Publications

heterologous expression of the kluyveromyces marxianus endopolygalacturonase gene (epg1) using versatile autonomously replicating vector for a wide range of host.	a versatile plasmid shuttle vector system pkdu7 was constructed, which is useful for the heterologous gene expression in a wide range of kluyveromyces and saccharomyces strains. this cloning vector was constructed using the 1.6-µm circular plasmid pkd1 of kluyveromyces drosophilarum, the ura3 gene of k. marxianus as well as the puc19 sequences. the stability of vector in transformants strongly depends on the integrity of the functionally important elements of pkd1. it was shown by comparison of ...	2000	10862869
air pressure effects on biomass yield of two different kluyveromyces strains.	the use of air pressure as a way of improving oxygen transfer in aerobic bioreactors was investigated. to compare the air pressure effects with traditional air bubbled cultures, experiments using a pressure reactor and a stirred flask, with the same oxygen transfer rate, were made. kluyveromyces marxianus is an important industrial yeast and some of it show a "kluyver effect" for lactose: even under oxygen limited growth conditions, certain disaccharides that support aerobic, respiratory growth, ...	2000	10862882
characterization of non-esterified galacturonic acid sequences in pectin with endopolygalacturonase.	a method was developed that enabled the study of non-esterified galacturonic acid sequences (so-called blocks) in pectin. endopolygalacturonase of kluyveromyces fragilis was used to extensively degrade pectin, and the composition of the galacturonic acid molecules produced was determined with high-performance anion-exchange chromatography at ph 5. with this technique, the amount of non-esterified mono-, di-, and trigalacturonic acid released was determined. in addition, the relative amounts of m ...	2000	10877095
temperature optimization for reactor operation with chitin-immobilized lactase under modulated inactivation.	temperature effects on all kinetic and inactivation parameters have been determined for chitin immobilized lactase from kluyveromyces marxianus var. marxianus, and proper temperature functions have been validated. maximum reaction rate, michaelis constant referred to lactose, inhibition constant for galactose and inactivation rates increased with temperature. enzyme inactivation was adequately modelled by a two-stage series mechanism. the effect of galactose and lactose on enzyme inactivation wa ...	2000	10899553
differentiation of candida strains by lectin-mediated agglutination kinetics.	the lectin-mediated agglutination kinetics of candida albicans, candida tropicalis, candida glabrata, candida krusei, candida kefyr, and candida parapsilosis strains isolated from immunocompromised patients was investigated. the rate of the lectin-induced cell agglutination depends on the physiological state of the yeast cell population. therefore, the candida strains have to be cultivated and investigated under identical conditions. lentil lectin (prepared from lens culinaris), castor lectin, a ...	2000	10907339
optimization of the production of aroma compounds by kluyveromyces marxianus in solid-state fermentation using factorial design and response surface methodology.	studies were carried out for the production of aroma compounds in solid-state fermentation using factorial design and response surface methodology (rsm) experiments. five agro-industrial residues were evaluated as substrate for cultivating a strain of kluyveromyces marxianus. the results proved the feasibility of using cassava bagasse and giant palm bran (opuntia ficus indica) as substrates to produce fruity aroma compounds by the yeast culture. in order to test the influence of the process para ...	2000	10908866
antimicrobial activity of a 14-residue synthetic peptide against foodborne microorganisms.	a chemically synthesized short-chain peptide composed of six leucine and eight lysine (6k8l) residues was demonstrated to be biocidal against several foodborne organisms including escherichia coli o157:h7, listeria monocytogenes, pseudomonas fluorescens, and kluyveromyces marxianus suspended in phosphate buffer at concentrations of 5 to 50 microg/ml. all strains were reduced by 3 log10 cfu/ml within 10 min at peptide concentrations of <10 microg/ml. the peptide reduced by 3 log10 cfu/ml e. coli ...	2000	10914655
flocculation of saccharomyces cerevisiae is induced by transformation with the gap1 gene from kluyveromyces marxianus.	a non-flocculent strain of saccharomyces cerevisiae was transformed with the gap1 gene which encodes p37, a gapdh-like protein present in the cell wall of kluyveromyces marxianus flocculent cells. the transformed cells were characterized with respect to flocculation behaviour, morphology, growth, cell wall integrity and gapdh activity. a flocculent phenotype was acquired by the transformed cells, showing a behaviour in respect to flocculation/deflocculation very similar to that of k. marxianus. ...	2000	10649452
rapid detection of efflux pumps and their relation with drug resistance in yeast cells.	cell drug resistance can be due to the presence of active efflux pumps (aep). identification of yeast cells with a resistance phenotype is important either from a clinical, agricultural or biotechnological point of view. rapid and reliable methods to detect aep can be therefore very useful.	2000	10655560
effect of temperature and enzyme origin on the enzymatic synthesis of oligosaccharides.	the aim of this research is to quantify the effect of temperature and enzyme origin on the enzymatic synthesis of oligosaccharides. quantification of these effects is important because temperature and enzyme origin are important process parameters. a kinetic model was used to describe the concentrations in time. the kinetic parameters were determined by using data obtained in batch experiments at various temperatures (20, 30, 40, and 50 degrees c) and by using beta-galactosidases from bacillus c ...	2000	10689088
the immobilization of microbial cells, subcellular organelles, and enzymes in calcium alginate gels. reprinted from biotechnology and bioengineering, vol. xix, no. 3, pages 387-397 (1977).	saccharomyces cerevisiae cells, kluyveromyces marxianus cells, inulase, glucose oxidase, chloroplasts, and mitochondria were immobilized in calcium alginate gels. ethanol production from glucose solutions by an immobilized preparation of s. cerevisiae was demonstrated over a total of twenty-three days, and the half-life of such a preparation was shown to be about ten days. immobilized k. marxianus, inulase, and glucose oxidase preparations were used to demonstrate the porosity and retraining pro ...	2000	10699854
antifungal activity of itraconazole compared with hydroxy-itraconazole in vitro.	microbroth dilution tests in vitro showed the same ic(50) values for itraconazole and hydroxy-itraconazole, within a mode +/- one dilution range of experimental error, for 90% of 1481 isolates of pathogenic fungi, representing 48 genera. some 10-15% of candida glabrata and trichophyton mentagrophytes isolates were more susceptible to itraconazole than hydroxy-itraconazole. replicate tests with bioassay marker strains of candida kefyr and candida albicans showed no susceptibility variations outsi ...	2000	10702560
molecular characterization of a novel yeast cell-wall acid phosphatase cloned from kluyveromyces marxianus.	a novel kluyveromyces marxianus gene that encodes an acid phosphatase, pho610, was cloned in saccharomyces cerevisiae. the deduced amino acid sequence was distinct from s. cerevisiae phosphatases but similar to some fungal enzymes. a peculiar feature of the sequence is that it has hydrophobic stretches both at the n- and c-termini, which is a characteristic of the precursors of glycosylphosphatidylinositol(gpi)-anchored proteins. when the gene was expressed in s. cerevisiae, the active enzyme wa ...	2000	10705459
