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host range and complete genome sequence of cucurbit chlorotic yellows virus, a new member of the genus crinivirus.cucurbit chlorotic yellows virus (ccyv) causes chlorotic yellows on cucumber (cucumis sativus) and melon (cucumis melo) and is transmitted by bemisia tabaci biotype b and q whiteflies. to characterize the host range of ccyv, 21 cucurbitaceous and 12 other plant species were inoculated using whitefly vectors. all tested cucumis spp. except cucumis anguria and cucumis zeyheri were systemically infected with ccyv, although infection rates varied among species. citrullus lanatus, cucurbita pepo, and ...201020465411
photosynthetic responses of lettuce to downy mildew infection and cytokinin treatment.changes in primary metabolism of lettuce, lactuca sativa l. (cv. cobham green), induced by compatible interaction with the biotrophic oomycete pathogen bremia lactucae regel (race bl 16), under two intensities of illumination in the presence and absence of exogenous cytokinins were studied by chlorophyll fluorescence imaging. thirteen days post-inoculation leaf discs infected by b. lactucae exhibited impairments of photosynthesis associated with biotrophic infections, including: reductions in ph ...201020471849
influence of soil fumigation by methyl bromide and methyl iodide on rhizosphere and phyllosphere microbial community structure.rhizosphere and phyllosphere microbial communities were evaluated on roots and leaves of growth chamber-grown lettuce (lactuca sativa (l.) cv. green forest) plants by culture-dependent and -independent methods after soil fumigation. denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (dgge) with 16s rrna primers followed by cloning and sequencing was used to identify major rrna bands from the rhizosphere and phyllosphere. three weeks after fumigation, there were no differences (p = 0.16) in rhizosphere micr ...201020512733
hydroxylation at carbon-2 of ent-16-oxo-17-norkauran-19-oic acid by fusarium proliferatum.a new product of biotransformation of ent-16-oxo-17-norkauran-19-oic acid (1) by fusarium proliferatum was isolated and identified as a 2beta-hydroxy derivative (2). the structure of 2 was elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic data interpretation and single-crystal x-ray diffraction analysis. the allelopathic activity of compound 2 was evaluated on the growth of radicals and shoots of lactuca sativa (lettuce). this is the first time that fungal hydroxylation at position c-2 has been reported ...201020617817
phytotoxic activities of mediterranean essential oils.twelve essential oils from mediterranean aromatic plants were tested for their phytotoxic activity, at different doses, against the germination and the initial radicle growth of seeds of raphanus sativus, lactuca sativa and lepidium sativum. the essential oils were obtained from hyssopus officinalis, lavandula angustifolia, majorana hortensis, melissa officinalis, ocimum basilicum, origanum vulgare, salvia officinalis and thymus vulgaris (lamiaceae), verbena officinalis (verbenaceae), pimpinella ...201020657443
flow cytometric assessment of cd genotoxicity in three plants with different metal accumulation and detoxification capacities.cadmium (cd) is a widespread environmental contaminant, strongly mutagenic and known to cause dna damage in plants. in this work, flow cytometry (fcm) was applied to determine if in vivo exposure to cd would induce genotoxic effects at the genome level. the hyper-accumulator thlaspi caerulescens (j. & c. presl), the related non-accumulator thlaspi arvense l. and the accumulator crop species lactuca sativa l. were germinated in distilled water and grown in modified hoagland's medium with increasi ...201020663557
molecular analysis of a homogentisate phytyltransferase gene from lactuca sativa l.tocochromanols, usually known as vitamin e, play a crucial role in human and animal nutrition. the enzyme homogentisate phytyltransferase (hpt) performs the first committed step of the vitamin e biosynthetic pathway. the full-length cdna encoding hpt was isolated from lactuca sativa l. by rapid amplification of cdna ends (race). the cdna, designated as lshpt, was 1,670 bp long containing an open reading frame (orf) of 1,185 bp which encoded a protein of 395 amino acids. sequence analysis indicat ...201020872075
herbicidal activity of volatiles from coriander, winter savory, cotton lavender, and thyme isolated by hydrodistillation and supercritical fluid extraction.the volatiles from coriandrum sativum l., satureja montana l., santolina chamaecyparissus l., and thymus vulgaris l. were isolated by hydrodistillation (essential oil) and supercritical fluid extraction (volatile oil). their effect on seed germination and root and shoot growth of the surviving seedlings of four crops ( zea mays l., triticum durum l., pisum sativum l., and lactuca sativa l.) and two weeds ( portulaca oleracea l. and vicia sativa l.) was investigated and compared with those of two ...201020886818
perchlorate, nitrate, and iodine uptake and distribution in lettuce ( lactuca sativa l.) and potential impact on background levels in humans.much focus has been placed on the impact of exposure to perchlorate (clo(4)(-)) from drinking water. recently, it has become more apparent that a significant percentage of the total clo(4)(-) exposure may be due to ingestion of food. most studies have only evaluated the uptake and distribution of clo(4)(-) by plants without considering the potential for uptake of iodine (i) by the plant and the subsequent impacts on clo(4)(-) uptake and distribution on human health. the objectives of this resear ...201021047133
expression of a cholera toxin b subunit-neutralizing epitope of the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus fusion gene in transgenic lettuce (lactuca sativa l.).transgenic plants have been used as a safe and economic expression system for the production of edible vaccines. a synthetic cholera toxin b subunit gene (ctb) was fused with a synthetic neutralizing epitope gene of the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (sctb-scoe), and the sctb-scoe fusion gene was introduced into a plant expression vector under the control of the ubiquitin promoter. this plant expression vector was transformed into lettuce (lactuca sativa l.) using the agrobacterium-mediated tra ...201021153716
ecotoxicological characterization of tannery wastewater in dhaka, bangladesh.tanning industries are one of the main economic activities in bangladesh. it has been well documented that wastewater discharged from tanneries without appropriate treatment results in detrimental effects on the ecosystem. no ecotoxicity evaluation of any aquatic environment in bangladesh has been conducted so far. in this study a battery of toxicity bioassays and chemical analysis were carried out from water samples obtained from three sampling points: upstream from discharging site on river bu ...201021186722
quality traits of conventional and transgenic lettuce (lactuca sativa l.) at harvesting by nmr metabolic profiling.metabolism of genetically modified (gm) lettuce (lactuca sativa l.) leaves was investigated by comparing nmr metabolic profiles of three lines (t(3)b12, t(7)b7, and t(7)b14) overexpressing the e. coli asparagine synthetase a gene with those of the wild type (wt) at 24, 56, and 64 days after sowing (das). statistical analyses based on hydro-soluble compound profiles significantly and maximally discriminated the wt from gm-lines at optimal harvest time (56 das). the t(7)b14 metabolic variations we ...201020469910
