Publications

annotation of two large contiguous regions from the haemonchus contortus genome using rna-seq and comparative analysis with caenorhabditis elegans.	the genomes of numerous parasitic nematodes are currently being sequenced, but their complexity and size, together with high levels of intra-specific sequence variation and a lack of reference genomes, makes their assembly and annotation a challenging task. haemonchus contortus is an economically significant parasite of livestock that is widely used for basic research as well as for vaccine development and drug discovery. it is one of many medically and economically important parasites within th ...	2011	21858033
glutamate synthase, but not gaba shunt enzymes, contributes to nitrogen metabolism of the sheep abomasal nematode parasites haemonchus contortus and teladorsagia circumcincta.	glutamate synthase (e.c. 1.4.1.14) (gogat) activity was not detectable in l3 haemonchus contortus, but was present in l3 teladorsagia circumcincta and adult worms of both species. gogat activity was inhibited by 80% by azaserine. activity (nmol min(-1) mg(-1) protein) was 33-59 in adult h. contortus, 51-91 in adult t. circumcincta and 24-41 in l3 t. circumcincta, probably depending on exposure to ammonia, as incubation with 1mm nh(4)cl doubled gogat activity. the ph optimum was 7.5 in both speci ...	2011	20576519
comparative analysis of destruction of the infective forms of trichuris trichiura and haemonchus contortus by nematophagous fungi pochonia chlamydosporia; duddingtonia flagrans and monacrosporium thaumasium by scanning electron microscopy.	the present study aimed to demonstrate by scanning electron microscopy (sem) the in vitro predatory activity of nematophagous fungi pochonia chlamydosporia (vc1 and vc4 isolates) duddingtonia flagrans (ac001 isolate) and monacrosporium thaumasium (nf34a isolate) on eggs of trichuristrichiura and infective larvae (l3) of haemonchus contortus. the work was divided into two experimental tests (a and b). in tests a and b, the predatory activity of nematophagous fungi p. chlamydosporia, d. flagrans a ...	2011	20638203
factors affecting susceptibility to rna interference in haemonchus contortus and in vivo silencing of an h11 aminopeptidase gene.	gene silencing by rna interference (rnai) has been applied very successfully to caenorhabditis elegans to study gene function but has proven less effective in parasitic nematodes. in the sheep gastrointestinal nematode haemonchus contortus, previous studies demonstrated reproducible silencing of β-tubulin but not of other genes targeted. here we aimed to examine whether the level of target transcript or site of gene expression influence susceptibility to rnai by soaking. target genes represented ...	2011	20699100
the astacin metalloprotease moulting enzyme nas-36 is required for normal cuticle ecdysis in free-living and parasitic nematodes.	nematodes represent one of the most abundant and species-rich groups of animals on the planet, with parasitic species causing chronic, debilitating infections in both livestock and humans worldwide. the prevalence and success of the nematodes is a direct consequence of the exceptionally protective properties of their cuticle. the synthesis of this cuticle is a complex multi-step process, which is repeated 4 times from hatchling to adult and has been investigated in detail in the free-living nema ...	2011	20800010
using lectins to identify hidden antigens in fasciola hepatica.	fasciola hepatica is the causative agent of fascioliasis, one of the most economically important helminth diseases of livestock worldwide. traditionally, fascioliasis has been controlled by the strategic use of fasciolicidal drugs, but the emergence of resistant parasites has spurred an interest in developing vaccines as an alternative means of control. most vaccine studies to date have evaluated conventional antigens, which are exposed to the host's immune system during the course of a natural ...	2011	21208513
development of graphidium strigosum (nematoda, haemonchidae) in its natural host, the rabbit (oryctolagus cuniculus) and comparison with several haemonchidae parasites of ruminants.	the morphogenesis (studied for the first time) and the chronology of the life cycle of graphidium strigosum (dujardin, 1845) were studied in detail in its natural host, oryctolagus cuniculus. naive rabbits were each infected per os with g. strigosum infective larvae (l3). animals were euthanized each day for the first 10 days after infection (dai), then every 2 days from 12 to 40 dai. the free living period lasted 5-8 days at 24°c. by 1 dai, all the larvae were exsheathed in the stomach. the thi ...	2011	21210152
evaluation and application of a molecular method to assess the composition of strongylid nematode populations in sheep with naturally acquired infections.	we evaluated the performance of a pcr method for the diagnosis of naturally acquired strongylid nematode infections in sheep (n = 470; in a temperate climatic zone of south-eastern australia), using a panel of 100 'negative control' samples from sheep known not to harbour parasitic helminths. we compared the diagnostic sensitivity (98%) and specificity (100%) of this assay against a conventional faecal flotation method and also established a system to rank the contribution of particular strongyl ...	2011	21256979
atypical (rio) protein kinases from haemonchus contortus--promise as new targets for nematocidal drugs.	almost nothing is known about atypical kinases in multicellular organisms, including parasites. supported by information and data available for the free-living nematode, caenorhabditis elegans, and other eukaryotes, the present article describes three rio kinase genes, riok-1, riok-2 and riok-3, from haemonchus contortus, one of the most important parasitic nematodes of small ruminants. analyses of these genes and their products predict that they each play critical roles in the developmental pat ...	2011	21262337
fecundity in adult haemonchus contortus parasites is correlated with abomasal tissue eosinophils and ?d t cells in resistant canaria hair breed sheep.	canaria hair breed (chb) sheep are more resistant than canaria sheep (cs) to experimental haemonchus contortus infection. protective responses appear effective against the adult stage of the parasite, not as commonly reported in other breeds against the larval stages. in this study we have quantified several abomasal immune cells and correlated these with parasitological variables for each breed. a significant negative correlation between cd4+ t cell numbers and worm burden or length at 28 dpi w ...	2011	21277683
the unique resistance and resilience of the nigerian west african dwarf goat to gastrointestinal nematode infections.	west african dwarf (wad) goats serve an important role in the rural village economy of west africa, especially among small-holder livestock owners. they have been shown to be trypanotolerant and to resist infections with haemonchus contortus more effectively than any other known breed of goat.	2011	21291550
the kinetic properties of the glutamate dehydrogenase of teladorsagia circumcincta and their significance for the lifestyle of the parasite.	like other nematodes, both l(3) and adult teladosagia circumcincta secrete or excrete nh(3)/nh(4)(+), but the reactions involved in the production are unclear. glutamate dehydrogenase is a significant source nh(3)/nh(4)(+) in some species, but previous reports indicate that the enzyme is absent from l(3)haemonchus contortus. we show that glutamate dehydrogenase was active in both l(3) and adult t. circumcincta. the apparent k(m)s of the l(3) enzyme differed from those of the adult enzyme, the mo ...	2011	21296180
