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tick control practices in burkina faso and acaricide resistance survey in rhipicephalus (boophilus) geigyi (acari: ixodidae).traditional systems account for 95 % of the livestock produced in burkina faso. tick infestation hampers livestock productivity in this area. however, little information exists on tick-control practices used by livestock farmers. we interviewed 60 stockbreeders working in traditional farming systems to obtain the first data on tick-control practices. sixteen farmers (27 %) did not use conventional practices: seven removed ticks by hand or plastered cattle with dung or engine oil; nine farmers tr ...201322968469
acaricidal activity of synthesized titanium dioxide nanoparticles using calotropis gigantea against rhipicephalus microplus and haemaphysalis bispinosa.to assess the acaricidal activity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (tio2 nps) synthesized from flower aqueous extract of calotropis gigantea(c. gigantea) against the larvae of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus [r. (b.) microplus] and the adult of haemaphysalis bispinosa (h. bispinosa).201323827143
resistance to cypermethrin and amitraz in rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus on the santa catarina plateau, brazil.with the objective of evaluating rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus resistance to cipermetrina and amitraz, were collected engorged tick females from cattle on 20 farms on the santa catarina plateau, in southern brazil, between january of 2004 and may of 2006. were also received 20 groups of engorged r. (b.) microplus females, collected by cattle farmers requesting acaricidal efficacy (ae) testing. were performed in vitro tests, which consisted of immersing engorged females in cypermethrin (0.0 ...201322832753
investigations into ixodidae ticks in cattle in lahore, pakistan.a total of 2,160 cattle, comprising adults and calves of exotic, crossbred and indigenous breeds, were examined for tick infestation between 1996 and 2000. of these, 1 417 (65.6%) were infested with ticks, with a total of 220 (61%) from exotic breeds, 262 (72%) were crossbred and 172 (48%) were indigenous adult cattle. calves of exotic, crossbred and indigenous breeds were infested with ticks at the following rates: 246 (68%), 294 (82%) and 223 (62%), respectively. higher infestation levels were ...201322718335
diagnosis of amitraz resistance in brazilian populations of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus (acari: ixodidae) with larval immersion test.among the ectoparasites of cattle, rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus (canestrini) (acari: ixodidae) remains a major cause of economic losses to livestock. the chemical control with acaricides is still the most efficient method available to control ticks. the aims of this study were to diagnose resistance to amitraz in 16 tick populations from the states of são paulo (14) and paraná (2), using the larval immersion technique (lit), and evaluate the effect of synergists [piperonyl butoxide (pbo), ...201323620418
use of the larval tarsal test to determine acaricide resistance in rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus brazilian field populations.acaricide resistance of the cattle tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus is widespread in most of the countries where this parasite is present. bioassays are used to diagnose the level and pattern of resistance in tick populations. in the present study, we describe a detailed protocol of the larval tarsal test (ltt) using simplified equipment and data on the resistance of 17 tick field populations originating from 5 brazilian states. nine acaricidal compounds from 5 major classes were tested: ...201323059136
repellent activity of eugenol on larvae of rhipicephalus microplus and dermacentor nitens (acari: ixodidae).the repellent activity of eugenol was evaluated on rhipicephalus microplus and dermacentor nitens larvae in a bioassay based on the vertical migration of these tick larvae during the host-seek phase. solutions were used at concentrations of 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 μl/ml and a control only with the solvent ethanol 50 gl. the larvae's reaction of climbing the rods of filter paper was observed each hour for 12 h and once more at 24 h. the repellence was calculated as a percentage through visual esti ...201323636308
assessment of the acaricidal activity of carvacrol, (e)-cinnamaldehyde, trans-anethole, and linalool on larvae of rhipicephalus microplus and dermacentor nitens (acari: ixodidae).the acaricidal activity of carvacrol, (e)-cinnamaldehyde, trans-anethole, and linalool was studied on rhipicephalus microplus and dermacentor nitens larvae. all the substances were tested at concentrations of 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, 15.0, and 20.0 μl/ml, with 10 repetitions per treatment. the modified larval packet technique was employed in the tests and the mortality was evaluated after 24 h. in the groups treated with carvacrol, the lowest concentration (2.5 μl/ml) was sufficient to cause 100% death o ...201323354938
morphological and genetic diversity of rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato from the new and old worlds.the taxonomic status of the brown dog tick (rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu stricto), which has long been regarded as the most widespread tick worldwide and a vector of many pathogens to dogs and humans, is currently under dispute.201323880226
assessment of cell mediated immune response in rabbits immunized with affinity purified 35 kda midgut antigen of rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides ticks.cell mediated immune response to immunoaffinity chromatography purified midgut antigen of rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides ticks in rabbits was studied by using lymphocyte transformation test. this test was carried out by using 5-bromo-2'-deoxy-uridine kit method. the blastogenic response of peripheral blood lymphocytes of normal rabbit to different concentrations of antigen and mitogen (con a) showed that 2 μg of antigen and 2 μg of mitogen gave maximum stimulation index. the antigen specific res ...201325698868
partial sequencing of bm86 gene for studying the phylogeny of an indian isolate of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus tick.tick gut glycoprotein, designated as bm86, found on the luminal surface of the plasma membrane of gut epithelial cells of boophilus microplus, which is a concealed antigen, has been used as vaccine candidate molecule for immunization against ticks. to better understand the molecular diversity of bm86 gene in ticks, a portion of the cdna was sequenced from an indian isolate of b. microplus. comparison of nucleotide sequence revealed that indian isolate had 97 % homology (18 polymorphisms) with th ...201325035581
heteroplasmy in the mitochondrial genomes of human lice and ticks revealed by high throughput sequencing.the typical mitochondrial (mt) genomes of bilateral animals consist of 37 genes on a single circular chromosome. the mt genomes of the human body louse, pediculus humanus, and the human head louse, pediculus capitis, however, are extensively fragmented and contain 20 minichromosomes, with one to three genes on each minichromosome. heteroplasmy, i.e. nucleotide polymorphisms in the mt genome within individuals, has been shown to be significantly higher in the mt cox1 gene of human lice than in hu ...201324058467
