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yeast extract promotes phase shift of bio-butanol fermentation by clostridium acetobutylicum atcc824 using cassava as substrate.when fermenting on cassava (15-25%, w/v) with clostridium acetobutylicum atcc824, a severe delay (18-40 h) was observed in the phase shift from acidogenesis to solventogenesis, compared to the cases of fermenting on corn. by adding yeast extract (2.5 g/l-broth) into cassava meal medium when the delay appeared, the phase shift was triggered and fermentation performances were consequently improved. total butanol concentrations/butanol productivities, compared to those with cassava substrate alone, ...201223023236
influence of nitrogen sources on ethanol fermentation in an integrated ethanol-methane fermentation system.an integrated ethanol-methane fermentation system was proposed to resolve wastewater pollution in cassava ethanol production. in the integrated system, wastewater originating from ethanol distillation was treated by two-stage anaerobic digestion and then used in medium for the next batch of ethanol fermentation. ammonium and other components in the effluent promoted yeast growth and fermentation rate but did not increase the yield of ethanol. fermentations with the effluent as the nitrogen sourc ...201222804850
a comparison of the production of ethanol between simultaneous saccharification and fermentation and separate hydrolysis and fermentation using unpretreated cassava pulp and enzyme cocktail.the processes of separate hydrolysis and fermentation (shf) and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (ssf) were employed using saccharomyces cerevisiae for the production of ethanol from cassava pulp without any pretreatment. a combination of amylase, cellulase, cellobiase, and glucoamylase produced the highest levels of ethanol production in both the shf and the ssf method. a temperature of 37 °c, a ph of 5.0, and an inoculum size of 6% were the optimum conditions for ssf. for the bat ...201222484928
acromyrmex octospinosus (hymenoptera: formicidae) management: effects of tramils fungicidal plant extracts.leaf-cutting ants, acromyrmex octospinosus (reich), are considering among the most important pest species of the new world. until now, the main insecticides used for controlling these ants were synthetic chemicals. leaf-cutting ants live in obligate symbiosis with abasidiomycete fungus, leucocoprinus gongylophorus (heim) moeller. the crucial role of this symbiotic partner in the nest of leaf-cutting ants has prompted us to focus on a. octospinosus management through the use of fungicides in our ...201222928301
effect of fibre level and fibre source on gut morphology and micro-environment in local (mong cai) and exotic (landrace×yorkshire) pigs.the effect of genotype, fibre level and fibre source on gut morphology, environment and microflora was studied using 18 mong cai (mc) and 18 landrace×yorkshire (ly) pigs, aged around 60 d. the diets were based on maize, rice bran, soybean meal, fish meal and soybean oil, and cassava residue (cr) or brewer's grain (bg) as fibrous ingredient sources in the high-fibre diets (hf). a low-fibre diet (lf), containing around 200 g ndf/kg dry matter (dm), was formulated without cr and bg as feed ingredie ...201225049538
metabolic engineering of klebsiella oxytoca m5a1 to produce optically pure d-lactate in mineral salts medium.klebsiella oxytoca strains were constructed to produce optical pure d-lactate by ph-controlled batch fermentation in mineral salts medium. the alcohol dehydrogenase gene, adhe, and the phospho-transacetylase/acetate kinase a genes, pta-acka, were deleted from the wild type. kms002 (δadhe) and kms004 (δadhe δpta-acka) exhibited d-lactate production as a primary pathway for the regeneration of nad(+). both strains produced 11-13 g/l of d-lactate in medium containing 2% (w/v) glucose with yields of ...201222728200
molecular studies on the transmission of indian cassava mosaic virus (icmv) and sri lankan cassava mosaic virus (slcmv) in cassava by bemisia tabaci and cloning of icmv and slcmv replicase gene from cassava.cassava mosaic disease, caused by cassava mosaic geminiviruses are transmitted by bemisia tabaci. the b. tabaci adults from colonies reared on virus free cassava plant produced from apical meristem culture was studied to determine their ability to transmit indian cassava mosaic virus (icmv) and sri lankan cassava mosaic virus (slcmv) from cassava to cassava. virus free plants were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) using geminivirus degenerate primers. the virus acquisition access peri ...201222302313
pcr-rflp analysis indicates that recombination might be a common occurrence among the cassava infecting begomoviruses in india.cassava mosaic disease (cmd) is caused in india by two bipartite begomoviruses, indian cassava mosaic virus (icmv), and sri lankan cassava mosaic virus (slcmv). polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (pcr-rflp) was used as a rapid means of investigating the molecular diversity of icmv and slcmv in 38 samples of cmd-affected cassava plants under field conditions in new areas of cassava cultivation, along with traditional areas in southern india. a very large proportion ...201222696049
east african cassava mosaic-like viruses from africa to indian ocean islands: molecular diversity, evolutionary history and geographical dissemination of a bipartite begomovirus.cassava (manihot esculenta) is a major food source for over 200 million sub-saharan africans. unfortunately, its cultivation is severely hampered by cassava mosaic disease (cmd). caused by a complex of bipartite cassava mosaic geminiviruses (cmg) species (family: geminivirideae; genus: begomovirus) cmd has been widely described throughout africa and it is apparent that cmg's are expanding their geographical distribution. determining where and when cmg movements have occurred could help curtail i ...201223186303
complete genome sequencing of two causative viruses of cassava mosaic disease in ghana.cassava mosaic disease (cmv), caused by one or a combination of cassava mosaic geminiviruses, is ranked among the most important constraints to profitable and efficient production of cassava. effective control measures require in-depth knowledge of the viral causative agent. using rolling-circle amplification and unique enzymes, the full genome of two species of cassava mosaic geminivirus isolated from infected cassava plants in ghana were cloned into pcambia 1300 and pet-28b. the sequences of t ...201223237086
a novel cassava-infecting begomovirus from madagascar: cassava mosaic madagascar virus.cassava mosaic geminiviruses (cmgs) are implicated in cassava mosaic disease (cmd), the main constraint to cassava production in africa. here, we report the complete nucleotide sequences of the dna-a and dna-b of a newly characterized cmg found infecting cassava in madagascar, for which we propose the tentative name cassava mosaic madagascar virus. with the exception of two recombinant regions that resembled a cmg, we determined that the non-recombinant part of the dna-a component is distantly r ...201222777180
