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alcohol use, mycoplasma genitalium, and other stis associated with hiv incidence among women at high risk in kampala, uganda.in 2008, the first clinic for women involved in high-risk sexual behavior was established in kampala, offering targeted hiv prevention. this article describes rates, determinants, and trends of hiv incidence over 3 years.201323075920
simultaneous detection of seven sexually transmitted agents in human immunodeficiency virus-infected brazilian women by multiplex polymerase chain reaction.we determined the prevalence of seven clinically important pathogens that cause sexually transmitted infections (stis) (chlamydia trachomatis, neisseria gonorrhoeae, mycoplasma genitalium, trichomonas vaginalis, herpes simplex virus 1 [hsv-1], hsv-2, and treponema pallidum), by using a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (m-pcr) in samples from brazilian woman infected with human immunodeficiency virus 1 (hiv-1) and uninfected brazilian women (controls). the m-pcr assay identified all stis teste ...201324080632
human papillomavirus and other genital infections in indigenous women from paraguay: a cross-sectional analytical study.the incidence of cervical cancer in paraguay is among the highest in the world, with the human papillomavirus (hpv) being a necessary factor for cervical cancer. knowledge about hpv infection among indigenous women is limited. this cross-sectional study analyzed the frequency of hpv and other genital infections in indigenous paraguayan women of the department of presidente hayes.201324206645
sexually transmitted infections in women participating in a biomedical intervention trial in durban: prevalence, coinfections, and risk factors.background. sexually transmitted infections (stis) continue to be a significant public health problem especially among women of reproductive age in africa. methods. a total of 2236 women that had enrolled in the mdp301 vaginal microbicide trial were tested for the presence of chlamydia trachomatis (ct), neisseria gonorrhea (ng), treponema pallidum, and trichomonas vaginalis (tv). results. ct was identified as the most prevalent sti (11%) followed by tv (10%), ng, and syphilis (3%). the highest p ...201326316957
effect of risk-reduction counseling with rapid hiv testing on risk of acquiring sexually transmitted infections: the aware randomized clinical trial.to increase human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) testing rates, many institutions and jurisdictions have revised policies to make the testing process rapid, simple, and routine. a major issue for testing scale-up efforts is the effectiveness of hiv risk-reduction counseling, which has historically been an integral part of the hiv testing process.201324150466
identification, characterization, and synthesis of peptide epitopes and a recombinant six-epitope protein for trichomonas vaginalis serodiagnosis.there is a need for a rapid, accurate serodiagnostic test useful for both women and men infected by trichomonas vaginalis, which causes the number one sexually transmitted infection (sti). women and men exposed to t. vaginalis make serum antibody to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase (ald), α-enolase (eno), and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gap). we identified, by epitope mapping, the common and distinct epitopes of each protein detected by the sera of women patients with trichomonos ...201327471691
azole-carbodithioate hybrids as vaginal anti-candida contraceptive agents: design, synthesis and docking studies.azole and carbodithioate hybrids were synthesized as alkyl 1h-azole-1-carbodithioates (7-27) and evaluated for spermicidal/microbicidal activities against human sperm, trichomonas vaginalis and candida species. seventeen compounds (7-14, 16-18 and 20-25) showed spermicidal activity at mec 1.0% (w/v) and permanently immobilized 100% normal human spermatozoa within ∼30 s. seventeen compounds (7-11, 13-18 and 20-25) exhibited anti-candida activity (ic50 1.26-47.69 μg/ml). all compounds were devoid ...201324140949
plants traditionally used individually and in combination to treat sexually transmitted infections in northern maputaland, south africa: antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity.although medicinal plants are used extensively to treat sexually transmitted infections (stis) in rural northern maputaland, kwazulu-natal, the efficacy and safety of these plants have not previously been evaluated.201323880127
epitopes of the highly immunogenic trichomonas vaginalis α-actinin are serodiagnostic targets for both women and men.there is a need for a point-of-care serodiagnostic test for women and men for sexually transmitted infections (stis) caused by trichomonas vaginalis. sera from women with this sti and sera from men that were analyzed in studies showing a relationship between serostatus and prostate cancer are highly seropositive in response to trichomonad α-actinin and its truncated protein (act-p2) (positive control sera). epitope mapping experiments showed that positive control sera from women had antibodies t ...201323616456
female genital mutilation and infections: a systematic review of the clinical evidence.female genital mutilation (fgm) is a common practice especially performed in women with no anaesthesia or antibiotics and in absence of aseptic conditions. the aim of this systematic review is to explore and analyze for first time in the current literature, the clinical evidence related to the presence of infections in the practice of fgm.201323315098
clinical characteristics of aerobic vaginitis and its association to vaginal candidiasis, trichomonas vaginitis and bacterial vaginosis.examine clinical characteristics of aerobic vaginitis and mixed infection for the purpose of better diagnostic accuracy and treatment efficiency.201325568514
the villain team-up or how trichomonas vaginalis and bacterial vaginosis alter innate immunity in concert.complex interactions of vaginal microorganisms with the genital tract epithelium shape mucosal innate immunity, which holds the key to sexual and reproductive health. bacterial vaginosis (bv), a microbiome-disturbance syndrome prevalent in reproductive-age women, occurs commonly in concert with trichomoniasis, and both are associated with increased risk of adverse reproductive outcomes and viral infections, largely attributable to inflammation. to investigate the causative relationships among in ...201323903808
sphingomyelinase activity of trichomonas vaginalis extract and subfractions.trichomoniasis is one of the most common acute sexually transmitted curable diseases, and it is disseminated worldwide generating more than 170 million cases annually. trichomonas vaginalis is the parasite that causes trichomoniasis and has the ability to destroy cell monolayers of the vaginal mucosa in vitro. sphingomyelinases (smase) are enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of sphingomyelin into ceramide and phosphorylcholine. ceramide appears to be a second messenger lipid in programmed apopt ...201324024206