the utilization of 4-aminobutylphosphonate as sole nitrogen source by a strain of kluyveromyces fragilis.	a strain of the yeast kluyveromyces fragilis was screened for its ability to utilize a range of synthetic and natural organophosphonate compounds as the sole source of phosphorus, nitrogen or carbon. only 4-aminobutylphosphonate was utilized as sole nitrogen source with protein yields increasing proportionally with substrate concentrations up to 10 mm. no 4-aminobutylphosphonate metabolizing enzyme activity was detectable in cell-free extracts prepared from k. fragilis pregrown on 2.5 mm 4-amino ...	2000	10713427
randomly amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) pcr for the identification of yeasts isolated from dairy products.	in the present work randomly amplified polymorphic dna-polymerase chain reaction (rapd-pcr) with primers m13 and rf2 was applied to the identification at species level of yeast strains isolated from cheeses. rapd-pcr analysis of the type strains of different yeast species gave distinctive band profiles that allowed a clear differentiation of all the considered species. forty-two of the 48 dairy associated yeasts were clearly assigned to the species saccharomyces cerevisiae, kluyveromyces marxian ...	2000	10728551
phenotypic and genotypic diversity of yeasts isolated from water-buffalo mozzarella cheese.	water-buffalo mozzarella (wbm) cheese is one of the several 'pasta filata' or stretched curd cheeses that originated in southern italy, traditionally manufactured from raw milk employing natural whey starter cultures. lactose- and galactose-fermenting yeasts isolated from wbm were studied to evaluate their role in the ripening of this cheese. the kinetic parameters of the growth of the yeasts as well as their principal metabolic end-products showed a great variability depending on the species. m ...	2000	10735250
comparison of high-performance liquid chromatographic and microbiological methods for determination of voriconazole levels in plasma.	a new selective high-performance liquid chromatography (hplc) method with uv detection for the determination of the investigational triazole voriconazole in human plasma by using acetonitrile precipitation followed by reverse-phase hplc on a c(18) column was compared with a simple agar well diffusion bioassay method with candida kefyr atcc 46764 as the assay organism. pooled plasma was used to prepare standard and control samples for both methods. the results of analyses with spiked serum sample ...	2000	10770753
the effect of culture conditions on the morphology of the dimorphic yeast kluyveromyces marxianus var. marxianus nrrly2415: a study incorporating image analysis.	the effect of changing environmental conditions on the morphology of the yeast kluyveromyces marxianus var. marxianus nrrly2415 was investigated in batch and continuous culture, using a previously developed computer-aided image analysis protocol [o'shea and walsh (1996) biotechnol bioeng 51: 679 690]. the morphology of the organism is primarily controlled by the specific growth rate, mu. this finding was contrary to a previous investigation [walker and o'neill (1990) j chem tech biotechnol 49: 7 ...	2000	10772472
isolation of thermotolerant ethanologenic yeasts and use of selected strains in industrial scale fermentation in an egyptian distillery.	an enrichment and isolation program for new ethanol-producing thermotolerant yeasts as well as a screening program of some known thermotolerant strains resulted in the selection of several strains capable of growth at 40-43 degrees c. among these strains four grew and fermented sugar cane molasses at 43 degrees c under batch conditions with sugar-conversion efficiencies >94% and ethanol concentrations 6.8-8.0% (w/v). the two best-performing strains, a saccharomyces cerevisiae f111 and a kluyvero ...	2000	10797239
a chromogenic medium for the detection of yeasts with beta-galactosidase and beta-glucosidase activities from intermediate moisture foods.	a selective and differential solid medium for the specific detection of some common yeasts frequently causing spoilage in intermediate moisture foods is described. the principle of the method is based on the detection of two enzymes, beta-glucosidase and beta-galactosidase, using the chromogenic substrates salmon-gluc and x-gal. over 140 yeasts and bacteria were tested, and debaryomyces hansenii and kluyveromyces marxianus strains produced salmon and dark blue colonies, respectively, thus permit ...	2000	10826724
phylogeny of the genus kluyveromyces inferred from the mitochondrial cytochrome-c oxidase ii gene.	a phylogenetic analysis of 17 species belonging to the genus kluyveromyces and 12 reference and outgroup species was performed using mitochondrial cytochrome-c oxidase ii gene sequences. the genus kluyveromyces appears as a polyphyletic taxon formed by species included within the following four main groups. the kluyveromyces phaffii group encompasses the species kluyveromyces blattae, k. phaffii and kluyveromyces yarrowii. the kluyveromyces marxianus group is a monophyletic group consisting of t ...	2000	10826829
purification, characterisation and cdna sequencing of pyruvate decarboxylase from zygosaccharomyces bisporus.	cells of the wild-type yeast strain zygosaccharomyces bisporus cbs 702 form alpha-hydroxy ketones from aromatic amino acid precursors during fermentation. pyruvate decarboxylase (pdc, e.c. 4.1.1.1), the key enzyme of this biotransformation catalysing the non-oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate and other 2-oxo-acids, was purified and characterised. the active enzyme is homotetrameric (alpha4) with a molecular mass of about 244 kda. activation of pdc by its substrate pyruvate results in a sigmoi ...	2000	10839465
udp-galactose 4-epimerase from kluyveromyces fragilis: equilibrium unfolding studies.	udp-galactose 4-epimerase from yeast (kluyveromyces fragilis) is a homodimer of total molecular mass 150 kda having possibly one mole of nad/dimer acting as a cofactor. the molecule could be dissociated and denatured by 8 m urea at ph 7.0 and could be functionally reconstituted after dilution with buffer having extraneous nad. the unfolded and refolded equilibrium intermediates of the enzyme between 0-8 m urea have been characterized in terms of catalytic activity, nadh like characteristic coenz ...	1999	10844998
in vitro susceptibility of yeasts for fluconazole and itraconazole. evaluation of a microdilution test.	in vitro susceptibilities were determined for a total of 159 clinical isolates and 12 reference strains of yeasts belonging to different candida species including 94 candida albicans strains, and further genera such as cryptococcus, trichosporon, geotrichum and saccharomyces. minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) values for fluconazole and itraconazole were assessed using a microdilution technique with the semisynthetic high resolution (hr) medium supplemented with glucose and asparagine but wi ...	1999	10680439
a differential medium for the isolation of kluyveromyces marxianus and kluyveromyces lactis from dairy products.	a selective and differential solid medium, called kluyveromyces differential medium (kdm), is described for the isolation of kluyveromyces marxianus and k. lactis from dairy products. its discriminative potential is based on the detection of the enzyme beta-galactosidase, in the absence of lactose. of the more than 95 strains tested, including yeasts, bacteria, and filamentous fungus, only the strains of k. marxianus and k. lactis produced blue colonies on the medium due to the presence of x-gal ...	1999	10030640