functional and immunological relevance of anaplasma marginale major surface protein 1a sequence and structural analysis.bovine anaplasmosis is caused by cattle infection with the tick-borne bacterium, anaplasma marginale. the major surface protein 1a (msp1a) has been used as a genetic marker for identifying a. marginale strains based on n-terminal tandem repeats and a 5'-utr microsatellite located in the msp1a gene. the msp1a tandem repeats contain immune relevant elements and functional domains that bind to bovine erythrocytes and tick cells, thus providing information about the evolution of host-pathogen and ve ...201323776456
amblyomma cajennense is an intrastadial biological vector of theileria equi.the apicomplexan hemoprotozoan parasite theileria equi is one of the etiologic agents causing equine piroplasmosis, a disease of equines that is endemic throughout large parts of the world. before 2009 the united states had been considered to be free of this parasite. occasional cases had occurred but there was no evidence for endemic vector-borne transmission in the u.s. until a 2009 outbreak in texas in which dermacentor variabilis and amblyomma cajennense were implicated as vectors. although ...201324499587
deorphanization and target validation of cross-tick species conserved novel amblyomma americanum tick saliva protein.we previously identified a cross-tick species conserved tick feeding stimuli responsive amblyomma americanum (aam) av422 gene. this study demonstrates that aamav422 belongs to a novel group of arthropod proteins that is characterized by 14 cysteine amino acid residues: c(23)-x7/9-c(33)-x23/24-c(58)-x8-c(67)-x7-c(75)-x23-c(99)-x15-c(115)-x10-c(126)-x24/25/33-c(150)c(151)-x7-c(159)-x8-c(168)-x23/24-c(192)-x9/10-c(202) predicted to form seven disulfide bonds. we show that aamav422 protein is a ubiq ...201323428900
international union of basic and clinical pharmacology. [corrected]. lxxxix. update on the extended family of chemokine receptors and introducing a new nomenclature for atypical chemokine receptors.sixteen years ago, the nomenclature committee of the international union of pharmacology approved a system for naming human seven-transmembrane (7tm) g protein-coupled chemokine receptors, the large family of leukocyte chemoattractant receptors that regulates immune system development and function, in large part by mediating leukocyte trafficking. this was announced in pharmacological reviews in a major overview of the first decade of research in this field [murphy pm, baggiolini m, charo if, hé ...201324218476
characterisation of divergent flavivirus ns3 and ns5 protein sequences detected in rhipicephalus microplus ticks from brazil.transcripts similar to those that encode the nonstructural (ns) proteins ns3 and ns5 from flaviviruses were found in a salivary gland (sg) complementary dna (cdna) library from the cattle tick rhipicephalus microplus. tick extracts were cultured with cells to enable the isolation of viruses capable of replicating in cultured invertebrate and vertebrate cells. deep sequencing of the viral rna isolated from culture supernatants provided the complete coding sequences for the ns3 and ns5 proteins an ...201324626302
amblyomma americanum tick saliva serine protease inhibitor 6 is a cross-class inhibitor of serine proteases and papain-like cysteine proteases that delays plasma clotting and inhibits platelet aggregation.we previously demonstrated that amblyomma americanum tick serine protease inhibitor 6 (aams6) was secreted into the host during tick feeding and that both its mrna and protein were ubiquitously and highly expressed during the first 3 days of tick feeding. this study demonstrates that aams6 is a cross-class inhibitor of both serine- and papain-like cysteine proteases that has apparent antihaemostatic functions. consistent with the typical inhibitory serpin characteristics, enzyme kinetics analyse ...201323521000
function of a glutamine synthetase-like protein in bacterial aniline oxidation via γ-glutamylanilide.acinetobacter sp. strain yaa has five genes (atda1 to atda5) involved in aniline oxidation as a part of the aniline degradation gene cluster. from sequence analysis, the five genes were expected to encode a glutamine synthetase (gs)-like protein (atda1), a glutamine amidotransferase-like protein (atda2), and an aromatic compound dioxygenase (atda3, atda4, and atda5) (m. takeo, t. fujii, and y. maeda, j. ferment. bioeng. 85:17-24, 1998). a recombinant pseudomonas strain harboring these five genes ...201323893114
partial venom gland transcriptome of a drosophila parasitoid wasp, leptopilina heterotoma, reveals novel and shared bioactive profiles with stinging hymenoptera.analysis of natural host-parasite relationships reveals the evolutionary forces that shape the delicate and unique specificity characteristic of such interactions. the accessory long gland-reservoir complex of the wasp leptopilina heterotoma (figitidae) produces venom with virus-like particles. upon delivery, venom components delay host larval development and completely block host immune responses. the host range of this drosophila endoparasitoid notably includes the highly-studied model organis ...201323688557
proteome of rhipicephalus sanguineus tick saliva induced by the secretagogues pilocarpine and dopamine.one dimensional gel electrophoresis was used to separate proteins from the saliva of rhipicephalus sanguineus female ticks fed on rabbits. gel slices were subjected to tryptic digestion and analyzed by reversed-phase hplc followed by ms/ms analysis. the data were compared to a database of salivary proteins of the same tick and to the predicted proteins of the host. saliva was obtained by either pilocarpine or dopamine stimulation of partially fed ticks. electrophoretic separations of both yielde ...201324029695
identification of tropomyosin and its immunological properties from larvae of cattle tick, boophilus annulatus.boophilus annulatus is an obligate blood feeder tick that can cause great losses in animals due to anemia and its ability to injure its host skin directly. the aim of this study was identification of cattle humoral immune response to some tick proteins during experimental infestation.201323914237
effect of stemona spp. against rhipicephalus microplus.stemona plants have been traditionally used against various insects in thailand and southeast asian countries. the acaricidal efficacy of 9 species of stemona grown in thailand was evaluated against dairy cattle tick, rhipicephalus microplus using adult immersion test and in vivo evaluation on infested calves. from the ten stemona root extracts used in this study, s. collinsiae of a concentration 250 mg/ml possessed the highest activity. in vivo study revealed that s. collinsiae extract could si ...201323912630
natural blood feeding and temperature shift modulate the global transcriptional profile of rickettsia rickettsii infecting its tick vector.rickettsia rickettsii is an obligate intracellular tick-borne bacterium that causes rocky mountain spotted fever (rmsf), the most lethal spotted fever rickettsiosis. when an infected starving tick begins blood feeding from a vertebrate host, r. rickettsii is exposed to a temperature elevation and to components in the blood meal. these two environmental stimuli have been previously associated with the reactivation of rickettsial virulence in ticks, but the factors responsible for this phenotype c ...201324155949
host specialization in ticks and transmission of tick-borne diseases: a review.determining patterns of host use, and the frequency at which these patterns change, are of key importance if we are to understand tick population dynamics, the evolution of tick biodiversity, and the circulation and evolution of associated pathogens. the question of whether ticks are typically host specialists or host generalists has been subject to much debate over the last half-century. indeed, early research proposed that morphological diversity in ticks was linked to host specific adaptation ...201324109592