antibody to a conserved antigenic target is protective against diverse prokaryotic and eukaryotic pathogens.microbial capsular antigens are effective vaccines but are chemically and immunologically diverse, resulting in a major barrier to their use against multiple pathogens. a β-(1→6)-linked poly-n-acetyl-d-glucosamine (pnag) surface capsule is synthesized by four proteins encoded in genetic loci designated intercellular adhesion in staphylococcus aureus or polyglucosamine in selected gram-negative bacterial pathogens. we report that many microbial pathogens lacking an identifiable intercellular adhe ...201323716675
expanded therapeutic potential in activity space of next-generation 5-nitroimidazole antimicrobials with broad structural diversity.metronidazole and other 5-nitroimidazoles (5-ni) are among the most effective antimicrobials available against many important anaerobic pathogens, but evolving resistance is threatening their long-term clinical utility. the common 5-nis were developed decades ago, yet little 5-ni drug development has since taken place, leaving the true potential of this important drug class unexplored. here we report on a unique approach to the modular synthesis of diversified 5-nis for broad exploration of thei ...201324101497
identification of the phosphorylated residues in tveif5a by mass spectrometry.the initiation factor eif5a in trichomonas vaginalis (tveif5a) is previously shown to undergo hypusination, phosphorylation and glycosylation. three different pi isoforms of tveif5a have been reported. the most acidic isoform (pi 5.2) corresponds to the precursor tveif5a, whereas the mature tveif5a appears to be the most basic isoform (pi 5.5). in addition, the intermediary isoform (pi 5.3) is found only under polyamine-depleted conditions and restored with exogenous putrescine. we propose that ...201324308916
simultaneous direct identification of genital microorganisms in voided urine using multiplex pcr-based reverse line blot assays.our aim was to develop and evaluate sensitive methods that would allow simultaneous direct identification of multiple potential pathogens in clinical specimens for diagnosis and epidemiological studies, using a multiplex pcr-based reverse line blot assay. we have previously developed assays suitable for detection of bacterial respiratory and systemic pathogens. in this chapter we describe, in detail, a method developed to identify 14 genital microorganisms, for use in epidemiological studies of ...201323104293
sexual behaviours, knowledge and attitudes regarding safe sex, and prevalence of non-viral sexually transmitted infections among attendees of youth clinics in st. petersburg, russia.adolescents and young adults are at increased risk of sexually transmitted infections (stis). knowledge of sti prevalence and risk factors are essential tools to elaborate preventive strategies. however, internationally reported studies on epidemiology of stis among the youth in russia are mainly lacking.201322429498
assessing therapeutic management of vaginal and urethral symptoms in an anonymous hiv testing centre in luanda, angola.this study aimed to estimate the prevalence of neisseria gonorrhoeae and chlamydia trachomatis infections and to assess the therapeutic management of vaginal/urethral discharge and dysuria in patients with human immunodeficiency virus in luanda, angola, taking into account world health organization recommendations for sexually transmitted infection syndromic management.201324129624
[sexually transmitted infections in women living in a prison in lima, peru].in order to determine the prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (sti) in recluse women of chorrillos penitentiary i in the city of lima, peru, a cross-sectional study was performed, including a simple random sample of women between ages 18 and 54, from whom 180 serum samples and 168 samples of cervical and vaginal discharge were analyzed. the most prevalent etiologic agents identified from cervical and vaginal discharge samples were chlamydia trachomatis in 42.3%, gardnerella vaginalis i ...201324100816
performance of anyplex™ ii multiplex real-time pcr for the diagnosis of seven sexually transmitted infections: comparison with currently available methods.the real-time pcr assay is the most sensitive test for screening and diagnosing sexually transmitted infections (stis) and has made diagnosing these infections easier for clinicians. the aim of this study was to investigate the reliability, accuracy, and usefulness of the real-time multiplex pcr assay for the detection of seven sexually transmitted microorganisms in clinical samples.201324095619
prevalence, clinical features and quantification of genital non-viral infections.we conducted a study of the prevalence, clinical features and microscopy findings, by retrospective case-notes survey, of six non-viral organisms, among 1718 attendees at a genitourinary (gu) medicine clinic in england. an in-house assay for six non-viral infections was used and quantitation of ureaplasmas performed. the prevalences of the six organisms were: chlamydia trachomatis (ct), 7.1%; neisseria gonorrhoeae (ng), 0.6%; mycoplasma genitalium (mg), 1.0%; trichomonas vaginalis, 0.2%; ureapla ...201323970658
epidemiological trends of sexually transmitted infections among women in cheonan, south korea, 2006-2012.a lack of investigation in specific regions has impeded the understanding of epidemiological trends in the prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (stis) in south korea. to help fill this research gap, this study used multiplex polymerase chain reaction (mpcr) to determine the prevalence of stis detected in clinical specimens collected from women in cheonan, south korea between august 2006 and november 2012, and analyzed the prevalence of stis according to age, bacterial pathogen, and time ...201323966022
sexually transmitted diseases.sexually transmitted infections (stis), also referred to as sexually transmitted diseases, remain a growing worldwide problem and public health issue. this article covers the epidemiology of stis, the history and physical findings, screening guidelines, and the general plan to combat stis. prevention is discussed using the latest information from the centers for disease control and prevention and other references. infections discussed from the standpoint of cause, epidemiology, risk factors, cli ...201323958358