proposing sequences for peptides derived from whey fermentation with potential bioactive sites.	in fed-batch fermentation by kluyveromyces marxianus var. marxianus, whey-soluble proteins were converted into oligopeptides. to assess whether bioactive peptides could be produced during whey fermentation, k. marxianus was cultured in batch in deproteinized media containing 5 or 15% (wt/vol) dehydrated whey for 20 h and then was in fed-batch mode for 50 h. after harvesting the biomass (25,000 x g, 15 min), at 6-h intervals, the wort was analyzed to determine protein consumption and oligopeptide ...	1999	10194665
cloning, targeted disruption and heterologous expression of the kluyveromyces marxianus endopolygalacturonase gene (epg1).	the yeast kluyveromyces marxianus strain bkm y-719 produces an efficient pectin-degrading endopolygalacturonase (epg) that cleaves the internal alpha-1,4-d-glycosidic linkages to yield oligomers of varying sizes. the epg1 gene encoding this industrially important epg was cloned by using the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) technique and degenerate primers to generate a 135 bp dna fragment with which a genomic library was screened. the cloned fragment contained an open reading frame (orf) of 1083 ...	1999	10206190
a colorimetric technique for detecting trichothecenes and assessing relative potencies.	we tested a novel colorimetric toxicity test, based on inhibition of beta-galactosidase activity in the yeast kluyveromyces marxianus, for sensitivity to a range of mycotoxins. a variety of trichothecene mycotoxins could be detected. the order of toxicity established with this bioassay was verrucarin a > roridin a > t-2 toxin > diacetoxyscirpenol > ht-2 toxin > acetyl t-2 toxin > neosolaniol > fusarenon x > t-2 triol > scirpentriol > nivalenol > deoxynivalenol > t-2 tetraol. the sensitivity of d ...	1999	10223969
a novel colorimetric yeast bioassay for detecting trichothecene mycotoxins.	a novel colorimetric microbial bioassay for toxicity has been developed; it shows particular sensitivity to trichothecene mycotoxins. the assay uses inhibition of expression of beta-galactosidase activity within the yeast kluyveromyces marxianus as a sensitive toxicity indicator, cultures remaining yellow, rather than turning deep green-blue, in the presence of x-gal, a chromogenic substrate. the assay is conducted in standard microtitre plates, permitting small volumes (160 microl) and many rep ...	1999	10333072
production of pectic enzymes in yeasts.	when grown in the appropriate medium, several yeast species produce pectinases able to degrade pectic substances. it is mainly exocellular endopolygalacturonases that break pectins or pectate down by hydrolysis of alpha-1,4-glycosidic linkages in a random way. biochemical characterisation of these enzymes has shown that they have an optimal ph in the acidic region and an optimal temperature between 40 and 55 degrees c. their production by yeasts is a constitutive feature and is repressed by the ...	1999	10361703
low frequency alternating electric fields inhibit lactose uptake in kluyveromyces marxianus.	frequency-dependent lactose uptake via the h+/lactose symporter in an externally applied low-intensity alternating electric field was demonstrated, using tracer flux experiments. the uptake of radiolabeled lactose was significantly inhibited with the electric field-strength of 30 v/cm and at frequencies below 10 hz.	1999	10379572
nisin production by a mixed-culture system consisting of lactococcus lactis and kluyveromyces marxianus.	to control the ph during antimicrobial peptide (nisin) production by a lactic acid bacterium, lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis (atcc11454), a novel method involving neither addition of alkali nor a separation system such as a ceramic membrane filter and electrodialyzer was developed. a mixed culture of l. lactis and kluyveromyces marxianus, which was isolated from kefir grains, was utilized in the developed system. the interaction between lactate production by l. lactis and its assimilation by k ...	1999	10388714
construction of a flocculent saccharomyces cerevisiae fermenting lactose.	a flocculent saccharomyces cerevisiae strain with the ability to express both the lac4 (coding for beta-galactosidase) and lac12 (coding for lactose permease) genes of kluyveromyces marxianus was constructed. this recombinant strain is not only able to grow on lactose, but it can also ferment this substrate. to our knowledge this is the first time that a recombinant s. cervisiae has been found to ferment lactose in a way comparable to that of the existing lactose-fermenting yeast strains. moreov ...	1999	10390820
extractive fermentation of aroma with supercritical co2	this work deals with the feasibility of achieving an extractive fermentation of 2-phenylethyl alcohol, the rose aroma, coupling fermentation with kluyveromyces marxianus and supercritical carbon dioxide (scco2) extraction. the extractive process is, in this case, of special interest due to the strong yeast inhibition by 2-phenylethyl alcohol. first results confirmed that direct scco2 extraction is not possible, due to a drastic co2 effect on cell viability. it is therefore necessary to perform c ...	1999	10397878
neutrophil function in workers exposed to organophosphate and carbamate insecticides.	neutrophil function in 40 workers occupationally exposed to carbamate and organophophate insecticides were examined and compared to those of non-exposed individuals. phagocytosis and intracellular killing of candida albicans and candida pseudotropicalis by neutrophils were studied. two species of candida were used since in individuals with myeloperoxidase deficiency neutrophils are unable to kill candida albicans, while candida pseudotropicalis can be effectively lysed. phagocytosis of both anti ...	1999	10408634
continuous ethanol fermentation of lactose by a recombinant flocculating saccharomyces cerevisiae strain.	alcohol fermentation of lactose was investigated using a recombinant flocculating saccharomyces cerevisiae, expressing the lac4 (coding for beta-galactosidase) and lac12 (coding for lactose permease) genes of kluyveromyces marxianus. data on yeast fermentation and growth on a medium containing lactose as the sole carbon source are presented. in the range of studied lactose concentrations, total lactose consumption was observed with a conversion yield of ethanol close to the expected theoretical ...	1999	10417218
purification and characterization of an endo-polygalacturonase from a mutant of saccharomyces cerevisiae.	an extracellular endo-polygalacturonase (pgase) produced by a mutant of saccharomyces cerevisiae was isolated. the enzyme was regarded, immunologically, as a pgase belonging to the kluyveromyces marxianus group. the enzyme had properties similar to the pgase from k. marxianus in heat and ph stability, and n-terminal amino acid sequence. however, the enzyme showed different properties in optimum ph and temperature, molecular weight, and reactivity in antiserum against pgase from k. marxianus, ind ...	1999	10427698
