Publications

chemical composition of certain tribal pulses in south india.	raw seeds of tribal pulses atylosia scarabaeoides, canavalia gladiata, lablab purpureus var. lignosus, neonotonia wightii var. coimbatorensis, rhynchosia filipes, vigna trilobata and vigna unguiculata subsp. unguiculata were investigated for their proximate composition, minerals, vitamins (niacin and ascorbic acid) and certain anti-nutritional substances. the seeds of l. purpureus var. lignosus and v. trilobata had a higher content of crude protein than the commonly consumed indian pulses. the s ...	2003	12775370
crystallization and preliminary x-ray diffraction studies of the eukaryotic iron superoxide dismutase (fesod) from vigna unguiculata.	eukaryotic iron superoxide dismutases (fesods) are homodimeric proteins that constitute a fundamental protection against free radicals, which can damage essential cellular mechanisms. the protein was cloned and overexpressed in escherichia coli with an n-terminal his tag. crystallization experiments of the protein resulted, after several refined screenings, in crystals suitable for x-ray diffraction analysis. the crystals belong to the monoclinic space group c2, with unit-cell parameters a = 82. ...	2003	12777777
the molecular basis of the antigenic cross-reactivity between measles and cowpea mosaic viruses.	two nonrelated viruses, cowpea mosaic virus (wtcpmv) and measles virus (mv), were found to induce cross-reactive antibodies. the nature of this cross-reactivity was studied and results are presented here demonstrating that antiserum raised against wtcpmv reacted with peptide from the fusion (f) protein of mv. furthermore, the f protein of mv was shown to share an identical conformational b cell epitope with the small subunit of cpmv coat protein. passive transfer of anti-wtcpmv antibodies into b ...	2003	12788642
a protein with amino acid sequence homology to bovine insulin is present in the legume vigna unguiculata (cowpea).	since the discovery of bovine insulin in plants, much effort has been devoted to the characterization of these proteins and elucidation of their functions. we report here the isolation of a protein with similar molecular mass and same amino acid sequence to bovine insulin from developing fruits of cowpea (vigna unguiculata) genotype epace 10. insulin was measured by elisa using an anti-human insulin antibody and was detected both in empty pods and seed coats but not in the embryo. the highest co ...	2003	12937781
expression & immunogenicity of malaria merozoite peptides displayed on the small coat protein of chimaeric cowpea mosaic virus.	foreign peptide sequences can be inserted into the betab-betac loop of the cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) small coat protein (scp) to yield functional chimaeric viruses. immunisation with chimaeric cpmv elicits immune responses that protect against human immunodeficiency and mink enteritis viruses. the present study was undertaken to investigate the expression of a b cell epitope from the merozoite surface antigen-1 of the malaria parasite plasmodium falciparum (pfmsp1) in cpmv for an epitope based ...	2003	14700344
[fusion expression, purification and bioactivity assay of cpti in escherichia coli].	cpti (cowpea trypsin inhibitor) is a widely used insect resistance gene in the plant genetic engineering for its high insecticidal activity and the minimal ability of the insects to evolve resistance to it. to facilitate the safety assessment of genetically modified foods (gmfs) with cpti protein, we need to produce gram quantities of this protein in microbes. with the pgex fusion expression system, we expressed the gst-cpti protein in e. coli bl21, which accounted for approximately 40% of germ ...	2003	15969038
bruchins, plant mitogens from weevils: structural requirements for activity.	bruchins are 3-hydroxypropanoate esters of long-chain alpha,omega-diols from pea weevils and cowpea weevils that have been shown to initiate callus formation on pea pods at extremely low application rates. synthetic analogs have been prepared and examined to evaluate structural requirements for inducing this unusual neoplastic response. chain length (optimum length c22-c24) is important, whereas unsaturation within the chain is relatively unimportant. difunctionality is required for maximum acti ...	2002	12564796
diversity among bradyrhizobium isolates nodulating yardlong bean and sunnhemp in guam.	to isolate and characterize bradyrhizobia that nodulate yardlong bean and sunnhemp in guam.	2002	12234340
molecular structures of viruses from raman optical activity.	a vibrational raman optical activity (roa) study of a range of different structural types of virus exemplified by filamentous bacteriophage fd, tobacco mosaic virus, satellite tobacco mosaic virus, bacteriophage ms2 and cowpea mosaic virus has revealed that, on account of its sensitivity to chirality, roa is an incisive probe of their aqueous solution structures at the molecular level. protein roa bands are especially prominent from which, as we have shown by comparison with the roa spectra of p ...	2002	12237443
agroinfection as a rapid method for propagating cowpea mosaic virus-based constructs.	to increase the efficiency of infections with cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv)-based constructs, clones suitable for agroinfection were constructed. full-length copies of rna-1 and rna-2 were inserted between the sequence of a cauliflower mosaic virus (camv) 35s promoter and a nos terminator and were introduced into the agrobacterium tumefaciens plasmid, pbinplus. infiltration of leaves of either nicotiana benthamiana or cowpea (vigna unguiculata) with a bacterial suspension containing a mixture of th ...	2002	12270666
protein-rna interactions and virus stability as probed by the dynamics of tryptophan side chains.	the correlation between dynamics and stability of icosahedral viruses was studied by steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence approaches. we compared the environment and dynamics of tryptophan side chains of empty capsids and ribonucleoprotein particles of two icosahedral viruses from the comovirus group: cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) and bean pod mottle virus (bpmv). we found a great difference between tryptophan fluorescence emission spectra of the ribonucleoprotein particles and the empty cap ...	2002	12359712
microbiological evaluation of ghanaian maize dough co-fermented with cowpea.	fermented maize dough meals form a large proportion of people's diet in ghana. to enhance the nutritive value of these carbohydrate-rich foods, protein complementation was introduced. in this study, microbial ecology of fermenting maize dough fortified with 20% cowpea was investigated. a total of 106 microbial strains were isolated from different batches of the fermenting dough at periodic intervals. ten genera of microorganisms namely lactobacillus, leuconostoc, saccharomyces, debaryomyces, can ...	2002	12396461
subcellular location of the helper component-proteinase of cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus.	the helper component-proteinase (hc-pro) of cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (cabmv) was expressed in escherichia coli and used to obtain hc-pro antiserum that was used as an analytical tool for hc-pro studies. the antiserum was used in immunofluorescence assays to study the subcellular location of hc-pro expressed with other viral proteins in cowpea protoplasts in a natural cabmv infection, or in protoplasts transfected with a transient expression construct expressing hc-pro separately from othe ...	2002	12416684
