brassicae insects.	a laboratory culture of mamestra brassicae insects (mblc) has been found to harbor a latent baculovirus infection. the latent virus was activated by feeding the m. brassicae larvae with either the closely related panolis flammea nuclear polyhedrosis virus (npv), or the distantly related autographa californica npv. restriction fragment profiles of the activated virus dna showed that it is very closely related, if not identical, to m. brassicae npv. polymerase chain reaction amplification of polyh ...	1993	8503177
efficient secretion of attacin from insect fat-body cells requires proper processing of the prosequence.	the attacins constitute a group of immune proteins induced after bacterial infection in the moth hyalophora cecropia. they are synthesized as preproproteins and undergo post-translational modification during transport to the hemolymph. the processing and transport rates of attacin were studied in its natural host as a response to infection. monensin totally inhibited the processing from proattacin to attacin and the radiolabeled proattacin remained intracellular. this observation indicated that ...	1993	8508799
nucleotide sequence and transcriptional analysis of the p10 gene of spodoptera exigua nuclear polyhedrosis virus.	the p10 gene of spodoptera exigua multiple nuclear polyhedrosis virus (semnpv) was localized on the xbai fragment h (5.1 kb) of the physical map of the viral genome. the coding sequence of the semnpv p10 gene is 264 nucleotides (nt) long corresponding to a predicted protein of 88 amino acids with an mhf of 9607. the semnpv p10 protein showed only limited amino acid identity (39% and 26%, respectively) to those of orgyia pseudotsugata mnpv (opmnpv) and autographa californica mnpv (acmnpv) and thu ...	1993	8509757
apoptosis reduces both the in vitro replication and the in vivo infectivity of a baculovirus.	apoptotic programmed cell death occurs when the insect cell line sf-21, derived from spodoptera frugiperda, is infected with mutants of the baculovirus autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (acmnpv) which lack a functional p35 gene. however, infection of the trichoplusia ni tn-368 cell line with p35 mutants does not result in apoptosis (r. clem, m. fechheimer, and l. miller, science 254:1388-1390, 1991). we have examined the effect of apoptosis on acmnpv infections in cell lines and ...	1993	8510202
in vitro transcription from baculovirus late gene promoters: accurate mrna initiation by nuclear extracts prepared from infected spodoptera frugiperda cells.	extracts prepared from nuclei of autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus-infected spodoptera frugiperda cells were shown to support in vitro transcription from baculovirus late gene promoters. in vitro transcription was optimized for the late promoter of the 39k gene. the mg2+ concentration was critical; concentrations higher than 1 to 2 mm did not support late transcription. additional conditions included template (40 micrograms/ml), extract (2.5 mg/ml), and incubation time (25 min). ...	1993	8510206
a baculovirus-expressed fusion protein containing the antibody-binding domain of protein a and insect luciferase.	a fusion construct encoding two antibody-binding sites of protein a from staphylococcus aureus and click beetle, pyrophorus plagiophthalamus, luciferase (lucgr) was designed and expressed using the baculovirus system. the construct was inserted under the transcriptional regulation of the polyhedrin gene promoter of the autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (acnpv) and expressed in the insect spodoperta frugiperda cell line during viral infection. the properties of the resultant chime ...	1993	8512706
a method for producing recombinant baculovirus expression vectors at high frequency.	a system has been developed that can generate recombinant baculovirus expression vectors at frequencies approaching 100%. this system provides a selection for recombinant viruses by using the essential gene downstream of the autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (acmnpv) polyhedrin expression locus. two acmnpv derivatives were constructed in which the expression locus and part of the downstream gene are flanked by restriction sites. the parental viruses are viable; however, restricti ...	1993	8512707
a simple and efficient procedure for the oral inoculation of trichoplusia ni larvae with polyhedrin-negative recombinant baculovirus.	current procedures for inoculating lepidopteran larvae with polyhedrin-negative recombinant baculovirus, i.e. intracoelomic injection or coinfection with wild type virus, are laborious and can compromise final yields of recombinant protein. herein is described a simple and efficient method for oral inoculation. up to 100% infection was obtained when individual early fifth instar trichoplusia ni larvae were fed a small piece of a formaldehyde-free insect diet to which 4.2 x 10(5) pfu of a polyhed ...	1993	8514841
cloning and sequence analysis of a p40 structural protein gene of helicoverpa zea nuclear polyhedrosis virus.	a gene encoding an occluded virion structural protein was isolated from an expression library constructed from the helicoverpa zea s-type nuclear polyhedrosis virus (npv) isolate hzs-15 using both polyclonal and monoclonal antibody screening. the gene was located within a pstl-sall fragment of the hzs-15 genome spanning from 96.5 to 97.3 m.u. sequencing analyses revealed a long open reading frame of 927 nucleotides that predicted a protein of 37 kda in size. immunoblot analyses using the monoclo ...	1993	8517018
analysis of the role of 5' promoter elements and 3' flanking sequences on the expression of a baculovirus polyhedron envelope protein gene.	the polyhedron envelope protein gene of the orgyia pseudotsugata multinucleocapsid nuclear polyhedrosis virus (opmnpv) is the third in a series of five open reading frames (orfs 1-5) oriented in the same direction. individual mrnas initiate at conserved late gene promoter/mrna start site (a/gtaag) sequences located upstream of each orf and the mrnas co-terminate after the fifth orf. to examine the influence of transcription from upstream promoter elements and the presence of an extensive 3' flan ...	1993	8517021
a baculovirus encoded 16-kda glycoprotein localizes near the nuclear membrane of infected cells.	an open reading frame (orf 2) located upstream of the polyhedron envelope protein gene of orgyia pseudotsugata multicapsid nuclear polyhedrosis virus (opmnpv) was cloned in frame into a trpe expression vector. the fusion protein produced by this construct was used for the production of a monospecific antiserum. western blot analysis of opmnpv-infected lymantria dispar cells detected a 16-kda protein at 24 hr postinfection. the 16-kda protein was determined to be n-glycosylated by tunicamycin tre ...	1993	8517029