the ovarian transcriptome of the cattle tick, rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus, feeding upon a bovine host infected with babesia bovis.cattle babesiosis is a tick-borne disease of cattle with the most severe form of the disease caused by the apicomplexan, babesia bovis. babesiosis is transmitted to cattle through the bite of infected cattle ticks of the genus rhipicephalus. the most prevalent species is rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus, which is distributed throughout the tropical and subtropical countries of the world. the transmission of b. bovis is transovarian and a previous study of the r. microplus ovarian proteome ide ...201324330595
tick salivary compounds: their role in modulation of host defences and pathogen transmission.ticks require blood meal to complete development and reproduction. multifunctional tick salivary glands play a pivotal role in tick feeding and transmission of pathogens. tick salivary molecules injected into the host modulate host defence responses to the benefit of the feeding ticks. to colonize tick organs, tick-borne microorganisms must overcome several barriers, i.e., tick gut membrane, tick immunity, and moulting. tick-borne pathogens co-evolved with their vectors and hosts and developed m ...201323971008
characterization of ixophilin, a thrombin inhibitor from the gut of ixodes scapularis.ixodes scapularis, the black-legged tick, vectors several human pathogens including borrelia burgdorferi, the agent of lyme disease in north america. pathogen transmission to the vertebrate host occurs when infected ticks feed on the mammalian host to obtain a blood meal. efforts to understand how the tick confronts host hemostatic mechanisms and imbibes a fluid blood meal have largely focused on the anticoagulation strategies of tick saliva. the blood meal that enters the tick gut remains in a ...201323874485
distribution of tick-borne diseases in china.as an important contributor to vector-borne diseases in china, in recent years, tick-borne diseases have attracted much attention because of their increasing incidence and consequent significant harm to livestock and human health. the most commonly observed human tick-borne diseases in china include lyme borreliosis (known as lyme disease in china), tick-borne encephalitis (known as forest encephalitis in china), crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever (known as xinjiang hemorrhagic fever in china), q-f ...201323617899
seasonal and spatial distribution of ixodid tick species feeding on naturally infested dogs from eastern austria and the influence of acaricides/repellents on these parameters.effective control of tick infestation and pathogen transmission requires profound knowledge of tick biology in view of their vector function. the particular time of the year when the different tick species start to quest and the favoured sites on the canine host are of major interest. the efficacy of acaricides/repellents to control ticks in the field requires observation.201323510263
the effects of ingested mammalian blood factors on vector arthropod immunity and physiology.the blood feeding behavior of disease-transmitting arthropods creates a unique intersection between vertebrate and invertebrate physiology. here, we review host blood-derived factors that persist through blood digestion to affect the lifespan, reproduction, and immune responses of some of the most common arthropod vectors of human disease.201323370408
meningoencephalitis from borrelia miyamotoi in an immunocompromised patient.ixodes ticks serve as vectors for borrelia burgdorferi, the agent of lyme disease. globally, these ticks often concurrently harbor b. miyamotoi, a spirochete that is classified within the relapsing-fever group of spirochetes. although humans presumably are exposed to b. miyamotoi, there are limited data suggesting disease attributable to it. we report a case of progressive mental deterioration in an older, immunocompromised patient, and even though koch's postulates were not met, we posit b. miy ...201323323900
a novel approach, based on blsoms (batch learning self-organizing maps), to the microbiome analysis of ticks.ticks transmit a variety of viral, bacterial and protozoal pathogens, which are often zoonotic. the aim of this study was to identify diverse tick microbiomes, which may contain as-yet unidentified pathogens, using a metagenomic approach. dna prepared from bacteria/archaea-enriched fractions obtained from seven tick species, namely amblyomma testudinarium, amblyomma variegatum, haemaphysalis formosensis, haemaphysalis longicornis, ixodes ovatus, ixodes persulcatus and ixodes ricinus, was subject ...201323303373
ontology for vector surveillance and management.ontologies, which are made up by standardized and defined controlled vocabulary terms and their interrelationships, are comprehensive and readily searchable repositories for knowledge in a given domain. the open biomedical ontologies (obo) foundry was initiated in 2001 with the aims of becoming an "umbrella" for life-science ontologies and promoting the use of ontology development best practices. a software application (obo-edit; *.obo file format) was developed to facilitate ontology developmen ...201323427646
borrelia burgdorferi and tick proteins supporting pathogen persistence in the vector.borrelia burgdorferi, a pathogen transmitted by ixodes ticks, is responsible for a prevalent illness known as lyme disease, and a vaccine for human use is unavailable. recently, genome sequences of several b. burgdorferi strains and ixodes scapularis ticks have been determined. in addition, remarkable progress has been made in developing molecular genetic tools to study the pathogen and vector, including their intricate relationship. these developments are helping unravel the mechanisms by which ...201323252492
ixodid ticks of traditionally managed cattle in central nigeria: where rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus does not dare (yet?).ticks and tick-borne diseases (tbds) undermine cattle fitness and productivity in the whole of sub-saharan africa, including nigeria. the aim of this study was to document the composition of tick species, assessing the burden of infestation, in traditionally managed cattle in an area of central nigeria where acaricides have not been used historically.201323758913
new data regarding distribution of cattle ticks in the south-western indian ocean islands.recent studies have produced new insight into the origin and distribution of some cattle ticks in the south-western indian ocean islands. rhipicephalus appendiculatus, introduced from tanzania in 2002, is now well established on grande comore but has not yet reached the other islands of the archipelago (mohéli, anjouan and mayotte). only one of the two clades identified in africa has settled so far. amblyomma variegatum, which was not supposed to be able to persist in the antananarivo region (13 ...201324016261
functional characterisation of a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor α subunit from the brown dog tick, rhipicephalus sanguineus.ticks and tick-borne diseases have a major impact on human and animal health worldwide. current control strategies rely heavily on the use of chemical acaricides, most of which target the cns and with increasing resistance, new drugs are urgently needed. nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nachrs) are targets of highly successful insecticides. we isolated a full-length nachr α subunit from a normalised cdna library from the synganglion (brain) of the brown dog tick, rhipicephalus sanguineus. phyl ...201324291321