cowpea mosaic virus 32- and 60-kilodalton replication proteins target and change the morphology of endoplasmic reticulum membranes.	cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) replicates in close association with small membranous vesicles that are formed by rearrangements of intracellular membranes. to determine which of the viral proteins are responsible for the rearrangements of membranes and the attachment of the replication complex, we have expressed individual cpmv proteins encoded by rna1 in cowpea protoplasts by transient expression and in nicotiana benthamiana plants by using the tobacco rattle virus (trv) expression vector. the 32-k ...	2002	12021362
the genomic sequence of cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus and its similarities with other potyviruses.	the genomic sequence of a zimbabwe isolate of cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (cabmv-z) was determined by sequencing overlapping viral cdna clones generated by rt-pcr using degenerate and/or specific primers. the sequence is 9465 nucleotides in length excluding the 3' terminal poly (a) tail and contains a single open reading frame (orf) of 9159 nucleotides encoding a large polyprotein of 3,053 amino acids and predicted mr of 348. the size of the genome and the encoded polyprotein is in agreement ...	2002	12021872
ruminal fermentation kinetics in ewes offered a maize stover basal diet supplemented with cowpea hay, groundnut hay, cotton seed meal or maize meal.	the effect on ruminal digestive kinetics of supplementing maize stover (ms) with cowpea hay (cw), groundnut hay (gn), cotton seed meal (csm) or maize meal (mm) was evaluated in a 5 x 5 latin square using five merino ewes with ruminal cannulae. cw and gn were offered at 30% w/w to ms, while csm and mm were given at 15 g/kg0.75 per day. there were significant time (p < 0.001) and time x diet (p < 0.05) effects on ph but the effect of diet alone was not significant (p > 0.05). there was a significa ...	2002	12094677
a new antifungal peptide from rice beans.	a peptide, possessing a molecular mass of 5 kda and demonstrating remarkable sequence homology to the cowpea 10 kda protein precursor and garden pea disease resistance response protein, was isolated from rice bean seeds. the peptide was adsorbed on cm-sepharose and affi-gel blue gel. it inhibited mycelial growth in the fungi botrytis cinerea, fusarium oxysporum, rhizoctonia solani and mycosphaerella arachidicola. it stimulated incorporation of methyl [3h] thymidine into mouse splenocytes, inhibi ...	2002	12102720
bean common mosaic virus isolates causing different symptoms in asparagus bean in china differ greatly in the 5'-parts of their genomes.	potyvirus isolates from asparagus bean ( vigna sesquipedalis) plants in zhejiang province, china, caused either rugose and vein banding mosaic symptoms (isolate r) or severe yellowing (isolate y) in this host, but were otherwise similar in host range. both isolates were completely sequenced and shown to be isolates of bean common mosaic virus (bcmv). the complete sequences were 9992 (r) or 10062 (y) nucleotides long and shared 91.7% identical nucleotides (93.2% identical amino acids) in their ge ...	2002	12111434
effect of short-term n(2) deficiency on expression of the ureide pathway in cowpea root nodules.	root systems of 28-d-old cowpea (vigna unguiculata l. walp cv vita 3: bradyrhizobium sp. strain cb756) plants bearing nitrogen-fixing nodules in sand culture were exposed to an atmosphere of ar:o(2) (80:20, v/v) for 48 h and then returned to air. root systems of control plants were maintained in air throughout. nodules were harvested at the same times in control and ar:o(2)-treated root systems. activities of two enzymes of de novo purine synthesis, glycinamide ribonucleotide transformylase (gar ...	2002	12114575
immune response induced in mice oral immunization with cowpea severe mosaic virus.	there is increasing interest in the immune response induced by plant viruses since these could be used as antigen-expressing systems in vaccination procedures. cowpea severe mosaic virus (cpsmv), as a purified preparation (300 g of leaves, 2 weeks post-inoculation), or crude extract from cowpea (vigna unguiculata) leaves infected with cpsmv both administered by gavage to swiss mice induced a humoral immune response. groups of 10 swiss mice (2-month-old females) were immunized orally with 10 dail ...	2002	12131924
mutation of rpia in enterobacter cloacae decreases seed and root colonization and biocontrol of damping-off caused by pythium ultimum on cucumber.	strains of enterobacter cloacae show promise as biocontrol agents for pythium ultimum-induced damping-off on cucumber and other crops. e. cloacae a145 is a mini-tn5 km transposon mutant of strain 501r3 that was significantly reduced in suppression of damping-off on cucumber caused by p. ultimum. strain a145 was deficient in colonization of cucumber, sunflower, and wheat seeds and significantly reduced in colonization of corn and cowpea seeds relative to strain 501r3. populations of strain a145 w ...	2002	12182339
transgenic plants expressing hc-pro show enhanced virus sensitivity while silencing of the transgene results in resistance.	nicotiana benthamiana plants were engineered to express sequences of the helper component-proteinase (hc-pro) of cowpea aphid-borne mosaic potyvirus (cabmv). the sensitivity of the transgenic plants to infection with parental and heterologous viruses was studied. the lines expressing hc-pro showed enhanced symptoms after infection with the parental cabmv isolate and also after infection with a heterologous potyvirus, potato virus y (pvy) and a comovirus, cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv). on the other ...	2002	12206307
role of rhizobial biosynthetic pathways of amino acids, nucleotide bases and vitamins in symbiosis.	rhizobia require the availability of 20 amino acids for the establishment of effective symbiosis with legumes. some of these amino acids are synthesized by rhizobium, whereas the remaining are supplied by the host plant. the supply from plant appears to be plant-type specific. alfalfa provides arginine, cysteine, isoleucine, valine and tryptophan, and cowpea and soybean provide histidine. the production of ornithine and anthranilic acid, the intermediates in the biosynthetic pathways of arginine ...	2002	12597544
a preliminary study on the use of tempe-based formula as a weaning diet in nigeria.	tempe, an indonesian mold fermented food, was prepared from cowpeas and soybeans using the traditional oriental process with modifications where appropriate. four complementary foods were developed from whole maize meal or dehydrated fermented maize (ogi) flour fortified with either cowpea tempe or soybean tempe. wholesomeness and potentials of the vanilla-flavored foods as weaning diets were determined. the nutrient content of all the developed products were within the range prescribed by the f ...	2002	12602942
nolx of sinorhizobium fredii usda257, a type iii-secreted protein involved in host range determination, iis localized in the infection threads of cowpea (vigna unguiculata [l.] walp) and soybean (glycine max [l.] merr.) nodules.	sinorhizobium fredii usda257 forms nitrogen-fixing nodules on soybean (glycine max [l.] merr.) in a cultivar-specific manner. this strain forms nodules on primitive soybean cultivars but fails to nodulate agronomically improved north american cultivars. soybean cultivar specificity is regulated by the nolxwbtuv locus, which encodes part of a type iii secretion system (ttss). nolx, a soybean cultivar specificity protein, is secreted by ttss and shows homology to hrpf of the plant pathogen xanthom ...	2002	11790754
nutritional and sensory evaluation of tempe-fortified maize-based weaning foods.	maize-based weaning foods prepared from whole maize meal or dehydrated fermented maize (ogi) flour fortified with soybean, cowpea or groundbean tempe, with or without the addition of melon seed flour were fed to 40 albino weanling rats. the nutrient quality of the weaning foods was monitored by the measurement of protein efficiency ratio (per), net protein ratio (npr), true digestibility (td), biological value (bv) and net protein utilization (npu). amino acid composition and amino acid scores w ...	2002	11820093