voluntary feed intake and diet selection of merino sheep divergently selected for genetic difference in resistance to haemonchus contortus.	this research was designed to determine if divergent selection for resistance to haemonchus contortus had produced correlated changes in voluntary feed intake and diet selection. voluntary feed intake, diet selection and production were determined in 54 merino weaner rams from the csiro haemonchus selection flock, increased resistance to haemonchus (irh), decreased resistance to haemonchus (drh) and random bred control (c) selection lines. weaner rams were fed ad libitum either a high (9.2 mj me ...	2011	21330058
vaccination of goats with dna vaccines encoding h11 and il-2 induces partial protection against haemonchus contortus infection.	dna vaccines expressing haemonchus contortus h11 antigen with or without interleukin (il)-2 were tested for protection against h. contortus infection in goats. sixteen goats (8-10months of age) were allocated into four trial groups. on days 0 and 14, group 1 was immunised with a dna vaccine expressing h11 and il-2 and group 2 was immunised with a dna vaccine expressing h11 only. group 3 was an unvaccinated positive control group challenged with h. contortus third stage larvae (l3). group 4 was a ...	2011	21330170
a comparison of two integrated approaches of controlling nematode parasites in small ruminants.	control of gastrointestinal nematodes (gin) in small ruminants in regions of the world where anthelmintic resistance is prevalent must rely on more than just chemical deworming strategies. the objective of this experiment was to compare two integrated treatment protocols for control of gin (primarily haemonchus contortus in this region) using anthelmintics, copper oxide wire particles (cowp) and famacha(©), compared to traditional anthelmintic use only. three separate trials were conducted on ma ...	2011	21333450
direct immunization of the abomasum or rectum of goats induces local lymph node responses against haemonchus contortus mucosal antigens.	we investigated several methods to immunize the abomasum (fourth and gastric stomach) of kid goats by direct (abomasal) or distal (rectal or nasal) routes utilizing mucosal antigens isolated from the abomasal parasite, haemonchus contortus. direct (ultrasound guided), immunization of the abomasal mucosa together with rectal immunization established lymphocyte proliferation responses in abomasal lymph nodes (alns), while distal methods, alone, produced equivocal results. the differential response ...	2011	21333770
a stochastic model accommodating the famacha© system for estimating worm burdens and associated risk factors in sheep naturally infected with haemonchus contortus.	a previously developed multiple regression algorithm was used as the basis of a stochastic model to simulate worm burdens in sheep naturally infected with haemonchus contortus over five consecutive haemonchus seasons (november to january/february) on a farm in the summer rainfall region in south africa, although only one season is discussed. the algorithm associates haemoglobin levels with worm counts in individual animals. variables were represented by distributions based on famacha(©) scores a ...	2011	21334812
effect of dietary supplementation on resistance to experimental infection with haemonchus contortus in creole kids.	the aim of the present study was to test the effect of dietary supplementation on resistance to experimental infection with haemonchus contortus in creole kids. one trial with three replicates involved a total of 154 female kids that were chosen from three successive cohorts of the creole flock of inra-gardel in 2007. the kids were placed into four treatments according to the amount of concentrate they received: g0 (no concentrate and a quality dichantium spp. hay ad libitum, hay), g1 (hay+100g ...	2011	21349645
oral dosing with papaya latex is an effective anthelmintic treatment for sheep infected with haemonchus contortus.	the cysteine proteinases in papaya latex have been shown to have potent anthelmintic properties in monogastric hosts such as rodents, pigs and humans, but this has not been demonstrated in ruminants.	2011	21406090
structural and functional characterisation of the ovine interferon gamma (ifng) gene: its role in nematode resistance in rasa aragonesa ewes.	the ovine interferon gamma (ifng) gene was structurally and functionally characterised, and the association between its variants and the response to haemonchus contortus infection was examined in resistant and susceptible rasa aragonesa ewes in different physiological conditions. sequential faecal egg counts (fecs) were performed on a naturally infected flock of 400 rasa aragonesa ewes and two groups of ewes selected for high (n=38) or low (n=33) fec, which were subsequently challenged with h. c ...	2011	21419496
neutrophil and eosinophil chemotactic factors in the excretory/secretory products of sheep abomasal nematode parasites : ncf and ecf in abomasal nematodes.	both eosinophil chemotactic factor (ecf) and neutrophil chemotactic factor (ncf) activities were demonstrated in excretory/secretory (es) products and homogenates of haemonchus contortus and teladorsagia circumcincta larvae and adult worms in a modified checkerboard assay using a micro-chemotaxis chamber. neutrophil chemotaxis was seen in 28 of 35 experiments and eosinophil chemotaxis in 20 of 38 experiments. chemokinetic activity for neutrophils and eosinophils (accounting for 40-50% of total c ...	2011	21424403
ovicidal and larvicidal activity of the crude extracts from phytolacca icosandra against haemonchus contortus.	the development of anthelmintic resistance has impacted on the success of conventional anthelmintics (ah) for the control of gastrointestinal nematodes in grazing/browsing sheep and goats. medicinal plants from the traditional herbolary in mexico may provide new candidates that can be explored as alternative sources of ahs for ruminants. this study evaluated the leaf extracts derived from phytolacca icosandra against infective l(3) larvae and eggs from haemonchus contortus collected from sheep. ...	2011	21439732
anthelmintic activity of trianthema portulacastrum l. and musa paradisiaca l. against gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep.	evaluation of anthelmintic effects of trianthema (t.) portulacastrum l. (aizoaceae) whole plant and musa (m.) paradisiaca l. (musaceae) leaves against prevalent gastrointestinal worms of sheep was done that may justify their traditional use in veterinary clinical medicine. in vitro anthelmintic activity of the crude aqueous methanolic extract (came) of both the plants was determined using mature female haemonchus (h.) contortus and their eggs in adult motility assay (ama) and egg hatch test (eht ...	2011	21440370
molecular cloning, expression and characterization of enolase from adult haemonchus contortus.	enolase represents a multifunctional protein involved in basic energy metabolism. in the present research, the enolase gene of haemonchus contortus (hceno) was cloned and characterized. specific primers for the rapid amplification of cdna ends (race) were designed based on the expression sequence tag (est, genbank accession no. bf422728) to amplify the 3'- and 5'-ends of hceno. the full length of cdna from this gene was obtained by overlapping the sequences of 3'- and 5'-extremities and amplific ...	2011	21444098
dual oxidase 2 and glutathione peroxidase gene expression are elevated in hyperimmunized sheep challenged with haemonchus contortus.	a sequential biopsy sampling method was used to investigate oxidant and antioxidant gene responses in resistant sheep challenged with haemonchus contortus larvae or a sham saline challenge. the expression of key sheep oxidant and antioxidant producing genes were measured in sequential samples removed from the abomasums at days 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7 and 28 post challenge. gene expression levels at each time point were compared to expression at day 0, and levels of the various genes were also correlate ...	2011	21444154