de novo ixodes ricinus salivary gland transcriptome analysis using two next-generation sequencing methodologies.tick salivary gland (sg) proteins possess powerful pharmacologic properties that facilitate tick feeding and pathogen transmission. for the first time, sg transcriptomes of ixodes ricinus, an important disease vector for humans and animals, were analyzed using next-generation sequencing. sgs were collected from different tick life stages fed on various animal species, including cofeeding of nymphs and adults on the same host. four cdna samples were sequenced, discriminating tick sg transcriptome ...201323964076
overexpression of multiple detoxification genes in deltamethrin resistant laodelphax striatellus (hemiptera: delphacidae) in china.the small brown planthopper (sbph), laodelphax striatellus (fallén), is one of the major rice pests in asia and has developed resistance to multiple classes of insecticides. understanding resistance mechanisms is essential to the management of this pest. biochemical and molecular assays were performed in this study to systematically characterize deltamethrin resistance mechanisms with laboratory-selected resistant and susceptible strains of sbph.201324324548
molecular epidemiology of theileria equi in horses and their association with possible tick vectors in the state of rio de janeiro, brazil.the aim of this study was to detect theileria equi (laveran 1901) dna in horses and ticks using real-time pcr and to list the factors associated with infection in animals located in the seropedica and petropolis municipalities of the state of rio de janeiro. we tested blood samples from 314 horses and samples from 300 ticks, including 191 amblyomma cajennense, 104 dermacentor nitens, and 5 ixodida larvae. factors inherent to the horse, the ownership, and animal management were obtained from an e ...201323474658
characterization of the uukuniemi virus group (phlebovirus: bunyaviridae): evidence for seven distinct species.evolutionary insights into the phleboviruses are limited because of an imprecise classification scheme based on partial nucleotide sequences and scattered antigenic relationships. in this report, the serologic and phylogenetic relationships of the uukuniemi group viruses and their relationships with other recently characterized tick-borne phleboviruses are described using full-length genome sequences. we propose that the viruses currently included in the uukuniemi virus group be assigned to five ...201323283959
detection of acaricidal resistance in hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum from banaskantha district, gujarat.the resistance status in hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum collected from banaskantha district, gujarat (india) was estimated by larval packet test (lpt) with different concentrations of amitraz (125, 250, 500, 750 and 1,000 ppm) and cypermethrin (100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 ppm). the regression graphs of mean mortality of larvae ticks were plotted against values of progressively increasing concentrations of amitraz and cypermethrin for the estimation of lc95 values and were determined as 1,529.39 a ...201326345072
rps8--a new informative dna marker for phylogeny of babesia and theileria parasites in china.piroplasmosis is a serious debilitating and sometimes fatal disease. phylogenetic relationships within piroplasmida are complex and remain unclear. we compared the intron-exon structure and dna sequences of the rps8 gene from babesia and theileria spp. isolates in china. similar to 18s rdna, the 40s ribosomal protein s8 gene, rps8, including both coding and non-coding regions is a useful and novel genetic marker for defining species boundaries and for inferring phylogenies because it tends to ha ...201324244571
detection of naturally infected vector ticks (acari: ixodidae) by different species of babesia and theileria agents from three different enzootic parts of iran.diagnostic study of vector ticks for different pathogens transmitted specifically have been done by iranian old scientists working on the basis of biological transmission of pathogens. in this study we decided to confirm natural infection of different collected ticks from three different provinces of iran.201324409442
pcr-based detection of babesia spp. infection in collected ticks from cattle in west and north-west of iran.babesiosis is a haemoparasitic disease of domestic and wild animals caused by species of the genus babesia. babesia bigemina, b. bovis and b. divergens are known to be pathogenic in cattle. the disease is transmitted during blood feeding by infected ticks and is the most economically important tick-borne disease in tropical and subtropical areas. ixodid ticks are vectors in the transmission of babesiosis. the classic presentation is a febrile syndrome with apparent anemia and hemoglobinuria. thi ...201324409438
molecular prevalence of babesia bigemina and trypanosoma evansi in dairy animals from punjab, india, by duplex pcr: a step forward to the detection and management of concurrent latent infections.specific duplex polymerase chain reaction (pcr) was employed on 411 (386 cattle and 25 buffaloes) blood samples of dairy animals from 9 districts of punjab, india, for simultaneous detection of babesia bigemina and trypanosoma evansi. the results were compared and correlated with conventional giemsa stained thin blood smear (gstbs) examination and haematological alterations to know the clinical status and pathogenicity of infections. the bg3/bg4 and tr3/tr4 primers were used in duplex pcr for b. ...201324069605
screening and molecular cloning of a protective antigen from the midgut of haemaphysalis longicornis.vaccination is considered a promising alternative for controlling tick infestations. haemaphysalis longicornis midgut proteins separated by sds-page and transferred to polyvinylidene difluoride (pvdf) membrane were screened for protective value against bites. the western blot demonstrated the immunogenicity of 92 kda protein (p92). the analysis of the p92 amino acid sequence by lc-ms/ms indicated that it was a h. longicornis paramyosin (hl-pmy). the full lenghth cdna of hl-pmy was obtained by ra ...201323864744
breeding strategies for tick resistance in tropical cattle: a sustainable approach for tick control.about 80 % of world cattle population is under the risk of ticks and tick borne diseases (ttbds). losses caused by bovine tick burdens in tropical countries have a tremendous economic impact on production systems. chemical control of disease has been found to be ineffective and also involving large cost. to reduce our reliance on these chemical products, it is necessary to embark on programs that include habitat management, genetic selection of hosts, and development of a strain capable of induc ...201325698850
mosquito larvicidal activity of silver nanoparticles synthesised using actinobacterium, streptomyces sp. m25 against anopheles subpictus, culex quinquefasciatus and aedes aegypti.the present work reports the larvicidal potential of microbially synthesised silver nanoparticles (agnps) by using an actinobacterium, streptomyces sp. m25 isolated from western ghats, tamil nadu, india. the biomass of streptomyces sp. was exposed to 1 mm silver nitrate (agno3) solution. the synthesis of agnps was confirmed by visual inspection followed by instrumental analysis such as uv-vis spectroscopy, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction (xrd), energy dispersive x-ray ...201326688633
systematic review of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome: virology, epidemiology, and clinical characteristics.severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (sfts) was firstly discovered in china in 2010, followed by several reports from many other countries worldwide. sfts virus (sftsv) has been identified as the causative agent of the disease and has been recognized as a public health threat. this novel bunyavirus belongs to the phlebovirus genus in the family bunyaviridae. this review also describes the different aspects of virology, pathogenesis, epidemiology, and clinical symptoms on the basis of the ...201324310908