inhibitory effects of antifungal proteins on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase, protease and integrase.	a variety of antifungal proteins were isolated from seeds of leguminous plants including french bean, cowpea, field bean, mung bean, peanut and red kidney bean. they were assayed for ability to inhibit human immunodeficiency virus type i (hiv-1) reverse transcriptase, protease and integrase, enzymes essential to the life cycle of hiv-1 . it was found that the cowpea beta-antifungal protein had a high potency in inhibiting hiv-1 protease and hiv-1 integrase. cowpea alpha-antifungal protein was po ...	2002	11855377
the leaves of green plants as well as a cyanobacterium, a red alga, and fungi contain insulin-like antigens.	we report the detection of insulin-like antigens in a large range of species utilizing a modified elisa plate assay and western blotting. we tested the leaves or aerial parts of species of rhodophyta (red alga), bryophyta (mosses), psilophyta (whisk ferns), lycopodophyta (club mosses), sphenopsida (horsetails), gymnosperms, and angiosperms, including monocots and dicots. we also studied species of fungi and a cyanobacterium, spirulina maxima. the wide distribution of insulin-like antigens, which ...	2002	11887207
effect of cowpea hay, groundnut hay, cotton seed meal and maize meal supplementation to maize stover on intake, digestibility, microbial protein supply and acetate kinetics in weaner lambs.	ten weaner lambs were used in a double 5 x 5 latin square design to evaluate the effect of supplementing maize stover (ms) with cowpea hay (cw), groundnut hay (gn), cotton seed meal (csm) or maize meal (mm) on the intake, digestion kinetics and acetate clearance rate. cw and gn were offered at 30% w/w to ms, while csm and mm were given at 15 g/kg0.75 per day. supplementation reduced (p < 0.01) ms intake but enhanced (p < 0.01) total dry matter intake. there were no significant differences (p > 0 ...	2002	11887421
effect of supplementation with leguminous crop residues or concentrates on the voluntary intake and performance of kirdi sheep.	twenty young kirdi (west african dwarf) rams, averaging 22 kg live weight and 15 months of age, were randomly assigned to four feeding groups of 5 animals each. the groups were subjected to an 8-week feeding trial to determine the effect of different protein supplements on their voluntary intake of rice straw and on their performance. the animals in one of the groups were maintained on a daily basal diet of rice straw given ad libitum and 250 g of rice bran per animal (control). other groups wer ...	2002	11887422
molecular characterisation and evolutionary relationships of a potyvirus infecting crotalaria in brazil. brief report.	the 3' terminal genomic region of a potyvirus causing mosaic disease in several crotalaria species has been cloned and sequenced. comparisons of the nucleotide and deduced amino acid (aa) sequences of the cloned cdna with those from other potyviruses show that the crotalaria-infecting virus (designated crotalaria mosaic virus; crmv) is closely related to cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (cabmv). maximum identity (95.4%) at the coat protein (cp) aa level was observed between crmv and a brazilian s ...	2002	11890532
characterization of plant proteins that interact with cowpea mosaic virus '60k' protein in the yeast two-hybrid system.	cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) replication occurs in close association with small membranous vesicles in the host cell. the cpmv rna1-encoded 60 kda nucleotide-binding protein ('60k') plays a role in the formation of these vesicles. in this study, five cellular proteins were identified that interacted with different domains of 60k using a yeast two-hybrid search of an arabidopsis cdna library. two of these host proteins (termed vap27-1 and vap27-2), with high homology to the vap33 family of snare-li ...	2002	11907339
the crystallographic structure of brome mosaic virus.	the structure of brome mosaic virus (bmv), the type member of the bromoviridae family, has been determined from a single rhombohedral crystal by x-ray diffraction, and refined to an r value of 0.237 for data in the range 3.4-40.0 a. the structure, which represents the native, compact form at ph 5.2 in the presence of 0.1 m mg(2+), was solved by molecular replacement using the model of cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (ccmv), which bmv closely resembles. the bmv model contains amino acid residues 41 ...	2002	11916381
novel strategy for inhibiting viral entry by use of a cellular receptor-plant virus chimera.	the plant virus cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) has recently been developed as a biomolecular platform to display heterologous peptide sequences. such cpmv-peptide chimeras can be easily and inexpensively produced in large quantities from experimentally infected plants. this study utilized the cpmv chimera platform to create an antiviral against measles virus (mv) by displaying a peptide known to inhibit mv infection. this peptide sequence corresponds to a portion of the mv binding site on the human ...	2002	11932408
difference in delta(15)n signatures between nodulated roots and shoots of soybean is indicative of the contribution of symbiotic n(2) fixation to plant n.	symbiotic n(2) fixation has a variable effect on the (15)n abundance of different parts of legumes. increases in fixation result in (15)n enrichment of nodules, while decreases, in combination with an increased uptake of mineral n, result in (15)n depletion of the root system. the difference between soybean shoot and below-ground delta(15)n (deltadelta(15)n=delta(15)n(shoot)-delta(15)n(belowground)) was assessed in hydroponic culture over a range of rates of supply of mineral n. the fractional c ...	2002	11971922
influence of biosolids compost on the bradyrhizobial genotypes recovered from cowpea and soybean nodules.	the interaction of biosolids compost application to soil and bradyrhizobial genotypes recovered from nodules was examined. among 170 isolates, seven genotypes were recovered from soils receiving either no biosolids application or rates of 73 or 146 mg/ha for three successive years. with the exception of one genotype, the distribution of the bacterial genotypes recovered from nodules was interrelated with the level of biosolids. two of the genotypes nodulated both soybean and cowpea. because soyb ...	2002	11976752
talisia esculenta lectin and larval development of callosobruchus maculatus and zabrotes subfasciatus (coleoptera: bruchidae).	bruchid larvae cause major losses in grain legume crops throughout the world. some bruchid species, such as the cowpea weevil and the mexican bean weevil, are pests that damage stored seeds. plant lectins have been implicated as antibiosis factors against insects, particularly the cowpea weevil, callosobruchus maculatus. talisia esculenta lectin (tel) was tested for anti-insect activity against c. maculatus and zabrotes subfasciatus larvae. tel produced ca. 90% mortality to these bruchids when i ...	2002	12049788
control of witchweed striga hermonthica by intercropping with desmodium spp., and the mechanism defined as allelopathic.	during investigations into the control of insect damage to maize crops in subsistence farming in kenya, which involved intercropping with repellent plants, the fodder legumes silverleaf (desmodium uncinatum) and greenleaf (d. intortum) were also found to reduce dramatically the infestation of maize by parasitic witchweeds such as striga hermonthica. this effect was confirmed by further field testing and shown to be significantly greater than that observed with other legumes, e.g., cowpea, as wer ...	2002	12449513