low positivity rate after systematic screening for trichomonas vaginalis in three patient cohorts from general practitioners, sti clinic and a national population-based chlamydia screening study.the goal of this multi-cohort study is to investigate the positivity rate of trichomonas vaginalis (tv) among three distinct dutch patient populations and its relation with chlamydia trachomatis (ct) positivity. few studies have been performed in europe where tv positivity rate seems to be low. additionally, the majority of earlier studies have focused on high risk or specific populations.201323821769
cervicitis: limited clinical utility for the detection of mycoplasma genitalium in a cross-sectional study of women attending a new zealand sexual health clinic.although multiple studies have confirmed mycoplasma genitalium as a cause of nongonococcal urethritis in men, there is less evidence of its pathogenicity in women. our aims were to determine the prevalence of m. genitalium in a sample of women attending a sexual health clinic and to assess whether there was any association between the detection of m. genitalium and a diagnosis of cervicitis in this population.201323702105
trends and associations of trichomonas vaginalis infection in men and women with genital discharge syndromes in johannesburg, south africa.to better understand the epidemiology of trichomonas vaginalis infection, we investigated the association between t vaginalis and demographic, clinical, microbiological and behavioural characteristics of patients presenting with genital discharges to a primary healthcare clinic in johannesburg, south africa.201323605850
a partner-related risk behavior index to identify people at elevated risk for sexually transmitted infections.the purpose of this study was to develop and test a sexual-partner-related risk behavior index to identify high-risk individuals most likely to have a sexually transmitted infection (sti). patients from five sti and adolescent medical clinics in three us cities were recruited (n = 928; m age = 29.2 years). data were collected using audio-computer-assisted self-interviewing. of seven sexual-partner-related variables, those that were significantly associated with the outcomes were combined into a ...201323355254
depot medroxyprogesterone acetate use is not associated with risk of incident sexually transmitted infections among adolescent women.to determine whether depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (dmpa) use is associated with an increased risk of acquisition of sexually transmitted infections (stis) in a cohort of healthy adolescents, for whom prospective evidence is sparse.201323260839
synthesis and antiprotozoal activity of nitazoxanide-n-methylbenzimidazole hybrids.a series of a novel hybrid compounds between nitazoxanide and n-methylbenzimidazole were synthesized starting from the corresponding n-methyl-2-nitroanilines. the new hybrid compounds (1-13) were evaluated in vitro against giardia intestinalis, entamoeba histolytica, trichomonas vaginalis. ntz, mtz and abz were used as drug standards. experimental evaluations revealed all of the new compounds (1-13) were active and showed strong activity against the three protozoa, particularly with e. histolyti ...201324183540
identification and analysis of putative homologues of mechanosensitive channels in pathogenic protozoa.mechanosensitive channels play important roles in the physiology of many organisms, and their dysfunction can affect cell survival. this suggests that they might be therapeutic targets in pathogenic organisms. pathogenic protozoa lead to diseases such as malaria, dysentery, leishmaniasis and trypanosomiasis that are responsible for millions of deaths each year worldwide. we analyzed the genomes of pathogenic protozoa and show the existence within them of genes encoding putative homologues of mec ...201323785469
synthesis and antiprotozoal activity of novel 2-{[2-(1h-imidazol-1-yl)ethyl]sulfanyl}-1h-benzimidazole derivatives.a series of 19 new 2-{[2-(1h-imidazol-1-yl)ethyl]sulfanyl}-1h-benzimidazole derivatives was synthesized starting from the properly substituted 1,2-phenylendiamine. these compounds have hydrogen or methyl at position 1; while hydrogen, chlorine, ethoxy or methoxycarbonyl group is at position 5 and/or 6. the novel compounds were tested against protozoa trichomonas vaginalis, giardia intestinalis and entamoeba histolytica. experimental evaluations revealed strong activity for all tested compounds, ...201323731944
unexpected properties of nadp-dependent secondary alcohol dehydrogenase (adh-1) in trichomonas vaginalis and other microaerophilic parasites.our previous observation that nadp-dependent secondary alcohol dehydrogenase (adh-1) is down-regulated in metronidazole-resistant trichomonas vaginalis isolates prompted us to further characterise the enzyme. in addition to its canonical enzyme activity as a secondary alcohol dehydrogenase, a pronounced, so far unknown, background nadph-oxidising activity in absence of any added substrate was observed when the recombinant enzyme or t. vaginalis extract were used. this activity was strongly enhan ...201323578856
deoxyadenosine family: improved synthesis, dna damage and repair, analogs as drugs.improved synthesis of 2'-deoxyadenosine using escherichia coli overexpressing some enzymes and gram-scale chemical synthesis of 2'-deoxynucleoside 5'-triphosphates reported recently are described in this review. other topics include dna damage induced by chromium(vi), fenton chemistry, photoinduction with lumazine, or by ultrasound in neutral solution; 8,5'-cyclo-2'-deoxyadenosine isomers as potential biomarkers; and a recapitulation of purine 5',8-cyclonucleoside studies. the mutagenicities of ...201325436589
are plant extracts a potential therapeutic approach for genital infections?more than 40% of the new drugs registered from 1981 to 2006 were obtained, derived or inspired from natural compounds. the influence of natural products in the anti-infective area is quite marked, being a great percentage of drugs derived or extracted from natural products. vaginal infections are one of the most common reasons a women visits a gynecologist. given the high popularity of natural therapies among women who suffer from chronic infections, it is urgent for women's healthcare providers ...201323651308
[diagnosis of vaginitis-vaginosis by hibridization with dna strands].vaginal infections lie among the most common causes women ask for medical advice. in order of frequency bacterial vaginosis, vulvovaginal candidiasis, and trichomoniasis are responsible for 90% of vaginitis/vaginosis.201323720932
retrospective study of the effect of enhanced systematic sexually transmitted infection screening, facilitated by the use of electronic patient records, in an hiv-infected cohort.the aim of the study was to assess the impact of electronic checklists in enhancing sexually transmitted infection (sti) screening in routine hiv care.201323432731