an unusual structural motif of antimicrobial peptides containing end-to-end macrocycle and cystine-knot disulfides.	four macrocyclic cystine-knot peptides of 29-31 residues, kalata, circulin a and b (cira and cirb), and cyclopsychotride, have been isolated from coffee plants but have undetermined physiological functions. these macrocycles and 10 of their analogs prepared by chemical synthesis were tested against nine strains of microbes. kalata and cira were specific for the gram-positive staphylococcus aureus with a minimum inhibition concentration of approximately 0.2 microm. they were relatively ineffectiv ...	1999	10430870
utilization of protein-hydrolyzed cheese whey for production of beta-galactosidase by kluyveromyces marxianus.	we studied the utilization of protein-hydrolyzed sweet cheese whey as a medium for the production of beta-galactosidase by the yeasts kluyveromyces marxianus cbs 712 and cbs 6556. the conditions for growth were determined in shake cultures. the best growth occurred at ph 5.5 and 37 degrees c. strain cbs 6556 grew in cheese whey in natura, while strain cbs 712 needed cheese whey supplemented with yeast extract. each yeast was grown in a bioreactor under these conditions. the strains produced equi ...	1999	10510485
in-vitro antifungal activity of liposomal nystatin in comparison with nystatin, amphotericin b cholesteryl sulphate, liposomal amphotericin b, amphotericin b lipid complex, amphotericin b desoxycholate, fluconazole and itraconazole.	the in-vitro susceptibilities of 120 clinical isolates of yeasts to liposomal nystatin were compared with those to amphotericin b lipid complex (ablc), liposomal amphotericin b (lab), amphotericin b cholesteryl sulphate (abcd), amphotericin b desoxycholate, nystatin, fluconazole and itraconazole. yeast isolates examined included strains of candida albicans, candida parapsilosis, candida glabrata, candida krusei, candida guilliermondii, candida tropicalis, candida kefyr, candida viswanathii, cand ...	1999	10511410
comparative in vitro activity of antiseptics and disinfectants versus clinical isolates of candida species.	to evaluate the in vitro activity of antiseptics and detergents against candida.	1999	10530645
isolation and characterization of the k6 type yeast killer protein.	the optimum production of k6 type yeast killer protein by kluyveromyces fragilis ncyc 587 occurred at ph 4.0-4.4 and at 22-24 degrees c in a killer-zone assay test. the k6 killer protein was concentrated by acetone precipitation of the culture supernatant and purified by native polyacrylamide rod gel electrophoresis. the protein migrated as a single band on discontinuous gradient sds polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and had a molecular weight of 42,313. the isoelectric point of the k6 type pro ...	1999	10581728
fungaemia survey: a 10-year experience in bergamo, italy.	the authors analysed 10 years of experience of fungaemia at a regional italian hospital, the azienda ospedaliera (a.o.) 'ospedali riuniti di bergamo', bergamo, italy, from 1988 to 1997. one hundred and sixty-eight cases were observed, with a global incidence corresponding to 3.43/10,000 in-patients. median age was 38.5 years and mean age was 38.9 years (range: 0-94 years). female:male ratio was 1:1.75. fungaemia occurred 25.7 days (mean value) after admission to the hospital. aetiology was: 134 ...	1999	10592698
in-vitro activity of five antifungal agents against uncommon clinical isolates of candida spp.	a broth microdilution method and an agar dilution method were used for testing fluconazole, itraconazole, ketoconazole, flucytosine and amphotericin b against 98 clinical isolates belonging to seven species of candida. the approximate rank order of fluconazole mics was candida lusitaniae approximately candida kefyr < candida famata approximately candida guilliermondii < candida pelliculosa approximately c. lipolytica approximately candida inconspicua. candida lypolitica and c. pelliculosa were t ...	1999	11252339
biological activities of oligoketide pigments of monascus purpureus.	rubropunctatin (1), monascorubrin (2), monascin (3) and ankaflavin (4) were purified from the mycelium of monascus purpureus by flash chromatography on silica gel or reversed phase. their embryotoxicity towards chicken embryos decreased in the order 2 > 1 > 3 > 4. the lower homologues 1 and 3 exhibited teratogenic effects on these organisms. significant antibiotic activities against bacillus subtilis and candida pseudotropicalis were found with compounds 1 and 2. immunosuppressive activity on mo ...	1999	11565571
construction of efficient centromeric, multicopy and expression vectors for the yeast kluyveromyces marxianus using homologous elements and the promoter of a purine-cytosine-like permease.	efficient centromeric and multicopy vectors have been constructed for the yeast kluyveromyces marxianus using homologous ars and centromere sequences. a homologous promoter of a purine-cytosine permease gene called pcpl3 has been cloned, using an expression system based on gus. its strength has been estimated in k. marxianus by putting the homologous beta-glucosidase gene under its control. this promoter is very efficient as activities higher than the ones obtained with the saccharomyces cerevis ...	1999	10943566
analysis of phylogenetic relationships among twelve yeast species.	partial sequences of 25 s ribosomal dna for nine candida yeast and one kluyveromyces yeast strains were cloned and determined. we compared them with two published 25 s rdna sequences of saccharomyces cerevisiae and candida albicans. an evolutionary tree of the twelve species was inferred from about 370 sites of 5' end of 25 s ribosomal dna using the methods of neighbor-joining and bootstrap. the molecular data indicate a very close affinity between candida kefyr cbs834 and kluyveromyces cicerisp ...	1999	12115011
cloning of dna fragments possessing promoter function from kluyveromyces cicerisporus.	using three yeast promoter-probe plasmids psk-kan401, psk-kan1105, psk-kan1238 with different reading frames, eight dna fragments possessing high efficient promoter function have been cloned from k. cicerisporus. their 3'-dna sequences have been analyzed. the relative strength of their promoter function was studied by comparing their ability to promote the expression of the reporter gene aphi with that of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene (gapdh) promoter in k. lactis. the results sh ...	1998	12174295
amphotericin b-metronidazole combination against candida spp.	oropharyngeal candidiasis (opc) remains a common opportunistic infection in hiv-infected patients. candida albicans is the most frequent causative agent of opc. however, non-albicans spp. are being increasingly isolated. candidal cell wall proteins and mannoproteins play important roles in the biology and patogenesis of candidiasis. in the present study, we have analyzed the proteinaceous components associated with cell wall extracts from c. albicans, candida tropicalis, candida pseudotropicalis ...	1998	18473531
effect of surfactants and zeolites on simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of steam-exploded poplar biomass to ethanol.	in this work, the effect of the addition of different concentrations of tween-80 and three different zeolite-like products on enzymatic hydrolysis, ethanol fermentation, and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (ssf) process has been investigated. the ability of these products to enhance the effectiveness of the ssf process to ethanol of steam-exploded poplar biomass using the thermotolerant strain kluyveromyces marxianus ems-26 has been tested. tween-80 (0.4 g/l) increased enzymatic h ...	1998	18576005