detection of rickettsia parkeri from within piura, peru, and the first reported presence of candidatus rickettsia andeanae in the tick rhipicephalus sanguineus.domestic farm animals (n=145) were sampled for the presence of ectoparasites in northwestern peru during march, 2008. ninety domestic animals (62%) were positive for the presence of an ectoparasite(s) and produced a total collection of the following: 728 ticks [amblyomma maculatum, anocentor nitens, rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus, rhipicephalus sanguineus, and otobius megnini], 12 lice (haematopinus suis), and 3 fleas (ctenocephalides felis). a rickettsia genus-specific qpcr assay was perfo ...201323488453
genetic analysis and epidemiology of crimean congo hemorrhagic fever viruses in baluchistan province of pakistan.pakistan is considered as an endemic country for crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever with numerous outbreaks and sporadic cases reported during the past two decades. majority of cases are reported from baluchistan province with subsequent transmissions to non-endemic regions mainly through infected animals directly or via infested ticks. we hereby describe the molecular investigations of cchf cases reported during 2008 in quetta city of baluchistan province.201323641865
tryptogalinin is a tick kunitz serine protease inhibitor with a unique intrinsic disorder.a salivary proteome-transcriptome project on the hard tick ixodes scapularis revealed that kunitz peptides are the most abundant salivary proteins. ticks use kunitz peptides (among other salivary proteins) to combat host defense mechanisms and to obtain a blood meal. most of these kunitz peptides, however, remain functionally uncharacterized, thus limiting our knowledge about their biochemical interactions.201323658744
an aspartic protease of the scabies mite sarcoptes scabiei is involved in the digestion of host skin and blood macromolecules.scabies is a disease of worldwide significance, causing considerable morbidity in both humans and other animals. the scabies mite sarcoptes scabiei burrows into the skin of its host, obtaining nutrition from host skin and blood. aspartic proteases mediate a range of diverse and essential physiological functions such as tissue invasion and migration, digestion, moulting and reproduction in a number of parasitic organisms. we investigated whether aspartic proteases may play role in scabies mite di ...201324244770
why so many unknown genes? partitioning orphans from a representative transcriptome of the lone star tick amblyomma americanum.genomic resources within the phylum arthropoda are largely limited to the true insects but are beginning to include unexplored subphyla, such as the crustacea and chelicerata. investigations of these understudied taxa uncover high frequencies of orphan genes, which lack detectable sequence homology to genes in pre-existing databases. the ticks (acari: chelicerata) are one such understudied taxon for which genomic resources are urgently needed. ticks are obligate blood-feeders that vector major d ...201323445305
novel immunomodulators from hard ticks selectively reprogramme human dendritic cell responses.hard ticks subvert the immune responses of their vertebrate hosts in order to feed for much longer periods than other blood-feeding ectoparasites; this may be one reason why they transmit perhaps the greatest diversity of pathogens of any arthropod vector. tick-induced immunomodulation is mediated by salivary components, some of which neutralise elements of innate immunity or inhibit the development of adaptive immunity. as dendritic cells (dc) trigger and help to regulate adaptive immunity, the ...201323825947
first detection of heartland virus (bunyaviridae: phlebovirus) from field collected arthropods.heartland virus (hrtv), the first pathogenic phlebovirus (family: bunyaviridae) discovered in the united states, was recently described from two missouri farmers. in 2012, we collected 56,428 ticks representing three species at 12 sites including both patients' farms. amblyomma americanum and dermacentor variabilis accounted for nearly all ticks collected. ten pools composed of deplete nymphs of a. americanum collected at a patient farm and a nearby conservation area were reverse transcription-p ...201323878186
vaccination with proteins involved in tick-pathogen interactions reduces vector infestations and pathogen infection.tick-borne pathogens cause diseases that greatly impact animal health and production worldwide. the ultimate goal of tick vaccines is to protect against tick-borne diseases through the control of vector infestations and reducing pathogen infection and transmission. tick genetic traits are involved in vector-pathogen interactions and some of these molecules such as subolesin (sub) have been shown to protect against vector infestations and pathogen infection. based on these premises, herein we cha ...201324084474
red deer (cervus elaphus) as a host for the cattle tick rhipicephalus microplus (acari: ixodidae) in yucatan, mexico.rhipicephalus microplus is the most economically important cattle tick in the mexican tropics. wild ungulate species, including red deer (cervus elaphus), are gaining popularity in diversified livestock ranching operations in mexico. however, there is no information available on the susceptibility of red deer to infestation with the cattle tick, r. microplus, under hot, subhumid tropical conditions in mexico. biological data on r. microplus as an ectoparasite of cattle and red deer in a farm in ...201323423423
first molecular characterization of anaplasma marginale in cattle and rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus ticks in cebu, philippines.anaplasma marginale has been detected in the philippines only by peripheral blood smear examination and serological methods. this study generally aimed to molecularly detect and characterize a. marginale in cattle and ticks in cebu, philippines. a total of 12 bovine blood samples and 60 rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus ticks were collected on the cebu island in 2011. 16s rrna-based screening-pcr and dna sequencing revealed 8 cattle (66.7%) and 8 ticks (13.3%) to be positive for a. marginale, ...201322878542
vaccine delivery using nanoparticles.vaccination has had a major impact on the control of infectious diseases. however, there are still many infectious diseases for which the development of an effective vaccine has been elusive. in many cases the failure to devise vaccines is a consequence of the inability of vaccine candidates to evoke appropriate immune responses. this is especially true where cellular immunity is required for protective immunity and this problem is compounded by the move toward devising sub-unit vaccines. over t ...201323532930
detection of amitraz resistance in rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus from north gujarat, india.amitraz has become one of the most extensively used chemical acaricide for control of cattle tick due to development of resistance against most of the organophosphates and synthetic pyrethroid acaricides. the resistance status of amitraz was evaluated against rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus collected from banaskantha district, gujarat, india by adult immersion test (ait). the different concentrations of amitraz utilized in the ait were 125, 250, 500, 750 and 1,000 ppm. the adult female ticks ...201325698859