location of two putative origins of dna replication of autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus.	previously, we described a defective autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (acmnpv) which must contain cis-acting elements required for dna synthesis, such as the origin(s) of replication (ori). defective genomes of acmnpv generated after serial undiluted passage were analyzed further. three small separated regions were retained in dna of defective acmnpv and accumulated in extracellular defective interfering viruses as well as in intracellular dna after 40 passages. two of these reg ...	1993	8517035
penetration of autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus nucleocapsids into iplb sf 21 cells induces actin cable formation.	the budded form of autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus functionally enters cells by adsorptive endocytosis. during the period of virus uptake into spodoptera frugiperda iplb sf21 cells (1 to 4 hr postinfection), filamentous f-actin cables, visualized by fluorescence microscopy, were formed within the cytoplasm of infected cells. cable formation appeared to be a direct effect of viral inoculum in that the numbers of observed cables increased with an increase in multiplicity of infec ...	1993	8212560
expression of the human follicle-stimulating hormone receptor in the baculovirus system.	human follitropin receptor (hfshr) cdna was inserted into the genome of autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus under the control of the polyhedrin promoter. spodoptera frugiperda (sf9) insect cells expressed the hfshr at the membrane level, 2-3 days after infection. ligand binding analysis demonstrated saturable, high-affinity binding of 125i-labeled recombinant hfsh (kd = 0.17 nm) as well as binding specificity for both human and equine fsh. interestingly, a highly purified preparati ...	1993	8216320
horseradish peroxidase-labelled probes and enhanced chemiluminescence to detect baculoviruses in gypsy moth and eastern spruce budworm larvae.	horseradish peroxidase-labelled whole genomic dna probes and enhanced chemiluminescence procedures were utilized to detect baculovirus in insect macerates blotted on nylon membranes. detection levels were similar to those found using 32p-labelled probes; 5 x 10(3) occlusion bodies (obs), 2 x 10(3) obs and 4 x 10(4) obs of lymantria dispar (l.) nuclear polyhedrosis virus (ldnpv), choristoneura fumiferana (clem.) npv (cfnpv) and c. fumiferana granulosis virus (cfgv) respectively using 10 ng/ml ldn ...	1993	8227282
expression of full-length and truncated forms of crystal protein genes from bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki in a baculovirus and pathogenicity of the recombinant viruses.	full-length and truncated forms of the crystal protein gene cryia(b) derived from bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki hd-1 and full-length cryia(c) gene of b. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki hd-73 were introduced into the genome of the baculovirus autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus, in place of the polyhedrin gene. all gene constructs were expressed at high levels in insect cells and insects upon infection with the recombinant viruses. the protein products were shown to be biolog ...	1993	8228317
divergence and evolution of homologous regions of bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus.	homologous regions (hrs) (hr1,hr2-left,hr2-right,hr3,hr4-left,hr 4-right, and hr5) similar to those found in the autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (acnpv) genome were found in the bombyx mori npv (bmnpv) genome. the bmnpv hrs contained two to eight repeats of a homologous nucleotide sequence which were on average about 75 bp long. all of these homologous sequence repeats contained a 26-bp-long palindrome motif with an ecori or ecori-like site at its core. the consensus sequence o ...	1993	8230471
recombinant leishmania surface glycoprotein gp63 is secreted in the baculovirus expression system as a latent metalloproteinase.	a gene encoding the leishmania surface metalloproteinase, gp63, was modified using the polymerase chain reaction to obtain effective secretion of recombinant gp63 (regp63) in the baculovirus insect cell expression system. the coding region for the n-terminal signal peptide (sp) of gp63 was modified to resemble the sp for the gp67 envelope protein from the budded virus form of autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus. to prevent processing at the c-terminus with a glycosyl phosphatidylin ...	1993	8244034
expression of the baculovirus p35 gene inhibits mammalian neural cell death.	expression of the apoptosis suppressor gene p35, derived from the baculovirus autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus, markedly inhibited the cell death of stably transfected mammalian neural cells whether the cell death was induced by glucose withdrawal, calcium ionophore, or serum withdrawal. the p35 protein, which is required to block virus-induced apoptosis of cultured insect cells, is only the second gene product shown to block mammalian neural cell death, with bcl-2 being the fir ...	1993	8245984
identification of genes encoding late expression factors located between 56.0 and 65.4 map units of the autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus genome.	using a previously developed method that allows the identification of autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (acmnpv) genes which stimulate transient expression from a late and a very late viral promoter [passarelli and miller, j. virol., 67, 2149-2158 (1993)], we have identified three genes between 56.0 and 65.4 map units of the acmnpv genome involved in expression from a late and a very late promoter but not from an early viral promoter. one gene, p143, was previously shown to be es ...	1993	8249293
identification and characterization of a putative origin of dna replication in the genome of a baculovirus pathogenic for orgyia pseudotsugata.	a four-kilobase (kb) region (hindiii-n, map units 7.0-11.3) of the orgyia pseudotsugata multinucleocapsid nuclear polyhedrosis virus (opmnpv) genome was found to contain sequences that conferred upon plasmids the ability to undergo infection-dependent replication. the plasmid dna appeared to be replicated to form high molecular weight multimers. plasmids with deletions of up to 1.8 kb from either end of the hindiii-n region were replication competent. however, a discrete sequence, contained with ...	1993	8249294
construction of a cdna encoding the multifunctional animal fatty acid synthase and expression in spodoptera frugiperda cells using baculoviral vectors.	a cdna encoding the 2505-residue multifunctional rat fatty acid synthase has been constructed and expressed as a catalytically active protein in spodoptera frugiperda (sf9) cells using autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (baculovirus). the 7.5 kb cdna was engineered by the amplification and sequential splicing together of seven fragments contained in overlapping cdnas that collectively spanned the entire rat fatty acid synthase coding sequence. the full-length cdna was cloned into ...	1993	8250834