downstream processing of inulinase. comparison of different techniques.	candida kefyr dsm 70106 was cultivated in a medium containing inulin as a carbon source. about 92% of the inulinase was recovered directly from the medium. different concentration (c(f)) and enrichment (e(f)) factors were obtained, using the following methods: cross-flow filtration (microfiltration and cell diafiltration were carried out using a rotary filter; enzyme ultrafiltration and diafiltration were performed using a cassette module): c(f) = 7.5 and e(f) = 2.2; liquid-liquid extraction of ...	1998	18576016
one step partial purification of beta-d-galactosidase from kluyveromyces marxianus cdb 002 using streamline-deae.	the intracellular enzyme beta-d-galactosidase provides interesting applications in the dairy industry, which are able to solve problems related to product processing, or can alleviate lactose intolerance in some populations. in order to obtain a technical enzyme, yeast cells of kluyveromyces marxianus cdb 002 were disrupted by high pressure homogenization and an innovative chromatographic technique was tested for the recovery of beta-d-galactosidase. a streamline 25 column, containing 65 ml stre ...	1998	10036751
inulase-secreting strain of saccharomyces cerevisiae produces fructose.	the gene encoding inulase of the yeast kluyveromyces marxianus (inu1km) was cloned and expressed in the inulin-negative yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae. cells of s. cerevisiae transformed with the inu1km gene have acquired extracellular inulase activity and were able to grow in the medium with inulin as a sole carbon source. the s. cerevisiae strain was constructed that is capable of heterologous expression of secreted k. marxianus inulase and is defective in fructose uptake due to null-mutations ...	1998	10099455
sordarins: in vitro activities of new antifungal derivatives against pathogenic yeasts, pneumocystis carinii, and filamentous fungi.	gm 193663, gm 211676, gm 222712, and gm 237354 are new semisynthetic derivatives of the sordarin class. the in vitro antifungal activities of gm 193663, gm 211676, gm 222712, and gm 237354 against 111 clinical yeast isolates of candida albicans, candida kefyr, candida glabrata, candida parapsilosis, candida krusei, and cryptococcus neoformans were compared. the in vitro activities of some of these compounds against pneumocystis carinii, 20 isolates each of aspergillus fumigatus and aspergillus f ...	1998	9797217
production of bioingredients from kluyveromyces marxianus grown on whey: an alternative.	whey waste is a major problem for the dairy industry. finding alternative means to reduce its pollution potential and produce high value-added bioingredients has been attempted by many researchers. kluyveromyces marxianus var. marxianus is a dairy yeast that produces beta-galactosidase, allowing for whey fermentation. also, k. marxianus has been proposed as a source of: (1) oligonucleotides, used as flavor enhancers in food products; (2) oligosaccharides, used as prebiotics to stimulate the grow ...	1998	9813735
comparison of a new commercial colorimetric microdilution method with a standard method for in-vitro susceptibility testing of candida spp. and cryptococcus neoformans.	the sensititre yeast one method (accumed international ltd, east grinstead, uk) is a microplate-based procedure that incorporates an oxidation-reduction indicator, alamar blue, for the in-vitro testing of five antifungal agents (amphotericin b, fluconazole, itraconazole, ketoconazole and flucytosine). we compared this colorimetric method with a standard broth microdilution test, performed according to us national committee for clinical laboratory standards document m27-a guidelines, for determin ...	1998	9818741
udp-galactose 4-epimerase from kluyveromyces fragilis: reconstitution of holoenzyme structure after dissociation with parachloromercuribenzoate.	udp-galactose 4-epimerase from yeast kluyveromyces fragilis (kluyveromyces marxianus var. marxianus) is a homodimer of molecular mass 75 kda/subunit and has one mol nad firmly bound/dimer. the pathway for the assembly of the holoenzyme structure has been studied after dissociating the native epimerase with p-chloromercuribenzoate into inactive mercurated monomers. the process of dissociation was not associated with unfolding of the molecules. reconstitution of the functional holoenzyme was done ...	1998	9826189
[the cloning and expression of the gene for beta-galactosidase from candida pseudotropicalis yeasts in saccharomyces cerevisiae cells].	the gene of beta-galactosidase of lactose-assimilating yeast candida pseudotropicalis was cloned in pg2 and pbg2-3 hybrid shuttle vectors and expressed in saccharomyces cerevisiae laboratory strains under the control of own promoter. the plasmids were able to replicate autonomously with relative stability in transformants of baker's yeasts. the availability of glucose or lactose in the medium influenced the recombinant plasmid stability and the expression of the cloned gene. a number of experime ...	1998	9859642
oesophagitis caused by candida kefyr.	the unusual case of an oesophagitis caused by candida kefyr in a patient with squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx is reported. the further implementation of c. kefyr in the production of milk products is discussed.	1998	9861842
effect of fortification of concentrated whey on growth of kluyveromyces sp.	the effect of fortification of concentrated whey with 0.5% inorganic nitrogen viz. nh4cl, (nh4)2so4, nano3 and urea, organic nitrogen viz. tryptone, tryptose, peptone and yeast extract and 0.1% metal ions viz. k2hpo4, mgso4 and feso4, on growth stimulation of kluyveromyces marxianus subsp. marxianus nrrl y-665, nrrl y-1195, nrrl y-2415 and kluyveromyces marxianus subsp. lactis nrrl y-1193 were studied. supplementation with 0.5% (nh4)2so4, peptone, yeast extract or 0.1% k2hpo4 individually increa ...	1998	9950037
cloning and characterization of two pyruvate decarboxylase genes from pichia stipitis cbs 6054.	in pichia stipitis, fermentative and pyruvate decarboxylase (pdc) activities increase with diminished oxygen rather than in response to fermentable sugars. to better characterize pdc expression and regulation, two genes for pdc (pspdc1 and pspdc2) were cloned and sequenced from p. stipitis cbs 6054. aside from saccharomyces cerevisiae, from which three pdc genes have been characterized, p. stipitis is the only organism from which multiple genes for pdc have been identified and characterized. psp ...	1998	9435065
genetic characterization of a phospholipase c gene from candida albicans: presence of homologous sequences in candida species other than candida albicans.	phospholipase c (plc) enzymes are essential in regulating several important cellular functions in eukaryotes, including yeasts. in this study, pcr was used to identify a gene encoding plc activity in candida albicans, using oligonucleotide primers complementary to sequences encoding highly conserved amino acid regions within the x domains of previously characterized eukaryotic phospholipase c genes. the nucleotide sequence of the c. albicans gene, caplc1 (2997 bp), was determined from a recombin ...	1998	9467900
u3 snorna genes with and without intron in the kluyveromyces genus: yeasts can accommodate great variations of the u3 snorna 3'-terminal domain.	the u3 snorna coding sequences from the genomic dnas of kluyveromyces delphensis and four variants of the kluyveromyces marxianus species were cloned by pcr amplification. nucleotide sequence analysis of the amplification products revealed a unique u3 snorna gene sequence in all the strains studied, except for k. marxianus var. fragilis. the k. marxianus u3 genes were intronless, whereas an intron similar to those of the saccharomyces cerevisiae u3 genes was found in k. delphensis. hence, u3 gen ...	1998	9510331