natural babesia bovis infection in water buffaloes (bubalus bubalis) and crossbred cattle under field conditions in egypt: a preliminary study.there is a little or no data available on the natural babesia bovis (b. bovis) infection in water buffaloes (bubalus bubalis) comparing to the available one for cattle. this study was conducted to investigate the natural b. bovis infection in water buffaloes in comparison to crossbred cattle under field conditions in egypt.201325629060
an amino acid substitution (l925v) associated with resistance to pyrethroids in varroa destructor.the varroa mite, varroa destructor, is an important pest of honeybees and has played a prominent role in the decline in bee colony numbers over recent years. although pyrethroids such as tau-fluvalinate and flumethrin can be highly effective in removing the mites from hives, their intensive use has led to many reports of resistance. to investigate the mechanism of resistance in uk varroa samples, the transmembrane domain regions of the v. destructor voltage-gated sodium channel (the main target ...201324367572
identification and structural-functional analysis of cyclin-dependent kinases of the cattle tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus.cyclin-dependent kinases (cdks) are a family of serine/threonine kinases essential for cell cycle progression. herein, we describe the participation of cdks in the physiology of rhipicephalus microplus, the southern cattle tick and an important disease vector. firstly, amino acid sequences homologous with cdks of other organisms were identified from a r. microplus transcriptome database in silico. the analysis of the deduced amino acid sequences of cdk1 and cdk10 from r. microplus showed that bo ...201324146826
mutation in the rmβaor gene is associated with amitraz resistance in the cattle tick rhipicephalus microplus.we aimed to describe the evolution of resistance to amitraz in rhipicephalus microplus in the field and to test the association between amitraz resistance and the frequency of a mutation in the β-adrenergic octopamine receptor gene (rmβaor). we established six populations of rhipicephalus microplus ticks in similar paddocks by the admixture of ticks from strains known to be susceptible and resistant to amitraz and synthetic pyrethroids. each population was managed using one of three acaricide tr ...201324082133
the predicted secretome and transmembranome of the poultry red mite dermanyssus gallinae.the worldwide distributed hematophagous poultry red mite dermanyssus gallinae (de geer, 1778) is one of the most important pests of poultry. even though 35 acaricide compounds are available, control of d. gallinae remains difficult due to acaricide resistances as well as food safety regulations. the current study was carried out to identify putative excretory/secretory (pes) proteins of d. gallinae since these proteins play an important role in the host-parasite interaction and therefore represe ...201324020355
prevalence of ixodid ticks in dairy animals of jammu region.to determine the prevalence of ticks, 960 bovines (cattle 480, buffaloes 480) were examined from organised and unorganised dairy units of jammu district during march 2012 to february 2013. the overall infestation rate was found to be 42.18 %. the infestation rate in cattle was found to be 47.08 % while 37.29 % of examined buffaloes were infested with ixodid ticks. among the ixodid ticks, only one species i.e. rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus was recorded. a significantly (p < 0.05) higher pre ...201326345044
inorganic polyphosphates regulate hexokinase activity and reactive oxygen species generation in mitochondria of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus embryo.the physiological roles of polyphosphates (poly p) recently found in arthropod mitochondria remain obscure. here, the possible involvement of poly p with reactive oxygen species generation in mitochondria of rhipicephalus microplus embryos was investigated. mitochondrial hexokinase and scavenger antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione reductase were assayed during embryogenesis of r. microplus. the influence of poly p₃ and poly p₁₅ were analyzed during the pe ...201323983617
expression of a gaba(b) - receptor in olfactory sensory neurons of sensilla trichodea on the male antenna of the moth heliothis virescens.in the olfactory pathway of drosophila, a gabab receptor mediated presynaptic gain control mechanism at the first synapse between olfactory sensory neurons (osns) and projection neurons has been suggested to play a critical role in setting the sensitivity and detection range of the sensory system. to approach the question if such a mechanism may be realized in the pheromone recognition system of male moths in this study attempts were made to explore if moth's pheromone-responsive cells express a ...201323904795
malathion resistance in rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus from ludhiana district, punjab.the resistance status of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus collected from noorpur bet village of ludhiana district, punjab was evaluated against malathion by adult immersion test. the adult female ticks showed an upward trend in the mortality percentage with increase in drug concentration. the regression graph of probit mortality of ticks plotted against log values of progressively increasing concentrations of malathion was utilized for the determination of slope of mortality (95 % confidence ...201325320479
glycogen and glucose metabolism are essential for early embryonic development of the red flour beetle tribolium castaneum.control of energy metabolism is an essential process for life. in insects, egg formation (oogenesis) and embryogenesis is dependent on stored molecules deposited by the mother or transcribed later by the zygote. in oviparous insects the egg becomes an isolated system after egg laying with all energy conversion taking place during embryogenesis. previous studies in a few vector species showed a strong correlation of key morphogenetic events and changes in glucose metabolism. here, we investigate ...201323750237
the venus kinase receptor (vkr) family: structure and evolution.receptor tyrosine kinases (rtk) form a family of transmembrane proteins widely conserved in metazoa, with key functions in cell-to-cell communication and control of multiple cellular processes. a new family of rtk named venus kinase receptor (vkr) has been described in invertebrates. the vkr receptor possesses a venus fly trap (vft) extracellular module, a bilobate structure that binds small ligands to induce receptor kinase activity. vkr was shown to be highly expressed in the larval stages and ...201323721482
primitive atp-activated p2x receptors: discovery, function and pharmacology.adenosine 5-triphosphate (atp) is omnipresent in biology. it is therefore no surprise that organisms have evolved multifaceted roles for atp, exploiting its abundance and restriction of passive diffusion across biological membranes. a striking role is the emergence of atp as a bona fide transmitter molecule, whereby the movement of atp across membranes serves as a chemical message through a direct ligand-receptor interaction. p2x receptors are ligand-gated ion channels that mediate fast response ...201324367292
proteomics approach to the study of cattle tick adaptation to white tailed deer.cattle ticks, rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus, are a serious threat to animal health and production. some ticks feed on a single host species while others such as r. microplus infest multiple hosts. white tailed deer (wtd) play a role in the maintenance and expansion of cattle tick populations. however, cattle ticks fed on wtd show lower weight and reproductive performance when compared to ticks fed on cattle, suggesting the existence of host factors that affect tick feeding and reproduction ...201324364032