exploiting the combination of natural and genetically engineered resistance to cassava mosaic and cassava brown streak viruses impacting cassava production in africa.cassava brown streak disease (cbsd) and cassava mosaic disease (cmd) are currently two major viral diseases that severely reduce cassava production in large areas of sub-saharan africa. natural resistance has so far only been reported for cmd in cassava. cbsd is caused by two virus species, cassava brown streak virus (cbsv) and ugandan cassava brown streak virus (ucbsv). a sequence of the cbsv coat protein (cp) highly conserved between the two virus species was used to demonstrate that a cbsv-cp ...201223049780
transgenic rna interference (rnai)-derived field resistance to cassava brown streak disease.cassava brown streak disease (cbsd), caused by the ipomoviruses cassava brown streak virus (cbsv) and ugandan cassava brown streak virus (ucbsv), is considered to be an imminent threat to food security in tropical africa. cassava plants were transgenically modified to generate small interfering rnas (sirnas) from truncated full-length (894-bp) and n-terminal (402-bp) portions of the ucbsv coat protein (δcp) sequence. seven sirna-producing lines from each gene construct were tested under confined ...201222845735
[identification and characterization of a flavonoid-3-o-glucosyltransferase gene from saussurea involucrata].the flavonoid-3-o-glucosyltransferas (3gt) is one of the most important enzymes for biosynthesis of plant secondary metabolites. in this paper, the homology analysis and gene special primers design were used. with the methods of modern molecular biology, the full-length gene of 3gt (genbank accession no. jn092127) which was cloned from saussurea involucrata kar. et kir by rt-pcr and race. the cdna sequence of 3gt consisted of 1548 bp open reading frame (orf) encoding 516 amino acid, the deduced ...201223016307
phylogeny, coat protein genetic variability, and transmission via seeds of hosta virus x.the complete genome of hosta virus x (hvx), which is thought to be a distinct species of potexvirus, was sequenced. nucleotide sequences of hvx were compared with those of other members of the genus potexvirus and phylogenetic tree was constructed. the range of identities of viral replicase open reading frame 1 (orf1) between hvx and other potexviruses were 43.1%-55.1% and 35.9%-46.6% at the nucleotide and amino acid levels, respectively. phylogenetic analysis was performed according to the amin ...201222453807
microbiological and physicochemical characterisation of caxiri, an alcoholic beverage produced by the indigenous juruna people of brazil.caxiri is a traditional fermented alcoholic beverage produced from cassava and sweet potatoes by the indigenous juruna or yudjá people in brazil. our results showed that caxiri fermentation is invariably associated with the following: (i) an increase in the total microbial population, with yeast being the largest group detected; (ii) a decrease in reducing sugars, malic, tartaric, succinic, oxalic and propionic acid; and (iii) a final product characterised by a high content of ethanol and a high ...201222497838
a melting pot of old world begomoviruses and their satellites infecting a collection of gossypium species in pakistan.clcud in southern asia is caused by a complex of multiple begomoviruses (whitefly transmitted, single-stranded [ss]dna viruses) in association with a specific ssdna satellite; cotton leaf curl multan betasatellite (clcumub). a further single ssdna molecule, for which the collective name alphasatellites has been proposed, is also frequently associated with begomovirus-betasatellite complexes. multan is in the center of the cotton growing area of pakistan and has seen some of the worst problems ca ...201222899988
evolution of african cassava mosaic virus by recombination between bipartite and monopartite begomoviruses.cassava mosaic disease (cmd) is a major constraint on cassava cultivation in africa. the disease is endemic and is caused by seven distinct cassava mosaic geminiviruses (cmgs), some of them including several variants.201222416906
[effects of seven rna silencing suppressors on heterologous expression of green fluorescence protein expression mediated by a plant virus-based system in nicotiana benthamiana].to test the effects of 7 virus-encoded rna silencing suppressors (rsss) for enhancement of a plant virus-based vector system-mediated heterologous expression of green fluorescence protein (gfp) in nicotiana benthamiana.201223174571
diet, pancreatic function, and chronic pancreatitis in south india and france.the usual consumption of calories, fat, protein, and carbohydrate, and the exocrine pancreatic function estimated in duodenal juice after an intravenous injection of secretin and cholecystokinin (cck), have been studied with the same method and by the same team in kerala (south india) and in marseille (france) in apparently normal children (7 indians, 21 french), in normal adults (23 indians, 17 french), and in patients presenting with chronic calcifying pancreatitis (8 indian children, 28 india ...20123362842
more lingual surface attrition of the maxillary anterior teeth in american indians: prehistoric panamanians.lingual surface attrition of the maxillary anterior teeth (lsa-mat) has been found in additional prehistoric latin american indian skeletons. lsamat was first observed in crania from an archaic brazilian site. this second finding occurs in teeth from venado beach, a late prehistoric site in panama. lsamat is also present in some fragmentary specimens from the archaic cerro mangote site in panama. lsamat at venado beach is present in 57% of 28 adult crania. as in the brazilian study, lsamat is as ...20123303956
Conversion of Sterically Demanding a,a-Disubstituted Phenylacetonitriles by the Arylacetonitrilase from Pseudomonas fluorescens EBC191.The nitrilase from Pseudomonas fluorescens EBC191 converted 2-methyl-2-phenylpropionitrile, which contains a quaternary carbon atom in the a-position toward the nitrile group, and also similar sterically demanding substrates, such as 2-hydroxy-2-phenylpropionitrile (acetophenone cyanohydrin) or 2-acetyloxy-2-methylphenylacetonitrile. 2-Methyl-2-phenylpropionitrile was hydrolyzed to almost stoichiometric amounts of the corresponding acid. Acetophenone cyanohydrin was transformed to the correspond ...201222020513
genetic diversity analysis of cyanogenic potential (cnp) of root among improved genotypes of cassava using simple sequence repeat markers.cyanogenic potential (cnp) of cassava constitutes a serious problem for over 500 million people who rely on the crop as their main source of calories. genetic diversity is a key to successful crop improvement for breeding new improved variability for target traits. forty-three improved genotypes of cassava developed by international institute of tropical agriculture (ita), ibadan, were characterized for cnp trait using 35 simple sequence.repeat (ssr) markers. essential colorimetry picric test wa ...201223678653
[determination of deoxynivalenol in grain and its products by solid-phase extraction coupled with high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry].a method was established for the determination of deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin) in grain and its products based on solid-phase extraction coupled with high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (hplc-ms/ms). the sample was firstly extracted by acetonitrile-water (84:16, v/v). the extract was then cleaned-up by an hlb solid phase extraction cartridge. the separation was carried out on a phenomenex kinetex c18 column (100 mm x4. 6 mm, 2.6 microm) with a gradient elution using 0.3 ...201223451526