[cloning and sequencing of attacus ricini nuclear polyhedrosis virus polyhedrin gene].	attacus ricini is a species of insect which only grows in china. it is expected to construct a new expression system for genetic engineering by using arnpv as a vector. we have established an arnpv gene library. the 1.1 kb dna fragment containing arnpv ph gene was subcloned. sequencing analysis shows that the 735 bp ph structural gene has the homology of 76% and 81% with those of acnpv and bmnpv respectively. the rohrmann box in the arnpv 5'-end regulation region is very similar to those of vari ...	1993	8251195
ttaa serves as the target site for tfp3 lepidopteran transposon insertions in both nuclear polyhedrosis virus and trichoplusia ni genomes.	we have analysed tfp3 transposable elements from five independently isolated fp mutants of the autographa californica nuclear polyhderosis virus (acmnpv). we also analysed genomic copies of tfp3 elements amplified from the dnas of the trichoplusia ni cell line (tn-368) and t. ni larvae using the polymerase chain reaction (pcr). the sequences of all the newly isolated tfp3 elements closely resemble the previously described tfp3/1 element. each of the transposons isolated from the virus mutants du ...	1993	8269089
genetically engineered multi-component virus-like particles as veterinary vaccines.	multiprotein structures can be constructed to mimic virus particles. these engineered particles lack genetic material and are not infectious but they can elicit protective immune responses in animals against challenges with infectious viruses. as a prototype, insect cells were co-infected with two recombinant baculoviruses. one recombinant baculovirus contained an insert of l2 and m5 genes, which encode for outer capsid proteins vp2 and vp5, respectively, from bluetongue virus (btv) downstream o ...	1993	8270267
identification of seven putative origins of autographa californica multiple nucleocapsid nuclear polyhedrosis virus dna replication.	seven putative origins of dna replication (oris) were identified and located on the genome of autographa californica multiple nucleocapsid nuclear polyhedrosis virus (acmnpv), when an improved infection-dependent replication assay was used. a threefold higher yield of amplified plasmid was achieved when an m.o.i. of 1 was used (instead of 25), and another twofold increase was obtained when the interval between transfection and infection was extended from 5 to 24 h. six of the putative oris were ...	1993	8277271
comparison of oligosaccharide processing among various insect cell lines expressing a secreted glycoprotein.	the processing of the n-linked oligosaccharide modifying a secreted alkaline phosphatase glycoprotein (seap) expressed with a recombinant autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus was evaluated in insect cell lines established from spodoptera frugiperda, trichoplusia ni, and mamestra brassicae. studies with endoglycosidase h (endo h), which removes high-mannose oligosaccharides, revealed that 79% of the intracellular seap produced in the m. brassicae-derived mb0503 cell line was endo h r ...	1993	8167899
new spodoptera exigua cell lines susceptible to spodoptera exigua nuclear polyhedrosis virus.		1993	8167910
protein engineering studies on c1r and c1s.	1. c1r and c1s cdnas were placed downstream the strong polyhedrin promoter in the autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus and the recombinant proteins were expressed in insect cells, in biologically active form. the yield of expression is high enough to get recombinant components for chemical and functional studies (5 micrograms/ml cell culture supernatant). 2. the biological activity and the post-translational modifications of the recombinant subcomponents were checked. the rc1r and r ...	1993	8172556
transfer vectors for maximal expression of passenger genes in the bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus expression system.	a series of bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus (bm-npv) transfer vectors has been developed containing various lengths of the polyhedrin promoter, including sequences 3' of the initiation codon. the atg initiation codon was mutated in some of these vectors to allow for the production of authentic nonfusion proteins. the ability of the various polyhedrin promoter constructs to direct expression of foreign gene sequences was assessed using two test genes, chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (ca ...	1993	18612957
production of recombinant proteins in high-density insect cell cultures.	the effect of the growth phase of spodoptera frugiperda (sf9) cells on the production of recombinant proteins (beta-galactosidase and glucocerebrosidase) was investigated. cells infected with the recombinant autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus at the late exponential and stationary phases yielded low quantities of expressed protein. highest enzyme yields were obtained using sf9 cells from the early exponential phase (0.9 mg beta-galactosidase/10(6) cells and 1.7 microg glucocerebro ...	1993	18612984
a two-stage bioreactor system for the production of recombinant proteins using a genetically engineered baculovirus/insect cell system.	a two-stage bioreactor scheme was developed for the large-scale production of recombinant proteins using a genetically engineered baculovirus/insect cell system. the first bioreactor was employed for cell growth and the second for cell infection. silkworm bm5 cells were infected with a recombinant baculovirus, bmnpv/p5.cat, containing a bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (cat) gene under the control of the polyhedrin gene promoter of bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus (bmnpv). this ...	1993	18613020
effect of temperature and oxygen on cell growth and recombinant protein production in insect cell cultures.	the effect of temperature and o2 saturation on the production of recombinant proteins beta-galactosidase and human glucocerebrosidase by spodoptera frugiperda cells (sf9) infected with recombinant autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus was investigated. the rates of cell growth, glucose consumption, o2 consumption and product expression were measured at temperatures between 22 degrees c and 35 degrees c. the results indicated that possible o2 limitation may be alleviated without compr ...	1993	7763472
host-specific transcription of baculovirus genes.	we examined the differential replication of autographa californica multicapsid nuclear polyhedrosis virus (acmnpv; family: baculoviridae) in spodoptera frugiperda (sf) and bombyx mori (bm) cell lines. our previous studies have shown that infection of bm cells is abortive; infectious progeny is not produced, and although virogenic stroma is produced, complete virions or inclusion bodies are not assembled. we designed the present study to determine the extent of infected-cell-specific polypeptides ...	1993	7763702