effects of myracrodruon urundeuva extracts on egg hatching and larval exsheathment of haemonchus contortus.	the anthelmintic resistance has limited the control of gastrointestinal nematodes of small ruminants and thus has awakened interest in the study of tanniferous plants as a source of anthelmintics. these experiments were carried out to evaluate the in vitro efficacy of myracrodruon urundeuva leaf extract (le) and stem extract (se) against haemonchus contortus. an inhibitor of tannins, polyvinyl polypyrrolidone (pvpp), was used to verify if these metabolites are involved in the anthelmintic activi ...	2011	21465262
in vitro analysis of the anthelmintic activity of forage chicory (cichorium intybus l.) sesquiterpene lactones against a predominantly haemonchus contortus egg population.	the anthelmintic activity of chicory (cichorium intybus l.) herbage has been attributed to sesquiterpene lactones. chicory leaves contain significant amounts of lactucin (lac), 8-deoxylactucin (dol), and lactucopicrin (lpic), but the proportions of these three sesquiterpene lactones vary among forage chicory cultivars. to determine whether the individual compounds differ in anthelmintic activity, we prepared sesquiterpene lactone-enriched extracts from leaves of two forage chicory cultivars, 'gr ...	2011	21477927
functional reconstitution of haemonchus contortus acetylcholine receptors in xenopus oocytes provides mechanistic insights into levamisole resistance.	background and purpose the cholinergic agonist levamisole is widely used to treat parasitic nematode infestations. this anthelmintic drug paralyses worms by activating a class of levamisole-sensitive acetylcholine receptors (l-achrs) expressed in nematode muscle cells. however, levamisole efficacy has been compromised by the emergence of drug resistant parasites, especially in gastrointestinal nematodes such as haemonchus contortus. we report here the first functional reconstitution and pharmaco ...	2011	21486278
slo-1-channels of parasitic nematodes reconstitute locomotor behaviour and emodepside sensitivity in caenorhabditis elegans slo-1 loss of function mutants.	the calcium-gated potassium channel slo-1 in caenorhabditis elegans was recently identified as key component for action of emodepside, a new anthelmintic drug with broad spectrum activity. in this study we identified orthologues of slo-1 in ancylostoma caninum, cooperia oncophora, and haemonchus contortus, all important parasitic nematodes in veterinary medicine. furthermore, functional analyses of these slo-1 orthologues were performed using heterologous expression in c. elegans. we expressed a ...	2011	21490955
minimising the development of anthelmintic resistance, and optimising the use of the novel anthelmintic monepantel, for the sustainable control of nematode parasites in australian sheep grazing systems.	to compare the risk of different treatment scenarios on selecting for anthelmintic resistance on australian sheep farms.	2011	21495986
involvement of tannins and flavonoids in the in vitro effects of newbouldia laevis and zanthoxylum zanthoxyloïdes extracts on the exsheathment of third-stage infective larvae of gastrointestinal nematodes.	the present study aimed at examining the possible role of tannins and flavonoids on the in vitro anthelmintic properties of the extracts of two plants from the southern area of western africa, i.e. newbouldia laevis and zanthoxylum zanthoxyloïdes. extracts of the two plants were prepared by use of acetone/water (70/30) and their anthelmintic activity was measured by use of the larval exsheathment inhibition assay (leia) applied on the abomasal species, haemonchus contortus and the intestinal spe ...	2011	21497021
direct anthelmintic effects of cereus jamacaru (cactaceae) on trichostrongylid nematodes of sheep: in vivo studies.	following claims of anthelmintic activity of cereus jamacaru dc (cactaceae) by a commercial farmer, in vivo studies were conducted to determine the possible direct anthelmintic effects of the plant on ovine gastrointestinal nematodes. eighteen sheep were infected with 4000 haemonchus contortus and 6000 trichostrongylus colubriformis larvae given in three divided doses over a period of three days. once the infections were patent, the sheep were allocated to three groups and were drenched once a w ...	2011	21498000
ovicidal and larvicidal activity of cassia alata leaf acetone extract and fractions on haemonchus contortus: in vitro studies.	the failure of modern anthelmintics to control nematode parasites of sheep and goats is a reality on many farms in the tropical/subtropical regions of the world. this necessitates chemotherapeutic control alternatives and plant secondary metabolite with activity is one of those potential solutions.	2011	21501100
the haemonchus contortus unc-49b subunit possesses the residues required for gaba sensitivity in homomeric and heteromeric channels.	hco-unc-49 is a gaba receptor from the parasitic nematode haemonchus contortus that has a relatively low overall sequence similarity to vertebrate gaba receptors but is very similar to the unc-49 receptor found in the free living nematode caenorhabditis elegans. while the nematode receptors do share >80% sequence similarity they exhibit different sensitivities to gaba. in addition, the unc-49c subunit appears to be a positive modulator of gaba sensitivity in the h. contortus heteromeric channel, ...	2011	21524670
comparing the sensitivity of two in vitro assays to evaluate the anthelmintic activity of tropical tannin rich plant extracts against haemonchus contortus.	the present trial aimed at comparing the sensitivity of two in vitro methods, i.e. the larval migration inhibition assay (lmia) and the larval exsheathment inhibition assay (leia), to evaluate the anthelmintic (ah) properties of tannin-rich plant extracts against haemonchus contortus infective larvae. the two assays were applied on the same batch of h. contortus infective larvae exposed to water/acetonic extracts obtained from four tropical plants with different tannin contents: acacia gaumeri, ...	2011	21530082
protection of calves against haemonchus placei and haemonchus contortus after immunization with gut membrane proteins from h. contortus.	a vaccine containing integral membrane glycoproteins from the intestine of haemonchus contortus was evaluated in 4 groups of 9 worm free calves challenged with either 8,000 h. contortus or haemonchus placei infective larvae. vaccinates received 50 μg of the antigen and 1mg quila adjuvant three times 21 days apart, while the controls got adjuvant alone. the calves were challenged 7 days after the last immunization and killed for worm counts 43 days later. immunization resulted in high titre antib ...	2011	21535018
norcantharidin analogues with nematocidal activity in haemonchus contortus.	with the major problems with resistance in parasitic nematodes of livestock to anthelmintic drugs, there is an urgent need to develop new nematocides. in the present study, we employed a targeted approach for the design of a series of norcantharidin analogues (n=54) for activity testing against the barber's pole worm (haemonchus contortus) of small ruminants in a larval development assay (lda) and also for toxicity testing on nine distinct human cell lines. although none of the 54 analogues synt ...	2011	21536433
evaluation of immune response to artificial infections of haemonchus contortus in gulf coast native compared with suffolk lambs.	the gulf coast native (native) breed of sheep among many others is identified as being relatively resistant to haemonchus contortus, an abomasal nematode parasite of small ruminants. understanding the mode of immune response that helps these breeds of sheep control infection could help design and implement appropriate control programs. in this experiment, the components of the immune response during the early infection period in resistant native lambs were evaluated and compared with susceptible ...	2011	21570191