effect of induced oxidative stress and herbal extracts on acid phosphatase activity in lysosomal and microsomal fractions of midgut tissue of the silkworm, bombyx mori.lysosomal and microsomal acid phosphatase activity was estimated in midgut tissue of silkworm larvae, bombyx mori l. (lepidoptera: bombycidae), after induced oxidative stress by d-galactose. the larvae were simultaneously were treated with ethanolic extracts of bacopa monniera and lactuca sativa to study their antioxidant properties. lipid peroxidation and fluorescence was measured to analyze extent of oxidative stress. the ethanolic extract of lactuca sativa was found to be more effective in pr ...201020874583
reduced photosynthetic activity is directly correlated with 2-(3h)-benzoxazolinone accumulation in lettuce leaves.2-(3h)-benzoxazolinone (boa) is a secondary plant metabolite previously found to inhibit plant growth and development. the phytotoxic activity of boa has been extensively demonstrated over the last years. however, the relation of boa phytotoxicity with boa accumulation in plant leaves has not been thoroughly investigated. in this work, boa phytotoxicity on photosynthesis (phipsii and pn) of lettuce (lactuca sativa l. cv. great lakes) was studied, and these results were correlated with boa quanti ...201020143137
metabolites from withania aristata with potential phytotoxic activity.a series of apocarotenoids (1-8) and one carotenoid (9) were isolated from the leaves of withania aristata. in addition, the tetraacetylated apocarotenoid glucosides 10-12 were obtained by acetylation, with derivative 9-hydroxymegastigma-4,6e-dien-3-one 9-o-beta-d-glucopyranoside tetraacetate (10) being described for the first time. the structures have been determined by spectroscopic and spectrometric means, mainly nmr and esi-ms, and comparison with data reported in the literature. these metab ...201020734937
phytotoxic activity of flavonoids from dicranostyles ampla.crude extracts from over 16 species of plants from the family convolvulaceae were evaluated for phytotoxic activity against agrostis stolonifera (bentgrass) and lactuca sativa (lettuce) at 1000 microg/ml. ethanol extracts of dicranostyles ampla ducke were among the most active of those species tested. systematic bioassay-guided fractionation of the ethanol extract of the aerial parts from this species was performed to identify specifically the phytotoxic compounds. two phytotoxic flavonoids, dih ...201020839625
proximate nutrient analyses of four species of submerged aquatic vegetation consumed by florida manatee (trichechus manatus latirostris) compared to romaine lettuce (lactuca sativa var. longifolia).free-ranging florida manatees (trichechus manatus latirostris) consume a variety of sea grasses and algae. this study compared the dry matter (dm) content, proximate nutrients (crude protein [cp], ether-extracted crude fat [ee], nonfiber carbohydrate [nfc], and ash), and the calculated digestible energy (de) of sea grasses (thalassia testudinum, halodule wrightii, and syringodium filiforme) collected in spring, summer, and winter, and an alga (chara sp.) with those of romaine lettuce (lactuca sa ...201021370638
toxicity of methyl tert butyl ether to soil invertebrates (springtails: folsomia candida, proisotoma minuta, and onychiurus folsomi) and lettuce (lactuca sativa).experiments were conducted to assess the toxicity of methyl tert butyl ether (mtbe) to three species of collembola (proisotoma minuta, folsomia candida, and onychiurus folsomi) and lettuce (lactuca sativa l.) using an artificial organization for economic cooperation and development (oecd) soil and field-collected sandy loam and silt loam soil samples. soil invertebrate tests were carried out in airtight vials to prevent volatilization of mtbe out of the test units and to allow for direct head-sp ...201020821452
accelerated metolachlor degradation in soil by zerovalent iron and compost amendments.soil incubation and germination tests were conducted to assess zerovalent iron (zvi), organic compost, moisture and their combinations on metolachlor degradation in soil. the zvi alone degraded 91% of metolachlor in soil within 40 days following bi-phasic kinetics. organic amendment alone facilitated metolachlor degradation in soil up to 60% after 40 days depending on the amendment rate. however, the combination of zvi with compost amendment at 30 ton ha(-1) and 30% moisture content accelerated ...201020352186
ecotoxicological risk assessment of undisturbed metal contaminated soil at two remote lighthouse sites.ecotoxicological risk assessments of contaminated soil are commonly completed using guideline values based on total concentrations. however, only certain fractions of contaminants are bioavailable and pose a hazard to the environment. this paper investigates the relationship between measured metal concentrations in soil and soil leachate, and the effects in organisms exposed to intact, undisturbed soil cores (wheat, tricum aestivum) and soil leachate (lettuce, lactuca sativa, and water flea, dap ...201020189647
toxicity assessment of oil field produced water treated by evaporative processes to produce water to irrigation.during the productive life of an oil well, a high quantity of produced water is extracted together with the oil, and it may achieve up to 99% in the end of the well's economical life. desalination is one of mankind's earliest forms of saline water treatment, and nowadays, it is still a common process used throughout the world. a single-effect mechanical vapor compression (mvc) process was tested. this paper aims to assess the potential toxicity of produced water to be re-used in irrigation. samp ...201020706017
cytogenotoxicity of cymbopogon citratus (dc) stapf (lemon grass) aqueous extracts in vegetal test systems.the lemon grass, cymbopogon citratus (dc) stapf, is an important species of poaceae family commonly used in the folk medicine in many countries. the aim of this study was to investigate the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of aqueous extracts from c. citratus leaves on lactuca sativa (lettuce) root tip meristem cells by cytogenetic studies that have never been done before for lemon grass extracts. for this, lettuce seeds were treated for 72h with different concentrations of lemon grass aqueous ex ...201020563411
responses of mikania micrantha, an invasive weed to elevated co₂: induction of β-caryophyllene synthase, changes in emission capability and allelopathic potential of β-caryophyllene.to better understand the effect of predicted elevated levels of carbon dioxide (co₂) on an invasive weed mikania micrantha, we constructed a suppressive subtractive hybridization (ssh) library from the leaves of m. micrantha exposed to co₂ at 350 and 750 ppm for 6 d, and isolated a novel gene named β-caryophyllene synthase. β-caryophyllene synthase catalyses the conversion of farnesyl diphosphate to β-caryophyllene, a volatile sesquiterpene with allelopathic potential. real-time pcr analysis rev ...201020821346
sewage sludge sugarcane trash based compost and synthetic aggregates as peat substitutes in containerized media for crop production.effect of partial substitution of peat in growth media by sewage sludge sugarcane trash based compost (ssc) and synthetic aggregates (sa) on the physical and chemical characteristics of the growth media and on the growth and nutrition of lettuce (lactuca sativa l.) grown in the substituted media was investigated under this study. ssc was produced from sugarcane trash and sewage sludge. unconventional sa were produced by low productive acidic red soil with paper waste and starch waste. the treatm ...201019828249
antifeedant and cytotoxic activity of longipinane derivatives.the polyoxygenated longipinane derivatives 1- 8 were tested as antifeedant compounds against the herbivorous insects spodoptera littoralis, rhopalosiphum padi, and myzus persicae. compounds 1-3 and 8 exhibited significant antifeedant activity against s. littoralis and m. persicae. the antifeedant activity against s. littoralis increased moderately after the c-8 hydroxy group in 3 was removed to afford 1 and increased strongly after the remaining two hydroxy groups were acetylated to afford 2. co ...201019742424
