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longitudinal study of clinicopathological features of johne's disease in sheep naturally exposed to mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis.the objective of this study was to describe chronological changes in infection status and enteric lesions of sheep naturally exposed to mycobacterium avium subspecies paratubercuolosis. samples of terminal ileum (ti) and mesenteric lymph node (mln) were collected from 77 merino sheep via surgical biopsy at 12, 18, and 24 months of age and necropsy at 36 months of age. infection status at each sampling period was determined by fecal, ti, and mln culture. quantitative grading schemes were used to ...201120571147
macrophages from ibd patients exhibit defective tumour necrosis factor-a secretion but otherwise normal or augmented pro-inflammatory responses to infection.defects in macrophage function have been implicated in the establishment of crohn's disease (cd). however, the response of macrophages from cd patients to live bacteria, particularly mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map), has not been addressed. considering map has long been associated to cd, our objective was to assess whether macrophages from cd patients showed impaired inflammatory response to infection by map comparing to m. avium subsp. avium (ma) and other live intestinal comme ...201121269730
soil and plant contamination with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis after exposure to naturally contaminated mouflon feces.the aim of this study was to demonstrate the persistence of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) in soil and colonization of different plant parts after deliberate exposure to mouflon feces naturally contaminated with different amounts of map. samples of aerial parts of plants, their roots, and the soil below the roots were collected after 15 weeks and examined using is900 real-time quantitative pcr (qpcr) and cultivation. although the presence of viable map cells was not demonstrat ...201121279514
how accurately can we detect mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection?mycobacteria have thwarted detection by scientists for centuries. mycobacterium paratuberculosis is one of the most fastidious of the mycobacteriaceae, and has been implicated in both animal and human diseases. in domestic livestock, m. paratuberculosis has been associated with johne's disease, which given its increasing incidence, is currently a cause for concern, due to the potential for m. paratuberculosis to enter our food chain. in addition, a tenuous link has been reported between m. parat ...201121281678
immunoregulatory cytokines are associated with protection from immunopathology following mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection in red deer.although the causative agent of johne's disease, mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, is well known, the etiology of disease and the immune responses generated in response to infection are still poorly understood. knowledge of definitive markers of protective immunity, infection, and the establishment of chronic granulomatous johne's disease is necessary to advance vaccine and diagnostic development. we sought to profile the immune responses occurring within jejunal lymph nodes of experi ...201121321071
predicting fadeout versus persistence of paratuberculosis in a dairy cattle herd for management and control purposes: a modelling study.abstract: epidemiological models enable to better understand the dynamics of infectious diseases and to assess ex-ante control strategies. for mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map), possible transmission routes have been described, but map spread in a herd and the relative importance of the routes are currently insufficiently understood to prioritize control measures. we aim to predict early after map introduction in a dairy cattle herd whether infection is likely to fade out or pers ...201121324117
validation and standardization of is900 and f57 real-time quantitative pcr assays for the specific detection and quantification of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) is the causative agent of johne's disease and may contribute to the onset and development of crohn's disease in humans. rapid detection of map is fundamental because of its reported isolation from pasteurized milk and its potential for transmission through environmental sources. in this study, we developed two independent real-time quantitative pcr assays targeting the is900 genetic insertion sequence and the f57 sequence, which proved capable of ...201121510779
a meta-analysis of the effect of dose and age at exposure on shedding of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) in experimentally infected calves and cows.summarya meta-analysis was performed using all published and one unpublished long-term infection-challenge experiments to quantify the age- and dose-dependence of early and late shedding of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) in cattle. there were 194 animals from 17 studies that fulfilled the inclusion criteria, of which 173 received a known dose of map and 21 were exposed naturally. results from parametric time-to-event models indicated that challenging older calves or using mult ...201121524342
bayesian analysis of longitudinal johne's disease diagnostic data without a gold standard test.a bayesian methodology was developed based on a latent change-point model to evaluate the performance of milk elisa and fecal culture tests for longitudinal johne's disease diagnostic data. the situation of no perfect reference test was considered; that is, no "gold standard." a change-point process with a weibull survival hazard function was used to model the progression of the hidden disease status. the model adjusted for the fixed effects of covariate variables and random effects of subject o ...201121524521