high-risk human papillomavirus messenger rna testing in physician- and self-collected specimens for cervical lesion detection in high-risk women, kenya.little is known about the performance of physician-versus self-collected specimens for high-risk human papillomavirus (hrhpv) messenger rna (mrna) testing or risk factors for hrhpv mrna positivity in physician- versus self-collected specimens. we compared the performance of hrhpv mrna testing of physician- and self-collected specimens for detecting cytological high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions or more severe (≥hsil) and examined risk factors for hrhpv mrna positivity in female sex work ...201323965776
trichomonas vaginalis virulence factors: an integrative overview.the elusive nature of trichomonas vaginalis, the most common, non-viral, sexually transmitted pathogen has hampered our knowledge of its significance for human health for over 150 years. the combination of epidemiology, molecular cell biology, immunology and more recently genomics and other allied omics data, are all contributing at shedding new light onto what is increasingly recognised as a significant human pathogen leading to important health sequelae due to multifaceted interactions with it ...201323694938
the adherence of trichomonas vaginalis to host ectocervical cells is influenced by lactobacilli.trichomoniasis is a common sexually transmitted disease, and adhesion of the pathogen trichomonas vaginalis to the host vaginal cells is the first step in establishing infection. for this to happen, the pathogen has to overcome a natural protective barrier composed mostly of lactobacilli. the objective of this study was to understand the role of lactobacilli in the adhesion of t vaginalis to host cells.201323720602
association of trichomonas vaginalis with its symbiont mycoplasma hominis synergistically upregulates the in vitro proinflammatory response of human monocytes.trichomonas vaginalis is the causative agent of trichomoniasis, one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases worldwide. in recent years we have described the symbiotic relationship between t vaginalis and mycoplasma hominis. how this biological association might affect the pathogenicity of one or both the microorganisms is still unknown. since local inflammation is thought to play a central role in t vaginalis infection, we investigated the in vitro response of human macrophages to natur ...201323633668
anti-trichomonas vaginalis activity of marine-associated fungi from the south brazilian coast.trichomonas vaginalis is the causative agent of trichomonosis, the most common non-viral sexually transmitted disease. infection with this protozoan may have serious consequences, especially for women. currently, 5-nitroimidazole drugs are the treatment of choice for trichomonosis, but the emergence of resistance has limited the effectiveness of this therapy. in this context, this study aimed to evaluate the anti-t. vaginalis activity of marine-associated fungi found in the south brazilian coast ...201323201217
synthesis, characterization, antiparasitic and cytotoxic evaluation of thioureas conjugated to polyamine scaffolds.a series of mono- and multimeric 4-amino-7-chloroquinoline and ferrocenyl thioureas have been prepared by the reaction of a 7-chloroquinoline methyl ester and a ferrocenylimine methyl ester with various amines. these compounds were characterized using standard spectroscopic and analytical techniques. the compounds were evaluated against the nf54 (cq-sensitive) and dd2 (cq-resistant) strains of plasmodium falciparum. the quinoline compounds show enhanced activity compared to the ferrocene compoun ...201324012713
the synthesis and antiparasitic activity of aryl- and ferrocenyl-derived thiosemicarbazone ruthenium(ii)-arene complexes.a series of aryl-functionalized and ferrocenyl monothiosemicarbazone compounds (l1-l4) were synthesized in moderate yields via a general schiff-base condensation reaction. the thiosemicarbazone (tsc) ligands were reacted with the ruthenium dimer [ru(ar)(μ-cl)cl](2) (ar = benzene; p-cymene) to yield a series of cationic mononuclear ruthenium(ii)-arene thiosemicarbazone complexes of the general type [ru(cl)(tsc)(ar)]cl (1-8). the thiosemicarbazone ligands act as bidentate chelating ligands that co ...201323361649
fingerprinting and genetic relationship of trichomonas vaginalis, trichomonas muris and trichomonas gallinae.because of the common pathology, protein expression and drug resistance mechanisms-though in different hosts- of the luminal trichomonads trichomonas vaginalis, t. gallinae and t. muris, doubts were raised concerning their phylogenetic relationship. the random amplified polymorohic (rapd) technique for genetic dna polymorphism studying was used to genetically characterize and assess their interspecies polymorphism. results showed a high statistical support for the close relationship between the ...201324640874
trichomonas spp. in pigeons: detection by osom trichomonas rapid test.the efficacy of the osom trichomonas rapid test (developed for rapid diagnosis of human trichomonas vaginalis) in detection of trichomonas spp. in pigeons (columba livia) was investigated. two oral cavity swabs were taken from 50 farm pigeons. cultivation in diamond trichomonas medium was used as a reference method. according to a morphological determination, trichomonas gallinae was the only protozoan found; however, no further molecular analysis was conducted. the osom trichomonas test was pos ...201324597125
phosphoproteome profiling of the sexually transmitted pathogen trichomonas vaginalis.trichomoniasis caused by trichomonas vaginalis is the most common non-viral sexually transmitted infection. morphological transformation from the trophozoite stage to the amoeboid or pseudocyst stage is crucial for t. vaginalis infection and survival. protein phosphorylation is a key post-translational modification involved in the regulation of several biological processes in various prokaryotes and eukaryotes. more than 880 protein kinases have been identified in the t. vaginalis genome. howeve ...201322921107
anti-trichomonas vaginalis activity of hypericum polyanthemum extract obtained by supercritical fluid extraction and isolated compounds.the anti-trichomonas vaginalis activity of hypericum polyanthemum extract obtained by supercritical fluid extraction (50°c, 150bar) and the chemical compounds isolated and purified from this extract (benzopyrans hp1, hp2, hp3, and phloroglucinol derivative uliginosin b) were assessed. all samples had anti-t. vaginalis activity; however, hp1 demonstrated the best selectivity against this protozoan (metronidazole-resistant and susceptible isolates), with no cytotoxicity on mammalian cells (selecti ...201323142570