a multi-species model to assess the effect of refugia on worm control and anthelmintic resistance in sheep grazing systems.	objective develop a computer simulation model that uses daily meteorological data and farm management practices to predict populations of trichostrongylus colubriformis, haemonchus contortus and teladorsagia (ostertagia) circumcincta and the evolution of anthelmintic resistance within a sheep flock. use the model to explore if increased refugia, provided by leaving some adult sheep untreated, would delay development of anthelmintic resistance without compromising nematode control. procedures c ...	2011	21595639
in vitro anthelmintic activity of crude extracts of five medicinal plants against egg-hatching and larval development of haemonchus contortus.	ethnopharmacological relevance: senna occidentalis, leonotis ocymifolia, leucas martinicensis, rumex abyssinicus, and albizia schimperiana are traditionally used for treatment of various ailments including helminth infection in ethiopia. materials and methods: in vitro egg hatch assay and larval development tests were conducted to determine the possible anthelmintic effects of crude aqueous and hydro-alcoholic extracts of the leaves of senna occidentalis, aerial parts of leonotis ocymifolia, leu ...	2011	21605649
dose titration of sericea lespedeza leaf meal on haemonchus contortus infection in lambs and kids.	the objective of three experiments was to determine the impact of supplementing sericea lespedeza (lespedeza cuneata; sl) in three concentrations in a loose or pelleted diet on gastrointestinal nematodes (gin) in small ruminants. experiments on lambs were conducted at the usda, agricultural research service in booneville, ar (exp. 1) and at louisiana state university in baton rouge, la (exp. 2); an experiment on goat kids occurred at university of maryland-eastern shore (exp. 3). exp. 1 used cro ...	2011	21621921
validation of the famacha© eye colour chart using sensitivity/specificity analysis on two south african sheep farms.	a validation study of the famacha(©) system for clinical evaluation of anaemia due to haemonchus contortus was conducted on two commercial sheep farms in the summer rainfall region of south africa. in this region, the haemonchus season lasts from october to april. on farm 1 the system was tested over a period of five successive years in consecutive sets of young stud merino replacement rams and ewes examined at intervals of 3-5 weeks over each haemonchus season, under routine farming conditions. ...	2011	19775816
the distribution of snp marker effects for faecal worm egg count in sheep, and the feasibility of using these markers to predict genetic merit for resistance to worm infections.	summarygenetic resistance to gastrointestinal worms is a complex trait of great importance in both livestock and humans. in order to gain insights into the genetic architecture of this trait, a mixed breed population of sheep was artificially infected with trichostrongylus colubriformis (n=3326) and then haemonchus contortus (n=2669) to measure faecal worm egg count (wec). the population was genotyped with the illumina ovinesnp50 beadchip and 48 640 single nucleotide polymorphism (snp) markers p ...	2011	24725775
the influence of water on the migration of infective trichostrongyloid larvae onto grass.	detailed knowledge of the effects of water on the migration of infective larvae of economically important trichostrongyloid species is urgently needed to feed into prediction models of future epidemiology. the influence of water on the migration of the parasitic nematodes nematodirus battus, haemonchus contortus and teladorsagia circumcincta from sheep dung onto grass was examined in a series of laboratory experiments. turf plots were seeded with larvae, which were recovered from grass clippings ...	2011	24650934
elucidating ants in worms using genomic and bioinformatic tools--biotechnological prospects?	adenine nucleotide translocators (ants) belong to the mitochondrial carrier family (mcf) of proteins. atp production and consumption are tightly linked to ants, the kinetics of which have been proposed to play a key regulatory role in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. ants are also recognized as a central component of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore associated with apoptosis. although ants have been investigated in a range of vertebrates, including human, mouse and cattle, ...	2010	19770033
structural and functional characterisation of the fork head transcription factor-encoding gene, hc-daf-16, from the parasitic nematode haemonchus contortus (strongylida).	despite their phylogenetic diversity, parasitic nematodes share attributes of longevity and developmental arrest (=hypobiosis) with free-living nematodes at key points in their life cycles, particularly in larval stages responsible for establishing infection in the host. insulin-like signalling plays crucial roles in the regulation of life span and arrest (=dauer formation) in the free-living nematode, caenorhabditis elegans. insulin-like signalling in c. elegans negatively regulates the fork he ...	2010	19796644
expression of genes in gastrointestinal and lymphatic tissues during parasite infection in sheep genetically resistant or susceptible to trichostrongylus colubriformis and haemonchus contortus.	resistance to an acute gastrointestinal nematode (gin) infection is dependent on the ability of the host to recognise the parasite and mount a protective th2 response. it is hypothesised that lambs which are genetically susceptible to gin will differentially up-regulate th1-type genes and therefore remain susceptible to chronic parasitism compared with genetically resistant lambs which will differentially up-regulate th2-type genes and clear the parasite infection. two selection flocks, in which ...	2010	19825375
the use of dna markers to map anthelmintic resistance loci in an intraspecific cross of haemonchus contortus.	the use of dna markers to track the development of anthelmintic resistance in parasites of livestock would allow informed choices for the management of this important problem. we describe a genetic mapping approach for the discovery of dna markers for anthelmintic resistance in haemonchus contortus. we crossed a multi-drug resistant field isolate of h. contortus with a well-characterized laboratory strain susceptible to 4 drug classes. the f2 were separately selected with 5 anthelmintics from 4 ...	2010	19835651
gastro-intestinal nematode infections in goats relative to season, host sex and age from the kashmir valley, india.	the present study aimed to investigate the seasonal epidemiological prevalence of gastro-intestinal nematodes (gins) of goats with respect to sex and age of the host in the kashmir valley from 1 february 2005 to 31 january 2007. a total of 1267 goats were examined [faecal examination: 938 (year 1: 470; year 2: 468); gastro-intestinal (git) examination: 329 (year 1: 175; year 2: 154)]. the overall prevalence of gin infection in these animals was 54.3% (year 1: 54.8%; year 2: 53.8%; p = 0.842). th ...	2010	19627625
in-vitro anthelminthic activity of crude aqueous extracts of aloe ferox, leonotis leonurus and elephantorrhiza elephantina against haemonchus contortus.	aloe ferox (mill), leonotis leonurus (l) r. br; and elephantorrhiza elephantina (burch.) skeels are plants frequently used by resource-limited farmers in the eastern cape province to control gastrointestinal parasites in goats. a study was conducted to validate their anthelminthic activities in-vitro on the egg and larvae of the nematode parasite haemonchus contortus. the crude aqueous extracts of leaves of a. ferox and l. leonurus; and roots of e. elephantina were used. eggs and larvae of the p ...	2010	19693685