the effect of cyanide compounds, fluorides, aluminum, and inorganic oxides present in spent pot liner on germination and root tip cells of lactuca sativa.spl (spent pot liner) is a solid waste produced by the aluminum industry. this waste has a highly variable composition, consisting of cyanides, fluorides, organics, and metals. the aim of this work was to study the effect of spl on root tips of lactuca sativa using current plant bioassays. we observed a decrease in the germination rate with increasing concentrations of spl. in addition, spl was found to reduce root growth, which is correlated with a decrease in the mitotic index. nevertheless, w ...201020092896
toxicity assessment of garden soils in the vicinity of mining areas in southern morocco.the aim of the present work is the assessment of the concentration, toxicity and phytoavailability of heavy metals in garden soils in the vicinity of three mines (a, b and c) in south of morocco by using concurrently selective chemical extractions, metplate a toxicity bioassay and plant growth experiments. the tailings materials containing very high concentrations of mn, cu and co in mine a, co, mn, cr and ni in mine b and cu and zn in mine c. the high toxicity of tailings from mine c (86.7% inh ...201020074853
foliar lead uptake by lettuce exposed to atmospheric fallouts.metal uptake by plants occurs by soil-root transfer but also by direct transfer of contaminants from the atmosphere to the shoots. this second pathway may be particularly important in kitchen gardens near industrial plants. the mechanisms of foliar uptake of lead by lettuce ( lactuca sativa ) exposed to the atmospheric fallouts of a lead-recycling plant were studied. after 43 days of exposure, the thoroughly washed leaves contained 335 +/- 50 mg pb kg(-1) (dry weight). micro-x-ray fluorescence m ...201020063891
a genetic locus and gene expression patterns associated with the priming effect on lettuce seed germination at elevated temperatures.seeds of most cultivated varieties of lettuce (lactuca sativa l.) fail to germinate at warm temperatures (i.e., above 25-30 degrees c). seed priming (controlled hydration followed by drying) alleviates this thermoinhibition by increasing the maximum germination temperature. we conducted a quantitative trait locus (qtl) analysis of seed germination responses to priming using a recombinant inbred line (ril) population derived from a cross between l. sativa cv. salinas and l. serriola accession uc9 ...201020047028
nmr-metabolic methodology in the study of gm foods.the 1h-nmr methodology used in the study of genetically modified (gm) foods is discussed. transgenic lettuce (lactuca sativa cv "luxor") over-expressing the arabidopsisknat1 gene is presented as a case study. twenty-two water-soluble metabolites (amino acids, organic acids, sugars) present in leaves of conventional and gm lettuce were monitored by nmr and quantified at two developmental stages. the nmr spectra did not reveal any difference in metabolite composition between the gm lettuce and the ...201022253988
phytotoxicity tests of solid wastes and contaminated soils in the czech republic.the purpose of this study was to compare the suitability of different phytotoxicity testing procedures for the evaluation of toxicity associated with both soil contamination and solid wastes, both of which can be of environmental risk to plants. ten different representative types of contaminated soils and solid waste samples were chosen from the czech republic.201019557447
phytotoxicity of sarmentine isolated from long pepper (piper longum) fruit.discovery of novel natural herbicides has become crucial to overcome increasing weed resistance and environmental issues. in this article, we describe the finding that a methanol extract of dry long pepper (piper longum l.) fruits is phytotoxic to lettuce (lactuca sativa l.) seedlings. the bioassay-guided fractionation and purification of the crude extract led to isolation of sarmentine (1), a known compound, as the active principle. phytotoxicity of 1 was examined with a variety of seedlings of ...201020839888
characterization of volatile production during storage of lettuce (lactuca sativa) seed.the duration that seeds stay vigorous during storage is difficult to predict but critical to seed industry and conservation communities. production of volatile compounds from lettuce seeds during storage was investigated as a non-invasive and early detection method of seed ageing rates. over 30 volatile compounds were detected from lettuce seeds during storage at 35 degrees c at water contents ranging from 0.03 to 0.09 g h(2)o g(-1) dw. both qualitative and quantitative differences in volatile c ...201020819791
quantitative trait loci associated with longevity of lettuce seeds under conventional and controlled deterioration storage conditions.lettuce (lactuca sativa l.) seeds have poor shelf life and exhibit thermoinhibition (fail to germinate) above ∼25°c. seed priming (controlled hydration followed by drying) alleviates thermoinhibition by increasing the maximum germination temperature, but reduces lettuce seed longevity. controlled deterioration (cd) or accelerated ageing storage conditions (i.e. elevated temperature and relative humidity) are used to study seed longevity and to predict potential seed lifetimes under conventional ...201020693410
identification of three relationships linking cadmium accumulation to cadmium tolerance and zinc and citrate accumulation in lettuce.lettuce (lactuca sativa) is a plant species that shows high accumulation of cadmium, a toxic heavy metal. lettuce is therefore a good model both for identifying determinants controlling cadmium accumulation in plant tissues and for developing breeding strategies aimed at limiting cadmium accumulation in edible tissues. in this work, 14-day-old plants from three lettuce varieties were grown for 8 days on media supplemented with cadmium concentrations ranging from 0 to 50 microm. growth, as well a ...201020576318
constituents of calamintha ashei: effects on florida sandhill species.chemical constituents of the perennial shrub calamintha ashei have been characterized as part of our investigation of the allelopathic properties of this plant. besides the known monoterpenes, (+)-evodone, (-)-calaminthone and (+)-desacetylcalaminthone, fresh aerial parts of c. ashei provided six new menthofurans, two new germacrane sesquiterpenes, and the six, known flavonoids: 5-desmethoxynobiletin, 5-hydroxy-6,7,8,4'-tetramethoxyflavone, 5,4'-dihydroxy-6,7,8,3'-tetramethoxyflavone, thymonin, ...201020521531
effects of seasonal variation on sensory properties and total phenolic content of 5 lettuce cultivars.butterhead, crisphead, green leaf, red leaf, and romaine types of lettuce (lactuca sativa l.) are all commonly available in u.s. markets. sensory properties of lettuce may vary in response to environmental factors that often fluctuate widely throughout the growing season. bitterness is generally thought to increase in lettuce grown at higher temperatures and may be related to phenolic content. this study evaluated sensory properties and total phenolic content of 5 lettuce cultivars harvested ear ...201020492312
light-induced root hair formation in lettuce (lactuca sativa l. cv. grand rapids) roots at low ph is brought by chlorogenic acid synthesis and sugar.previously, we reported that chlorogenic acid (cga) facilitated root hair formation at ph 4.0 in lettuce (lactuca sativa l. cv. grand rapids). light was essential for this process. in the present study, we determined relationships between cga, light, and sugar during root hair formation in lettuce seedlings. the amount of cga increased with white light in intact seedlings. exogenously applied cga restored root hair formation in dark-grown intact seedlings at ph 4.0. however, no root hair formati ...201020437192