anticarsia gemmatalis nuclear polyhedrosis virus replication in serum-free and serum-reduced insect cell cultures.	in order to develop a financially feasible process to produce anticarsia gemmatalis nuclear polyhedrosis virus in cell culture, we developed a lipidic supplement to replace fetal calf serum in insect cell culture media. the supplement, prepared with an extract of lipids from hen egg yolk, allowed us to reduce the contents of serum in the culture medium from 10% to 1%. iplb-sf-21 cells could be kept along consecutive passages in serum-reduced medium. the replication of agnpv in heyle-supplemented ...	1993	7764195
production of human alkaline phosphatase, a secreted, glycosylated protein, from a baculovirus expression system and the attachment-dependent cell line trichoplusia ni bti-tn 5b1-4 using a split-flow, air-lift bioreactor.	a split-flow, air-lift bioreactor for the cultivation of insect cells to produce recombinant protein is described. it can be used advantageously with attached cell systems. this bioreactor incorporates two sections: a rise and a downcomer. trichoplusia ni bti-tn 5b1-4 cells are grown on a support material of glass beads or microcarriers placed in the downcomer. this cell line is more productive than other commonly used insect cell lines, but it has the disadvantage of being difficult to use at l ...	1993	7764358
baculovirus gene me53, which contains a putative zinc finger motif, is one of the major early-transcribed genes.	we have been investigating the first viral genes to be transcribed in spodoptera frugiperda cells after the infection with autographa california nuclear polyhedrosis virus in order to identify regulatory proteins required for the activation of early and/or late gene transcription. by screening a cdna library from polyadenylated rna transcribed at 1 h postinfection, we identified a gene which is designated me53. this newly identified gene is located upstream of the late p74 gene and forms a diver ...	1993	8093490
physical mapping of buzura suppressaria nuclear polyhedrosis virus genome.	a physical map of the genome of buzura suppressaria singly-enveloped nuclear polyhedrosis virus (bssnpv) was determined using six restriction endonucleases (re), singly or in pairs, and southern hybridizations of cloned or gel-purified dna fragments. the maps of the genomes of bssnpv and autographa californica multiply-enveloped nuclear polyhedrosis virus (acmnpv) were different.	1993	8094612
analyses of alternative poly(a) signals for use in baculovirus expression vectors.	synthetic, duplicated, or heterologous sequences encompassing putative 3' mrna processing (polyadenylation, poly(a)) sites have been analyzed with regard to their involvement in processing mrna species synthesized from the polyhedrin promoter of autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (acnpv). the data indicate that a synthetic sequence based on the 3' processing signal of the rabbit beta-globin gene is used more efficiently than an sv40-based, early gene poly(a) signal, or the acnpv 1 ...	1993	8100374
inhibition of bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus (npv) replication by the putative dna helicase gene of autographa californica npv.	coinfection of bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus (bmnpv) with autographa californica npv (acnpv) in the bmnpv-permissive bmn cell line resulted in the complete inhibition of bmnpv replication. coinfected bmn cells exhibited an atypical cytopathic effect (cpe) and synthesis of viral and host proteins was dramatically attenuated by 5 h postinfection (p.i.) and nearly completely blocked by 24 h p.i. viral transcription, however, appeared to occur normally during both early (5-h-p.i.) and late ...	1993	7690422
purification and refolding of recombinant human igf ii from silkworms infected with recombinant bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus.	we have reported that insulin-like growth factor ii (igf ii) was produced as a fusion protein in bombyx mori (silkworm) larval bodies infected with recombinant b. mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus [j. gen. virol., 68, 2599-2606 (1987)]. in this study, the purification of igf ii from the infected silkworms is reported. the fusion protein was extracted with 6.0 m guanidine-hcl from the infected larval bodies homogenized in water. the use of organic solvents to remove the impurities, such as lipid de ...	1992	1368125
a sensitive model system for in vivo monitoring of baculovirus gene expression in single infected insect cells.	we have developed a fast and sensitive system for the in vivo analysis of gene expression in baculovirus infected lepidopteran insect cells. a recombinant baculovirus containing a luciferase gene from the click beetle, pyrophorus plagiophthalamus, under transcriptional regulation of the polyhedrin gene promoter of autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (acnpv) was used to infect a spodoptera frugiperda cell line. recombinant luciferase could be monitored by luminometry in real-time wi ...	1992	1368236
baculovirus expression of alkaline phosphatase as a reporter gene for evaluation of production, glycosylation and secretion.	we have devised a simple and efficient baculovirus expression vector system to evaluate insect tissue culture cells for their capacity to express, glycosylate and secrete foreign proteins. a truncated placental alkaline phosphatase (seap) gene was inserted into the autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (acmnpv) genome under the transcriptional control of the polyhedrin gene promoter. production levels, glycosylation, and secretion of the recombinant protein were examined in trichoplu ...	1992	1368794
high level expression of a frog alpha-amidating enzyme, ae-ii, in cultured cells and silkworm larvae using a bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus expression vector.	a xenopus laevis peptidyl c-terminal alpha-amidating enzyme (ae-ii) gene, modified by deletion of a region encoding the putative membrane-spanning domain and the putative c-terminal cytosolic tail, was expressed in bomo-15 aiic insect cells and silkworm larvae using a bombyx mori baculovirus expression vector system. the expressed enzyme was identified predominantly in the culture medium and the hemolymph of silkworm larvae, indicating successful secretion of the expressed ae-ii. the level of re ...	1992	1368810
antibody production in silkworm cells and silkworm larvae infected with a dual recombinant bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus.	we have examined the efficiency of coexpression of two heterologous genes from a recombinant bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus for the production of antibodies in silkworm larvae. the cdnas encoding the light and the heavy chains of a murine immunoglobulin, directed against lipoprotein i of pseudomonas aeruginosa, were brought under the control of two separate copies of the viral polyhedrin promotor. infection of silkworm cells with the recombinant baculovirus yielded a maximum of 6.4 micro ...	1992	1368987