production of 2-phenylethyl alcohol by kluyveromyces marxianus.	among the numerous yeasts able to produce flavor compounds, several strains of kluyveromyces species are known for the synthesis of large amounts of aromatic compounds. in particular, the accumulation of 2-phenylethyl alcohol in liquid cultures of kluyveromyces marxianus was observed after incubation on a semisynthetic medium at 30 degrees c, 125 rpm. changes in the carbon sources led to a significant modification of the amount of this aromatic compound; moreover, the variations in the level of ...	1998	9548779
effect of cell morphology on dead-end filtration of the dimorphic yeast kluyveromyces marxianus var. marxianus nrrly2415.	the dead-end filtration characteristics of the dimorphic yeast kluyveromyces marxianus var. marxianus (formerly fragilis) nrrly2415 were investigated for a range of mean cell morphologies, ranging from predominantly yeast-like to predominantly filamentous. semiautomated image analysis was used to measure the mean cell specific surface area, sv, and the mean ratio of cell length to equivalent cylindrical diameter, ldm, in each broth. the method of ju and ho (biotechnol. bioeng. 1988, 32, 95-99) w ...	1998	9548781
isolation and characterization of kluyveromyces marxianus mutants deficient in malate transport.	in malic acid-grown cells of the strains atcc 10022 and kms3 of kluyveromyces marxianus the transport of malic acid occurred by a malate-proton symport, which accepted l-malic, d-malic, succinic and fumaric acids, but not tartaric, malonic or maleic acids. the system was inducible and subjected to glucose repression. mutants of the strain kms3, unable to grow in a medium with malic acid, were isolated and checked for their capacity to utilize several carbon sources and to transport dicarboxylic ...	1998	9559548
correlation of in vitro fluconazole susceptibility with clinical outcome for severely ill patients with oropharyngeal candidiasis.	we investigated the correlation between in vitro susceptibility to fluconazole and clinical response in severely ill patients with oropharyngeal candidiasis treated with fluconazole. the study included 48 adult patients, of whom 23 were neutropenic (absolute neutrophil count, < 500/mm3). forty-eight isolates (20 candida albicans, 12 candida krusei, 10 candida kefyr, 3 torulopsis glabrata, and 3 candida tropicalis) were tested for susceptibility to fluconazole with use of the macrodilution method ...	1998	9564473
microbial cell-based biosensor for sensing glucose, sucrose or lactose.	biosensors for the determination of glucose, sucrose and lactose were based on a clark-type oxygen electrode covered with a membrane containing microbial cells. the glucose-sensing membrane was prepared with intact cells of gluconobacter oxydans immobilized in gelatin cross-linked with glutardialdehyde. the disaccharide-sensing membranes were prepared by co-immobilization of g. oxydans with cells of saccharomyces cerevisiae containing invertase for sucrose determination and with permeabilized ce ...	1998	9569611
yeast profile in gouda cheese during processing and ripening.	the yeasts present in gouda cheese during processing were monitored in a single cheese factory during a 32 day ripening period. despite the predominance of lactic acid bacteria during gouda making, yeasts played a significant role in the ripening process in reaching counts as high as 10(5) cfu g(-1) at the later stages of ripening. the increase in the number of yeasts corresponded with the depletion in lactose content and the simultaneous stabilization of lactic acid bacteria numbers. the source ...	1998	9706786
polymorphonuclear phagocytosis and killing in workers occupationally exposed to hexachlorobenzene.	phagocytosis and intracellular killing of candida albicans and candida pseudotropicalis by neutrophils from 66 workers exposed to chlorinated compounds were studied. phagocytosis with both antigens was normal in all the workers studied. however, lytic activity of the neutrophils in the presence of both antigens, c. albicans and c. pseudotropicalis was impaired. these findings might be related to a derangement in the antioxidant mechanisms and to some interference with gsh levels that might lead ...	1998	9736448
influence of temperature, ph and water activity on "in vitro" inhibition of penicillium glabrum (wehmer) westling by yeasts.	four different yeast species (metschnikowia pulcherrima, saccharomycopsis vini, kluyveromyces marxianus, cryptococcus albidus), isolated from surface of grapes, were evaluated for biocontrol potential against penicillium glabrum. in order to investigate the influence of temperature, ph, water activity and yeast cell concentration on penicillium glabrum inhibition, the individual effects and the interaction of these factors were analyzed by means of a central composite design (ccd). all yeast spe ...	1998	9760746
composition of the cell walls of several yeast species.	cell walls, representing 26%-32% of the cell dry weight, were prepared from several strains of the yeasts kloeckera apiculata, debaryomyces hansenii, zygosaccharomyces bailii, kluyveromyces marxianus and saccharomyces cerevisiae. extraction of the walls with potassium hydroxide at 4 degrees c, followed by saturation of the alkali-soluble extract with ammonium sulphate gave fractions of mannoprotein, alkali-soluble glucan and alkali-insoluble glucan. chitin was associated with the alkali-insolubl ...	1998	9763691
increase in beta-galactosidase activity in a non-isothermal bioreactor utilizing immobilized cells of kluyveromyces fragilis: fundamentals and applications.	the beta-galactosidase activity of kluyveromyces fragilis cells immobilized in a kappa carrageenan gel was studied in a bioreactor functioning under isothermal and non-isothermal conditions. we observed an increase in enzyme activity which was found to be proportional to the intensity of the temperature gradient applied across the biocatalytic membrane, as well as to the average temperature of the bioreactor. the efficiency of such a non-isothermal bioreactor was calculated with respect to the y ...	1997	9765807
prevalence and susceptibility of vaginal yeast isolates in jordan.	the prevalence of vaginal yeast species has been studied in 140 women (41 pregnant, 66 infertile and 33 healthy controls) attending a gynaecological private clinic in amman, jordan. yeast species were isolated from pregnant (68.2%), infertile (51.5%) and healthy control (48.4%) women. patients manifesting one, two or three symptoms of vulvovaginitis were 22.1%, 26.8% or 24.2% respectively. asymptomatic cases and cases with more than three symptoms were 22.4% and 4.5% respectively. candida albica ...	1997	9476485
[a clinical and biological study of parasitic and fungal diarrhea in immunosuppressed patients in an urban and suburban area of yaoundé].	we studied 66 cases of intestinal mycosis and parasitosis in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus with chronic diarrhea. all subjects were from the yaounde urban area and were followed between february and december 1996. they were recruited from 3 hospitals in the center of yaounde and were aged between 2 and 52 years. there was weight loss in 80.3% and severe dehydration in 72.3% of cases. feces consisted mostly of watery stools similar to those of cholera patients (50% of ca ...	1997	9503491