Effect of carbohydrate sources and cotton seed meal in the concentrate: II. Feed intake, nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation and microbial protein synthesis in beef cattle.Four, rumen fistulated crossbred (Brahman × native) beef cattle steers were randomly assigned to receive four dietary treatments according to a 2?×?2 factorial arrangement in a 4?×?4 Latin square design. Factor A was carbohydrate source; cassava chip (CC) or CC + rice bran at a ratio 3:1 (CR3:1) and Factor B was cotton seed meal level (CM); and 109 g CP/kg (LCM) and 328 g CP/kg (HCM) at similar overall CP levels (490 g CP/kg). The animals were fed 5 g concentrate/kg BW, and urea-treated rice str ...201222072076
influence of processing cassava peels on the hydrogen cyanide concentration, nutritive value and performance of growing rabbits.forty-eight rabbits used to investigate the response of growing rabbits to diets containing differently processed cassava peel meals were divided into four groups balanced for sex and weight. these groups were then assigned at random to the experimental treatments. four diets were formulated such that the diets contained 200 g/kg of the experimental feedstuffs, sun-dried cassava peel meal (s), ensiled cassava peel meal (e) and retted cassava peel meal (r), and the control did not contain any cas ...201222086411
Fed-batch fermentation for n-butanol production from cassava bagasse hydrolysate in a fibrous bed bioreactor with continuous gas stripping.Concentrated cassava bagasse hydrolysate (CBH) containing 584.4g/L glucose was studied for acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation with a hyper-butanol-producing Clostridiumacetobutylicum strain in a fibrous bed bioreactor with gas stripping for continuous butanol recovery. With periodical nutrient supplementation, stable production of n-butanol from glucose in the CBH was maintained in the fed-batch fermentation over 263h with an average sugar consumption rate of 1.28g/Lh and butanol product ...201222101071
Pig performance increases with the addition of DL-methionine and L-lysine to ensiled cassava leaf protein diets.Two studies were conducted to determine the impact of supplementation of diets containing ensiled cassava leaves as the main protein source with synthetic amino acids, DL-methionine alone or with L-lysine. In study 1, a total of 40 pigs in five units, all cross-breds between Large White and Mong Cai, with an average initial body weight of 20.5 kg were randomly assigned to four treatments consisting of a basal diet containing 45% of dry matter (DM) from ensiled cassava leaves (ECL) and ensiled ca ...201221947959
Effect of adaptation strategies when feeding fresh cassava foliage on intake and physiological responses of lambs.The objective of the experiment was to study different adaptation strategies to avoid HCN intoxication when feeding fresh cassava foliage to sheep. Twenty-four Phan Rang lambs (initial weight?=?19.6 kg at 5.5 months of age) were used in the study. The four experimental diets contained guinea grass (Panicum maximum) supplemented with concentrate at 1.5% of body weight (BW) as dry matter (DM) (control) or supplemented with fresh cassava foliage (FCF) that was introduced into the diet with an adapt ...201222081316
potential of using multiscale kenaf fibers as reinforcing filler in cassava starch-kenaf biocomposites.biodegradable materials made from cassava starch and kenaf fibers were prepared using a solution casting method. kenaf fibers were treated with naoh, bleached with sodium chlorite and acetic buffer solution, and subsequently acid hydrolyzed to obtain cellulose nanocrystals (cncs). biocomposites in the form of films were prepared by mixing starch and glycerol/sorbitol with various filler compositions (0-10 wt%). x-ray diffraction revealed that fiber crystallinity increased after each stage of tre ...201223399291
prediction of gross energy and digestible energy in copra meal, palm kernel meal, and cassava root fed to pigs.many of the available prediction equations for feed energy value may not be applicable for ingredients such as copra (cocos nucifera) meal (cm), palm kernel meal (pkm), and cassava (manihot esculenta) root (cr). therefore, we developed novel equations for estimating ge and de concentrations in cm, pkm, cr, and diets containing these ingredients. data for ge and de concentrations were obtained from previous experiments in which the chemical composition in the ingredients and diets were determined ...201223365336
digestible and metabolizable energy concentrations in copra meal, palm kernel meal, and cassava root fed to growing pigs.an experiment was conducted to measure de and me in copra (cocos nucifera) meal (cm), palm kernel meal (pkm), and cassava (manihot esculenta) root (cr) in growing pigs. eight boars with an initial bw of 67.3 ± 5.8 kg were individually housed in metabolism crates that were equipped with a feeder and a nipple drinker. a replicated 4 × 4 latin square design was used with 4 dietary treatments, 4 periods, and 8 animals. a basal diet mainly contained corn (zea mays) and soybean (glycine max) meal. thr ...201223365309
effects of cassava variety and processing on energy and protein digestibility and utilization by young children.two varieties of cassava, processed as nigerian fermented flour (gari) or as brazilian flour (farinha), were fed to two groups of eight infants and young children, each group receiving both forms of one variety, with preceding, intervening and following casein control diets. the flours provided 50% of diet energy, with casein added to make 8% energy as protein, vegetable oils to make 20% as fat and corn syrup solids and sugar to make 72% carbohydrate (cho) energy. fecal wet weight increased (p l ...20123392598
high-throughput genomic sequencing of cassava bacterial blight strains identifies conserved effectors to target for durable resistance.cassava bacterial blight (cbb), incited by xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis (xam), is the most important bacterial disease of cassava, a staple food source for millions of people in developing countries. here we present a widely applicable strategy for elucidating the virulence components of a pathogen population. we report illumina-based draft genomes for 65 xam strains and deduce the phylogenetic relatedness of xam across the areas where cassava is grown. using an extensive database of eff ...201222699502
bioinformatic identification of cassava mirnas differentially expressed in response to infection by xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis.micrornas (mirnas) are short rna molecules that control gene expression by silencing complementary mrna. they play a crucial role in stress response in plants, including biotic stress. some mirnas are known to respond to bacterial infection in arabidopsis thaliana but it is currently unknown whether these responses are conserved in other plants and whether novel species-specific mirnas could have a role in defense.201222361011