management of rotylenchulus reniformis in pineapple, ananas comosus, by intercycle cover crops.	the effects of intercycle cover crops on rotylenchulus reniformis population densities in pineapple were evaluated in one greenhouse and two field experiments. in the greenhouse, crotalaria juncea, brassica napus, and tagetes erecta were planted for 3 months and then incorporated. these treatments were compared to weedy fallow with or without 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-d) in three soils (makawao fallow, wahiawa fallow, and wahiawa pineapple) naturally infested with r. reniformis. all cover crop in ...	2002	19265916
small-scale isolation of viral rna-dependent rna polymerase from protoplasts inoculated with in vitro transcripts.	cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (ccmv) replicated in tobacco suspension cell protoplasts inoculated with in vitro transcripts of ccmv rna1, 2, and 3. ccmv rna-dependent rna polymerase (rdrp) isolated from these protoplasts specifically recognized ccmv and brome mosaic virus (bmv) subgenomic rna promoters and directed in vitro rna synthesis in a manner indistinguishable from ccmv rdrp more laboriously isolated from systemically infected cowpea leaves. omission of ccmv rna3 from the protoplast inocu ...	2001	18944031
light regulation of gibberellin biosynthesis and mode of action.	some phenotypic effects produced in plants by light are very similar to those induced by hormones. in this review, the light-gibberellin (ga) interaction in germination, de-etiolation, stem growth, and tuber formation (process regulated by gas) are discussed. germination of lettuce and arabidopsis seeds depends on red irradiation (r), which enhances the expression of ga 3-oxidase genes (ga3ox) and leads to an increase in active ga content. de-etiolation of pea seedling alters the expression of g ...	2001	11986761
membrane activity of the southern cowpea mosaic virus coat protein: the role of basic amino acids, helix-forming potential, and lipid composition.	southern cowpea mosaic virus (scpmv) is a spherical rna virus with t = 3 icosahedral symmetry. the particle is composed of 180 subunits of the coat protein (cp) and one copy of the positive-sense viral rna. the cp has two domains, the random (r) domain formed by the n-terminal 64 aa and the shell (s) domain (aa 65--260). the r domain is highly charged, with 11 of the n-terminal 30 residues being basic. it is localized to the interior of the native particle where it may interact with the viral rn ...	2001	11878899
intracanopy lighting reduces electrical energy utilization by closed cowpea stands.	the high planting densities needed to grow edible biomass in sustainable space life support systems will create problems for planophile crops that form closed, self-shading canopies. the use of traditional overhead-lighting configurations will reduce the penetration of photosynthetically active radiation (par) into such canopies and will result in substantial shading of understory leaves. intracanopy lighting, an irradiation approach that allows plants to grow around fixed arrays of low-intensit ...	2001	11676456
functional mechanics of the plant defensive griffonia simplicifolia lectin ii: resistance to proteolysis is independent of glycoconjugate binding in the insect gut.	griffonia simplicifolia lectin ii (gsii) is a plant defensive protein that significantly delays development of the cowpea bruchid callosobruchus maculatus (f.). previous structure/function analysis by site-directed mutagenesis indicated that carbohydrate binding and resistance to insect gut proteolysis are required for the anti-insect activity of this lectin. however, whether there is a causal link between carbohydrate binding and resistance to insect metabolism remains unknown. two proteases pr ...	2001	11681694
isolation of unguilin, a cyclophilin-like protein with anti-mitogenic, antiviral, and antifungal activities, from black-eyed pea.	a protein designated unguilin was isolated from seeds of the black-eyed pea (vigna unguiculata). it possesses a molecular weight of 18 kda and an n-terminal sequence resembling that of cyclophilins and the cyclophilin-like antifungal protein from mung beans, and was adsorbed on affi-gel blue gel and cm-sepharose. unguilin exerted an antifungal effect toward fungi including coprinus comatus, mycosphaerella arachidicola, and botrytis cinerea. in addition, unguilin was capable of inhibiting human i ...	2001	11732686
[controlling effect of parasitoids on population of vegetable leaf miner liriomyza sativae blanchard].	the controlling effect of parasitoids on vegetable leaf miner, liriomyza sativae blanchard, was evaluated by using acting factor life tables and exclusion inex of population control(epic). the results showed that chrysocharis pentheus, neuchrysocharis formosa, chrysonotomyia okazakii, hemiptarsenus varicornis, chrysocharis sp., opius dimidiatus and opius dissitus played an important role in controlling the population of vegetable leaf miner. the eipcs of parasitoids were 1.23, 2.73, 5.98, 5.92 a ...	2001	11757375
the bradyrhizobium japonicum hsfa gene exhibits a unique developmental expression pattern in cowpea nodules.	the bradyrhizobium japonicum host-specific fixation gene hsfa was identified as essential for nitrogen fixation on cowpea, but not required for nitrogen fixation on soybean or siratro. the dna sequence of the hsfa promoter contains a consensus rpon, -24/-12 binding site, suggesting the involvement of a regulatory protein that binds to an upstream activating sequence (uas). to further explore the regulation of this interesting gene, serial deletions of the hsfa promoter were made and fused with t ...	2001	11763126
site-specific single amino acid changes to lys or arg in the central region of the movement protein of a hybrid bromovirus are required for adaptation to a nonhost.	a hybrid cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (ccmv) [ccmv(b3a)] in which the ccmv 3a movement protein gene is replaced by the 3a (b3a) gene of brome mosaic virus cannot infect cowpea systemically. previously, analysis of rna3 cdna clones constructed from cowpea-adapted mutants derived from ccmv(b3a) revealed that a single codon change in the b3a gene allowed ccmv(b3a) to infect cowpea systemically. in this study, to extend the analysis of the ccmv(b3a) adaptation mechanism, we directly sequenced b3a g ...	2001	11145888
evaluation of selected food attributes of four advanced lines of ungerminated and germinated nigerian cowpea (vigna unguiculata (l.) walp.).	the chemical composition and functional properties of ungerminated and germinated seeds of four advanced lines of cowpeas (it81d-699, it82e-18, it84s-2246-4 and tvx 3236) were investigated. ungerminated seeds contained 20.1 to 25.8% crude protein, 2.0 to 2.2% lipid, 115.1 to 210.0 mg phytic acid/100 g and 8.9 to 9.6 mg iron/100 g. the polyphenol contents of the brown- and cream-colored beans were similar (192.0 to 196.0 mg/100 g) but were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than the amount (99.8 mg/ ...	2001	11213169
condensed tannin and saponin content of vigna unguiculata (l.) walp, desmodium uncinatum, stylosanthes guianensis and stylosanthes scabra grown in zimbabwe.	samples of the tropical forage legumes vigna unguiculata (l.) walp (cowpea), desmodium uncinatum (silverleaf desmodium), stylosanthes guianensis (oxley fine stem stylo) and stylosanthes scabra (fitzroy) and of natural pasture (veld) hay were analysed and ranked according to their proanthocyanidin (pa) and saponin content. silverleaf desmodium and fitzroy leaf and stem samples of different ages were also separately analysed for the pa contents. all the samples analysed contained some pa but no sa ...	2001	11234193