the incidence of killer activity and extracellular proteases in tropical yeast communities.	the presence of killer and proteolytic yeasts was studied among 944 isolates representing 105 species from tropical yeast communities. we found 13 killer toxin producing species, with pichia kluyveri being the most frequent. other killer yeast isolates were candida apis, candida bombicola, candida fructus, candida krusei, candida sorbosa, hanseniaspora uvarum, issatchenkia occidentalis, kloeckera apis, kluyveromyces marxianus, pichia membranaefaciens, pichia ohmeri-like, and sporobolomyces roseu ...	1997	9115090
[the cloning and expression of the beta-galactosidase gene of candida pseudotropicalis yeasts in escherichia coli cells].	the gene encoding the beta-galactosidase of the yeast candida pseudotropicalis was cloned on yep13 shuttle vector as the xhoi-fragment of chromosomal dna of about 9.5 kb. salgi-fragment of 7.5 kb with the beta-galactosidase gene was subcloned from the pg2 hybrid plasmid obtained into the pbr322 plasmid and then shortened to give 5.2 kb via deletion on xhoi site. this plasmid constructed was designated pbg2-1. in dna/dna hybridization studies the appearance of one xhoi-fragment and seven ecori-fr ...	1997	9172860
evaluation of the biolog system for the identification of food and beverage yeasts.	the inconvenience of conventional yeast identification methods has resulted in the development of rapid, commercial systems, mainly for clinical yeast species. the biolog system (biolog inc., hayward, ca, usa) is a new semi-automated, computer-linked technology for rapid identification of clinical and non-clinical yeasts. the system is based around a microtitre tray and includes assimilation and oxidation tests. this paper evaluates the biolog system for the identification of 21 species (72 stra ...	1997	9203401
identification of yeasts and coryneform bacteria from the surface microflora of brick cheeses.	coryneform bacteria and yeasts of 21 brick cheeses from six german dairies, produced by using undefined ripening cultures, were identified. arthrobacter nicotianae, brevibacterium linens, corynebacterium ammoniagenes, corynebacterium variabilis and rhodococcus fascians were found in significant numbers. out of 148 coryneform isolates 36 could not be identified at the species level. with the exception of a large rennet cheese, the coryneform microflora of rennet and acid cured cheeses were simila ...	1997	9039559
cloning and characterization of a gene (lip1) which encodes a lipase from the pathogenic yeast candida albicans.	extracellular phospholipases are demonstrated virulence factors for a number of pathogenic microbes. the opportunistic pathogen candida albicans is known to secrete phospholipases and these have been correlated with strain virulence. in an attempt to clone c. albicans genes encoding secreted phospholipases, saccharomyces cerevisiae was transformed with a c. albicans genomic library and screened for lipolytic activity on egg-yolk agar plates, a traditional screen for phospholipase activity. two i ...	1997	9043110
comparative analysis in three fungi reveals structurally and functionally conserved regions in the mig1 repressor.	the mig1 repressor is a key effector in glucose repression in the yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae. to gain further insights into structure-function relationships, we have now cloned the mig1 homologue from the yeast kluyveromyces marxianus. the amino acid sequence deduced from kmmig1 differs significantly from scmig1p outside the highly conserved zinc fingers. however, 12 discrete conserved motifs could be identified in a multiple alignment that also included the k. lactis mig1p sequence. we furt ...	1997	9230894
synthesis and antimicrobial activity of beta-[(2-benzimidazolyl)thio]-beta-benzoyl styrene derivatives.	in this study some new beta-[(2-benzimidazolyl)thio]-beta-benzoyl styrene derivatives have been synthesized by reacting 2-(phenacetylthio)benzimidazole and substituted benzaldehydes in piperidine/dry benzene. structures were verified by microanalysis, ir and nmr spectral analysis. antimicrobial activities of the compounds were investigated by the microdilution susceptibility test; muller-hinton broth and sabouraud dextrose broth were used for the determination of antibacterial and antifungal act ...	1997	9239458
synthesis and antimicrobial activities of 2-[(alpha-methylbenzylidene)-hydrazino]benzoxazoles.	new 2-[(alpha-methylbenzylidene)hydrazino]benzoxazole derivatives have been synthesized by reacting ortho or para substituted acetophenones with 2-hydrazinobenzoxazole in ethanol. the structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed by microanalysis, ir and nmr spectral data. antimicrobial activities of the compounds were investigated by the microdilution susceptibility test in mueller-hinton broth and sabouraud liquid medium. test organisms: staphylococcus aureus atcc 29213 and enterococc ...	1997	9296284
effect of kluyveromyces marxianus on the growth and survival of bifidobacteria in milk.	four strains of bifidobacteria (b. bifidum 93, b. infantis atcc 17930, b. longum atcc 15707, and b. longum jr) cultivated in mrs broth modified by the addition of cysteine-hydrochloride (0.05%) were serially subcultured in unsupplemented cow milk alone or in combination with kluyveromyces marxianus var. marxianus 269 under aerobic conditions. in monoculture, bifidobacteria did not multiply after the second subculture. in contrast, in coculture with yeast bifidobacteria reached counts about 8 log ...	1997	9306658
single strand breaks and mutagenesis in yeast induced by photodynamic treatment with chloroaluminum phthalocyanine.	photodynamic treatment of the yeast kluyveromyces marxianus with the sensitizer aluminum phthalocyanine results in loss of clonogenicity. in this paper the effect of this treatment on dna of this yeast was investigated by searching for single strand breaks and forward mutations. using the alkaline step elution technique it was found that illumination of the yeast in the presence of aluminum phthalocyanine resulted in an increase in single strand breaks. these could, partially, be repaired by pos ...	1997	9345783
physiological and biochemical characterization of intergeneric hybrids of thermotolerant and non-thermotolerant yeasts.	kluyveromyces-like intergeneric hybrids of thermotolerant kluyveromyces marxianus and non-thermotolerant saccharomyces cerevisiae, produced in a previous study by protoplasmic fusion, have been characterized. on molasses, these strains produced ethanol in excess of 6% (v/v) both at 30 and 45 degrees c as against 3% and 4.2% (v/v) by the former parent at 30 and 45 degrees c, respectively. in hybrids, the increase in ethanol production appeared to be a sequel to increased activities of alcohol deh ...	1997	9373947
differences in the growth kinetic behaviour of torulopsis cremoris in batch and continuous cultures.	torulopsis cremoris growth in whey was described satisfactorily by monod's model. the maximum specific growth rate of t. cremoris obtained in batch culture was approximately 26% higher than that estimated in continuous culture. this rate was higher than that reported for kluyveromyces fragilis, which is the yeast used in large-scale processes for the biomass production from whey. in batch and continuous cultures, the yeast utilized some other carbon and energy source, different from lactose. in ...	1997	9428157
multiple unfolded states of udp-galactose 4-epimerase from yeast kluyveromyces fragilis. involvement of proline cis-trans isomerization in reactivation.	udp-galactose 4-epimerase from yeast kluyveromyces fragilis is a dimeric molecule of 75 kda per subunit with one molecule of cofactor nad per dimer. it undergoes unfolding and complete dissociation in presence of 8 m urea at ph 7.0 by 10 min. it can be functionally reconstituted almost quantitatively in 2 h by dilution with 20 mm sodium phosphate buffer, ph 7 containing 1 mm extraneous nad under a second order kinetics [bhattacharyya, d. (1993) biochemistry 32, 9726-9734]. denaturation between 1 ...	1997	9434116