integrative biological hydrogen production: an overview.biological hydrogen (h2) production by dark and photo-fermentative organisms is a promising area of research for generating bioenergy. a large number of organisms have been widely studied for producing h2 from diverse feeds, both as pure and as mixed cultures. however, their h2 producing efficiencies have been found to vary (from 3 to 8 mol/mol hexose) with physiological conditions, type of organisms and composition of feed (starchy waste from sweet potato, wheat, cassava and algal biomass). the ...201224426072
efficient 2,3-butanediol production from cassava powder by a crop-biomass-utilizer, enterobacter cloacae subsp. dissolvens sdm.2,3-butanediol (bd) is considered as one of the key platform chemicals used in a variety of industrial applications. it is crucial to find an efficient sugar-utilizing strain and feasible carbon source for the economical production of bd.201222792324
Anaerobic biological treatment of high strength cassava starch wastewater in a new type up-flow multistage anaerobic reactor.Anaerobic treatment of cassava starch wastewater using an up-flow multistage anaerobic reactor was investigated. The results showed that startup was successfully accomplished in 22d. The maximum 87.9% chemical oxygen demand (COD) was removed at hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 6.0h at fixed concentration 4000mg/L. In addition, 77.5-92.0% COD were removed as organic loading rates at 10.2-40.0kgCOD/(m(3)d) at fixed HRT of 6.0h. The Grau second-order kinetic model and modified Stover-Kincannon mod ...201222169215
multiplex rt-pcr assays for the simultaneous detection of both rna and dna viruses infecting cassava and the common occurrence of mixed infections by two cassava brown streak viruses in east africa.uniplex and multiplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) protocols were developed for the detection of cassava brown streak viruses (cbsvs) in single and mixed infections with cassava mosaic begomoviruses (cmbs) in a tropical crop plant, cassava (manihot esculenta). cmbs contain ssdna as their genome (genus begomovirus, family geminiviridae) while cbsvs are made up of positive sense ssrna (genus ipomovirus, family potyviridae), and they cause the economically important cass ...201222080852
microbial community diversity of organically rich cassava sago factory waste waters and their ability to use nitrate and n2o added as external n-sources for enhancing biomethanation and the purification efficiency.water shortage necessitated south indian sago factory owners, extracting starch out of cassava tubers, to install biogas plants where a starch utilizing microbial community multiplies and reduces the biological oxygen demand (bod) of the waste waters by presently about 30%. the purification efficiency of sago factory waste waters, rich in solid particles and having wide c/n ratios, around 250, through unstirred biogas plants needs to be improved. our approach was to apply instead of animal slurr ...201223219890
microbial community structure and performance of an anaerobic reactor digesting cassava pulp and pig manure.microbial community dynamics in response to changes in substrate types (i.e. pig manure (pm), cassava pulp (cp) and mixtures of pm and cp) were investigated in an anaerobic continuously stirred tank reactor (cstr). molecular identification of bacterial and archaeal domains were performed, using a 16s rdna clone library with polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (pcr-dgge) screening and phylogenetic analysis. analysis of bacterial clone libraries revealed that the diff ...201222864448
ileal digestibility of amino acids of cassava, sweet potato, cocoyam and erythrina foliages fed to growing pigs.ileal digestibility in growing pigs fed starch-based diets with inclusion of four tropical leaves in a meal form was studied in a 5 × 5 latin square design. five diets were formulated with only casein as protein source in the basal diet (cas), and casein plus dry cassava (ca) leaves, casein plus dry sweet potato (sp) leaves, casein plus dry cocoyam (co) leaves and casein plus erythrina (er) leaves in the other four diets. all diets contained the same amount of cp (14%), either provided by only c ...201222436274
development of microsatellite primers for jatropha curcas (euphorbiaceae) and transferability to congeners.microsatellite primers were developed for jatropha curcas (euphorbiaceae), a tree species with large potential for biofuel production, to investigate its natural genetic diversity and mating system to facilitate the establishment of tree improvement and conservation programs.201222575369
iris melanoma: features and prognosis in 317 children and adults.to evaluate iris melanoma in children versus adults.201222370659
molecular cloning and characterization of a novel ring zinc-finger protein gene up-regulated under in vitro salt stress in cassava.cassava (manihot esculenta crantz) is one of the world's most important food crops. it is cultivated mainly in developing countries of tropics, since its root is a major source of calories for low-income people due to its high productivity and resistance to many abiotic and biotic factors. a previous study has identified a partial cdna sequence coding for a putative ring zinc finger in cassava storage root. the ring zinc finger protein is a specialized type of zinc finger protein found in many o ...201222307786
iron and protein biofortification of cassava: lessons learned.over two hundred and fifty million africans rely on the starchy root crop cassava (manihot esculenta) as their primary source of calories. cassava roots, however, have the lowest protein:energy ratio of all the world's major staple crops. furthermore, a typical cassava-based diet provides less than 10-20% of the required amounts of iron, zinc, vitamin a and vitamin e. the biocassava plus program employed modern biotechnologies to improve the health of africans through development and delivery of ...201222226461
utilization of smoked salmon trim in extruded smoked salmon jerky.during smoked salmon processing, the dark meat along the lateral line is removed before packaging; this by-product currently has little economic value. in this study, the dark meat trim was incorporated into an extruded jerky. three formulations were processed: 100% smoked trim, 75% : 25% smoked trim : fresh salmon fillet, and 50% : 50% smoked trim : fresh salmon blends (w/w basis). the base formulation contained salmon (approximately 83.5%), tapioca starch (8%), pregelatinized potato starch (3% ...201222591245
bio-ethanol production from non-food parts of cassava (manihot esculenta crantz).global climate issues and a looming energy crisis put agriculture under pressure in sub-saharan africa. climate adaptation measures must entail sustainable development benefits, and growing crops for food as well as energy may be a solution, removing people from hunger and poverty without compromising the environment. the present study investigated the feasibility of using non-food parts of cassava for energy production and the promising results revealed that at least 28% of peels and stems comp ...201222535425