screening of insect cell lines for the production of recombinant proteins and infectious virus in the baculovirus expression system.	eight cell lines derived from the insects spodoptera frugiperda, trichoplusia ni, mamestra brassicae, and estigmene acrea were evaluated for recombinant beta-galactosidase and infectious virus production following infection with the baculovirus autographa californica multiple nuclear polyhedrosis virus (acmnpv). production was assessed on a specific (per cell and per microgram of uninfected cellular protein) and on a volumetric (per milliliter) basis. cell density was found to be an important fa ...	1992	1369220
the baculovirus-integrated retrotransposon ted encodes gag and pol proteins that assemble into viruslike particles with reverse transcriptase.	ted is a lepidopteran retrotransposon found inserted within the dna genome of the autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus mutant, fp-d. to examine the proteins and functions encoded by this representative of the gypsy family of retrotransposons, the gag- and pol-like open reading frames (orfs 1 and 2) were expressed in homologous lepidopteran cells by using recombinant baculovirus vectors. expression of orf 1 resulted in synthesis of an abundant ted-specific protein (pr55gag) that asse ...	1992	1371168
expression of foreign epitopes on recombinant occlusion bodies of baculoviruses.	recombinant polyhedrin proteins of the baculovirus autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus were constructed to serve as immunologic carriers of foreign epitopes. several recombinants containing an influenza haemagglutinin epitope were obtained. three of the five recombinants formed occlusion bodies (obs) and two did not. all of the recombinant polyhedrin proteins reacted with a monoclonal antibody (mab) specific for an influenza epitope in western blots. presentation of the foreign epi ...	1992	1373262
expression of the major core antigen vp7 of african horsesickness virus by a recombinant baculovirus and its use as a group-specific diagnostic reagent.	the major core protein, vp7, of african horsesickness virus serotype 4 (ahsv-4), the aetiological agent of a recent outbreak of the disease in southern europe, was expressed in insect cells infected with a recombinant baculovirus containing a cloned copy of the relevant ahsv gene (s7). analyses of its biochemical and antigenic properties confirmed the authenticity of the protein expressed. the high-level expression of vp7 under the control of the strong polyhedrin promoter of autographa californ ...	1992	1378881
presentation of hepatitis b virus pres2 epitope on bluetongue virus core-like particles.	a chimeric protein containing most of the hepatitis b virus pres2 region (amino acid residues 1-48) upstream to, and colinear with the amino-terminus of bluetongue virus vp7 protein (pres2-vp7) was expressed by a recombinant autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (acnpv). the chimeric protein formed btv core-like particles (clps) in spodoptera frugiperda cells only when the cells were coinfected with this recombinant virus and a recombinant baculovirus that expresses unmodified vp7 an ...	1992	1381538
potential role of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1/je in monocyte/macrophage-dependent iga immune complex alveolitis in the rat.	we have examined the role of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (mcp 1) in the pathogenesis of monocyte/macrophage-dependent iga immune complex alveolitis in the rat. rat mcp 1 was cloned and expressed in order to facilitate analysis of its function in rat models of human disease. a cdna library was constructed from rat pulmonary artery endothelial cells stimulated with tnf-alpha. the cdna library was screened with synthetic oligonucleotide probes based on the recently published rat mcp 1 cdna s ...	1992	1387671
improved efficiency in determining the titer of the autographa californica baculovirus nonoccluded virus.	an economical and time-efficient method for titering the autographa californica multiple-embedded nuclear polyhedrosis virus (acmnpv) by the endpoint method is described. the method uses an electronic pipetting device to perform dilutions in the same 60-well microplate as is used for the assay, thus eliminating the need for test tubes or vials for making dilutions. additionally, since small volumes are used for the dilutions, a substantial savings in medium is achieved. the effect of using three ...	1992	1389161
biochemical characterization and time-course analysis of lymantria dispar nuclear polyhedrosis virus with monoclonal antibodies.	hybridoma cell lines secreting monoclonal antibodies (mabs) specific to a 31,000 molecular weight viral protein or a 31,000 molecular weight polyhedrin protein of lymantria dispar nuclear polyhedrosis virus (ldnpv) were developed. the two polypeptides were shown to be different by comparing their amino acid compositions. immuno-electron microscopy was used to verify specific binding of the mabs to their respective targets. specific mabs were used to develop an elisa procedure to monitor the deve ...	1992	1393827
characterization of a baculovirus gene encoding a small conotoxinlike polypeptide.	we identified a gene of autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (acmnpv) that encodes a small cysteine-rich polypeptide which has size and sequence similarity to omega-conotoxins, a class of calcium ion (ca2+) channel inhibitors, found in the venom of cone snails. transcriptional analysis indicated that the 159-bp open reading frame, which we named ctl, and a downstream 984-bp open reading frame are transcribed as a single 1.3-kb bicistronic late rna. the mature ctl gene product was id ...	1992	1404603
baculovirus gp64 envelope glycoprotein is sufficient to mediate ph-dependent membrane fusion.	the baculovirus gp64 envelope glycoprotein is a major component of the envelope of the budded virus (bv) and is involved in bv entry into the host cell by endocytosis. to determine whether gp64 alone was sufficient to mediate membrane fusion, the orgyia pseudotsugata multicapsid nuclear polyhedrosis virus gp64 protein was transiently expressed in uninfected insect cells. cells expressing the baculovirus gp64 protein were examined for membrane fusion activity by using a syncytium formation assay ...	1992	1404622
hyperexpression of baculovirus polyhedrin and p10 is inversely correlated with actin synthesis.	polyhedrin and p10, two proteins encoded by autographa californica m nuclear polyhedrosis virus, are hyperexpressed very late during normal infections. in this study we found that cytochalasin d, a drug that leads to increased actin synthesis in infected and uninfected host cells, delayed the amplified expression of polyhedrin and p10 when added to infected cells before hyperexpression was already in progress. restoration of polyhedrin and p10 hyperexpression could be achieved by removal of the ...	1992	1413514