vaccination-induced igg response to galalpha1-3galnac glycan epitopes in lambs protected against haemonchus contortus challenge infection.	lambs vaccinated with haemonchus contortus excretory/secretory (es) glycoproteins in combination with the adjuvant alhydrogel are protected against h. contortus challenge infection. using glycan micro-array analysis we showed that serum from such vaccinated lambs contains igg antibodies that recognise the glycan antigen galalpha1-3galnac-r and galnacbeta1-4(fucalpha1-3)glcnac-r. our studies revealed that h. contortus glycoproteins contain galalpha1-3gal-r as well as significant levels of galalph ...	2010	19695255
daf-7-related tgf-beta homologues from trichostrongyloid nematodes show contrasting life-cycle expression patterns.	the transforming growth factor-beta (tgf-beta) gene family regulates critical processes in animal development, and plays a crucial role in regulating the mammalian immune response. we aimed to identify tgf-beta homologues from 2 laboratory model nematodes (heligmosomoides polygyrus and nippostrongylus brasiliensis) and 2 major parasites of ruminant livestock (haemonchus contortus and teladorsagia circumcincta). parasite cdna was used as a template for gene-specific pcr and race. homologues of th ...	2010	19712539
the kunitz domain protein bli-5 plays a functionally conserved role in cuticle formation in a diverse range of nematodes.	the cuticle of parasitic nematodes performs many critical functions and is essential for proper development and for protection from the host immune response. the biosynthesis, assembly, modification and turnover of this exoskeleton have been most extensively studied in the free-living nematode, caenorhabditis elegans, where it represents a complex multi-step process involving a whole suite of enzymes. the biosynthesis of the cuticle has an additional level of complexity, as many of the enzymes a ...	2010	19716386
multiple anthelmintic resistance and the possible contributory factors in beetal goats in an irrigated area (pakistan).	this paper presents the first report of multiple anthelmintic resistance in the gastrointestinal nematodes of goats and its possible contributory factors in an irrigated area (pakistan). a total of 18 privately owned beetal goat flocks were selected in order to determine the anthelmintic resistance against commonly used anthelmintics. forty to 48 animals from each flock were selected according to their weight and egg count. the three anthelmintics viz., oxfendazole, levamisole and ivermectin, we ...	2010	19733870
immunoproteomic analysis of whole proteins from male and female adult haemonchus contortus.	whole proteins of male and female adult haemonchus contortus were analysed by immunoproteomic techniques. approximately 662 and 680 spots were detected on proteome maps of male and female nematodes, respectively, stained with coomassie brilliant blue g-250. there were 609 shared spots. approximately 193 and 196 spots were recognised on western blot maps of male and female nematodes, respectively, using antiserum from naturally infected goats as the source of primary antibodies. there were 129 ge ...	2010	19560953
anthelmintic effects of prosopis laevigata n-hexanic extract against haemonchus contortus in artificially infected gerbils ( meriones unguiculatus).	the anthelmintic effect of prosopis laevigata (mezquite) n-hexanic extract was evaluated against haemonchus contortus endoparasitic stages in artificially infected gerbils (meriones unguiculatus). prosopis laevigata leaves were collected from the sierra de huautla, ecological reserve of the biosphere, in morelos state, mexico; dehydrated under shade and macerated with n-hexane for 3 days, followed by distillation for 8 h. this procedure was repeated three times and the final extract was kept at ...	2010	19619382
modification and further evaluation of a fluorescein-labeled peanut agglutinin test for identification of haemonchus contortus eggs.	gastrointestinal nematodes of the family trichostrongylidae are the most important parasites of sheep, goats and other ruminants worldwide. of this group, haemonchus contortus is usually the most damaging species, particularly in warmer climates or during the summer. it is therefore useful to be able to rapidly differentiate infections with this nematode from other, less pathogenic, species. however, aside from nematodirus spp., there are only subtle differences between the egg morphology within ...	2010	20060646
protein acyltransferase function of purified calreticulin. part 1: characterization of propionylation of protein utilizing propoxycoumarin as the propionyl group donor.	we have earlier reported that an endoplasmic reticulum luminal protein calreticulin (cr) mediated the acetylation of certain receptor proteins such as glutathione s-transferase (gst) by polyphenolic acetates, leading to irreversible inhibition. this function of calreticulin was termed calreticulin transacetylase. in this communication, we have demonstrated for the first time the ability of the purified recombinant calreticulin of a parasitic nematode haemonchus contortus to transfer propionyl gr ...	2010	20071373
effect of repeated wattle tannin drenches on worm burdens, faecal egg counts and egg hatchability during naturally acquired nematode infections in sheep and goats.	in vivo and in vitro experiments were carried out to investigate the effect of repeated wattle tannin (wt) drenches on faecal egg counts (fec), worm burdens and egg hatchability during a naturally acquired worm infection in sheep and goats. for the in vivo experiment, nematode-infected sheep and goats were orally drenched with wt at a dose of 1.3g and 1.6gwt/kg bodyweight per day for three consecutive days respectively while a control group received a placebo. fec and other worm infection parame ...	2010	20083356
acetate formation in the energy metabolism of parasitic helminths and protists.	formation and excretion of acetate as a metabolic end product of energy metabolism occurs in many protist and helminth parasites, such as the parasitic helminths fasciola hepatica, haemonchus contortus and ascaris suum, and the protist parasites, giardia lamblia, entamoeba histolytica, trichomonas vaginalis as well as trypanosoma and leishmania spp. in all of these parasites acetate is a main end product of their energy metabolism, whereas acetate formation does not occur in their mammalian host ...	2010	20085767
in vitro anthelmintic activity of combretum molle (r. br. ex g. don) (combretaceae) against haemonchus contortus ova and larvae.	parasitic nematodes, especially haemonchus contortus (rudolphi), are among the most common and economically important causes of disease in sheep and goats owned by pastoralists and small holder farmers in africa. the control of these infections relies mainly on the use of anthelmintic drugs. however, herbal preparations are widely used by pastoralists and small holder farmers for the treatment of their livestock against helminth parasites. the anthelmintic effect of acetone leaf extract and frac ...	2010	20097010
lysine-scanning mutagenesis reveals an amendable face of the cyclotide kalata b1 for the optimization of nematocidal activity.	cyclotides are a family of macrocyclic peptides that combine the unique features of a head-to-tail cyclic backbone and a cystine knot motif, the combination of which imparts them with extraordinary stability. the prototypic cyclotide kalata b1 is toxic against two economically important gastrointestinal nematode parasites of sheep, haemonchus contortus and trichostrongylus colubriformis. a lysine scan was conducted to examine the effect of the incorporation of positive charges into the kalata b1 ...	2010	20103593