violet diode laser-induced chlorophyll fluorescence: a tool for assessing mosaic disease severity in cassava (manihot esculenta crantz) cultivars.violet diode laser-induced chlorophyll fluorescence was used in agronomical assessment (disease severity and average yield per plant). because cassava (manihot esculenta crantz) is of economic importance, improved cultivars with various levels of affinity for cassava mosaic disease were investigated. fluorescence data correlated with cassava mosaic disease severity levels and with the average yield per plant.201222519123
variations in the chemical composition of cassava ( manihot esculenta crantz) leaves and roots as affected by genotypic and environmental variation.the purpose of this study was to assess the quality of cassava cultivars, in terms of cyanogenic potential and composition of macro- and micronutrients, sampled from different locations in rural mozambique. total cyanide concentrations in fresh cassava tissues were measured using portable cyanide testing kits, and elemental nutrients were later analyzed from dried plant tissue. variation in cyanogenic potential and nutrient composition occurred both among cultivars and across locations. the majo ...201222515684
retention of total carotenoid and β-carotene in yellow sweet cassava (manihot esculenta crantz) after domestic cooking.over the last decade, considerable efforts have been made to identify cassava cultivars to improve the vitamin a nutritional status of undernourished populations, especially in northeast brazil, where cassava is one of the principal and essentially only nutritional source.201222468142
reducing the fat content in ground beef without sacrificing quality: a review.americans are becoming more health conscious in their food choices and many are interested in reducing dietary fat intake. fat replacers can affect meat flavor both by adding flavors of their own, by reducing the original aroma-generating substrate (fat) and by altering release of aroma compounds. when fat is removed from meat, water is generally added to replace it. water-binding compounds can be added to prevent the added water from cooking out or evaporating and to prevent patty shrinkage. fa ...201222444664
an est-derived snp and ssr genetic linkage map of cassava (manihot esculenta crantz).cassava (manihot esculenta crantz) is one of the most important food security crops in the tropics and increasingly being adopted for agro-industrial processing. genetic improvement of cassava can be enhanced through marker-assisted breeding. for this, appropriate genomic tools are required to dissect the genetic architecture of economically important traits. here, a genome-wide snp-based genetic map of cassava anchored in ssrs is presented. an outbreeder full-sib (f1) family was genotyped on tw ...201222419105
[x-ray diffraction study of high hydrostatic pressure on crystalline structure of different type starches].crystalline changes of different type starches after high hydrostatic pressure treated under 300, 450, 600 mpa were studied by x-ray diffraction. waxy maize (a type, 100% amylopectin), hylon vii (b type, 30% amylopectin) and tapioca starch (c type, 83% amylopectin) were chosen. the results indicated that for waxy maize starch, annealing effect was observed at 300 mpa, disappearance of crystalline structure happened at 450 mpa and retrogradation at 600 mpa. the results proved that the granule und ...201223240443
characterization of carotenoid-protein complexes and gene expression analysis associated with carotenoid sequestration in pigmented cassava (manihot esculenta crantz) storage root.carotenoid-protein complex (cpc) was isolated from chromoplast-enriched suspensions of cassava storage root (csr) using size exclusion chromatography and characterized. peptide sequences (lc_ms/ms spectrum) obtained from cpc and their corresponding proteins were obtained using publically available databases. small heat shock proteins (shsps) were the most abundant proteins identified in the cpc. western blot analysis showed that fribrillin and or-protein were present in chromoplast-enriched susp ...201223230451
effect of harvesting frequency, variety and leaf maturity on nutrient composition, hydrogen cyanide content and cassava foliage yield.the experiment studied the effect of harvesting frequencies and varieties on yield, chemical composition and hydrogen cyanide content in cassava foliage. foliage from three cassava varieties, k94 (very bitter), k98-7 (medium bitter) and a local (sweet), were harvested in three different cutting cycles, at 3, 6 and 9 months; 6 and 9 months and 9 months after planting, in a 2-yr experiment carried out in hanoi, vietnam. increasing the harvesting frequency increased dry matter (dm) and crude protei ...201225049534
cassava starch as a stabilizer of soy-based beverages.soy-based beverages are presented as healthy food alternatives for human nutrition. cassava (manihot esculenta, crantz) starch is relatively inexpensive, widely available in brazil and is broadly used by the food industry due to its desired properties that result from pasting. the objective of this study was to develop soy-based beverages with good sensory quality using native cassava starch as a stabilizer and maintaining the nutritional value that makes this product a functional food. the deve ...201223144242
cloning and characterization of a tuberous root-specific promoter from cassava (manihot esculenta crantz).in order to obtain a tuberous root-specific promoter to be used in the transformation of cassava, a 1,728 bp sequence containing the cassava granule-bound starch synthase (gbssi) promoter was isolated. the sequence proved to contain light- and sugar-responsive cis elements. part of this sequence (1,167 bp) was cloned into binary vectors to drive expression of the firefly luciferase gene. cassava cultivar adira 4 was transformed with this construct or a control construct in which the luciferase g ...201223132522
hev b 5: latex allergen implicated in clinically relevant cross-reactivity with manioc. 201223101196
mercury in the surface soil and cassava, manihot esculenta (flesh, leaves and peel) near goldmines at bogoso and prestea, ghana.mercury amalgamation is used indiscriminately in the recovery of gold by small-scale native gem winners in ghana. mercury is released into the environment in the form of wastewater, tailing and vapor from the roasting of amalgam to separate gold. the study looked at the levels of total mercury concentration in surface soil and cassava crop from farms located within the vicinities of bogoso and prestea goldmines. the surface soil total mercury concentrations ranged between 125.29 and 352.52 μg/kg ...201223052587
starch addition in renneted milk gels: partitioning between curd and whey and effect on curd syneresis and gel microstructure.milk gels were made by renneting and acidifying skim milk containing 5 different starches, and then compressed by centrifugation to express whey and simulate curd syneresis during the manufacture of low-fat cheese. a series of 17 starches were examined, with 5 starches being selected for in-depth analysis: a modified waxy corn starch (wc), a waxy rice starch (wr), an instant tapioca starch (it), a modified tapioca starch (mt), and dextrin (dx). milks containing wc, wr, and dx were given a 72°c h ...201223040026