identification of bent dna and ars fragments in the genome of choristoneura fumiferana nuclear polyhedrosis virus.	we identified four cfmnpv dna fragments with autonomously replicating sequences (ars) functional in saccharomyces cerevisiae. a 0.9-kb fragment which, mapped to 54.5 to 55.3 map units within ecori hi of the cfmnpv genome, showed the strongest ars activity of the four. sequence analysis of this 0.9-kb dna segment revealed an a+t-rich region separated from a g+c-rich region by 320 bp. although no sequence matched exactly the ars core-consensus sequence, 13 near-matches differing by only one or two ...	1992	1413988
purification of pancreatic cholesterol esterase expressed in recombinant baculovirus-infected sf9 cells.	a cdna clone encoding the entire coding sequence of rat pancreatic cholesterol esterase (bile salt-stimulated lipase) was subcloned into the baculovirus transfer vector pvl1392 and used to co-transfect spodoptera frugiperda (sf9) insect cells with wild-type autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (acnpv) dna. two recombinant proteins (m(r) 74 kda and 64 kda) reactive with anti-cholesterol esterase igg were produced and secreted by the infected sf9 cells in large quantities in a time-de ...	1992	1422214
recombinant laminin b1 chains exhibit intact short-arm domains but do not form oligomeric molecules.	the human laminin b1 chain has been produced in the baculovirus expression system in sufficient amounts for biochemical and functional studies. a full-length cdna, which was constructed of four partially overlapping clones and verified by in vitro transcription and translation to be functional, was cloned into the transfer vector pvl1392 behind the polyhedrin promoter. the recombinant construct was incorporated by in vivo homologous recombination into the genome of the wild-type baculovirus, aut ...	1992	1425664
expression of cauliflower mosaic virus orf ii in a baculovirus system.	the cauliflower mosaic virus orf ii encoding the aphid transmission factor (atf) was mutagenized to introduce a bamhi restriction site upstream from the initiation codon and then cloned into an eukaryotic viral expression vector (autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus). all recombinant viruses tested in spodoptera frugiperda (sf21) cells expressed a protein of about 18 kd which comigrated in page with atf from infected plants. western blotting using an oligopeptide antiserum to atf co ...	1992	1428752
nucleotide sequence and transcriptional analysis of the polyhedrin gene of spodoptera exigua nuclear polyhedrosis virus.	the nucleotide sequence of a 1.1 kbp fragment of the multiple nucleocapsid nuclear polyhedrosis virus (mnpv) of spodoptera exigua (se) containing the polyhedrin gene was determined. an open reading frame (orf) of 738 nucleotides (nt) was detected. this orf encoded a protein of 246 amino acids with a predicted m(r) of 29k. the nucleotide and amino acid sequences were compared with the sequences of eight other npv polyhedrins. the semnpv polyhedrin protein was most closely related to s. frugiperda ...	1992	1431809
enhancement of polyhedrin nuclear localization during baculovirus infection.	polyhedrin is the major component of the nuclear viral occlusions produced during replication of the baculovirus autographa californica multicapsid nuclear polyhedrosis virus (acmnpv). since viral occlusions are responsible for the horizontal transmission of acmnpv in nature, the biosynthesis, localization, and assembly of polyhedrin are important events in the viral replication cycle. we recently defined the sequence requirements for nuclear localization and assembly of polyhedrin. in this stud ...	1992	1433499
baculovirus phosphoprotein pp31 is associated with virogenic stroma.	the psti k fragment of autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (acmnpv) encodes a protein with a molecular weight of 31,000. to define the role of this protein (pp31) in virus infection further, it was overexpressed in bacteria and used to produce polyclonal antiserum. radioimmunoprecipitation analysis indicated that pp31 was synthesized during both the early and late phases of virus infection, consistent with previous analyses indicating that the gene was regulated by tandem early and ...	1992	1433508
promoter influence on baculovirus-mediated gene expression in permissive and nonpermissive insect cell lines.	the activities of viral and insect promoters were examined in a range of insect cell lines permissive and nonpermissive for the replication of the baculovirus autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus. recombinant baculoviruses were constructed to place the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene under the control of promoters strongly active in the early, late, or very late stages of virus replication. in fully permissive cells, expression from a very late promoter was 2- to 3- ...	1992	1433522
functional dissection of the autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus immediate-early 1 transcriptional regulatory protein.	autographa californica multicapsid nuclear polyhedrosis virus-infected insect cells express a viral immediate-early transcriptional regulatory protein, ie1, that has been shown by transient-expression assays to stimulate the expression of certain baculovirus delayed-early (de) promoters and to inhibit the expression of other immediate-early (ie) genes. it is believed that certain de promoters are activated, in part, by direct interactions between ie1 and enhancer elements located in regions adja ...	1992	1433524
characterization of the nucleotide sequence of the lymantria dispar nuclear polyhedrosis virus dna polymerase gene region.	the dna polymerase gene of the lymantria dispar multinucleocapsid nuclear polyhedrosis virus (ldmnpv) was cloned and sequenced. the predicted dna polymerase protein (1113 amino acids, 115.9k) was found to have an amino acid identity of 48% with the corresponding gene of the autographa californica mnpv (acmnpv). it contains five domains associated with substrate binding, primase interaction, and pyrophosphate hydrolysis and three domains associated with 3'-->5' exonuclease activity common to othe ...	1992	1469355
equilibrium and kinetic analysis of autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus attachment to different insect cell lines.	the kinetic and equilibrium attachment of autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (acmnpv) to seven insect cell lines was evaluated. kinetic experiments revealed differences of up to 10-fold in the infection rates among cell lines. equilibrium binding also varied between cell lines and was saturable. the tn 5b1-4 and tn f cell lines had the highest virus binding affinities and infection rates and exhibited diffusion-limited attachment. the rate of infection appears to be limited by the ...	1992	1469356