occurrence of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in raw water and water treatment operations for the production of potable water.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) causes johne's disease of cattle and is implicated as a cause of crohn's disease in humans. the organism is excreted in animal faeces and can contaminate water catchment areas. this coupled with map's survival in the environment means that water destined for domestic use may be a source of exposure. this work was designed to determine the occurrence of map in lough neagh (the largest freshwater lake in the british isles), used as a reservoir, and ...201121529886
the commensal microbiota and enteropathogens in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases.intestinal inflammation arises from abnormal host-microbe interactions. the perturbations of homeostatic coexistence involve host genetic factors, barrier function, innate and adaptive immunity, as well as qualitative and quantitative changes in the composition of the microbiota. dysbiosis toward selected micro-organisms and decreased complexity of commensal bacteria have been observed in patients with crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, but it is not clear whether the dysbiosis contributes ...201121530738
association of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis with multiple sclerosis in sardinian patients.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) infection is highly spread in the ruminant herds of sardinia, in the western mediterranean. the objective of this study was to investigate prevalence of map infection in association with multiple sclerosis (ms) using clinical specimen from patients and controls. we analyzed samples for the presence of map specific dna and to demonstrate humoral response to a map protein (map2694), a predicted homologue of the t-cell receptor gamma-chain/complemen ...201121533236
induction of b cell responses upon experimental infection of neonatal calves with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.the objective of this study was to determine if experimental infection of neonatal calves with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) would invoke changes in the percentages of total b cells in the peripheral blood mononuclear cell population and in subpopulations of b cells as determined by cd5, cd25, and cd45ro markers during a 12-month period. methods of experimental infection included: control (noninfected); oral (map strain k-10); oral/dxm (pretreatment with dexamethasone before ...201121543587
apparent prevalence of beef carcasses contaminated with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis sampled from danish slaughter cattle.presence of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) in beef has been reported as a public health concern because asymptomatically infected cattle may contain map in tissues that are used for human consumption. associations between map carcasses contamination and animal characteristics such as age, breed, production type, and carcass classification were assessed. cheek muscles from 501 carcasses were sampled cross-sectionally at a danish abattoir and tested for presence of viable map an ...201121547261
within-herd contact structure and transmission of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in a persistently infected dairy cattle herd.within-herd transmission of pathogens occurs either by direct or by indirect contact between susceptible and infected animals. in dairy herds that are structured into groups, the way in which animals encounter each other and share an environment can affect pathogen transmission. dairy cattle are heterogeneous in terms of susceptibility and infectivity with respect to mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) transmission. it is mainly young animals that are susceptible and adults tha ...201121549436
divergent cytokine responses of macrophages to mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis strains of types ii and iii in a standardized in vitro model.based on epidemiological and clinical observations, different strains of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) are suspected to significantly differ in their virulence for ruminants. in the pathogenesis of paratuberculosis, macrophages represent the principal target cell for map. in order to judge the ability of different map-genotypes to modulate macrophage responses, the cytokine responses of the monocyte cell line thp-1 were studied after challenge with three different map strains ...201121555192
evaluation of two mutants of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis as candidates for a live attenuated vaccine for johne's disease.control of johne's disease, caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, has been difficult because of a lack of an effective vaccine. to address this problem we used targeted gene disruption to develop candidate mutants with impaired capacity to survive ex vivo and in vivo to test as a vaccine. we selected rela and pkng, genes known to be important virulence factors in mycobacterium tuberculosis and mycobacterium bovis, for initial studies. deletion mutants were made in a wild type ma ...201121565243
bovine ifngr2, il12rb1, il12rb2, and il23r polymorphisms and map infection status.mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (map) infection causes a chronic granulomatous inflammatory condition of the bovine gut that is characterized by diarrhea, progressive weight loss, and emaciation, and ultimately leads to loss in productivity and profitability of dairy operations. the host cytokine machinery is known to play an important role in protecting against map infection. therefore, the goal of the present study was to assess whether polymorphisms in candidate genes encoding impor ...201121597988