metal uptake in a peri-urban lactuca sativa cultivated area.in this study, two lactuca sativa crops grown in a net-protected site and an unprotected site were compared. the results showed metals were accumulated by lactuca sativa. higher metal accumulation in lettuce grown in the unprotected parcel was established, and the only significant differences in their physicochemical properties were cation exchange capacity and exposure to sunlight. exposure to the sun may translate into higher soil-plant flux of water and/or higher decomposition rate of organic ...201020390850
spermine delays leaf senescence in lactuca sativa and prevents the decay of chloroplast photosystems.aliphatic polyamines (pas) are involved in the delay or prevention of plant senescence, but the molecular mechanism is not clarified. the hypothesis is put forward that one of the mechanisms by which pas modulate leaf senescence and chlorophyll stabilisation could be due to their modification of chlorophyll-bound proteins, catalysed by transglutaminase (tgase, r-glutaminylpeptide-amine gamma-glutamyltransferase; e.c. 2.3.2.13). the retardation of leaf senescence of lactuca sativa l. by spermine ...201020381367
effect of water treatment residuals on soil phosphorus, copper and aluminium availability and toxicity.water treatment residuals (wtrs) are produced by the treatment of potable water with coagulating agents. beneficial recycling in agriculture is hampered by the fact that wtrs contain potentially toxic contaminants (e.g. copper and aluminium) and they bind phosphorus strongly. these issues were investigated using a plant bioassay (lactuca sativa), chemical extractions and an isotopic dilution technique. two wtrs were applied to an acidic and a neutral ph soil at six rates. reductions in plant gro ...201020378219
regulation of cell division and growth in roots of lactuca sativa l. seedlings by the ent-kaurene diterpenoid rabdosin b.rabdosin b, an ent-kaurene diterpenoid purified from the air-dried aerial parts of isodon japonica (burm.f) hara var. galaucocalyx (maxin) hara, showed a biphasic, dose-dependent effect on root growth and a strong inhibitory effect on root hair development in lettuce seedlings (lactuca sativa l.). lower concentrations of rabdosin b (20-80 microm) significantly promoted root growth, but its higher levels at 120-200 microm, by contrast, had inhibitory effects. additionally, all tested concentratio ...201020376693
biofortification of lettuce (lactuca sativa l.) with iodine: the effect of iodine form and concentration in the nutrient solution on growth, development and iodine uptake of lettuce grown in water culture.iodine is an essential trace element for humans. two billion individuals have insufficient iodine intake. biofortification of vegetables with iodine offers an excellent opportunity to increase iodine intake by humans. the main aim was to study the effect of iodine form and concentration in the nutrient solution on growth, development and iodine uptake of lettuce, grown in water culture.201020355129
allelochemical, eudesmane-type sesquiterpenoids from inula falconeri.we have identified through bioassay guided isolation an allelochemical, eudesmane-type sesquiterpeniod, 3beta-caffeoxyl-beta1,8alpha-dihydroxyeudesm-4(15)-ene (1), from an endemic plant species growing in the himalayas. in our search for the bioactive subfraction, the hexane one was highly significant, showing 100% inhibition of lettuce seed growth at 100 ppm while other subfractions (chloroform, ethyl acetate, butanol and water) exhibited inhibitory to stimulatory allelopathic effects. the bioa ...201020336000
modification of cell wall properties in lettuce improves shelf life.it is proposed that post-harvest longevity and appearance of salad crops is closely linked to pre-harvest leaf morphology (cell and leaf size) and biophysical structure (leaf strength). transgenic lettuce plants (lactuca sativa cv. valeria) were produced in which the production of the cell wall-modifying enzyme xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase (xth) was down-regulated by antisense inhibition. independently transformed lines were shown to have multiple members of the lsxth gene family do ...201020179011
effects of industrial waste water on heavy metal accumulation, growth and biochemical responses of lettuce (lactuca sativa l.).the waste water showed high values of total solid (ts), hardness and chloride with slightly alkaline ph along with high concentrations of cr (2.03 mg l(-1)), ni (1.59 mg l(-1)) and zn (0.46 mg l(-1)). the concentration of cu (0.21 mg l(-1)) and zn in industrial waste water was low than ni and cr. the diluted (25 and 50%), undiluted (100%) waste water was used to irrigate the lettuce plants grown in alluvial soils. plants accumulated heavy metals in their shoot (ni, 13.65; cr, 19.73; zn, 21.6 and ...201021046995
potential of a metal-organic framework as a new material for solid-phase extraction of pesticides from lettuce (lactuca sativa), with analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.the metal-organic framework (∞)[(la(0.9)eu(0.1))(2)(dpa)(3)(h(2)o)(3)] was tested for extraction of pyrimicarb, procymidone, malathion, methyl parathion and α- and β-endosulfan from lettuce, with analysis using gc/ms in sim mode. experiments were carried out in triplicate at two fortification levels (0.1 and 0.5 mg/kg), and resulted in recoveries in the range of 78-107%, with rsd values between 1.6 and 8.0% for (∞)[(la(0.9)eu(0.1))(2)(dpa)(3)(h(2)o)(3)] sorbent. detection and quantification limi ...201020972975
testing the validity of a cd soil quality standard in representative mediterranean agricultural soils under an accumulator crop.the validity of a quality standard for cadmium (cd) in representative agricultural mediterranean soils under an accumulator crop (lactuca sativa l.) is evaluated in this work considering both its effect on the crop growth (biomass production) and the metal accumulation in the edible part of the plant. four soils with different properties relevant to regulate the behaviour of heavy metals were selected from the valencian region, a representative area of the european mediterranean region. for all ...201020947133
existence of vigorous lineages of crop-wild hybrids in lettuce under field conditions.plant to plant gene flow is a route of environmental exposure for gm plants specifically since crosses with wild relatives could lead to the formation of more vigorous hybrids, which could increase the rate of introgression and the environmental impact. here, we test the first step in the process of potential transgene introgression: whether hybrid vigor can be inherited to the next generation, which could lead to fixation of altered, i.e., elevated, quantitative traits. the potential for a perm ...201020883659
use of spent mushroom substrates from agaricus subrufescens (syn. a. blazei, a. brasiliensis) and lentinula edodes productions in the enrichment of a soil-based potting media for lettuce (lactuca sativa) cultivation: growth promotion and soil bioremediation.this study aimed to assess physicochemical and microbiological properties of fresh spent mushroom substrates (smss)--without post-crop heat treatment--from agaricus subrufescens and lentinula edodes production to optimize the use of these residues in the soil enrichment for lettuce growth promotion and soil remediation. organic matter and c content of both smss were high. fresh a. subrufescens sms was a good source of n, p and k. on the other hand, l. edodes sms presented a lower concentration o ...200919467593