protein synthesis in pupae of the silkworm bombyx mori after infection with nuclear polyhedrosis virus: resistance to viral infection acquired during pupal period.	protein synthesis has been studied in pupae of the silkworm bombyx mori (bm) infected with nuclear polyhedrosis virus (bmnpv) at various stages of the pupal period. nascent proteins were labelled by injection of [35s]methionine into pupae and then analysed by sds-page. temporal regulation of synthesis of infected cell-specific proteins (icsps) in pupae was demonstrated by electrophoretic analysis of the proteins labelled at different times post-infection (p.i.). the rate of icsp synthesis reache ...	1992	1469357
induction of a novel protein kinase in pupae of the silkworm bombyx mori after infection with nuclear polyhedrosis virus.	protein kinases induced by bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus in pupae of the silkworm b. mori were examined by activity gel analysis using phosvitin as a protein substrate. the method involved page of the soluble fraction from pupae under native conditions and in the presence of sds, followed by in situ renaturation of proteins and recovery of protein kinase activity in the intact gel. a novel protein kinase able to phosphorylate phosvitin was detected in the infected pupae from 2 days post ...	1992	1469362
transient expression assay in a baculovirus system using firefly luciferase gene as a reporter.	transient gene expression assays were developed to assess the function of the regulatory sequences of baculoviruses bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus (bmnpv) and autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (acnpv) in insect cells of bombyx mori and spodoptera frugiperda, respectively. dna sequences encoding luciferase (luc) of the firefly photinus pyralis was successfully employed in the expression assay as a reporter gene. recombinant plasmids were constructed containing the luc gene ...	1992	1475909
characterization of baculovirus-expressed hemagglutinin and fusion glycoproteins of the attenuated measles virus strain aik-c.	with measles virus cdna of the avirulent vaccine strain aik-c, two cdnas of h or f genes were amplified by the polymerase chain reaction. the amplified cdnas were inserted respectively to the baculovirus transfer vector pacym1 derived from the nuclear polyhedrosis virus of autographa californica (acnpv). after co-transfection of the transfer vectors with acnpv dna to spodoptera frugiperda cells, recombinant baculoviruses were screened by plaque assay, and the viruses containing h-cdna or f-cdna ...	1992	1476005
sequence and in vitro translational analysis of a 1629-nucleotide orf in autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus strain e2.	the complete nucleotide (nt) sequence of an open reading frame (orf) (map unit 5.1 to 3.8) from autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus strain e2 (acmnpv-e2) has been determined. this 1629-nt orf has a coding potential for a 61-kda pro-rich protein. however, in vitro translation of the 1629-nt orf and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis (sds-page) revealed a 78-kda protein product. the discrepancy between the m(r) predicted by the nt sequence and that obtained fro ...	1992	1487149
site-specific mutagenesis of the 35-kilodalton protein gene encoded by autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus: cell line-specific effects on virus replication.	the gene encoding the 35-kda protein (35k gene) located within the ecori-s genome fragment of autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (acmnpv) is transcribed early in infection. to examine its function(s) with respect to virus multiplication, we introduced specific mutations of this early gene into the acmnpv genome. in spodoptera frugiperda (sf21) culture, deletion of the 35k gene reduced yields of extracellular, budded virus from 200- to 15,000-fold, depending on input multiplicity. ...	1992	1501287
a synthetic early promoter from a baculovirus: roles of the tata box and conserved start site cagt sequence in basal levels of transcription.	many baculovirus early genes and insect genes transcribed by rna polymerase ii have a conserved transcription start site sequence (cagt) located downstream of a consensus tata box. to examine the functions and interactions of these two motifs in initiating accurately positioned basal transcription, a 43-nt synthetic promoter was synthesized from the tata box and start site sequences of the gp64 early promoter from the orgyia pseudotsugata multicapsid nuclear polyhedrosis virus (opmnpv). the synt ...	1992	1519359
a cellular promoter-based expression cassette for generating recombinant baculoviruses directing rapid expression of passenger genes in infected insects.	we have developed an expression cassette which allows the generation of recombinant baculoviruses that can express passenger genes under the control of a constitutive cellular promoter derived from the cytoplasmic actin gene of the silkmoth bombyx mori. silkmoth tissue culture cells which were infected with a recombinant b. mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus (bmnpv) containing the gene-encoding chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (cat) under the control of this expression cassette expressed significa ...	1992	1519361
replication of autographa californica baculovirus (acmnpv) in a coleopteran cell line.	a coleopteran cell line (age) derived from the cotton boll weevil anthonomus grandis supported replication of autographa californica multiple nuclear polyhedrosis virus (acmnpv). the titer of extracellular virus (ecv) and the number of occlusion bodies (ob) produced in age cells were approximately equal to those produced by a trichoplusia ni cell line (tn-cl1), and the ob produced by both cell lines were equally infectious for t. ni larvae. the identity of the age cell line was established by ch ...	1992	1522049
the autographa californica baculovirus genome: evidence for multiple replication origins.	the autographa californica multinucleocapsid nuclear polyhedrosis virus (acmnpv), which is used for the overexpression of eukaryotic genes and is being engineered for possible use as a viral insecticide, has a circular, supercoiled genome of approximately 128 kilobases. despite its widespread use, little is known about the mechanism by which acmnpv replicates. evidence is presented in this report that acmnpv origins of dna replication are repeated sequences each containing several closely relate ...	1992	1529337