calreticulin transacylase: genesis, mechanism of action and biological applications.	our earlier investigations have identified a unique enzyme in the endoplasmic reticulum (er) termed acetoxy drug: protein transacetylase (taase) catalyzing the transfer of acetyl group from polyphenolic acetates (pa) to certain receptor proteins (rp). an elegant assay procedure for taase was developed based on the inhibition of glutathione s-transferase (gst) due to acetylation by a model acetoxycoumarin, 7, 8-diacetoxy-4-methylcoumarin (damc). taase purified from various mammalian tissue micros ...	2010	20109516
in vitro effects of tabernaemontana citrifolia extracts on haemonchus contortus.	tabernaemontana citrifolia (apocynaceae) is traditionally used as an anthelmintic preparation for ruminants in guadeloupe (french west indies). this study was carried out to evaluate the in vitro effect of this plant against the parasitic nematode of small ruminants haemonchus contortus. three extracts (aqueous, methanolic and dichloromethane) of t. citrifolia fruit, leaf and root were tested on four developmental stages of the parasite, using egg hatch assay (eha), larval development assay (lda ...	2010	20117808
vertical migration of haemonchus contortus infective larvae on cynodon dactylon and paspalum notatum pastures in response to climatic conditions.	observations were made on vertical migration patterns of haemonchus contortus infective larvae on cynodon dactylon (bermudagrass) and paspalum notatum (bahiagrass) pastures under summer climatic conditions typical of east texas. ten thousand h. contortus infective larvae (l3) were introduced to 100 cm(2) subplots of each pasture species within a plot area of 1m(2). subplots were inoculated with larvae by applying them in an aqueous medium to the soil or mat beneath the vegetation. herbage from t ...	2010	20149541
characterization of a caenorhabditis elegans glc seven-like phosphatase (gsp) orthologue from haemonchus contortus (nematoda).	a full-length complementary dna (cdna; designated hc-stp-1) encoding a serine/threonine phosphatase (hc-stp-1) was isolated from haemonchus contortus, a strongylid nematode parasite of small ruminants. hc-stp-1 was shown to be transcribed in males of both adults and fourth-stage larvae, but not in females, early larval stages or eggs. the full-length gene (2854 bp) contained ten exons and nine introns, and encoded a cdna of 951 bp. comparisons of the conceptually translated protein (316 amino ac ...	2010	20153820
the control of inhibited fourth-stage larvae of haemonchus contortus and teladorsagia spp. in sheep in australia with monepantel.	monepantel is the first molecule from the amino-acetonitrile derivatives to be developed for controlling gastro-intestinal nematodes in sheep. two studies were undertaken to examine the drug's efficacy against inhibited fourth-stage larvae of haemonchus contortus and teladorsagia spp. in sheep when administered as an oral solution at 2.5mg/kg bodyweight. in study 1, efficacy was 99.7% against h. contortus (p<0.0001) and in study 2, 99.8% against teladorsagia spp. (p<0.0001). this population cons ...	2010	20153932
immune cell kinetics in the ovine abomasal mucosa following hyperimmunization and challenge with haemonchus contortus.	sheep were sensitized by repeated infection with haemonchus contortus l3, followed by a 12 week rest period, and an abomasal cannula was surgically implanted in all sheep. seven of the sensitized sheep were subsequently challenged with 50 000 h. contortus l3 while 4 control sheep were challenged with saline. biopsy samples were taken using a fibreoptic endoscope on days 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7 and 28 after challenge and leukocyte subpopulations quantified by (immuno)histology. differential blood cell c ...	2010	20167198
ovicidal and larvicidal activity of crude extracts of melia azedarach against haemonchus contortus (strongylida).	the rapid development of anthelmintic resistance, associated with the high cost of the available anthelmintic drugs, has limited the success of gastrointestinal nematodiosis control in sheep and goats and thus created interest in studying medicinal plants as an alternative source of anthelmintics. the aim of this study was carried out to evaluate the anthelmintic activity of the leaves and seed aqueous and hydro-alcoholic extracts of melia azedarach l. (meliaceae) were tested for in vitro ovicid ...	2010	20177909
an unc-49 gaba receptor subunit from the parasitic nematode haemonchus contortus is associated with enhanced gaba sensitivity in nematode heteromeric channels.	we have identified two genes from the parasitic nematode haemonchus contortus, hco-unc-49b and hco-unc-49c that encode two gaba-gated chloride channel subunits. electrophysiological analysis revealed that this channel has properties similar to those of the unc-49 channel from the free-living nematode caenorhabditis elegans. for example, the hco-unc-49b subunit forms a functional homomeric channel that responds to gaba and is highly sensitive to picrotoxin. hco-unc-49c alone does not respond to g ...	2010	20180830
the accuracy of the famacha-method in detecting anaemia and haemonchosis in goat flocks in switzerland under field conditions.	in this study, goats from six farms in central switzerland were examined for the evaluation of the famacha-method under middle european conditions. individual faecal egg counts were determined at a 4-week interval for a period of 6 months and the gastrointestinal nematode (gin) genera were differentiated using larval culture. simultaneously, the goats were bled for packed cell volume (pcv) determination and scored for anaemia of the conjunctiva according to the famacha-method. the three methods ...	2010	20188478
quarantine treatment of sheep with monepantel--rapidity of fecal egg count reduction.	in the presence of multiple anthelmintic resistance, effective quarantine treatment of sheep entering a farm has become a crucial tool in nematode management. in the present work, the use of the amino-acetonitrile derivative, monepantel as a quarantine treatment was investigated. of special interest was the rapidity of decrease in fecal egg counts (fec) compared to other anthelmintics used in sheep. in three different studies, sheep were either infected with haemonchus contortus of known resista ...	2010	20207487
monosaccharide composition of fundic and duodenal mucins in sheep infected with haemonchus contortus or teladorsagia circumcincta.	the effects on the monosaccharide composition of fundic and duodenal mucins of parasitism by haemonchus contortus or teladorsagia circumcincta were investigated in sheep at 4, 6 and 9 months of age. infected sheep were euthanased at days 21 and 28 post-infection respectively, together with uninfected controls. fundic and duodenal mucins were purified by gel filtration and cscl density gradient centrifugation and monosaccharides were released by heating at 95 degrees c for 6h in 2m hcl. thin-laye ...	2010	20211529
association of ion-channel genotype and macrocyclic lactone sensitivity traits in haemonchus contortus.	resistance to macrocyclic lactones in the strongylid parasite of sheep, haemonchus contortus, is associated with specific alleles of several genes, including those encoding ligand-gated chloride-channels. while previous functional studies of the ion-channels encoded by these resistant alleles have revealed alterations in ligand binding and response to the anthelmintics, we still do not know how these alleles are contributing to resistance in vivo. to understand the phenomenon of anthelmintic res ...	2010	20211658
cyclotide interactions with the nematode external surface.	cyclotides are a large family of cyclic cystine knot-containing plant peptides that have anthelminthic activities against haemonchus contortus and trichostrongylus colubriformis, two important gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep. in this study, we investigated the interaction of the prototypic cyclotide kalata b1 with the external surface of h. contortus larvae and adult worms. we show that cyclotides do not need to be ingested by the worms to exert their toxic effects but that an interaction wi ...	2010	20211894