global distribution of bartonella infections in domestic bovine and characterization of bartonella bovis strains using multi-locus sequence typing.bartonella bovis is commonly detected in cattle. one b. bovis strain was recently isolated from a cow with endocarditis in the usa, suggesting its role as an animal pathogen. in the present study, we investigated bartonella infections in 893 cattle from five countries (kenya, thailand, japan, georgia, and guatemala) and 103 water buffaloes from thailand to compare the prevalence of the infection among different regions and different bovid hosts. we developed a multi-locus sequence typing (mlst) ...201324278342
flybase 102--advanced approaches to interrogating flybase.flybase (http://flybase.org) is the leading website and database of drosophila genes and genomes. whether you are using the fruit fly drosophila melanogaster as an experimental system or wish to understand drosophila biological knowledge in relation to human disease or to other model systems, flybase can help you successfully find the information you are looking for. here, we demonstrate some of our more advanced searching systems and highlight some of our new tools for searching the wealth of d ...201324234449
sequence characterization and immunogenicity of cystatins from the cattle tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus.various classes of endopeptidases and their inhibitors facilitate blood feeding and digestion in ticks. cystatins, a family of tight-binding and reversible inhibitors of cysteine endopeptidases, have recently been found in several tick tissues. moreover, vaccine trials using tick cystatins have been found to induce protective immune responses against tick infestation. however, the mode of action of tick cystatins is still poorly understood, limiting the elucidation of their physiological role. a ...201324035585
glutamate decarboxylase of the parasitic arthropods ctenocephalides felis and rhipicephalus microplus: gene identification, cloning, expression, assay development, identification of inhibitors by high throughput screening and comparison with the orthologs from drosophila melanogaster and mouse.glutamate decarboxylase (l-glutamate 1-carboxylyase, e.c. 4.1.1.15, gad) is the rate-limiting enzyme for the production of γ-aminobutyric acid (gaba), the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in vertebrates and invertebrates. we report the identification, isolation and characterization of cdnas encoding gad from the parasitic arthropods ctenocephalides felis (cat flea) and rhipicephalus microplus (cattle tick). expression of the parasite gad genes and the corresponding drosophila melanogaster (frui ...201323220582
investigation of tick vectors of hepatozoon canis in brazil.hepatozoon canis is a common apicomplexan parasite of dogs. in brazil, in addition to rhipicephalus sanguineus, amblyomma ovale, amblyomma cajennense, and rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus have been suggested to act as vectors. the present study aimed to evaluate, under controlled conditions, the acquisition of h. canis by a. ovale, r. sanguineus, and a. cajennense after feeding on naturally infected dogs. cytological and histophatological examinations were performed to recover oocysts and oth ...201324209494
in vitro culture of a novel genotype of ehrlichia sp. from brazil.ehrlichiae are obligate intracytoplasmic gram-negative, tick-borne bacteria belonging to the anaplasmataceae family. ehrlichioses are considered emerging diseases in both humans and animals. several members of the genus ehrlichia have been isolated and propagated in vitro. this study describes the continuous propagation of a brazilian ehrlichia sp. isolate in ide8 tick cells, canine dh82 cells and bovine aorta cells. initially, the organisms were isolated from the haemolymph of a rhipicephalus ( ...201324589106
ultrastructure of ehrlichia mineirensis, a new member of the ehrlichia genus.recently, we reported the in vitro isolation and the molecular characterization of a new species of ehrlichia (ehrlichia mineirensis) from haemolymph of brazilian rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus ticks. this organism shows an ortholog of ehrlichia canis major immunogenic protein gp36 with a new structure of tandem repeats. in the present study, we used electron microscopy (high pressure freezing and freeze substitution preparative techniques) to characterize morphologically this new agent gro ...201323998429
gut transcriptome of replete adult female cattle ticks, rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus, feeding upon a babesia bovis-infected bovine host.as it feeds upon cattle, rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus is capable of transmitting a number of pathogenic organisms, including the apicomplexan hemoparasite babesia bovis, a causative agent of bovine babesiosis. the r. microplus female gut transcriptome was studied for two cohorts: adult females feeding on a bovine host infected with b. bovis and adult females feeding on an uninfected bovine. rna was purified and used to generate a subtracted cdna library from b. bovis-infected female gut, ...201323749091
diagnostic methods used to monitor an outbreak of babesiosis (babesia bovis) in a herd of feral cattle in new caledonia.in december 2007, babesia bovis was introduced to new caledonia through the importation of cattle vaccinated with a live tick fever (babesiosis and anaplasmosis) vaccine. medical measures, acaricide and antiprotozoal treatments, and quarantine restrictions were implemented with success on all the farms involved, but the disease spread to one of the neighbouring properties where feral cattle were present. to circumscribe and eliminate this outbreak, the authorities decided to slaughter all animal ...201323718796
association between entomopathogenic nematodes and fungi for control of rhipicephalus microplus (acari: ixodidae).the aim of the study was to assess the effect of the association of entomopathogenic nematodes and fungi on rhipicephalus microplus. the nematodes used were heterorhabditis bacteriophora hp88 and heterorhabditis indica lpp1 and the fungi were metarhizium anisopliae ibcb 116 and beauveria bassiana esalq 986. in the groups treated with the fungi, the females were immersed for 3 min in a conidial suspension, while in the groups treated with the nematodes, the ticks were exposed to infective juvenil ...201323949242
effectiveness of beauveria bassiana sensu lato strains for biological control against rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus (acari: ixodidae) in china.owing to the need to combat the spread of acaricide-resistant ticks, the development of long-term biological control has become a hot topic for tick control. in this study, we investigated the pathogenicity of three beauveria bassiana isolates on the engorged female rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus ticks using different conidial concentrations. the results showed that b. bassiana b.bat17 was highly pathogenic against engorged r. (b.) microplus females, resulting in lethal time (lt50 and lt90) ...201323652160
neutral lipid composition changes in the fat bodies of engorged females rhipicephalus microplus ticks in response to fungal infections.the tick's fat body plays an essential role in energy storage and utilization. this study aimed to analyze the fat body neutral lipid composition in rhipicephalus microplus engorged females. in the first study (physiological profile of untreated ticks), the lipid analysis took place over the course of 4 days; the engorged females were incubated at optimal conditions and their fat bodies were dissected daily. fat body lipid analysis after fungal infection with metarhizium anisopliae sensu lato (s ...201323138474