complete nucleotide sequence of sesbania mosaic virus: a new virus species of the genus sobemovirus.	the complete nucleotide sequence of the sesbania mosaic virus (semv) genomic rna was determined by sequencing overlapping cdna clones. the semv genome is 4149 nucleotides in length and encodes four potential overlapping open reading frames (orfs). comparison of the nucleotide sequence and the deduced amino acid sequence of the four orfs of semv with that of other sobemoviruses revealed that semv was closest to southern bean mosaic virus arkansas isolate (sbmv-ark, 73% identity). the 5' non-codin ...	2001	11315633
detecting structural changes in viral capsids by hydrogen exchange and mass spectrometry.	amide hydrogen exchange and mass spectrometry have been used to study the ph-induced structural changes in the capsid of brome mosaic virus (bmv). capsid protein was labeled in a structurally sensitive way by incubating intact viral particles in d(2)o at ph 5.4 and 7.3. deuterium levels in the intact coat protein and its proteolytic fragments were determined by mass spectrometry. the largest deuterium increases induced by structural alteration occurred in the regions around the quasi-threefold a ...	2001	11369862
root mucilage from pea and its utilization by rhizosphere bacteria as a sole carbon source.	plant roots secrete a complex polysaccharide mucilage that may provide a significant source of carbon for microbes that colonize the rhizosphere. high molecular weight mucilage was separated by high-pressure liquid chromatography gel filtration from low molecular weight components of pea root exudate. purified pea root mucilage generally was similar in sugar and glycosidic linkage composition to mucilage from cowpea, wheat, rice, and maize, but appeared to contain an unusually high amount of mat ...	2001	11386373
a universal pcr primer to detect members of the potyviridae and its use to examine the taxonomic status of several members of the family.	a universal primer (sprimer: 5'-ggx aay aay agy ggx caz cc-3', x = a, g, c or t; y = t or c; z = a or g), designed from the consensus sequences that code for the conserved sequence gnnsgqp in the nib region of members of the family potyviridae, was used to amplify by rt-pcr the 3'-terminal genome regions from infected plant samples representing 21 different viruses in the family. sequencing of some of the fragments (c. 1.7 kb) showed that the type strain (attc pv-107) of oat necrotic mottle viru ...	2001	11402861
peptides from pinto bean and red bean with sequence homology to cowpea 10-kda protein precursor exhibit antifungal, mitogenic, and hiv-1 reverse transcriptase-inhibitory activities.	peptides with a molecular weight of 5 kda have been isolated from seeds of the pinto bean and red bean, respectively. the peptides manifest an n-terminal sequence with remarkable resemblance to those of cowpea 10-kda protein precursor and garden pea disease resistance response protein. the bean peptides possess potent antifungal activity toward a variety of fungal species including botrytis cinerea, mycosphaerella arachidicola, and fusarium oxysporum. the proteins also demonstrate mitogenic acti ...	2001	11444860
in vitro analysis of an rna binding site within the n-terminal 30 amino acids of the southern cowpea mosaic virus coat protein.	southern cowpea mosaic virus (scpmv) is a positive-sense rna virus with t = 3 icosahedral symmetry. the coat protein (cp) has two domains, the random (r) domain and the shell (s) domain. the r domain is formed by the n-terminal 64 amino acids (aa) and is localized to the interior of the particle where it is expected to interact with the viral rna. the r domain (aa 1--57) was expressed in escherichia coli as a recombinant protein (rwtr) containing a nonviral c-terminal extension with two histidin ...	2001	11485399
divergent bradyrhizobium symbionts on tachigali versicolor from barro colorado island, panama.	relationships of root-nodule bacteria from the tree tachigali versicolor (legume subfamily caesalpinioideae) were analyzed for 20 isolates sampled from juvenile plants growing on barro colorado island (bci), panama. bacterial genetic diversity appeared to be low. in the highly polymorphic 5' intervening sequence region of 23s rrna, all isolates had the same length variant. a 472 bp segment spanning this region was sequenced in four isolates, and all proved to be identical at every nucleotide pos ...	2000	11249030
structurally dissimilar proteins with antiviral and antifungal potency from cowpea (vigna unguiculata) seeds.	evidence is presented for the existence of multiple proteins with antifungal and antiviral potency in cowpea seeds. the two proteins, designated alpha- and beta-antifungal proteins in accordance with their order of elution from the cm-sepharose column, were capable of inhibiting human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) reverse transcriptase and one of the glycohydrolases associated with hiv infection, alpha-glucosidase, but beta-glucuronidase was not repressed. the ability of the proteins in retarding ...	2000	11191627
evidence for participation of rna 1-encoded elicitor in cowpea mosaic virus-mediated concurrent protection.	the cowpea (vigna unguiculata) line arlington, inoculated with cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv), showed no symptoms, and no infectivity or accumulation of capsid antigen was detected at several days after inoculation. coinoculation, but not sequential inoculation, of cpmv with similar concentrations of another comovirus; cowpea severe mosaic virus (cpsmv), resulted in reduced numbers of cpsmv-induced lesions. this apparent, cpmv-mediated reduction in number of cpsmv-induced infection centers was terme ...	2000	10639316
engineering cowpea mosaic virus rna-2 into a vector to express heterologous proteins in plants.	a series of new cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) rna-2-based expression vectors were designed. the jellyfish green fluorescent protein (gfp) was introduced between the movement protein (mp) and the large (l) coat protein or downstream of the small (s) coat protein. release of the gfp inserted between the mp and l proteins was achieved by creating artificial processing sites each side of the insert, either by duplicating the mp-l cleavage site or by introducing a sequence encoding the foot-and-mouth di ...	2000	10662612
structural fingerprinting: subgrouping of comoviruses by structural studies of red clover mottle virus to 2.4-a resolution and comparisons with other comoviruses.	red clover mottle virus (rcmv) is a member of the comoviruses, a group of picornavirus-like plant viruses. the x-ray structure of rcmv strain s has been determined and refined to 2.4 a. the overall structure of rcmv is similar to that of two other comoviruses, cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) and bean pod mottle virus (bpmv). the sequence of the coat proteins of rcmv strain o were modeled into the capsid structure of strain s without causing any distortion, confirming the close resemblance between the ...	2000	10590139
immunogenic and antigenic dominance of a nonneutralizing epitope over a highly conserved neutralizing epitope in the gp41 envelope glycoprotein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1: its deletion leads to a strong neutralizing response.	the kennedy peptide, (731)prgpdrpegieeeggerdrdrs(752), from the cytoplasmic domain of the gp41 transmembrane envelope glycoprotein of hiv-1 contains a conformationally dependent neutralizing epitope (erdrd) and a linear nonneutralizing epitope (ieee). no recognized murine t cell epitope is present. the peptide usually stimulates virus-specific antibody, but this is not always neutralizing. here we show that ieee (or possibly ieee plus adjacent sequence) is immunogenically and antigenically domin ...	2000	10612661