haemonchus contortus: cloning and characterization of serpin.	the serpin gene of haemonchus contortus (hc-serpin) was cloned and characterized in this study. specific primers for rapid amplification cdna ends (race) were designed based on the expression sequence tag (est, bm173953) to amplify the 3'- and 5'-ends of hc-serpin. the full length of the cdna of this gene was obtained by overlapping the sequences of 3'- and 5'-extremities and amplification by reverse transcription-pcr. the biochemical activities of the recombinant protein (rhc-serpin), which was ...	2010	20214897
an ortholog of the ecdysone receptor protein (ecr) from the parasitic nematode haemonchus contortus.	high concentrations (> or =4.2mm) of 20e inhibit the development of haemonchus contortus eggs to the l3 larval stage. we report the cloning of cdna encoding an ecr ortholog (hcecr) from h. contortus mrna expressed during l3. phylogenetically, this and the putative ecr from brugia malayi form a separate branch between arthropod ecrs and liver x receptors. two isoforms of hcecr differ in the inclusion/omission of a 3-residue segment in the a/b domain. single nucleotide polymorphisms at 49 position ...	2010	20226216
maternal transference of passive humoral immunity to haemonchus contortus in goats.	this study evaluated the transference of maternal-specific antibodies against haemonchus contortus and the humoral immune response of 32 goat kids to natural infection by the parasite, from birth to 5 months of age. all serum samples collected immediately after birth and before colostrum ingestion were negative for h. contortus antibodies, as demonstrated by elisa. however, 30 and 60 days after colostrum and milk ingestion, antibody detection was positive and faecal egg count (fec) was negative, ...	2010	20236709
prevalence and distribution of gastrointestinal nematodes on 32 organic and conventional commercial sheep farms in ontario and quebec, canada (2006-2008).	in order to characterize the epidemiology of sheep gastrointestinal nematodes in organic and conventional flocks in canada, a longitudinal study was carried out from may 2006 to march 2008 on 32 purposively selected farms in ontario (on) and quebec (qc): 8 certified organic (co), 16 non-certified organic (nco), and 8 conventional (c) farms. on each farm, 10 ewes and 10 female lambs were selected. farm visits were undertaken monthly during the grazing season, and twice in the winter. at each visi ...	2010	20236769
efficacy of duddingtonia flagrans and arthrobotrys robusta in controlling sheep parasitic gastroenteritis.	the aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of formulations of sodium alginate matrix (pellets) of the nematode predatory fungi, duddingtonia flagrans (ac001 isolate) and arthrobotrys robusta (i-31 isolate), in the biological control of sheep gastrointestinal nematode infections. thirty young bergamacia ewes were allocated into three groups: in group 1 (control), the animals received 2 g/10 kg of live weight (l.w.) of pellets without fungus; in group 2, each animal received 2 g/10 kg of l ...	2010	20237801
efficacy of copper oxide wire particles against gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep and goats.	profitable sheep and goat production in the usa is severely limited by gastrointestinal nematode (gin) parasitism, particularly by haemonchus contortus. copper oxide wire particles (cowp) have anti-parasitic properties in the diet of small ruminants, but efficacy of cowp may differ between sheep and goats. in a study with weaned kids (kiko x spanish cross, 6 months old) and lambs (katahdin or dorper x blackface crosses, 5 months old), grazing the same pasture area in central georgia, 2g of cowp ...	2010	19931291
cdna-aflp analysis in levamisole-resistant haemonchus contortus reveals alternative splicing in a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit.	the cdna-aflp (cdna-amplified fragment length polymorphism) method comparing transcripts from levamisole-resistant and susceptible haemonchus contortus isolates has led to the successful identification of a number of potentially useful levamisole-resistance markers. in the present study, we report the characterization of the transcript-derived fragment (tdf) named hax which was confirmed to be specifically expressed in three levamisole-resistant isolates by rt-pcr experiments. cloning and sequen ...	2010	19932716
evaluation of three pakistani sheep breeds for their natural resistance to artificial infection of haemonchus contortus.	this study was carried out to evaluate three pakistani sheep breeds (kachhi, lohi and thalli) for their natural resistance against artificial infection of haemonchus contortus. lambs were weaned at 3 months of age, housed in separate pens and treated with avermectin to eliminate gastrointestinal nematode infection. each lamb was infected orally with approximately 10,000 third stage larvae of h. contortus. selected breeds were compared on the basis of parasitological, haematological, biochemical ...	2010	19939567
administration of copper oxide wire particles in a capsule or feed for gastrointestinal nematode control in goats.	widespread anthelmintic resistance in small ruminants has necessitated alternative means of gastrointestinal nematode (gin) control. the objective was to determine the effectiveness of copper oxide wire particles (cowp) administered as a gelatin capsule or in a feed supplement to control gin in goats. in four separate experiments, peri-parturient does (n=36), yearling does (n=25), weaned kids (n=72), and yearling bucks (n=16) were randomly assigned to remain untreated or administered 2g cowp in ...	2010	19945224
alterations in the expression level of a putative aspartic protease in the development of angiostrongylus cantonensis.	aspartic proteases are a family of proteinases with catalytic aspartate residues in the active site. these enzymes have been reported to initialize the degradation of host hemoglobin in blood-feeding helminths. after identifying an expressed sequence tag representing an aspartic protease from an angiostrongylus cantonensis young adult dataset, this sequence was found to encode a protein with a predicted molecular mass of 46 kda. it also showed good homologies to aspartic proteases from caenorhab ...	2010	19945419
overcoming macrocyclic lactone resistance in haemonchus contortus with pulse dosing of levamisole.	the in vivo effect of dosing levamisole as a pulse release within an ivermectin (ivm) controlled-release device (crd) was simulated by periodic dosing of levamisole to haemonchus contortus-infected sheep already treated with an ivm crd. the rationale for this treatment combination arises from the need to find alternative approaches to the treatment of gastrointestinal parasites in livestock in the face of increasing levels of anthelmintic resistance which is now widespread in australia. thirty m ...	2010	19959294
anthelmintic activity of some mediterranean browse plants against parasitic nematodes.	the anthelmintic properties of tannin-rich plants are being explored as an alternative to chemical drugs. most data have been acquired on legume forages, but only few on browse plants. the present study aimed to (i) screen the in vitro effects of extracts from 7 mediterranean plants on haemonchus contortus, (ii) verify the role of tannins using an inhibitor, polyvinyl polypyrrolidone (pvpp) and (iii) verify the in vivo effects of extracts from 4 plants. significant inhibition was shown in vitro ...	2010	19961649