environmentally associated ticks (acari: ixodidae) in campo grande, mato grosso do sul, brazil.herein, we report tick species found on wild and domestic animals and in the environment during a one-year sampling period at the brazilian farming research company beef cattle unit (embrapa beef cattle), which is located within the urban area of campo grande, mato grosso do sul, brazil. from 55 wild hosts including six different species (nasua nasua, cebus spp., cerdocyon thous, myrmecophaga tridactyla, tamandua tetradactyla and dasyprocta aguti), 323 ticks were collected. amblyomma ovale ticks ...201324252958
amblyomma cajennense (acari: ixodidae) tick populations susceptible or resistant to acaricides in the mexican tropics.the objectives of the present study were: (i) to identify the frequency of cattle farms with a cohabitation of amblyomma cajennense and rhipicephalus microplus, (ii) to determine the status of susceptibility or resistance to acaricides used in veracruz, mexico, on a. cajennense populations and (iii) to identify factors associated with a. cajennense resistant to acaricides. fifty farms were visited to determine the presence of ticks (a. cajennense and r. microplus) and to collect engorged a. caje ...201323827041
ticks on birds in a savanna (cerrado) reserve on the outskirts of uberlândia, minas gerais, brazil.we report tick infestations on birds, in the environment and on domestic animals in a non-forested phytophysiognomy, the savanna-like cerrado sensu stricto, in a natural reserve on the outskirts of the urban area of uberlândia, minas gerais, brazil. overall, 238 birds within 50 species, 15 families and six orders were caught. passeriformes were the most numerous, with 216 birds (90.75%), among which 22 had ticks (n = 31). within this order, the prevalence of tick infestation was 10.2%, and the a ...201323471429
chemical identification of tagetes minuta linnaeus (asteraceae) essential oil and its acaricidal effect on ticks.the control of tick species that affect animal production is vital for the economic welfare of the cattle industry. this study focused on testing the acaricidal activity of the essential oil from the leaves and stems of tagetes minuta against several brazilian tick species, including rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus, rhipicephalus sanguineus, amblyomma cajennense and argas miniatus. the chemical composition of the essential oil was determined by chromatography and spectroscopy analyses, which ...201323295821
egg wax from the cattle tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus inhibits pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm.rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus is constantly challenged during its life cycle by microorganisms present in their hosts or in the environment. tick eggs may be especially vulnerable to environmental conditions because they are exposed to a rich and diverse microflora in the soil. despite being oviposited in such hostile sites, tick eggs remain viable, suggesting that the egg surface has defense mechanisms against opportunistic and/or pathogenic organisms. r. microplus engorged females deposi ...201323583751
cattle tick-associated bacteria exert anti-biofilm and anti-tritrichomonas foetus activities.research on microbiota in cattle tick and the evaluation of its activity against other microorganisms can contribute to identify new molecules potentially useful to control infections caused by bacteria and protozoa. biofilms pose increasing problems worldwide, mainly due to their resistance to antimicrobial therapies and host immune response. in this study we investigate the ability rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus-associated bacteria may exhibit to produce anti-biofilm and trichomonicidal c ...201323434012
a steroidal molecule present in the egg wax of the tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus inhibits bacterial biofilms.the cattle tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus lays eggs in the soil near the roots of grass, or in similar highly moist environments that are prone to biofilm formation. tick eggs have a protective wax coating that may be a source of nutrients for microorganisms. however, as the eggs remain viable and show no visible signs of microbial colonization, we hypothesized that the coating might have anti-biofilm properties. we show here that the coating inhibits biofilm formation by both gram-neg ...201323419060
eco-friendly approach using marine actinobacteria and its compounds to control ticks and mosquitoes.ticks and mosquitoes are ectoparasitic arthropods that can transmit a variety of diseases to humans and animals during blood feeding and causing serious infectious disorders. the purpose of the present study was to assess the acaricidal and insecticidal property of ethyl acetate extract and its compounds isolated from marine actinobacteria, streptomyces vitstk7 sp. against the larvae of cattle ticks, haemaphysalis bispinosa and rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus (acari: ixodidae); fourth-instar ...201323180127
novel and simple approach using synthesized nickel nanoparticles to control blood-sucking parasites.the present study was on assessment of the anti-parasitic activities of nickel nanoparticles (ni nps) against the larvae of cattle ticks rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus and hyalomma anatolicum (a.) anatolicum (acari: ixodidae), fourth instar larvae of anopheles subpictus, culex quinquefasciatus and culex gelidus (diptera: culicidae). the metallic ni nps were synthesized by polyol process from ni-hydrazine as precursor and tween 80 as both the medium and the stabilizing reagent. the synthesiz ...201323040768
in vitro activity of pineapple extracts (ananas comosus, bromeliaceae) on rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus (acari: ixodidae).measures to control the cattle tick, rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus, based only on chemical products are becoming unsustainable, mainly because of the development of resistance. the objective of this study was to test the effect of the aqueous extract of pineapple skin (aeps) and bromelain extracted from the stem (sigma-aldrich®, b4882) on engorged females and larvae of r. (b.) microplus in vitro. these substances were diluted in water and evaluated at eight concentrations. engorged females ...201323541882
entomopathogenic marine actinomycetes as potential and low-cost biocontrol agents against bloodsucking arthropods.a novel approach to control strategies for integrated blood-feeding parasite management is in high demand, including the use of biological control agents. the present study aims to determine the efficacy of optimized crude extract of actinomycetes strain lk1 as biological control agent against the fourth-instar larvae of anopheles stephensi and culex tritaeniorhynchus (diptera: culicidae) and adults of haemaphysalis bispinosa, rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus (acari: ixodidae), and hippobosca ...201324013340
first occurrence of amblyomma ovale in the state of rio grande do norte, brazil.this study aims to report the occurrence of parasitism by amblyomma ovale (koch, 1844) in dogs in the municipality of apodi, rio grande do norte, brazil. specimens were identified as being one female and two males of a. ovale, besides; the animal was infested by five females of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus and seven females and three males of r. sanguineus. the finding of a. ovale confirms results in the literature that these ticks, reported in several species of wild carnivores, can also ...201324252966
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