arsenate toxicity for wheat and lettuce in six chinese soils with different properties.to assess soil arsenic (as, in the form of arsenate) toxicity to plants, 6-d root elongation tests on wheat (triticum aestivum l.) and lettuce (lactuca sativa) were conducted in six chinese soils freshly spiked with as. plants were treated with 7 or 10 levels of as to establish concentration-effect curves. median effective concentration and 10% effective concentration values were derived with regression analysis to measure as toxic potencies, and no-observed-effect concentration was determined b ...200919379017
moderate and high doses of sodium hypochlorite, neutral electrolyzed oxidizing water, peroxyacetic acid, and gaseous chlorine dioxide did not affect the nutritional and sensory qualities of fresh-cut iceberg lettuce (lactuca sativa var. capitata l.) after washing.besides the traditionally used sodium hypochlorite (20 and 200 mg l(-1)), alternative sanitizers such as peroxyacetic acid (80 and 250 mg l(-1)) and neutral electrolyzed oxidizing water (4.5 and 30 mg l(-1) free chlorine) as well as chlorine dioxide gas (1.54 mg l(-1)) were evaluated for their efficiency in reducing the microbial load of fresh-cut iceberg lettuce. an additional rinsing step with tap water and cooling of the sanitizing solutions, which are obvious for the fresh-cut industry, were ...200919371140
comprehensive proteome analysis of lettuce latex using multidimensional protein-identification technology.commercially, lettuce (lactuca sativa) is one of the most important leafy vegetables. lettuce produces a milky latex of variable chemical compositions within its laticifers. as a step toward understanding the main physiological roles of this latex in higher plants, we embarked on its proteomic analysis. we investigated 587 latex proteins that were identified from the lettuce latex using multidimensional protein-identification technology. a bioinformatics analysis showed that the most frequently ...200919356777
phytotoxic aromatic constituents of oxalis pes-caprae.a cinnamic acid ester, two dihydrocinnamic acid esters, a noroxyneolignan, a dibenzyl ether derivative, along with common aromatic compounds and flavonoids were isolated from the extracts of fresh leaves and twigs of oxalis pes-caprae. the structures of these aromatic compounds were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analyses, especially 2d-nmr techniques. their effects on the germination and growth of lactuca sativa l. as standard target species have been studied at concentrations ranging ...200919353540
ecological genomics of natural plant populations: the israeli perspective.the genomic era revolutionized evolutionary population biology. the ecological genomics of the wild progenitors of wheat and barley reviewed here was central in the research program of the institute of evolution, university of haifa, since 1975 ( http://evolution.haifa.ac.il ). we explored the following questions: (1) how much of the genomic and phenomic diversity of wild progenitors of cultivars (wild emmer wheat, triticum dicoccoides, the progenitor of most wheat, plus wild relatives of the ae ...200919347652
bioactive furanoeremophilanes from senecio otites kunze ex dc.the furanoeremophilanes 6 beta-angeloyloxy-1,10-dehydrofuranoeremophilan-9-one (1), 6 beta-hydroxy-1,10-dehydrofuranoeremophilan-9-one (2) and 6 beta-propionyloxy-1,10-dehydrofuranoeremophilan-9-one (3) were isolated from senecio otites, their structures elucidated by spectral analyses, and their insecticidal and phytotoxic properties evaluated. compounds 1-3 proved to be effective aphid antifeedants against myzus persicae and rhopalosiphum padi and had postingestive negative effects on spodopte ...200919227831
ethylene reduces gas exchange and growth of lettuce plants under hypobaric and normal atmospheric conditions.elevated levels of ethylene occur in controlled environment agriculture and in spaceflight environments, leading to adverse plant growth and sterility. the objectives of this research were to characterize the influence of ethylene on carbon dioxide (co(2)) assimilation (c(a)), dark period respiration (dpr) and growth of lettuce (lactuca sativa l. cv. buttercrunch) under ambient and low total pressure conditions. lettuce plants were grown under variable total gas pressures of 25 kpa (hypobaric) a ...200919175518
chlorogenic acid facilitates root hair formation in lettuce seedlings.root hairs, which arise from root epidermal cells, are tubular structures that increase the efficiency of water absorption and nutrient uptake. a low ph (ph 4) medium induced root hair formation in lettuce (lactuca sativa l.) seedlings, and the decapitation of shoots inhibited root hair formation. the addition of shoot extract to the medium restored root hair formation in the decapitated lettuce seedlings. these results suggest that factors essential to the formation of root hairs may be present ...200919168456
microsatellite instability in lactuca sativa chronically exposed to cadmium.cadmium (cd) is a cytotoxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic metal. mutagenesis is indicative of genetic instability and can be assayed by use of microsatellite markers (simple sequence repeats, ssrs). these are tandem-repeated tracts of dna composed of units that are 1-6 base pairs (bp) long, spread throughout the genome and highly polymorphic. ssrs can be used in the detection of genomic dna damage and/or mutational events (e.g. deletions, insertions, point mutations). in order to study chronic exp ...200919041419
association mapping and marker-assisted selection of the lettuce dieback resistance gene tvr1.lettuce (lactuca saliva l.) is susceptible to dieback, a soilborne disease caused by two viruses from the family tombusviridae. susceptibility to dieback is widespread in romaine and leaf-type lettuce, while modern iceberg cultivars are resistant to this disease. resistance in iceberg cultivars is conferred by tvr1 - a single, dominant gene that provides durable resistance. this study describes fine mapping of the resistance gene, analysis of nucleotide polymorphism and linkage disequilibrium in ...200919930659
irrigation with treated wastewater: effects on soil, lettuce (lactuca sativa l.) crop and dynamics of microorganisms.the aim of this study was to evaluate the applicability of treated wastewater for horticultural crops, assess the effects of continuous use of treated water on soil and crops, and analyse the physical, chemical and biological effects of irrigation with recycled water. two lettuce plots watered with drinking water and treated wastewater were monitored over a three year period. nutrients, heavy metal and the dynamics of pathogen and indicator microorganism content in soil and foliar tissues were a ...200919847714
ecological risks of an old wood impregnation mill: application of the triad approach.although many studies deal with the distribution and mobility of chromated copper arsenate (cca) metals in soil, the ecotoxicity of cca-contaminated soils is rarely studied. the triad approach was applied to determine the ecological risks posed by a cca mixture at a decommissioned wood impregnation mill in southern finland. a combination of (1) chemical analyses; (2) toxicity tests with plants (aquatic: lemna minor; terrestrial: lactuca sativa), earthworms (lumbricus rubellus), and enchytraeids ...200920050027