nucleotide sequence and transcriptional analysis of the p80 gene of autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus: a homologue of the orgyia pseudotsugata nuclear polyhedrosis virus capsid-associated gene.	the 67.2- to 68.5-m.u. region of autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus was sequenced. a large open reading frame (orf) was identified in the clockwise direction on the circular genome map which could potentially encode an 80-kda polypeptide. analysis of the predicted amino acid sequence of this orf indicated that it was a homologue of the p87 capsid-associated gene of orgyia pseudotsugata mnpv with an overall amino acid similarity of 34.3%. a late transcript of 2.1 kb was mapped to t ...	1992	1529529
in vivo transcriptional analysis of three baculovirus genes: evidence of homology between viral and host transcripts.	transcripts for the gp64 and polyhedrin genes as well as a 1629 open reading frame (1629 orf) of the autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus were examined in the midgut tissues and hemocytes of uninfected and infected host trichoplusia ni larvae and sf21 cells. polyhedrin-specific transcripts of 1.2, 3.4, and 4.9 kb were expressed in both infected larval tissues and infected sf21 cells. the highest level of expression for polyhedrin-specific transcripts was observed in hemocytes, where ...	1992	1529534
hepatitis delta antigen expressed by recombinant baculoviruses: comparison of biochemical properties and post-translational modifications between the large and small forms.	hepatitis delta virus (hdv) encodes only one protein, the hepatitis delta antigen (hdag). two forms of hdag, a large (27 kda) and a small (24 kda) one, participate in the various steps of hdv replication. to further understand the properties of hdag, we have constructed recombinant baculoviruses and expressed both forms of the hdag in insect cells. the gene encoding hdag was placed under the control of the polyhedrin promoter of autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (acnpv) by homolo ...	1992	1529540
expression of the nucleocapsid protein of dugbe virus and antigenic cross-reactions with other nairoviruses.	the small (s) rna segment of dugbe (dug) virus (nairovirus, bunyaviridae) encodes a single protein, the nucleocapsid (n) protein, of m(r) 49.4 kda. cdna derived from the complete coding region for the n protein was cloned into autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (acnpv) under control of the polyhedrin promoter and used to infect spodoptera frugiperda insect cells. western blotting analysis using monoclonal antibodies demonstrated the production of dug n protein in the infected cell ...	1992	1529645
nucleotide sequence of a transactivating bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus immediate early gene.	the open reading frame (orf) of 1572 bp contained in the 3.8 kb clai fragment of bmnpv encodes a viral regulatory protein which transactivates the delayed early acmnpv 39k gene. transactivation is induced in uninfected cells following transfection with a plasmid containing only the clai fragment. hitherto immediate early gene promoter activity of the included 631 bp leader sequence is evident since no other viral elements are needed for the transcription of the regulatory gene.	1992	1536885
biophysical and biochemical properties of baculovirus-expressed camv p1 protein.	cauliflower mosaic virus (camv) gene i encodes a protein (p1) that has been implicated in the control of virus movement in infected plants. to assist in the characterization of the mechanism of action of p1, gene i has been expressed efficiently in spodoptera frugiperda (sf) cells using recombinant baculovirus. control of the expression of camv gene i by the polyhedrin late promoter in the baculovirus autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (acnpv) resulted in very high levels of p1 ac ...	1992	1549910
expression of the autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus p10 gene: effect of polyhedrin gene expression.	two major late proteins, polyhedrin and p10, are synthesized in large quantities in baculovirus infected insect cells. this and the fact that both proteins are dispensable for virus replication, form the basis for the use of these viruses as vector for foreign gene expression. to address the question whether the autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus p10 promotor-driven expression is influenced by the concurrent expression of the polyhedrin gene, several recombinants were constructed ...	1992	1550489
viral and host cellular transcription in autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus-infected gypsy moth cell lines.	infection of two gypsy moth cell lines (iplb-ld652y and iplb-ldfb) by the autographa californica multiple-enveloped nuclear polyhedrosis virus (acmnpv) is characterized by extremely attenuated viral protein synthesis followed by a total arrest of all viral and cellular protein production. in this study, acmnpv- and host cell-specific transcription were examined. overall levels of viral rnas in infected gypsy moth cells were, at most measured times, comparable to rna levels from an infected cell ...	1992	1560533
expression and extracellular release of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gag precursors by recombinant baculovirus-infected cells.	the level of synthesis and extracellular release of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gag by insect cells was analyzed, using eight different recombinants of autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus harboring various constructs of the gag gene, cloned under the polyhedrin promoter. the results obtained suggested that gag expression was mainly regulated at the transcriptional level and was not significantly influenced by posttranslational events, e.g., gag self-assembly, nuclear transp ...	1992	1560545
a structural polypeptide of the baculovirus autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus contains o-linked n-acetylglucosamine.	a structural glycopeptide, gp41, derived from the occluded virus of the baculovirus autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus was characterized. the peptide specifically bound wheat germ agglutinin but was not recognized by a panel of seven other lectins. reactivity with wheat germ agglutinin was eliminated by treatment of gp41 with beta-n-acetylglucosaminidase, indicating that n-acetylglucosamine (glcnac) was present as terminal residues. gp41 was efficiently galactosylated by galactosy ...	1992	1583718
differential factor binding at the promoter of early baculovirus gene pe38 during viral infection: gata motif is recognized by an insect protein.	regulatory elements interacting with dna-binding proteins have been investigated in the promoter sequence of the early pe38 gene in the autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (acnpv). a gata motif located 50 nucleotides upstream of the pe38 transcriptional start site is recognized differentially in the course of infection. as demonstrated by footprint and gel mobility shift assays, the gata sequences ttatct are protected by nuclear extracts from uninfected spodoptera frugiperda cells ...	1992	1583720