complementation of the host range restriction of southern cowpea mosaic virus in bean by southern bean mosaic virus.	vigna unguiculata (cowpea) and phaseolus vulgaris (common bean) are permissive hosts for southern cowpea mosaic virus (scpmv) and southern bean mosaic virus (sbmv), respectively. neither of these two sobemoviruses systemically infects the permissive host of the other. although bean cells are permissive for scpmv rna synthesis, they do not support the assembly of this virus. thus, the host range restriction of scpmv in bean may occur at the level of movement and may involve the inability of scpmv ...	2000	10612668
three new nifa-regulated genes in the bradyrhizobium japonicum symbiotic gene region discovered by competitive dna-rna hybridization.	the so-called symbiotic region of the bradyrhizobium japonicum chromosome (c. kündig, h. hennecke, and m. göttfert, j. bacteriol. 175:613-622, 1993) was screened for the presence of genes controlled by the nitrogen fixation regulatory protein nifa. southern blots of restriction enzyme-digested cosmids that represent an ordered, overlapping library of the symbiotic region were competitively hybridized with in vitro-labeled rna from anaerobically grown wild-type cells and an excess of rna isolated ...	2000	10692350
evolutionarily related sindbis-like plant viruses maintain different levels of population diversity in a common host.	the levels of population diversity of three related sindbis-like plant viruses, tobacco mosaic virus (tmv), cucumber mosaic virus (cmv), and cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (ccmv), in infections of a common host, nicotiana benthamiana, established from genetically identical viral rna were examined. despite probably having a common evolutionary ancestor, the three viruses maintained different levels of population diversity. cmv had the highest levels of diversity, tmv had an intermediate level of d ...	2000	10708428
chimeric animal and plant viruses expressing epitopes of outer membrane protein f as a combined vaccine against pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infection.	outer membrane protein f of pseudomonas aeruginosa has vaccine efficacy against infection by p. aeruginosa as demonstrated in a variety of animal models. through the use of synthetic peptides, three surface-exposed epitopes have been identified. these are called peptides 9 (aa 261-274 in the mature f protein, tdaynqklserran), 10 (aa 305-318, nataegrainrrve), and 18 (aa 282-295, neygveggrvnavg). both the peptide 9 and 10 epitopes are protective when administered as a vaccine. in order to develop ...	2000	10727884
phylogenetic analysis of two potyvirus pathogens of commercial cowpea lines: implications for obtaining pathogen-derived resistance.	as a prelude to developing engineered resistance to two important potyvirus pathogens of cowpea, a phylogenetic analysis of strains of cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (cabmv) and bean common mosaic virus--blackeye cowpea strain (bcmv-b1c) was undertaken. nucleotide sequences for the coat protein genes and 3'-untranslated regions of four cabmv and one bcmv-b1c strains were determined and included in an analysis with published sequences. while all the newly sequenced viruses showed strong homology ...	2000	10766309
bruchins: insect-derived plant regulators that stimulate neoplasm formation.	pea weevil (bruchus pisorum l.) oviposition on pods of specific genetic lines of pea (pisum sativum l.) stimulates cell division at the sites of egg attachment. as a result, tumor-like growths of undifferentiated cells (neoplasms) develop beneath the egg. these neoplasms impede larval entry into the pod. this unique form of induced resistance is conditioned by the np allele and mediated by a recently discovered class of natural products that we have identified from both cowpea weevil (callosobru ...	2000	10811915
influence of three-dimensional structure on the immunogenicity of a peptide expressed on the surface of a plant virus.	the influence of peptide structure on immunogenicity has been investigated by constructing a series of cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) chimaeras expressing the 14 amino acid nim-1a epitope from human rhinovirus 14 (hrv-14) at different positions on the capsid surface. biochemical and crystallographic analysis of a cpmv/hrv chimaera expressing the nim-1a epitope inserted into the betac'-betac" loop of the s protein revealed that, although the inserted peptide was free at its c-terminus, it adopted a c ...	2000	10822251
cowpea mosaic virus infection induces a massive proliferation of endoplasmic reticulum but not golgi membranes and is dependent on de novo membrane synthesis.	replication of cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) is associated with small membranous vesicles that are induced upon infection. the effect of cpmv replication on the morphology and distribution of the endomembrane system in living plant cells was studied by expressing green fluorescent protein (gfp) targeted to the endoplasmic reticulum (er) and the golgi membranes. cpmv infection was found to induce an extensive proliferation of the er, whereas the distribution and morphology of the golgi stacks remain ...	2000	10864669
effect of various essential oils on callosobruchus maculatus (f.) (coleoptera: bruchidae).	essential oils were extracted from four west african plant species [tagetes minuta (family compositae), hyptis suaveolens (family labiatae), white basil ocimum canum (family labiatae), and sweet basil o. basilicum (family labiatae)] by steam distillation. the oil of the pepper piper guineense (family piperaceae), was extracted from the fruits by hydro distillation and ethanol extraction. mixed essential oil and total ethanol extract was used. kaolin powder (clay) was mixed (aromatized) with thes ...	2000	10880813
one- and two-dimensional gel electrophoresic identification of african yam bean seed proteins.	seed proteins were extracted from the african yam bean (ayb; sphenostylis stenocarpa), an underutilized west african food legume. one- and two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was then used to analyze the albumin fraction, galactose-specific lectins purified on immobilized galactose-sepharose 4b, and abundant non-lectin seed proteins left over following affinity chromatography. n-terminal sequencing of prominently resolved polypetide bands led to identification of proteins having s ...	2000	10888540
an evaluation of the effect of bacillus cells and bacillus spores in association with cowpea granules as starter cultures for the fermentation of african oil bean (pentaclethra macrophylla bentham) to 'ugba'.	studies on the improvement of the traditional production of 'ugba', a protein-rich fermented african oil bean seed product, were undertaken, by developing starter cultures of bacillus subtilis cells and spores in association with cowpea granules. the viability of the cells in association remained stable at 94.5% for 6 months at 30 degrees c and for up to 10 months at 4 degrees c while the viability of the spores in association remained stable at ca. 96% for up to 10 months at both 4 and 30 degre ...	2000	10898482
the structure of cucumber mosaic virus and comparison to cowpea chlorotic mottle virus.	the structure of cucumber mosaic virus (cmv; strain fny) has been determined to a 3.2-a resolution using x-ray crystallography. despite the fact that cmv has only 19% capsid protein sequence identity (34% similarity) to cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (ccmv), the core structures of these two members of the bromoviridae family are highly homologous. as suggested by a previous low-resolution structural study, the 305-a diameter (maximum) of cmv is approximately 12 a larger than that of ccmv. in ccmv ...	2000	10906212