nitrate content of lettuce (lactuca sativa l.) after fertilization with sewage sludge and irrigation with treated wastewater.a romaine-type lettuce (lactuca sativa l.) was cultivated over three crop seasons (spring 2005, spring 2006 and autumn-winter 2006) in six 36 m(2) plots in alcázar de san juan, spain. a drip irrigation system was used to water all plots: five plots with drinking water and one plot with wastewater from the activated sludge system of a wastewater treatment plant (wwtp). one drinking water-irrigated plot was not fertilized (control). five different treatments were applied to the soil: three organic ...200919680887
toxicity assessment from electro-coagulation treated-textile dye wastewaters by bioassays.in this study the pollutant removal from a textile dyeing wastewater has been investigated by using the electro-coagulation technique with iron electrodes. in order to obtain optimal values of the system state variables, a 3(3) full factorial experimental design was applied. the electro-coagulation (ec) process response was evaluated on the basis of cod removal and decolourization values. the electrolysis time and density current were statistically significant for the cod removal and decolouriza ...200919640647
unusual products of the aqueous chlorination of atenolol.the reaction of the drug atenolol with hypochlorite under conditions that simulate wastewater disinfection was investigated. the pharmaceutical reacted in 1h yielding three products that were separated by chromatographic techniques and characterized by spectroscopic features. two unusual products 2-(4-(3-(chloro(2-chloropropan-2-yl)amino)-2-hydroxypropoxy)phenyl) acetamide and 2-(4-(3-formamido-2-hydroxypropoxy)phenyl) acetamide were obtained along with 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl) acetamide. when the re ...200918996563
assessment of biomarkers of cadmium stress in lettuce.laboratory and field studies have provided encouraging insights into the capacity of plants to act as biomonitors of environmental quality through the use of biomarkers. however, a better understanding of the overall process of cd-induced senescence, describing the cascade of cd effects in plants is needed for a selection of relevant biomarkers of cd stress. in order to approach this, 5-week old lactuca sativa l. were exposed for 14 days to 100mum cd(no(3))(2) and harvested at days 0, 1, 3, 7 an ...200918952284
tributyltin and triphenyltin uptake by lettuce.this paper provides quantitative information on the transfer of tbt (tributyltin) and tpht (triphenyltin) from sludged soil to cultivated lettuce. the effect of their initial concentrations in the soil (varying from 20 to 50 microg(sn)kg(-1) for each triorganotin), sludge amount (between 1% and 9%), and cultivation duration (32-54 days) was evaluated by means of experimental designs. the impact of the cultivation temperature at 13 degrees c and 19 degrees c on organotin fate in the soil/plant sy ...200918951698
development of est-ssr markers for the study of population structure in lettuce (lactuca sativa l.).a set of 61 simple sequence repeat (ssr) markers was developed from the 19,523 lactuca sativa and lactuca serriola unigenes. approximately 4.5% of the unigenes contained a perfect ssr at least 20 bp long, corresponding to roughly 1 perfect ssr per 14.7 kb. marker polymorphism was tested on a set comprising 96 accessions representing all major horticultural types and 3 wild species (l. serriola, lactuca saligna, and lactuca virosa). both the average marker heterozygosity (uhe = 0.32) and the numb ...200918796462
ultraviolet radiation as a limiting factor in leaf expansion and development.reductions in leaf growth are a commonly observed response to ultraviolet radiation, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly defined. this study examined the response of leaves exposed to a uv environment across a range of organizational scales, including leaf expansion rate, epidermal cell size and number, biomechanical properties, leaf-water relations and activity of cell-wall peroxidases. two experimental approaches were used; lettuce (lactuca sativa l.) plants were propagated under (a) s ...200918764892
secondary metabolism and antioxidants are involved in environmental adaptation and stress tolerance in lettuce.lettuce (lactuca sativa) plants grown in a protective environment, similar to in vitro conditions, were acclimated in a growth chamber and subjected to water stress to examine the activation of genes involved in secondary metabolism and biosynthesis of antioxidants. the expression of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (pal), gamma-tocopherol methyl transferase (gamma-tmt) and l-galactose dehydrogenase (l-galdh) genes involved in the biosynthesis of phenolic compounds, alpha-tocopherol and ascorbic acid ...200918562042
chemical basis for the phytotoxicity of n-aryl hydroxamic acids and acetanilide analogues.germination inhibition activity of n-aryl hydroxamic acids and acetanilide analogues was measured on lettuce seeds (lactuca sativa). lipophilicity of the compounds was determined by hplc. a correlation between lipophilicity values and percentage of germination inhibition was established. a model mechanism of action for auxin was used for analyzing the effect of the substituent at the alpha carbon atom (ca) on the polarization of hydroxamic and amide functions in relation to the germination inhib ...200918669025
comparative analysis of the complete sequence of the plastid genome of parthenium argentatum and identification of dna barcodes to differentiate parthenium species and lines.parthenium argentatum (guayule) is an industrial crop that produces latex, which was recently commercialized as a source of latex rubber safe for people with type i latex allergy. the complete plastid genome of p. argentatum was sequenced. the sequence provides important information useful for genetic engineering strategies. comparison to the sequences of plastid genomes from three other members of the asteraceae, lactuca sativa, guitozia abyssinica and helianthus annuus revealed details of the ...200919917140
immobilized inocula of white-rot fungi accelerate both detoxification and organic matter transformation in two-phase dry olive-mill residue.the potential use for agronomic purposes of dry olive-mill residue (dor), solid waste from the olive oil two-phase extraction process, might be impaired by its phytotoxicity. although fungal treatments can detoxify dor, long times are required for these processes. the objective of this study was to assess whether the addition of immobilized fungal inocula to dor might improve colonization rates, thus reducing the time necessary for its detoxification and bioconversion. inocula of panus tigrinus ...200919469503
reducing plant uptake of pahs by cationic surfactant-enhanced soil retention.reducing the transfer of contaminants from soils to plants is a promising approach to produce safe agricultural products grown on contaminated soils. in this study, 0-400 mg/kg cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (ctmab) and dodecylpyridinium bromide (ddpb) were separately utilized to enhance the sorption of pahs onto soils, thereby reducing the transfer of pahs from soil to soil solution and subsequently to plants. concentrations of phenanthrene and pyrene in vegetables grown in contaminated soils t ...200919232798
phytotoxicity of constituents of glandular trichomes and the leaf surface of camphorweed, heterotheca subaxillaris.camphorweed, heterotheca subaxillaris (lam.) britt. & rusby, has a camphor-like odor, and its leaf surfaces contain glandular trichomes of the type shown to contain high levels of isoprenoids in other species. borneol (1), the phytotoxic calamenene-type sesquiterpenes (2-5, 9-11), and methylated flavones (12-15) were isolated from the dichloromethane rinsate of camphorweed aerial tissues. the strongest plant growth inhibitor against agrostis stolonifera and lactuca sativa seedlings, as well as d ...200919054533