iron biofortification and homeostasis in transgenic cassava roots expressing the algal iron assimilatory gene, fea1.we have engineered the tropical root crop cassava (manihot esculenta) to express the chlamydomonas reinhardtii iron assimilatory gene, fea1, in its storage roots with the objective of enhancing the root nutritional qualities. iron levels in mature cassava storage roots were increased from 10 to 36 ppm in the highest iron accumulating transgenic lines. these iron levels are sufficient to meet the minimum daily requirement for iron in a 500 g meal. significantly, the expression of the fea1 gene in ...201222993514
first report of infestation of cassava fruit, manihot esculenta, by neosilba perezi (romero & ruppell) (lonchaeidae) in brazil. 201222990837
retraction: transgenic biofortification of the starchy staple cassava (manihot esculenta) generates a novel sink for protein. 201222970110
convergent adaptations: bitter manioc cultivation systems in fertile anthropogenic dark earths and floodplain soils in central amazonia.shifting cultivation in the humid tropics is incredibly diverse, yet research tends to focus on one type: long-fallow shifting cultivation. while it is a typical adaptation to the highly-weathered nutrient-poor soils of the amazonian terra firme, fertile environments in the region offer opportunities for agricultural intensification. we hypothesized that amazonian people have developed divergent bitter manioc cultivation systems as adaptations to the properties of different soils. we compared bi ...201222952727
preparation and characterization of gelatinized granular starches from aqueous ethanol treatments.in order to modify the properties of native starch granules, the formation of gelatinized granular forms (ggs) from normal, waxy, and high amylose maize, as well as potato and tapioca starches was investigated by treating granules with aqueous ethanol at varying starch:water:ethanol ratios and then heating in a rotary evaporator to remove ethanol. the modified starches were characterized using bright field, polarized and electron microscopy. short/long range molecular order and enthalpic transit ...201222944420
occurrence of lace bug vatiga illudens and vatiga manihotae (hemiptera: tingidae) in mato grosso do sul, midwestern brazil.nymphs and adults of the lace bug (hemiptera: tingidae) have been found in cassava crops (manihot esculenta) in mato grosso do sul state, brazil. the insects were collected in the field and taken to the laboratory where they were identified based on some morphological traits of the species vatiga manihotae (drake) and v. illudens (drake), which are first reported in the aforementioned state.201222886161
research on motor neuron diseases konzo and neurolathyrism: trends from 1990 to 2010.konzo (caused by consumption of improperly processed cassava, manihot esculenta) and neurolathyrism (caused by prolonged overconsumption of grass pea, lathyrus sativus) are two distinct non-infectious upper motor neurone diseases with identical clinical symptoms of spastic paraparesis of the legs. they affect many thousands of people among the poor in the remote rural areas in the central and southern parts of africa afflicting them with konzo in ethiopia and in the indian sub-continent with neu ...201222860149
effects of pulsed electric field treatments on some properties of tapioca starch.tapioca starch-water dispersions (8.0%, w/w) were subject to pulsed electric fields (pef) at 30, 40 and 50 kv cm(-1), respectively. the effect of the intense energy input (q) of pef treatment (over 28.85 j g(-1)) on the functionality of tapioca starch was investigated. scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed the dissociation and damage of pef treated tapioca starch granules. x-ray diffraction analysis demonstrated that tapioca starch tended to transform from crystalline to amorphous struc ...201224750906
formamide-based rna isolation at above zero temperatures from high starch cassava tubers.cassava (manihot esculenta) tubers are a main source of carbohydrate for a large percentage of people in the tropics. however, obtaining rna from such high starch tubers proves problematic because gelation occurs during standard isolation procedures. in preliminary studies, formamide was used to homogenise tubers at room temperature and no gelation was observed.201222826189
preparation of hybrid hydrogel containing ag nanoparticles by a green in situ reduction method.in this article, large and uniform ag nanoparticle-containing hybrid hydrogels were prepared by in situ reduction of ag ions in cross-linked tapioca dialdehyde starch (das)-chitosan hydrogels. in the hybrid hydrogels, chitosan was chosen as a macromolecular cross-linker because of its abundant source and good biocompatibility. the hybrid hydrogel showed good water-swelling properties, which could be controlled by varying the ratio of chitosan to tapioca das in the hydrogel. the reductive aldehyd ...201222770209
a reliable and efficient method for total rna isolation from various members of spurge family (euphorbiaceae).it is prerequisite and crucial to extract rna with high quality and integrity in order to carry out molecular biology studies in any plant species of a family. euphorbiaceae members are known for high levels of their waxes, oils with polysaccharides, polyphenolics and secondary metabolites. these conditions are recognised to interfere unfavourably with various methodologies of rna isolation.201220135710
hydroxypropylated distarch phosphate versus unmodified tapioca starch: fat oxidation and endurance in c57bl/6j mice.an rs4-type resistant starch is a chemically modified starch that shows reduced availability in comparison to the corresponding unmodified starch. hydroxypropylated distarch phosphate (hdp) is an rs4-type resistant starch that increases energy expenditure and prevents high-fat diet-induced obesity through increased hepatic fatty acid oxidation. the aim of this study was to clarify the acute effects of hdp from tapioca starch (hpdtsp) on physical performance in mice. male c57bl/6j mice were used ...201222270482
transfer factor of the radionuclides in food crops from high-background radiation area of south west india.it is necessary to obtain the transfer factor (tf) of long-lived radionuclides because soil type and vegetation can affect tf. we studied the food crops commonly consumed by the general public of kanyakumari district of south india. the main focus was on rice, fruits, vegetables and tapioca because the consumption of these is high. the soil to rice tf for the radionuclides, (226)ra, (232)th, (238)u and (40) k are 8.8×10(-2), 14.2×10(-2), 5.8×10(-2) and 6.3×10(-2), respectively. the tf of tapioca ...201221680604
a survey of total hydrocyanic acid content in ready-to-eat cassava-based chips obtained in the australian market in 2008.cassava (manihot esculenta crantz) is a widely consumed food in the tropics that naturally contains cyanogenic glycosides (cyanogens, mainly composed of linamarin, acetone cyanohydrin, and hydrocyanic acid). if cassava is not adequately processed to reduce the level of cyanogens prior to consumption, these compounds can lead to the formation of hydrocyanic acid in the gut. exposure to hydrocyanic acid can cause symptoms ranging from vomiting and abdominal pain to coma and death. in 2008, a surve ...201121669076