improvement of the traditional processing and fermentation of african oil bean (pentaclethra macrophylla bentham) into a food snack--'ugba'.	inocula for the improvement of the traditional production of 'ugba' were developed by attaching pure cultures of bacillus subtilis responsible for the natural fermentation of the african oil bean seeds on cowpea granules. changes in ph, amino-nitrogen and protease activity were used as fermentation indicators. in comparison with the natural fermentation, changes in these process variables were more pronounced. results also showed that the production time could be significantly reduced. in additi ...	2000	11020043
structure of native and expanded sobemoviruses by electron cryo-microscopy and image reconstruction.	rice yellow mottle virus (rymv) and southern bean mosaic virus, cowpea strain (scpmv) are members of the sobemovirus genus of rna-containing viruses. we used electron cryo-microscopy (cryo-em) and icosahedral image analysis to examine the native structures of these two viruses at 25 a resolution. both viruses have a single tightly packed capsid layer with 180 subunits assembled on a t=3 icosahedral lattice. distinctive crown-like pentamers emanate from the 12 5-fold axes of symmetry. the exterio ...	2000	11023786
bromovirus movement protein conditions for the host specificity of virus movement through the vascular system and affects pathogenicity in cowpea.	previously, we reported that ccmv(b3a), a hybrid of bromovirus cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (ccmv) with the 3a cell-to-cell movement protein (mp) gene replaced by that of cowpea-nonadapted bromovirus brome mosaic virus (bmv), can form small infection foci in inoculated cowpea leaves, but that expansion of the foci stops between 1 and 2 days postinoculation. to determine whether the lack of systemic movement of ccmv(b3a) is due to restriction of local spread at specific leaf tissue interfaces, w ...	2000	11059486
mechanism of capsid assembly for an icosahedral plant virus.	capsids of spherical viruses share a common architecture: an icosahedral arrangement of identical proteins. we suggest that there may be a limited number of common assembly mechanisms for such viruses. previous assembly mechanisms were proposed on the basis of virion structure but were not rigorously tested. here we apply a rigorous analysis of assembly to cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (ccmv), a typical, small, positive-strand rna virus. the atomic resolution structure of ccmv revealed an interl ...	2000	11080492
co-expression of the capsid proteins of cowpea mosaic virus in insect cells leads to the formation of virus-like particles.	the regions of rna-2 of cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) that encode the large (l) and small (s) coat proteins were expressed either individually or together in spodoptera frugiperda (sf21) cells using baculovirus vectors. co-expression of the two coat proteins from separate promoters in the same construct resulted in the formation of virus-like particles whose morphology closely resembled that of native cpmv virions. no such particles were formed when the individual l and s proteins were expressed. s ...	2000	11086140
influence of legume blends on fried papad quality.	legumes and their blends are widely used for the production of papads. papads with low fat content would be a boon to populations looking for low-calorie foods with retention of organoleptic profile. judicious blending of legumes such as black gram, green gram, bengal gram, red gram and cowpea revealed that low-fat fried papads could be prepared from a blend of 40:36:24 blend of bengal gram:black gram:green gram flours. the blend had 15.6% lower fat content as compared to the control prepared fr ...	2000	11103303
identification of a fab interaction footprint site on an icosahedral virus by cryoelectron microscopy and x-ray crystallography.	biological processes frequently require the formation of multi-protein or nucleoprotein complexes. some of these complexes have been produced in homogeneous form, crystallized, and analysed at high resolution by x-ray crystallography (for example, see refs 1-3). most, however, are too large or too unstable to crystallize. individual components of such complexes can often be purified and analysed by crystallography. here we report how the coordinated application of cryoelectron microscopy, three- ...	2000	1731227
some aspects of the biology and control using botanicals of the rice moth, corcyra cephalonica (stainton), on some pulses.	the life cycle of corcyra cephalonica was studied under ambient laboratory conditions (temperature range 27.5-30 degrees c and 60-73% r.h.) on groundnut, bambara groundnut and cowpea. the mean developmental period ranged from 33.2+/-0.2 to 45.3+/-1.8 days on whole, broken and powdered forms of the food media. egg hatchability was found to be 83%, while adult longevity ranged from 1.5+/-0.5 to 11.9+/-1.3 days for males and 1.5+/-0.5 to 16.5+/-1.2 days for females. sex ratio (male symbol:female sy ...	2000	10758262
effect of solvent residues of vitex negundo linn. and cassia fistula linn. on pulse beetle, callosobruchus maculatus fab. and its larval parasitoid, dinarmus vagabundus (timberlake).	effect of solvent residues of vitex negundo l. and cassia fistula l. leaves (0.5 and 1%) was studied on egg laying and adult emergence of callosobruchus maculatus fab. and on percentage of larval parasitism by dinarmus vagabundus (timberlake). cowpea seeds treated with methanol and aqueous extract of vitex, at these concentrations (0.5 and 1%), significantly reduced the number of eggs and emergence of f1 adults of c. maculatus. both vitex and cassia extracts did not affect the percentage of para ...	2000	10927878
genetic relationships among biotypes of bemisia tabaci (hemiptera: aleyrodidae) based on aflp analysis.	genetic similarities between 13 samples belonging to nine reference biotypes and two field populations of bemisia tabaci (gennadius), one field population of b. medinae gómez-menor and another of b. afer priesner & hosny, were evaluated using amplified fragment length polymorphism (aflp) markers. the results indicate that b. tabaci biotypes can be grouped together with a minimum similarity coefficient of 0.32 and separated from the two other species with a similarity coefficient of 0.07. bemisia ...	2000	11082556
potential of combining neem (azadirachta indica a. juss) seed oil with varietal resistance for the management of the cowpea bruchid, callosobruchus maculatus (f.).	the efficacy of different rates (25, 50, 75 and 100 mg/5 g seed) of application of neem (azadirachta indica) seed oil (nso) was assessed on four cowpea varieties (kanannado, it89kd-391, borno brown and it89kd-374) with differing susceptibilities to callosobruchus maculatus. the different rates of nso significantly interacted with cowpea varietal resistance and reduced oviposition and percentage adult emergence of c. maculatus. the interaction of the strategies also significantly reduced percenta ...	2000	10758260
chemical evaluation of multimixes formulated from some local staples for use as complementary foods in nigeria.	the nutrient compositions of eight multimixes formulated for use as complementary foods from processed soybeans, cowpeas, maize, sorghum, yams, cocoyams, plantains and sweet potatoes were examined. the foods were processed by sprouting, cooking and fermentation. the samples were separately dried and milled to fine flours. a ratio of 65% cereal, 30% legume and 5% starchy staple (65:30:5) calculated on a protein basis was used to formulate the multimixes. the blends were chemically analyzed using ...	2000	11030479
analysis of a ferric leghemoglobin reductase from cowpea (vigna unguiculata) root nodules.	ferric leghemoglobin reductase (flbr), an enzyme reducing ferric leghemoglobin (lb) to ferrous lb, was purified from cowpea (vigna unguiculata) root nodules by sequential chromatography on hydroxylapatite followed by mono-q hr5/5 fplc and sephacryl s-200 gel filtration. the purified cowpea flbr had a specific activity of 216 nmol lb(2+)o(2) formed min(-1) mg(-1) of enzyme for cowpea lb(3+) and a specific activity of 184 nmol lb(2+)o(2) formed min(-1) mg(-1) of enzyme for soybean lb(3+). a cdna c ...	2000	10729615