2-3h-benzoxazolinone (boa) induces loss of salt tolerance in salt-adapted plants.in order to test the stress hypothesis of allelopathy of reigosa et al. (1999, 2002), the combined action of a well-established allelochemical compound (2-3h-benzoxazolinone, boa) and a common abiotic stress (salt stress) were investigated in lettuce (lactuca sativa l.). in a previous study (baerson et al. 2005), we demonstrated that the primary effects of boa are related to the expression of genes involved in detoxification and stress responses, which might serve to simultaneously alleviate bio ...200919538396
degradation and ecotoxicity of the biomedical drug artemisinin in soil.the plant artemisia annua l. is cropped in many countries for production of the antimalarial drug artemisinin. artemisinin is phytotoxic and has insecticidal activity. large-scale cultivation of a. annua may cause transfer of artemisinin to soil and, hence, may affect both soil organisms and the aquatic environment if the compound is leachable. in the present study, a new method for extraction of artemisinin from soil was developed, and field concentrations and degradation kinetics of artemisini ...200919391681
[compositae dermatitis].compositae dermatitis is an allergic contact dermatitis caused by plant species of the compositae family. the first report of a cutaneous reaction to the chrysanthemum genus was made by howe js in 1887. in 1895 maiden jh reported about skin lesions among men working with tagetes minuta. case reports of contact allergic-ragweed dermatitis appeared in the american literature as early as 1919. the north american feverfew--parthenium hysterophorus was brought to india from america in 1956 and it cau ...200912793186
toxicity of perfluorooctane sulfonate and perfluorooctanoic acid to plants and aquatic invertebrates.acute toxicities of perfluorooctane sulfonate (pfos) and perfluorooctanoic acid (pfoa) were tested on four freshwater species and three plant species. pfos was more toxic than pfoa for all species tested in this study. similar time-response patterns of pfos and pfoa toxicity were observed for each tested species. values of the 48-h lc(50) of pfos for all test species ranged from 27 to 233 mg/l and values of the 96-h lc(50) for three of the species ranged from 10 to 178 mg/l. values of the 48-h l ...200918461560
dry deposition of gaseous radioiodine and particulate radiocaesium onto leafy vegetables.radionuclides released to the atmosphere during dry weather (e.g. after a nuclear accident) may contaminate vegetable foods and cause exposure to humans via the food chain. to obtain experimental data for an appropriate assessment of this exposure path, dry deposition of radionuclides to leafy vegetables was studied under homogeneous and controlled greenhouse conditions. gaseous (131)i-tracer in predominant elemental form and particulate (134)cs-tracer at about 1 mum diameter were used to identi ...200919640563
taking ecological function seriously: soil microbial communities can obviate allelopathic effects of released metabolites.allelopathy (negative, plant-plant chemical interactions) has been largely studied as an autecological process, often assuming simplistic associations between pairs of isolated species. the growth inhibition of a species in filter paper bioassay enriched with a single chemical is commonly interpreted as evidence of an allelopathic interaction, but for some of these putative examples of allelopathy, the results have not been verifiable in more natural settings with plants growing in soil.200919277112
identification and analyses of candidate genes for rpp4-mediated resistance to asian soybean rust in soybean.asian soybean rust is a formidable threat to soybean (glycine max) production in many areas of the world, including the united states. only five sources of resistance have been identified (resistance to phakopsora pachyrhizi1 [rpp1], rpp2, rpp3, rpp4, and rpp5). rpp4 was previously identified in the resistant genotype pi459025b and mapped within 2 centimorgans of satt288 on soybean chromosome 18 (linkage group g). using simple sequence repeat markers, we developed a bacterial artificial chromoso ...200919251904
pseudomonas cichorii as the causal agent of midrib rot, an emerging disease of greenhouse-grown butterhead lettuce in flanders.bacterial midrib rot of greenhouse-grown butterhead lettuce (lactuca sativa l. var. capitata) is an emerging disease in flanders (belgium) and fluorescent pseudomonads are suspected to play an important role in the disease. isolations from infected lettuces, collected from 14 commercial greenhouses in flanders, yielded 149 isolates that were characterized polyphasically, which included morphological characteristics, pigmentation, pathogenicity tests by both injection and spraying of lettuce, lop ...200919157742
effects of dietary supplementation with red-pigmented leafy lettuce (lactuca sativa) on lipid profiles and antioxidant status in c57bl/6j mice fed a high-fat high-cholesterol diet.the present study was undertaken to assess the beneficial effects of a daily consumption of 8 % freeze-dried red-pigmented leafy lettuce (lactuca sativa) on cvd. c57bl/6j mice were fed a high-fat high-cholesterol diet supplemented with or without red-pigmented leafy lettuce for 4 weeks. the present results showed that the red-pigmented leafy lettuce-supplemented diet significantly decreased the level of total and ldl-cholesterol and tag in the plasma of the mice. the atherosclerotic index was ca ...200919243638
hypochlorite treatments are not a significant source of perchlorate exposure in lettuce.leafy vegetables, such as lettuce ( lactuca sativa l), have been identified as a potential source of perchlorate exposure to humans. perchlorate is of concern because excessive amounts may impair thyroid function by inhibiting iodide uptake by the sodium iodide symporter. perchlorate has been identified as an oxidation product in sodium hypochlorite. dilute hypochlorite solutions are widely used on lettuce as a preservative and as a treatment to reduce microbial food risks. however, the potentia ...200919245207
the genomic architecture of disease resistance in lettuce.genbank and the compositae genome project database, containing over 42,000 lettuce unigenes from lactuca sativa cv. salinas and l. serriola accession uc96us23 were mined to identify 702 candidate genes involved in pathogen recognition (rgcs), resistance signal transduction, defense responses, and disease susceptibility. in addition, to identify sequences representing additional sub-families of nucleotide binding site (nbs)-leucine-rich repeat encoding genes; the major classes of resistance genes ...200919005638
environmental stresses induce health-promoting phytochemicals in lettuce.plants typically respond to environmental stresses by inducing antioxidants as a defense mechanism. as a number of these are also phytochemicals with health-promoting qualities in the human diet, we have used mild environmental stresses to enhance the phytochemical content of lettuce, a common leafy vegetable. five-week-old lettuce (lactuca sativa l.) plants grown in growth chambers were exposed to mild stresses such as heat shock (40 degrees c for 10 min), chilling (4 degrees c for 1d) or high ...200919297184
evaluation of treatments for elimination of foodborne pathogens on the surface of leaves and roots of lettuce (lactuca sativa l.).several outbreaks of salmonella and escherichia coli o157:h7 infections have been associated with consumption of leafy greens. questions remain concerning the ability of these pathogens to become internalized within lettuce and spinach tissues. an effective validated surface disinfection method for lettuce is needed before factors affecting internalization of pathogens can be studied. the objective of this study was to develop a surface disinfection method for lettuce leaves and roots. iceberg l ...200919350966