an improved quantitative method to assess adhesive properties of trichomonas vaginalis to host vaginal ectocervical cells using flow cytometry.microbial adhesion is a critical step for infection and colonization of the host. trichomonas vaginalis, a human urogenital extracellular parasite, relies on host cell adhesion for infection and pathogenesis. although host cell adhesion of t. vaginalis is strain-dependent and it may be influenced by many environmental factors, a technical limitation to quantify t. vaginalis adhesion falls upon a laborious and time-consuming protocol of fluorescent microscopy. this technical limitation reduces th ...201323142340
clinical and laboratory evidence of trichomonas vaginalis infection among women of reproductive age in rural area.vaginitis is a commonly encountered complaint and one of the most frequent reasons for patient visit to obstetrician-gynaecologists. three vaginal infections are frequent causes of a vaginal discharge: (1) bacterial vaginosis, (2) vulvovaginal candidiasis and (3) trichomonas vaginitis. differences in the clinical presentation are helpful in diagnosis. characteristic signs and symptoms for these three vaginal infections are distinct, but on many occasions, they are overlapping. the aim of the pre ...201322885198
evaluation of polymerase chain reaction assays for the diagnosis of trichomonas vaginalis infection in russia.in russia, the microscopy- and culture-based diagnostics of trichomoniasis is mainly suboptimal. recent years, domestically produced diagnostic pcr assays have been implemented; however, any evaluation of these pcrs has never been internationally reported.201322672184
prospective study of effect modification by toll-like receptor 4 variation on the association between trichomonas vaginalis serostatus and prostate cancer.in previous studies, we observed a positive association between trichomonas vaginalis serostatus and risk of prostate cancer, particularly aggressive cancer, which we hypothesized might be due to t. vaginalis-mediated intraprostatic inflammation and cell damage. to explore this hypothesis further, we investigated effect modification by toll-like receptor 4 (tlr4) variation on this association. we hypothesized that tlr4 variation might serve a marker of the anti-trichomonad immune response becaus ...201323179660
the rarity of trichomonas vaginalis in urban australia.infection with trichomonas vaginalis has declined dramatically in urban australia but remains endemic in some predominantly indigenous rural regions. the objective was to determine t vaginalis positivity rates in clinical specimens by pcr detection, from a large community-based private pathology laboratory servicing rural and urban australian populations.201323372016
clinical evidence for the role of trichomonas vaginalis in regulation of secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor in the female genital tract.secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (slpi) is responsible for regulating inflammatory damage to and innate and adaptive immune responses in the vaginal mucosa. depressed cervicovaginal slpi levels have been correlated with both trichomonas vaginalis infection and poor reproductive health outcomes.201323355743
[a review on the impact of iud in cervical cytology: mardin region data].the aim of the study was to provide an overview to infectious and reactive cytological effects of intrauterine devices, which are one of the most widely used methods of contraception, with the results we obtained in the mardin region.201323354797
trichomonas vaginalis infection in men who submit self-collected penile swabs after internet recruitment.submission of self-collected penile samples collected at home could remove barriers that men face in getting tested for sexually transmitted infections (stis).201323354525
prevalence and morbidity of urethral trichomonas vaginalis in japanese men with or without urethritis.trichomonas vaginalis is one of the pathogens causing sexually transmitted infections. this microorganism is a common pathogen among women, but its significance as a cause of morbidity among men remains uncertain. we sought to determine the prevalence and morbidity of t. vaginalis infection in japanese men with and without urethritis.201323349337
in vivo genotoxicity and cytotoxicity assessment of a novel quinoxalinone with trichomonacide activity.the compound vam2-6 (1-methyl-7-nitro-4-(5-(piperidin-1-yl)pentyl)-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2(1h)-one) has previously been shown to have an in vitro efficacy of 100% at a concentration of 100 µg ml(-1) against trichomonas vaginalis, a protozoon parasite that causes the sexually transmitted disease trichomoniasis. because vam2-6 is a quinoxaline derivative and given the lack of studies on the genotoxic activity of this compound, the present study was undertaken to evaluate its ability to induce dna ...201323047729
trichomonas vaginalis and associated factors among women living with hiv/aids in amazonas, brazil.our goal was to determine the prevalence of trichomonas vaginalis and its associated factors among women living with hiv attending an aids clinic in manaus, amazonas, brazil.201323916452
identification of trichomonas vaginalis in different papanicolaou test preparations: trends over time in the college of american pathologists educational interlaboratory comparison program.the college of american pathologists' interlaboratory comparison program in gynecologic cytology has seen an increase in enrollment in liquid-based papanicolaou test challenges with a decrease for conventional papanicolaou tests. trichomonas vaginalis can be difficult to identify in all preparation types.201323899059
prevalence of trichomonas vaginalis and risk factors in women treated at public health units in brazil: a transversal study.studies have revealed high prevalence rates of trichomonas vaginalis in men and women worldwide. in brazil, where reporting is not mandatory, the true prevalence rate is unknown. this study determined the prevalence of the parasite in women attending public health units in the city of uberlândia, minas gerais, brazil, identifying possible risk factors for infection, and also compared three diagnostic techniques for detecting the parasite.201323880884
remarkable anti-trichomonas vaginalis activity of plants traditionally used by the mbyá-guarani indigenous group in brazil.trichomonas vaginalis, a flagellate protozoan, is the causative agent of trichomonosis, the most common nonviral sexually transmitted disease worldwide. taking into account the increased prevalence of metronidazole-resistant isolates, alternative drugs are essential for the successful treatment. natural products are the source of most new drugs, and popular wisdom about the use of medicinal plants is a powerful tool in this search. in this study, the activity of 10 medicinal plants extensively u ...201323865068