in vivo anthelmintic activity of azadirachta indica a. juss seeds against gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep.	this paper describes the in vivo anthelmintic activity of azadirachta indica seeds to justify their use in south-asia by traditional animal healers. seeds of a. indica were administered as crude powder (cp), crude aqueous (cae) and crude methanolic extracts (cme) at the doses of 1 and 3g/kg of body weight to sheep naturally infected with mixed species of gastrointestinal nematodes. the study design also included untreated as well as treated controls. faecal egg count reduction and larval counts ...	2010	19963323
effect of feeding mucuna pruriens on helminth parasite infestation in lambs.	mucuna pruriens is a tropical legume anecdotally reputed to have anthelmintic properties. this study was conducted to examine the validity of such claims.	2010	19969060
design and synthesis of novel insecticides based on the serotonergic ligand 1-[(4-aminophenyl)ethyl]-4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]piperazine (papp).	1-[(4-aminophenyl)ethyl]-4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]piperazine (papp) is a 5-ht(1a) agonist and was reported to display high affinity for serotonin (5-ht) receptor from the parasitic nematode haemonchus contortus . the present investigation explored the possibility of using papp as a lead compound of new insecticides with novel mode of action. on the basis of the papp scaffold, a series of 1-arylmethyl-4-[(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]piperazine derivatives were designed, synthesized, and eval ...	2010	20000410
nematode challenge induces differential expression of oxidant, antioxidant and mucous genes down the longitudinal axis of the sheep gut.	to characterize the role of a range of oxidant, antioxidant and mucous-related genes in the primary response to gastrointestinal nematodes, groups of genetically resistant sheep were challenged with either haemonchus contortus or trichostrongylus colubriformis and necropsied for retrieval of tissue at days 0, 3, 7, 14 and 21. to determine if the response was localized to the site of parasite infection, four different gut tissues were sampled: the abomasum, proximal and distal jejunum and ileum. ...	2010	20042006
the effect of sheep breed, age, and gender on the pharmacokinetics and efficacy of monepantel, an amino-acetonitrile derivative.	this analysis investigated the influence of breed and gender on the pharmacokinetics of monepantel, and influence of breed, age, and gender on its efficacy against gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep. in a comparison of pharmacokinetic profiles from two studies, merino lambs had significantly greater maximum concentrations of monepantel and monepantel sulfone, and faster times to reach these concentrations than dorset cross lambs. males had a statistically greater area under the curve (0-504 h) ...	2010	19898870
estimates of genetic parameters for faecal egg count of haemonchus contortus infection and relationship with growth traits in avikalin sheep.	genetic parameters for faecal egg count were estimated in naturally challenged avikalin sheep developed and maintained at central sheep & wool research institute, avikanagar, india, over a period of 4 years (2004-2007). the data on faecal egg count for 433 animals descended from 41 sires, and 151 dams were used for the study. genetic analyses were carried out using restricted maximum likelihood, fitting an animal model and ignoring or including maternal genetic or permanent environmental effects ...	2010	19898999
drug target prediction and prioritization: using orthology to predict essentiality in parasite genomes.	new drug targets are urgently needed for parasites of socio-economic importance. genes that are essential for parasite survival are highly desirable targets, but information on these genes is lacking, as gene knockouts or knockdowns are difficult to perform in many species of parasites. we examined the applicability of large-scale essentiality information from four model eukaryotes, caenorhabditis elegans, drosophila melanogaster, mus musculus and saccharomyces cerevisiae, to discover essential ...	2010	20361874
a vacuolar-type proton (h+) translocating atpase alpha subunit encoded by the hc-vha-6 gene of haemonchus contortus.	in the present study, a full-length cdna (designated hc-vha-6) inferred to encode an alpha subunit of a vacuolar-type proton translocating adenosine triphosphatase (v-atpase) was isolated from the parasitic nematode haemonchus contortus, and characterized. the transcript for hc-vha-6 was detected in all developmental stages and both sexes of h. contortus. elements, including two tata box (tataa), two inverted caat box (attgg), five e box (canntg) and six gata as well as five inverse gata (ttatc) ...	2010	20362051
biological characterization and pathogenicity of three haemonchus contortus isolates in primary infections in lambs.	the biological characterization and differential pathogenicity of three isolates of haemonchus contortus, one autochthonous (aran 99) and two allochthonous (moredun research institute, mri, and merck sharp and dohme, msd) were studied by primary experimental infection of manchego lambs. thus, six female lambs (5.5 months old) were infected with 12,000 l3 larvae of each helminth isolate. parasitological (pre-patent period, parasite egg shedding dynamics), biopathological (packed cell volume (pcv) ...	2010	20363563
resistance and resilience of west african dwarf goats of the nigerian savanna zone exposed to experimental escalating primary and challenge infections with haemonchus contortus.	we assessed the resilience and resistance to infection with haemonchus contortus of savanna west african dwarf (wad) goats from northern nigeria. adult male goats (n=32) were given an escalating immunizing infection, comprising 5 weekly infections with increasing numbers of larvae. on day (d) 56 they were segregated into low (lfec) and high (hfec) faecal egg count phenotypes, and within each phenotype 7 goats were treated with anthelmintic and seven received no treatment. four goats were culled ...	2010	20378252
detection of quantitative trait loci for internal parasite resistance in sheep. i. linkage analysis in a romney x merino sheep backcross population.	this study aimed to identify putative quantitative trait loci (qtl) that significantly affect internal parasite resistance in a backcross sheep population. a romney x merino backcross (to merino) flock was challenged in 3 separate infections with trichostrongylus colubriformis (primary and secondary) and haemonchus contortus (tertiary). haematological parameters were measured and faecal worm egg counts (fwec) were established to estimate parasite burden. qtl mapping was conducted for fwec and fo ...	2010	20388239
effect of route of administration on the efficacy and pharmacokinetics of an experimental formulation of the amino-acetonitrile derivative monepantel in sheep.	the effect of the route of administration (oral, intraruminal and intra-abomasal) on the efficacy and pharmacokinetics of the new anthelmintic monepantel in sheep was investigated. the target nematodes were fourth-stage haemonchus contortus, teladorsagia circumcincta, trichostrongylus colubriformis and cooperia curticei. a clear difference in efficacy was identified between the routes of administration, although the difference did not consistently reach statistical significance; oral treatment w ...	2010	20400740
influence of gastrointestinal trichostrongylidosis on ram fertility.	a study on the influence of gastrointestinal trichostrongyles on ram fertility was performed. two groups of semen donor rams (sarda breed) were utilized; one was experimentally infected with haemonchus contortus, trichostrongylus colubriformis and teladorsagia circumcincta and the other was used as a control group. in all animals, coprological, haematological and reproductive parameters were studied. the results suggest that the parasites had a limited effect with some changes in phosphorus, cho ...	2010	21370756