impact of light variation on development of photoprotection, antioxidants, and nutritional value in lactuca sativa l.lettuce plants were grown at low (ll), middle (ml), and high light (hl) conditions to examine the relationship between photoacclimatory plasticity, light energy utilization, and antioxidant capacity. with the increase in light intensity from ll to ml, the energy flux via deltaph- and xanthophylls-regulated thermal dissipation, fluorescence and constitutive thermal dissipation, and electron transport for photorespiratory carbon oxidation all increased significantly. however, plants at hl exhibite ...200919435354
comparison of sensitivity of grasses (lolium perenne l. and festuca rubra l.) and lettuce (lactuca sativa l.) exposed to water contaminated with microcystins.the effects of aqueous extracts from microcysts aeruginosa strains (both microcystin-producers and non-microcystin producers) on germination and root growth were investigated for three economically important plant species: festuca rubra l., lolium perenne l., and lactuca sativa l. there was a clear inhibition of root growth for l. sativa exposed to strains containing microcystins (5.9-56.4 microg l(-1)). the strain that produced the most pronounced effects contained the lowest concentration of m ...200919436926
microbial enumeration of different functional groups and bacterial behavior in acid basic conditions of a biotoxic landfill leachate of bahía blanca, argentina.leachate is liquid waste from refuse biological decomposition or rainwater percolation in a landfill. this research focused on leachate produced by a landfill in bahia blanca, buenos aires, argentina. the research studied the main microbial populations involved in wastewater treatment, analyzed the behavior of bacteria isolated from leachate at different ph values, and appraised leachate biotoxicity. the number of bacteria varied by type, ranging from 1 x 10(4) to 1 x 10(5) cuf/ml aerobic hetero ...200919472947
differential effects of pseudomonas mendocina and glomus intraradices on lettuce plants physiological response and aquaporin pip2 gene expression under elevated atmospheric co2 and drought.arbuscular mycorrhizal (am) symbiosis and plant-growth-promoting rhizobacterium (pgpr) can alleviate the effects of water stress in plants, but it is unknown whether these benefits can be maintained at elevated co2. therefore, we carried out a study where seedlings of lactuca sativa were inoculated with the am fungus (amf) glomus intraradices n.c. schenk & g.s. sm. or the pgpr pseudomonas mendocina palleroni and subjected to two levels of watering and two levels of atmospheric co2 to ascertain t ...200919495853
comparative large-scale analysis of interactions between several crop species and the effector repertoires from multiple pathovars of pseudomonas and ralstonia.bacterial plant pathogens manipulate their hosts by injection of numerous effector proteins into host cells via type iii secretion systems. recognition of these effectors by the host plant leads to the induction of a defense reaction that often culminates in a hypersensitive response manifested as cell death. genes encoding effector proteins can be exchanged between different strains of bacteria via horizontal transfer, and often individual strains are capable of infecting multiple hosts. host p ...200919571308
transgenic lettuce producing a candidate protein for vaccine against edema disease.pig edema disease is a bacterial disease caused by shiga toxin 2e-producing escherichia coli belonging mainly to serotypes o138, o139, and o141. the b subunit of shiga toxin 2e (stx2eb) is a candidate protein for use in a vaccine against edema disease. we produced this protein in transgenic lettuce (lactuca sativa), an edible plant that can be cultivated in a factory setting. in a transient expression system, we found that ntadh 5'-untranslated region (5'-utr) functions as a translational enhanc ...200919584542
are uranium-contaminated soil and irrigation water a risk for human vegetables consumers? a study case with solanum tuberosum l., phaseolus vulgaris l. and lactuca sativa l.the knowledge of uranium concentration, in the products entering the human diet is of extreme importance because of their chemical hazard to health. controlled field experiments with potatoes, beans and lettuce (solanum tuberosum l., phaseolus vulgaris l. and lactuca sativa l.) were carried out in a contaminated soil used by local farmers located near a closed portuguese uranium mine (cunha baixa, mangualde). the soil with high average uranium levels (64-252 mg/kg) was divided in two plots, and ...200919590953
tobacco streak virus isolated from lettuce.tobacco streak virus (tsv) is an ilarvirus with a worldwide distribution. this virus infects many plants and causes significant yield losses. in this study, 300 samples of lettuce were collected from lettuce fields in tehran province. infected plants show symptoms such as: mosaic, vein clearing, vein necrosis, yellowing and leaf distortion. das-elisa (double antibody sandwich-elisa) was used with a polyclonal antiserum against tsv. five isolates (t1, t2, t3, t4 and t5), which are collected, resp ...200919634475
three combined quantitative trait loci from nonhost lactuca saligna are sufficient to provide complete resistance of lettuce against bremia lactucae.the nonhost resistance of wild lettuce (lactuca saligna) to downy mildew (bremia lactucae) is based on at least 15 quantitative trait loci (qtl), each effective at one or more plant developmental stages. we used qtl pyramiding (stacking) to determine how many of these qtl from l. saligna are sufficient to impart complete resistance towards b. lactucae to cultivated lettuce, l. sativa. the alleles of four of the most promising qtl, rbq4, rbq5, rbq6+11, and rbq7 are effective at both the young and ...200919656050
impact of preinoculation culture conditions on the behavior of escherichia coli o157:h7 inoculated onto romaine lettuce (lactuca sativa) plants and cut leaf surfaces.inoculum preparation methods can impact growth or survival of organisms inoculated into foods, thus complicating direct comparison of results among studies. the objective of this study was to evaluate preinoculation culture preparation for impact on escherichia coli o157:h7 inoculated onto leaves of romaine lettuce plants and cut leaf surfaces. e. coli o157:h7 was grown quiescently or shaken at 15, 25, or 37 degrees c to different growth phases in tryptic soy or m9 minimal salts broth or agar. c ...200919681285
potential internalisation of caliciviruses in lettuce.fresh produce such as lettuce (lactuca sativa) has often been linked to epidemic viral gastroenteritis. in these cases, it is unknown whether the viral contamination has occurred during the growing or the processing of the implicated product. in this study lettuce was grown in the presence of enteric viruses, and the uptake of viruses via the roots into the edible parts (leaves and stem) of the lettuce plants was investigated, for plants with both intact and damaged roots. the roots of lettuce, ...200919720414
in situ stabilization of cadmium-, lead-, and zinc-contaminated soil using various amendments.chemical stabilization is an in situ remediation method that uses inexpensive amendments to reduce contaminant availability in polluted soil. we tested the effects of several amendments (limestone, red-mud, and furnace slag) on the extractability of heavy metals, microbial activities, phytoavailability of soil metals (assessed using lettuce, lactuca sativa l.), and availability of heavy metals in ingested soil to the human gastrointestinal system (assessed using the physiologically based extract ...200919786291
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