a genome scan for quantitative trait loci affecting cyanogenic potential of cassava root in an outbred population.cassava (manihot esculenta crantz) can produce cyanide, a toxic compound, without self-injury. that ability was called the cyanogenic potential (cn). this project aimed to identify quantitative trait loci (qtl) associated with the cn in an outbred population derived from 'hanatee' × 'huay bong 60', two contrasting cultivars. cn was evaluated in 2008 and in 2009 at rayong province, and in 2009 at lop buri province, thailand. cn was measured using a picrate paper kit. qtl analysis affecting cn was ...201121609492
changes in scopoletin concentration in cassava chips from four varieties during storage.the use of the root crop cassava (manihot esculenta crantz) is constrained by its rapid deterioration after harvesting. chemical and spectroscopic examination earlier revealed the accumulation of the four hydroxycoumarins esculetin, esculin, scopolin and scopoletin derived from the phenylpropanoid pathway, during the time course of postharvest deterioration. in this investigation the scopoletin level in parenchymal samples of four cassava cultivars used in benin, i.e. kpaki kpika, kpaki soan, lo ...201121604276
cassava genetic transformation and its application in breeding.as a major source of food, cassava (manihot esculenta crantz) is an important root crop in the tropics and subtropics of africa and latin america, and serves as raw material for the production of starches and bioethanol in tropical asia. cassava improvement through genetic engineering not only overcomes the high heterozygosity and serious trait separation that occurs in its traditional breeding, but also quickly achieves improved target traits. since the first report on genetic transformation in ...201121564542
nutrition in transition: dietary patterns of rural amazonian women during a period of economic change.the goal of this study was to understand the relationship between economic change (wage labor, retirement, and the bolsa família program) and dietary patterns in the rural amazon and to determine the extent to which these changes followed the pattern of the nutrition transition.201121538648
genetic structure of traditional varieties of bitter manioc in three soils in central amazonia.manioc is the most important food crop that originated in amazonia. many studies have increased our understanding of its evolutionary dynamics under cultivation. however, most of them focused on manioc cultivation in environments with low soil fertility, generally oxisols. recent ethnobotanical observations showed that bitter manioc also performs well in high fertility soils, such as amazonian dark earths (ade) and the floodplain. we used 10 microsatellite loci to investigate the genetic diversi ...201122228136
the biocassava plus program: biofortification of cassava for sub-saharan africa.more than 250 million africans rely on the starchy root crop cassava (manihot esculenta) as their staple source of calories. a typical cassava-based diet, however, provides less than 30% of the minimum daily requirement for protein and only 10%-20% of that for iron, zinc, and vitamin a. the biocassava plus (bc+) program has employed modern biotechnologies intended to improve the health of africans through the development and delivery of genetically engineered cassava with increased nutrient (zin ...201121526968
primary anal mucinous adenocarcinoma: a case series.primary mucinous adenocarcinoma is a rare malignancy of the anus (3% of anal cancers), the pathogenesis of which is better understood by immunohistochemistry. we reviewed cases of primary mucinous adenocarcinoma of the anus from 2000 to 2009 in the hepatogastroenterology department of the university hospital centre of marrakech. three cases were identified who were males with the mean age of 68years, and presented with a chronic anal fistula. two cases had anal pain. clinical examination reveale ...201121429457
leaf proteomic analysis in cassava (manihot esculenta, crantz) during plant development, from planting of stem cutting to storage root formation.tuberization in cassava (manihot esculenta crantz) occurs simultaneously with plant development, suggesting competition of photoassimilate partitioning between the shoot and the root organs. in potato, which is the most widely studied tuber crop, there is ample evidence suggesting that metabolism and regulatory processes in leaf may have an impact on tuber formation. to search for leaf proteins putatively involved in regulating tuber generation and/or development in cassava, comparative proteomi ...201121327816
neurological disorders associated with cassava diet: a review of putative etiological mechanisms.tropical ataxic neuropathy (tan) and epidemic spastic paraparesis (konzo) are two neurological disorders associated with the consumption of cassava (manihot esculenta) in several african countries. tan is characterized by sensory polyneuropathy, sensory ataxia, bilateral optic atrophy and bilateral sensori-neural deafness. it occurs in elderly individuals subsisting on a monotonous cassava diet with minimal protein supplementation. konzo is a syndrome of symmetrical spastic paraparesis with a pr ...201121327546
transgenic biofortification of the starchy staple cassava (manihot esculenta) generates a novel sink for protein.although calorie dense, the starchy, tuberous roots of cassava provide the lowest sources of dietary protein within the major staple food crops (manihot esculenta crantz). (montagnac ja, davis cr, tanumihardjo sa. (2009) compr rev food sci food saf 8:181-194). cassava was genetically modified to express zeolin, a nutritionally balanced storage protein under control of the patatin promoter. transgenic plants accumulated zeolin within de novo protein bodies localized within the root storage tissue ...201121283593
ssr and est-ssr-based genetic linkage map of cassava (manihot esculenta crantz).simple sequence repeat (ssr) markers provide a powerful tool for genetic linkage map construction that can be applied for identification of quantitative trait loci (qtl). in this study, a total of 640 new ssr markers were developed from an enriched genomic dna library of the cassava variety 'huay bong 60' and 1,500 novel expressed sequence tag-simple sequence repeat (est-ssr) loci were developed from the genbank database. to construct a genetic linkage map of cassava, a 100 f(1) line mapping pop ...201121222095
cassava: constraints to production and the transfer of biotechnology to african laboratories.knowledge and technology transfer to african institutes is an important objective to help achieve the united nations millennium development goals. plant biotechnology in particular enables innovative advances in agriculture and industry, offering new prospects to promote the integration and dissemination of improved crops and their derivatives from developing countries into local markets and the global economy. there is also the need to broaden our knowledge and understanding of cassava as a sta ...201121212961