trichomonas vaginalis exosomes deliver cargo to host cells and mediate host∶parasite interactions.trichomonas vaginalis is a common sexually transmitted parasite that colonizes the human urogential tract where it remains extracellular and adheres to epithelial cells. infections range from asymptomatic to highly inflammatory, depending on the host and the parasite strain. here, we use a combination of methodologies including cell fractionation, immunofluorescence and electron microscopy, rna, proteomic and cytokine analyses and cell adherence assays to examine pathogenic properties of t. vagi ...201323853596
bilateral conjunctivitis due to trichomonas vaginalis without genital infection: an unusual presentation in an adult man.we report an unusual case of extragenital infection with trichomonas vaginalis of the conjunctiva of a 32-year-old man. only one other similar case has been reported in the english language literature. the present report reinforces the widening pathologic spectrum of trichomonads in humans, especially in the context of emerging extragenital infections.201323843487
designed chemical intervention with thiols for prophylactic contraception.unlike somatic cells, sperm have several-fold more available-thiols that are susceptible to redox-active agents. the present study explains the mechanism behind the instant sperm-immobilizing and trichomonacidal activities of pyrrolidinium pyrrolidine-1-carbodithioate (ppc), a novel thiol agent rationally created for prophylactic contraception by minor chemical modifications of some known thiol drugs. ppc, and its three derivatives (with potential active-site blocked by alkylation), were synthes ...201323826278
drug library screening against metronidazole-sensitive and metronidazole-resistant trichomonas vaginalis isolates.metronidazole and tinidazole are effective treatments for most patients with trichomoniasis but not for individuals who are infected with very resistant strains of trichomonas vaginalis or persons with hypersensitivity to the 5-nitroimidazole drugs. thus, there is a need for additional oral therapies to treat trichomoniasis.201323794105
antibodies to trichomonas vaginalis surface glycolipid.human trichomoniasis is the most common non-viral sexually transmitted disease, yet immune responses are not well studied.201323785040
global epidemiology of trichomonas vaginalis.despite having the highest prevalence of any sexually transmitted infection (sti) globally, there is a dearth of data describing trichomonas vaginalis (tv) incidence and prevalence in the general population. the lack of basic epidemiological data is an obstacle to addressing the epidemic. once considered a nuisance infection, the morbidities associated with tv have been increasingly recognised over the past decade, highlighting the importance of this pathogen as a public health problem. recent d ...201323744960
iron-induced changes in the proteome of trichomonas vaginalis hydrogenosomes.iron plays a crucial role in metabolism as a key component of catalytic and redox cofactors, such as heme or iron-sulfur clusters in enzymes and electron-transporting or regulatory proteins. limitation of iron availability by the host is also one of the mechanisms involved in immunity. pathogens must regulate their protein expression according to the iron concentration in their environment and optimize their metabolic pathways in cases of limitation through the availability of respective cofacto ...201323741475
performance of a rapid self-test for detection of trichomonas vaginalis in south africa and brazil.women participating in studies in brazil (n = 695) and south africa (n = 230) performed rapid point-of-care tests for trichomonas vaginalis on self-collected vaginal swabs. using pcr as the gold standard, rapid self-testing achieved high specificity (99.1%; 95% confidence interval [ci], 98.2 to 99.6%) and moderate sensitivity (76.7%; 95% ci, 61.4 to 88.2%). these tests may be considered an alternative to syndromic management in resource-poor settings.201323325818
trichomonas vaginalis vaginitis in obstetrics and gynecology practice: new concepts and controversies.trichomonas vaginalis (tv) is the most common curable sexually transmitted infection worldwide. annually, 7.4 million new infections are estimated in the united states, which is greater than combined new cases of chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis. serious adverse reproductive health outcomes including pregnancy complications, pelvic inflammatory disease, and an increased risk of hiv acquisition have been linked to tv infection. there are several sensitive and specific diagnostic tests available ...201323322080
a trich-y question: should trichomonas vaginalis infection be reportable? 201323321992
antiprotozoal activity of ferroquine.ferroquine (fq, ssr97193) is a synthetic compound currently in development for the treatment of malaria. the use of a single compound to treat several parasitoses would be very convenient for multi-infected patients and also for financial considerations. in this work, the activity of fq was investigated on three other protista parasites: kinetoplastidae (leishmania and trypanosoma) and the cosmopolite parasite trichomonas vaginalis. fq exhibited a significant in vitro activity on trypanosoma bru ...201323229318
getting trichy: tools and approaches to interrogating trichomonas vaginalis in a post-genome world.trichomonas vaginalis is a parasite of the urogenital tract in men and women, with a worldwide presence and significant implications for global public health. t. vaginalis research entered the age of genomics with the publication of the first genome sequence in 2007, but subsequent utilization of other 'omics' technologies and methods has been slow. here, we review some of the tools and approaches available to interrogate t. vaginalis biology, with an emphasis on recent advances and current limi ...201323219217
the n-terminal sequences of four major hydrogenosomal proteins are not essential for import into hydrogenosomes of trichomonas vaginalis.the human pathogen trichomonas vaginalis harbors hydrogenosomes, organelles of mitochondrial origin that generate atp through hydrogen-producing fermentations. they contain neither genome nor translation machinery, but approximately 500 proteins that are imported from the cytosol. in contrast to well-studied organelles like saccharomyces mitochondria, very little is known about how proteins are transported across the two membranes enclosing the hydrogenosomal matrix. recent studies indicate that ...201323210891