beta-galactosidase production by kluyveromyces marxianus cultured in shake flasks.	beta-galactosidase production by k. marxianus was studied in shake flasks. enzyme production was strongly influenced by culture conditions determining oxygen transfer rates. working volume turned out to be the most significant parameter affecting enzyme yields: the higher the volume, the higher the specific activity of the enzyme. the use of dehydrated whey (as the source of lactose) resulted in a large increase in the specific enzyme activity as compared with the use of pure lactose. this effec ...	1997	10932718
a mathematical model of ethanol fermentation from cheese whey : i: model development and parameter estimation.	the cybernetic approach to modeling of microbial kinetics in a mixed-substrate environment has been used in this work for the fermentative production of ethanol from cheese whey. in this system, the cells grow on multiple substrates and generate metabolic energy during product formation. this article deals with the development of a mathematical model in which the concept of cell maintenance was modified in light of the specific nature of product formation. continuous culture data for anaerobic p ...	1997	18576106
a mathematical model of ethanol fermentation from cheese whey : ii. simulation and comparison with experimental data.	a cybernetic model for microbial growth on mixed substrates, was used to simulate the anaerobic fermentation of cheese whey and multiple sugars in semisynthetic media by kluyveromyces marxianus cbs 397. the model simulations quite successfully predicted the observed behavior in batch and during transients in continuous operation, in single-substrate systems as well as in media involving multiple substrates, and in semisynthetic and reconstituted cheese whey solutions. the results of simulations ...	1997	18576107
highly efficient secretion of heterologous proteins from saccharomyces cerevisiae using inulinase signal peptides.	the inu genes of kluyveromyces marxianus encode inulinases which are readily secreted from saccharomyces cerevisiae into the culture medium. to evaluate the utility of the inu signal peptides for the secretion of heterologous proteins from s. cerevisiae, a variety of expression and secretion vectors were constructed with gal10 promoter and gal7 terminator. the coding sequence for human lipocortin-1 (lc1) was inserted in-frame with the inu signal sequences, and then the secretion efficiency and l ...	1996	18623603
morphological characterization of the dimorphic yeast kluyveromyces marxianus var. marxianus nrrly2415 by semi-automated image analysis.	a semiautomatic image analysis method has been developed to characterize the morphology of the dimorphic yeast kluyveromyces marxianus var. marxianus (formerly fragilis) nrrly2415 undergoing alcoholic fermentation of cheese whey permeate. the method is capable of separating cells into six defined categories, varying from simple ovoid yeast cells to branched mycelial cells. a sample size of 300 cells was found to be sufficient to obtain a statistically significant categorization. the processing t ...	1996	18629834
routine use of chromagar candida medium for presumptive identification of candida yeast species and detection of mixed fungal populations.	objective: to assess the value of the new differential culture medium chromagar candida for routine investigation of clinical specimens. methods: during a whole year, 6150 clinical samples were plated on chromagar candida medium. after incubation, the green colonies were considered to be candida albicans. the colonies of other colors were identified using bichrolatex-krusei, or by their assimilation pattern on id 32c test strips and their morphology on rice cream-agar-tween. results: among the 6 ...	1996	11866844
isolation of yeasts from bovine milk in belgium.	a total of 436 milk samples from non-infected and 80 from infected quarters were investigated: 24.5% of the samples collected from non-infected and 55% of those collected from infected quarters were positive. normal milk yielded not less than 16 different species and among them many potentially pathogenic yeast species such as c. parapsilosis, c. guilliermondii, c. tropicalis, c. glabrata and t. asahii, all five able to grow at 40 degrees c. in contrast, the yeasts isolated from infected quarter ...	1996	9063005
serum level determination of fluconazole by high-performance liquid chromatography and bioassay.	an hplc method using a reverse phase system, an isocratic mobile phase and 1-phenyl-1,2 ethanediol as internal standard and a well diffusion bioassay using a strain of candida pseudotropicalis were compared for the measurement of fluconazole in serum. both methods permit determination of fluconazole in the range from 1 mg/l to 30 mg/l. the correlation between both methods was found to be r = 0.89. both methods are useful for monitoring the serum level of fluconazole in clinical routine work.	1996	8737947
behaviour of the yeast kluyveromyces marxianus var. marxianus during its autolysis.	the lactic yeast kluyveromyces marxianus var.marxianus (formerly k. fragilis) autolyzates at faster rate than saccharomyces cerevisiae. during k. marxianus autolysis, quite similar release kinetics were observed for intracellular space markers (potassium ions, nucleotides), cell-wall components (polysaccharides, n-acetyl-d-glucosamine) and non specific products (amino nitrogen). by scanning electronic microscopy examination, no cell burst was observed, but a variation in cell shape (from ellipso ...	1996	8740909
high-level secretion of human alpha 1-antitrypsin from saccharomyces cerevisiae using inulinase signal sequence.	the use of a proper signal sequence is one of the major determinants for the efficient secretion of heterologous proteins from yeast. the signal sequence derived from inulinase (inu1a) of kluyveromyces marxianus was evaluated in directing the secretion of a human glycoprotein, alpha 1-antitrypsin (alpha 1-at), from saccharomyces cerevisiae. a yeast expression vector for alpha 1-at was constructed by placing the coding sequence of human alpha 1-at fused with the inu1a signal sequence downstream o ...	1996	8818270
location of the beta-galactosidase of the yeast kluyveromyces marxianus var. marxianus atcc 10022.	during the growth of kluyveromyces marxianus var. marxianus atcc 10022 on lactose, peaks of glucose, but not beta-galactosidase activity, were detected in culture medium. harvested and washed whole cells produced glucose and galactose from lactose, or ortho-nitro-phenol from the chromogenic substrate ortho-nitro-phenyl-beta-d-galactopyranoside (onpg), indicating that beta-galactosidase is physically associated with cells. onpg hydrolysis by whole cells presented a monophasic kinetics (km 36.6 mm ...	1996	8836433
growth of yeasts in milk and associated changes to milk composition.	the growth of several yeast species in milk containing added sodium chloride (0-15%, w/v) at 25 degrees c and 10 degrees c was examined in conjunction with yeast metabolism of milk constituents. depending on conditions, all yeasts grew to maximum populations of 10(7)-10(8) cfu/ml. kluyveromyces marxianus gave strong utilisation of lactose and weak metabolism of citrate, protein and fat with the production of ethanol, glycerol, lactic acid and propionic acid. as measured by the production of free ...	1996	8880309