effects of cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (soybean strain) on chemical composition of davis soybeans.		2000	5528923
occurrence and expression of members of the ferritin gene family in cowpeas.	ferritin gene expression has been demonstrated in a variety of plants including maize, arabidopsis, cowpeas, soybeans, beans and peas. most available evidence shows that the mature protein is located in plastids and its production is under gene transcriptional control. in maize, two different ferritin genes have been identified; they were found to express protein under different physiological conditions. only single gene products have been found until now in the other plants, with the exception ...	1999	9895297
nymphal survival and movement of crawlers of bemisia argentifolii (homoptera: aleyrodidae) on leaf surfaces of selected vegetables.	bemisia argentifolii bellows & perring generally feeds and develops on the under leaf surface of most host plants, but in excess of 50% of the immature population may be found on the upper surface of some host species. this study determined the influence of leaf surface on survival of immature b. argentifolii and the likelihood of movement by the crawler (1st instar) from the upper (adaxial) leaf surface on selected vegetable hosts. laboratory, tests were conducted on 5 vegetables: cantaloupe, c ...	1999	11543187
differential effects of cooking in open cups and in sealed cellophane bags on the residual cyanide content of moi-moi, a processed legume product.	bean pastes from the black eyed bean (vigna unguiculata), pigeon pea (cajanus cajan) and ife brown (v. unguiculata) were processed into a popular west african snack moi-moi, cooked in open aluminium cups and in sealed, thin, transparent cellophane bags. the residual total, free and bound cyanide levels of moi-moi from both processes were determined using a combination of enzymatic and colorimetric procedures. results showed that in all cases, cooking of moi-moi in open aluminium cups caused rete ...	1999	10496375
effect of c-terminal deletions in the movement protein of cowpea chlorotic mottle virus on cell-to-cell and long-distance movement.	in order to elucidate the function of the c-terminal region of cowpea chlorotic mottle bromovirus (ccmv) movement protein (mp) in cell-to-cell movement, a set of deletions ranging from 10 to 80 amino acids (deltamp10, deltamp20, deltamp33, deltamp43, deltamp60 and deltamp80) was engineered into the mp gene encoded by the biologically active clone c3/deltacp-egfp, a variant of ccmv rna3 that contained wild-type (wt) mp and the enhanced green fluorescent protein (egfp) gene in place of the coat pr ...	1999	10374951
host suitability of potential cover crops for root-knot nematodes.	several potential cover crops were evaluated for their susceptibility to meloidogyne arenaria race 1, m. incognita race 1, and m. javanica in a series of five greenhouse experiments. no galls or egg masses were observed on roots of castor (ricinus communis), cowpea (vigna unguiculata cv. iron clay), crotalaria (crotalaria spectabilis), or american jointvetch (aeschynomene americana). occasional egg masses (rating </=1.0 on 0-5 scale) were observed on marigold (tagetes minuta) in one test with m. ...	1999	19270926
one amino acid change in cucumber mosaic virus rna polymerase determines virulent/avirulent phenotypes on cowpea.	abstract the elicitation of the hypersensitive response (hr) is known to depend on the interaction between a resistance gene of a host plant and a corresponding avirulence gene of a pathogen. the cv. kurodane-sanjaku of cowpea (vigna unguiculata) has the cry locus that confers resistance against cucumber mosaic virus strain y (cmv-y). the resistance is overcome by infection with a legume strain of cmv (cmv-l). rna 2, which codes for the 2a protein, a subunit of the viral replicase components, ha ...	1999	18944644
effects of dietary substitution with raw and heat-treated cowpea (vigna unguiculata) on intestinal transport and pancreatic enzymes in the pig.	tropical grain legumes represent potentially important feed for farm animals. however, diarrhoea and poor growth performance have been reported, due to the various anti-nutritional factors they contain. this study addressed in particular whether dietary cowpea impaired the growth of pigs, whether the small intestinal na+/d-glucose coabsorptive transport capacity was decreased, whether the cl- secretory capacity was increased, and, finally, whether these parameters were affected by heat treatment ...	1999	10638295
complete nucleotide sequence of bean pod mottle virus rna1: sequence comparisons and evolutionary relationships to other comoviruses.	the complete nucleotide sequence of bean pod mottle comovirus (bpmv) rna 1 was determined. it is 5983 nucleotides long, excluding the poly(a) tail, and encodes a polyprotein of 1850 amino acid (aa) residues. multiple alignments of the deduced aa sequence of bpmv polyprotein with those of cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv), red clover mottle virus (rcmv) and cowpea severe mosaic virus (cpsmv) indicated that bpmv rna1 encodes the predicted set of five mature proteins: the equivalent of cpmv 32k protease c ...	1999	10403699
a chimaeric plant virus vaccine protects mice against a bacterial infection.	the plant virus cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) is an efficient carrier of foreign peptides for the generation of strong humoral immune responses. peptides derived from both viruses and bacteria are strongly immunogenic when displayed on the surface of cpmv and elicit high titres of peptide-specific antibody. however, the protective effects of antibodies generated using bacterial epitopes in this system have yet to be demonstrated. in this study the ability of chimaeric virus particles (cvps) to affo ...	1999	10463172
faba bean necrotic yellows virus (genus nanovirus) requires a helper factor for its aphid transmission.	purified faba bean necrotic yellows virus (fbnyv; genus nanovirus) alone is not transmissible by its aphid vector, acyrthosiphon pisum, regardless of whether it is acquired from artificial diets or directly microinjected into the aphid's hemocoel. the purified virus contains all of the genetic information required for its infection cycle as it readily replicated in cowpea protoplasts and systemically infected vicia faba seedlings that were biolistically inoculated using gold particles coated wit ...	1999	10489354
studies on hybrid comoviruses reveal the importance of three-dimensional structure for processing of the viral coat proteins and show that the specificity of cleavage is greater in trans than in cis.	a series of cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv)-based hybrid comoviral rna-2 molecules have been constructed. in these, the region encoding both the large (l) and small (s) viral coat proteins was replaced by the equivalent region from bean pod mottle virus (bpmv). the hybrid rna-2 molecules were able to replicate in cowpea protoplasts in the presence of cpmv rna-1. though processing of the hybrid polyproteins by the cpmv-specific 24k proteinase at the site between the 58/48k and l proteins could readily ...	1999	10544093
glutathione and homoglutathione synthesis in legume root nodules.	high-performance liquid chromatography (hplc) with fluorescence detection was used to study thiol metabolism in legume nodules. glutathione (gsh) was the major non-protein thiol in all indeterminate nodules examined, as well as in the determinate nodules of cowpea (vigna unguiculata), whereas homoglutathione (hgsh) predominated in soybean (glycine max), bean (phaseolus vulgaris), and mungbean (vigna radiata) nodules. all nodules had greater thiol concentrations than the leaves and roots of the s ...	1999	10557236