the dimension of trichomonas vaginalis as measured by scanning electron microscopy.it is known that physicochemical conditions (e.g., ph, temperature, and ionic strength) affect the size of trichomonads. in this study, the sizes of 4 isolates of trichomonas vaginalis cultured for more than a year (called "old t") and 3 isolates freshly isolated from vaginitis cases (called "fresh t") were compared by scanning electron microscopy. although the fresh t had shorter body length, body width, and flagellar length than old t, total length (about 26 µm), including body length, flagell ...201323710095
genetic diversity in trichomonas vaginalis.recent advances in genetic characterisation of trichomonas vaginalis isolates show that the extensive clinical variability in trichomoniasis and its disease sequelae are matched by significant genetic diversity in the organism itself, suggesting a connection between the genetic identity of isolates and their clinical manifestations. indeed, a high degree of genetic heterogeneity in t vaginalis isolates has been observed using multiple genotyping techniques. a unique two-type population structure ...201323702460
performance of the osom trichomonas rapid test for diagnosis of trichomonas vaginalis infection among women in mysore, india.background trichomonas vaginalis is the world's most common treatable sexually transmissible infection. currently, wet mount microscopy and syndromic management based on vaginal discharge are the most widely used methods for diagnosing and treating trichomoniasis in resource-constrained settings. wet mount microscopy requires equipment and trained technicians, who are in short supply. we examined the diagnostic accuracy of the osom trichomonas rapid test for detecting t. vaginalis vaginal infect ...201323702272
genetic diversity of trichomonas vaginalis reinfection in hiv-positive women.recently developed genotyping tools allow better understanding of trichomonas vaginalis population genetics and epidemiology. these tools have yet to be applied to t vaginalis collected from hiv+ populations, where understanding the interaction between the pathogens is of great importance due to the correlation between t vaginalis infection and hiv transmission. the objectives of the study were twofold: first, to compare the genetic diversity and population structure of t vaginalis collected fro ...201323694936
deep sequencing of trichomonas vaginalis during the early infection of vaginal epithelial cells and amoeboid transition.the human pathogen trichomonas vaginalis has the largest protozoan genome known, potentially encoding approximately 60,000 proteins. to what degree these genes are expressed is not well known and only a few key transcription factors and promoter domains have been identified. to shed light on the expression capacity of the parasite and transcriptional regulation during phase transitions, we deep sequenced the transcriptomes of the protozoan during two environmental stimuli of the early infection ...201323688716
diagnosis and molecular characterization of trichomonas vaginalis in sex workers in the philippines.trichomonas vaginalis is a pathogenic protozoon which causes the sexually transmitted infection, trichomoniasis. the absence or non-specificity of symptoms often leads to misdiagnosis of the infection. in this study, 969 samples consisting of vaginal swabs and urine were collected and screened from social hygiene clinics across the philippines. of the 969 samples, 216 were used for the comparative analysis of diagnostic tools such as wet mount microscopy, culture, and pcr utilizing universal tri ...201323683368
double-stranded rna viral infection in tehran trichomonas vaginalis isolates.trichomonas vaginalis is a pathogenic protozoon and may be contaminated with dsrna virus called trichomonas vaginalis virus (tvv). the viral infection is an important factor for its pathogenesis and sensitivity to metronidazole. the presence of tvv is associated with qualitative and quantitative expression of cysteine proteinases and surface immunogenic; p270. the purpose of this study was to determine tvv frequency in t. vaginalis clinical isolates in tehran, iran.201323682261
does antiretroviral therapy interfere with the treatment of trichomonas vaginalis among hiv+ women? 201323677024
effects of contraception on cervical cytology: data from mardin city.mardin is an area of low socioeconomic level with low rates of contraceptive method use. our aim in this study was to evaluate the effects of the contraceptive methods used in the area on epithelial cell abnormalities and vaginal flora changes.201323661348
synthesis of 1h-1,2,3-triazole linked β-lactam-isatin bi-functional hybrids and preliminary analysis of in vitro activity against the protozoal parasite trichomonas vaginalis.twenty-two different triazoles were prepared to examine the anti-trichomonas vaginalis structure-activity relationships (sar) within the β-lactam-isatin-triazole conjugate family. the compounds were synthesized by copper-catalyzed 'click chemistry.'in vitro activity against t. vaginalis was determined at 10 and 100 μm for each compound, with eighteen of the synthesized hybrids showing 100% growth inhibition at 100 μm. the compound 5i, with no cytotoxicity on cultured cho-k1 cells, is considered ...201323631874
the prevalence of trichomonas vaginalis detected by wet mount and polymerase chain reaction in sydney women.objectives although trichomonas vaginalis (tv) has a low profile in urban australia, local data has estimated the prevalence in women to be 10 times higher when using polymerase chain reaction (pcr) versus wet mount microscopy (4.8% v. 0.4%). our aim was to determine the prevalence of tv in sydney women using both wet mount and pcr.201323611496
prevalence and incidence of trichomonas vaginalis infections in women participating in a clinical trial in durban, south africa.trichomonas vaginalis is known to be the most common, curable, sexually transmitted infection among sexually active women and may be associated with the acquisition and transmission of hiv. the purpose of this analysis is to determine the prevalence and incidence of t vaginalis and assess risk factors associated with t vaginalis infection in a cohort of women participating in a clinical trial.201323605853
a new rapid molecular point-of-care assay for trichomonas vaginalis: preliminary performance data.trichomonas vaginalis infection is the most prevalent treatable sexually transmitted infection (sti) in the world. an accurate point-of-care (poc) molecular test would enable patients to be tested and treated for t vaginalis in a single visit to the genitourinary medicine clinic, community sti clinic, pharmacy or doctor's office. in this report, we describe a rapid prototype assay for t vaginalis designed for use in conjunction with the atlas io poc platform, and initial verification of its perf ...201323605852