analysis of heterogeneity of copia-like retrotransposons in the genome of cassava (manihot esculenta crantz).retrotransposons are ubiquitous in eukaryotic genomes and now proving to be useful genetic tools for genetic diversity and phylogenetic analyses, especially in plants. in order to assess the diversity of ty1/copia-like retrotransposons of cassava, we used pcr primers anchored on the conserved domains of reverse transcriptases (rts) to amplify cassava ty1/copia-like rt. the pcr product was cloned and sequenced. sequences analysis of the clones revealed the presence of 69 families of ty1/copia-lik ...201122547180
evaluation of bioenergy recovery processes treating organic residues from ethanol fermentation process.this study evaluates a two-stage bioprocess for recovering bioenergy in the forms of hydrogen and methane while treating organic residues of ethanol fermentation from tapioca starch. a maximum hydrogen production rate of 0.77 mmol h(2)/g vss/h can be achieved at volumetric loading rate (vlr) of 56 kg cod/m(3)/day. batch results indicate that controlling conditions at s(0)/x(0)=12 with x(0)=4000 mg vss/l and ph 5.5-6 are important for efficient hydrogen production from fermentation residues. hydr ...201121055919
tapioca starch graft copolymers and dome matrix® modules ii. effect of modules assemblage on riboflavin release kinetics.this paper studies the riboflavin release from systems made of assembled modules of dome matrix® technology using tapioca starch-ethylmethacrylate (tsema) and tapioca hydroxypropylstarch-ethylmethacrylate (thsema) graft copolymers produced by two different drying methods. two different shape modules were manufactured for this study, i.e., female and male modules, in order to facilitate their assemblage in "void configuration", a system with an internal void space. drug release studies on void co ...201120974252
hydrolysis/dehydration/aldol-condensation/hydrogenation of lignocellulosic biomass and biomass-derived carbohydrates in the presence of pd/wo3-zro2 in a single reactor.hydrolysis/dehydration/aldol-condensation/hydrogenation of lignocellulosic-biomass (corncobs) and biomass-derived carbohydrates (tapioca flour) to produce water-soluble c5-c15 compounds was developed in a single reactor system. wo3-zro2 efficiently catalyzed the hydrolysis/dehydration of these feedstocks to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and furfural, while the impregnation of wo3-zro2 with pd allowed sequential aldolcondensation/hydrogenation of these furans to c5-c15 compounds. the highest c5-c15 yie ...201120934873
digestibility, fermentability, and energy value of highly cross-linked phosphate tapioca starch in men.the objective of this study was to determine glycemic and breath hydrogen responses in 10 healthy men in response to highly cross-linked starch phosphate (hxls), made of tapioca starch (ts). plasma glucose concentration was analyzed at baseline and at 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 min postprandially. in addition, breath hydrogen excretion was measured at baseline and at hourly intervals, over 10 h, after test substance challenge. when compared with unmodified ts easily digested, the area under t ...201122417501
informal "seed" systems and the management of gene flow in traditional agroecosystems: the case of cassava in cauca, colombia.our ability to manage gene flow within traditional agroecosystems and their repercussions requires understanding the biology of crops, including farming practices' role in crop ecology. that these practices' effects on crop population genetics have not been quantified bespeaks lack of an appropriate analytical framework. we use a model that construes seed-management practices as part of a crop's demography to describe the dynamics of cassava (manihot esculenta crantz) in cauca, colombia. we quan ...201122174952
antioxidant phenolic compounds of cassava (manihot esculenta) from hainan.an activity-directed fractionation and purification process was used to isolate antioxidant components from cassava stems produced in hainan. the ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions showed greater dpph˙and abts·+ scavenging activities than other fractions. the ethyl acetate fraction was subjected to column chromatography, to yield ten phenolic compounds: coniferaldehyde (1), isovanillin (2), 6-deoxyjacareubin (3), scopoletin (4), syringaldehyde (5), pinoresinol (6), p-coumaric acid (7), ficuso ...201122157579
apomixis in different ploidy levels of cassava.two polyploid hybrids between cassava (manihot esculenta) cultivar 307-2 and its wild relatives m. glaziovii and m. anomala, were studied to examine the relationship between ploidy level and the production of seeds without fertilization. a clearing method was applied to assess ovule sizes as an indication of multiembryony. the diploid cultivar 307-2 had regular 18 bivalents at meiotic metaphase 1 while the polyploid types showed chromosome configurations varying from 3 to 4 quadrivalents and 28 ...201122150824
preparation and characterization of new and improved soluble-starches, -amylose, and -amylopectin by reaction with benzaldehyde/zinc chloride.seven different starches from potato, rice, maize, waxymaize, amylomaize-vii, shoti, and tapioca, and potato amylose and potato amylopectin have been reacted with benzaldehyde, catalyzed by zncl(2), to give new water-soluble starches and water soluble-amylose and soluble-amylopectin. in contrast to the native starches, aqueous solutions of the modified starches could not be precipitated with 2-, 3-, or 4-volumes of ethanol. β-amylase gave no reaction with the modified starches, in contrast to th ...201122055814
marriage exchanges, seed exchanges, and the dynamics of manioc diversity.the conservation of crop genetic resources requires understanding the different variables-cultural, social, and economic-that impinge on crop diversity. in small-scale farming systems, seed exchanges represent a key mechanism in the dynamics of crop genetic diversity, and analyzing the rules that structure social networks of seed exchange between farmer communities can help decipher patterns of crop genetic diversity. using a combination of ethnobotanical and molecular genetic approaches, we inv ...201122042843
a new diterpene from the stems of manihot esculenta.a new diterpene, named yucalexin p-23 (1), together with three known compounds, yucalexin p-15 (2), protocatechuic acid (3), and catalpinic acid (4), was isolated from the stems of manihot esculenta. their structures were determined by means of physicochemical evidence and spectral analysis. compounds 3 and 4 exhibited antimicrobial activity.201121972813
a web accessible resource for investigating cassava phenomics and genomics information: biogen base.the goal of our research is to establish a unique portal to bring out the potential outcome of the research in the casssava crop. the biogen base for cassava clearly brings out the variations of different traits of the germplasms, maintained at the tapioca and castor research station, tamil nadu agricultural university. phenotypic and genotypic variations of the accessions are clearly depicted, for the users to browse and interpret the variations using the microsatellite markers. database (bioge ...201121904428
allergic reactions to manioc (manihot esculenta crantz): identification of novel allergens with potential involvement in latex-fruit syndrome. 201121855976
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