survival of trichomonas vaginalis in wet preparation and on wet mount.microscopy is an insensitive method for detection of trichomonas vaginalis, but is widely used because it is both rapid and inexpensive. diagnosis of trichomoniasis by microscopy requires that motile forms be identified in vaginal fluid samples. however, microscopy cannot always be performed immediately after sample collection. the objective of this study was to assess the impact of sample storage at room temperature on trichomonad motility.201323605849
quantity, not frequency, of alcohol use moderates the association between multiple sexual partners and trichomonas vaginalis among women attending an urban std clinic.the purpose of this study is to investigate alcohol use, sexual risk behaviour and trichomoniasis in a sample of low-income, largely minority, women patients at a publicly funded sexually transmitted disease (std) clinic in the usa.201323580608
tvmp50 is an immunogenic metalloproteinase during male trichomoniasis.trichomonas vaginalis, a human urogenital tract parasite, is capable of surviving in the male microenvironment, despite of the presence of zn(2+). concentrations > 1.6 mm of zn(2+) have a trichomonacidal effect; however, in the presence of ≤1.6 mm zn(2+), several trichomonad proteins are up- or down-regulated. herein, we analyzed the proteome of a t. vaginalis male isolate (hgmn01) grown in the presence of zn(2+) and found 32 protein spots that were immunorecognized by male trichomoniasis patien ...201323579185
structure of a protozoan virus from the human genitourinary parasite trichomonas vaginalis.the flagellated protozoan trichomonas vaginalis is an obligate human genitourinary parasite and the most frequent cause of sexually transmitted disease worldwide. most clinical isolates of t. vaginalis are persistently infected with one or more double-stranded rna (dsrna) viruses from the genus trichomonasvirus, family totiviridae, which appear to influence not only protozoan biology but also human disease. here we describe the three-dimensional structure of trichomonas vaginalis virus 1 (tvv1) ...201323549915
the clinical spectrum of trichomonas vaginalis infection and challenges to management.trichomonas vaginalis is the most common curable sexually transmitted infection worldwide. t vaginalis infections in women can range from asymptomatic to acute inflammatory vaginitis. in men, this infection is typically asymptomatic but is increasingly being recognised as a cause of non-gonococcal urethritis. diagnosis of t vaginalis has traditionally been made by direct microscopic examination of a wet mount of vaginal fluid or through the use of culture. the recent commercial availability of n ...201323543252
respiratory disease and trichomonas vaginalis in premature newborn twins.in premature newborn twins with respiratory disease, trichomonas vaginalis infection was diagnosed by chance findings in respiratory samples and was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction of urine and vaginal samples from the boy and girl, respectively. trichomonas vaginalis should be considered as a possible cause of respiratory disease in newborns and modern molecular detection techniques can help in the diagnosis.201323538520
the actin-based machinery of trichomonas vaginalis mediates flagellate-amoeboid transition and migration across host tissue.trichomonas vaginalis is the most widespread non-viral pathogen of the human urogenital tract, infecting ∼ 3% of the world's population annually. at the onset of infection the protist changes morphology within minutes: the flagellated free-swimming cell converts into the amoeboid-adherent stage. the molecular machinery of this process is not well studied, but is thought to involve actin reorganization. we have characterized amoeboid transition, focusing in particular on tvfim1, the only expresse ...201323530917
the tvlegu-1, a legumain-like cysteine proteinase, plays a key role in trichomonas vaginalis cytoadherence.the goal of this paper was to characterize a trichomonas vaginalis cysteine proteinase (cp) legumain-1 (tvlegu-1) and determine its potential role as a virulence factor during t. vaginalis infection. a 30-kda band, which migrates in three protein spots (pi~6.3, ~6.5, and ~6.7) with a different type and level of phosphorylation, was identified as tvlegu-1 by one- and two-dimensional western blot (wb) assays, using a protease-rich trichomonad extract and polyclonal antibodies produced against the ...201323509742
knockout of the abundant trichomonas vaginalis hydrogenosomal membrane protein tvhmp23 increases hydrogenosome size but induces no compensatory up-regulation of paralogous copies.the trichomonas vaginalis genome encodes up to 60000 genes, many of which stem from genome duplication events. paralogous copies thus accompany most t. vaginalis genes, a phenomenon that limits genetic manipulation. we characterized one of the parasite's most abundant hydrogenosomal membrane proteins, tvhmp23, which is phylogenetically distinct from canonical metabolite carriers, and which localizes to the inner hydrogenosomal membrane as shown through sub-organellar fractionation and protease p ...201323499435
hydrogenosome metabolism is the key target for antiparasitic activity of resveratrol against trichomonas vaginalis.metronidazole (mdz) and related 5-nitroimidazoles are the recommended drugs for treatment of trichomoniasis, a sexually transmitted disease caused by the protozoan parasite trichomonas vaginalis. however, novel treatment options are needed, as recent reports have claimed resistance to these drugs in t. vaginalis isolates. in this study, we analyzed for the first time the in vitro effects of the natural polyphenol resveratrol (resv) on t. vaginalis. at concentrations of between 25 and 100 μm, res ...201323478970
comparison of in vitro activity of metronidazole and garlic-based product (tomex®) on trichomonas vaginalis.trichomonas vaginalis is a common sexually transmitted parasite in humans. metronidazole has been the gold standard for treatment of trichomoniasis. the prevalence of metronidazole resistance and its unpleasant adverse effects drew the attention to the investigation of other lines of treatment, as that of herbal medicine. garlic has been proven to have antibacterial, antiprotozoal, and antihelminthic activity. the current study was carried out to evaluate the efficacy of commercially available g ...201323455944
trichomonas vaginalis infection among women receiving gynaecological care at an alabama hiv clinic.trichomoniasis vaginalis is a risk factor for the acquisition and transmission of hiv. the objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of t vaginalis (using culture) among hiv-infected women receiving gynaecological care at an university hiv clinic in alabama in addition to predictors of infection.201323449600
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