case-control study: productivity and longevity of dairy cows that tested positive for infection with mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis as heifers compared to age-matched controls.a case-control study was performed to determine if dairy heifers testing positive for mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (map) before 2 yr of age by either fecal culture or serum elisa had decreased productivity and longevity as cows compared with age-matched herdmates. cases were individually matched with 4 controls. survival analysis was conducted to determine differences in longevity between cases and controls. conditional logistic regression was used to assess differences in mean 3.5% ...201121605752
mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in bioaerosols after depopulation and cleaning of two cattle barns.settled dust samples were collected on a commercial dairy farm in the netherlands with a high prevalence of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) (barn a) and on a dutch experimental cattle farm (barn b) stocked with cattle confirmed to be map shedders. barns were sampled while animals were present, after both barns were destocked and cleaned by cold high-pressure cleaning, and after being kept empty for two weeks (barn a) or after additional disinfection (barn b). map dna was de ...201121610001
mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis-incidences in milk and milk products, their isolation, enumeration, characterization, and role in human health.mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis (map), excreted in the feces and milk, is reported to be not easily inactivated by pasteurization and thermal treatments as other bacteria infecting humans and animals do. the d values of all map strains tested were considerably higher than those published for other pathogens. culturing techniques for this organism are labor intensive. although an increasing amount of scientific evidence suggests that this organism can be responsible for at least some c ...201121620785
endemic cattle diseases: comparative epidemiology and governance.cattle are infected by a community of endemic pathogens with different epidemiological properties that invoke different managerial and governmental responses. we present characteristics of pathogens that influence their ability to persist in the uk, and describe a qualitative framework of factors that influence the political response to a livestock disease. we develop simple transmission models for three pathogens (bovine viral diarrhoea virus, bovine herpesvirus and mycobacterium avium spp. par ...201121624918
serological and molecular detection of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in cattle of dairy herds in colombia.the objective of this study is the detection of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) by serum enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), fecal polymerase chain reaction (pcr), and fecal culture in colombian dairy herds. serum and fecal samples from asymptomatic cows (n = 307) of 14 dairy herds were tested for map by an unabsorbed elisa test (elisa-a). serum and fecal samples from positive elisa-a animals (n = 31) were further tested by an absorbed elisa test (elisa-b) and pcr. fecal ...201121626066
immune response of cattle immunized with a conjugate of the glycolipid glucose monomycolate and protein.strong anti glycolipid igg responses can occur in humans and animals, but contrary to anti protein responses and anti glycoprotein responses, the exact mechanism of induction is unknown. we have previously shown that experimental immunization with the glycolipid glucose monomycolate (gmm) causes the development of specific t cell responses, but not of anti gmm antibodies. however, cattle naturally infected with mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis produce high levels of anti gmm igg. in the ...201121640388
pathology and molecular diagnosis of paratuberculosis of camels.camels are the prime source of meat and milk in many desert regions of the world including saudi arabia. paratuberculosis of camels, locally called silag, is a serious and invariably fatal disease in the arabian camel. six camels were used in this study. five camels with clinical paratuberculosis were used to study the pathology of the disease and confirm its aetiology. the sixth camel was clinically healthy and used as a control. the camels were examined clinically and bled for haematological a ...201121643659
multi-comparative systems biology analysis reveals time-course biosignatures of in vivo bovine pathway responses to b.melitensis, s.enterica typhimurium and m.avium paratuberculosis.to decipher the complexity and improve the understanding of host-pathogen interactions, biologists must adopt new system level approaches in which the hierarchy of biological interactions and dynamics can be studied. this paper presents the application of systems biology for the cross-comparative analysis and interactome modeling of three different infectious agents, leading to the identification of novel, unique and common molecular host responses (biosignatures).201121645321
overt mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection: an infrequent occurrence in archived tissue from false tb reactor cattle in michigan, usa.the objective of this study was to retrospectively determine whether or not cattle from the state of michigan which were classified as bovine tuberculosis reactors, based on currently approved field and laboratory testing methods, were overtly infected with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map). included in this study were 384 adult cattle submitted to the diagnostic center for population and animal health over a seven-year period. cattle were tested utilizing standard methods to con ...201121647343
enhancing the role of veterinary vaccines reducing zoonotic diseases of humans: linking systems biology with vaccine development.the aim of research on infectious diseases is their prevention, and brucellosis and salmonellosis as such are classic examples of worldwide zoonoses for application of a systems biology approach for enhanced rational vaccine development. when used optimally, vaccines prevent disease manifestations, reduce transmission of disease, decrease the need for pharmaceutical intervention, and improve the health and welfare of animals, as well as indirectly protecting against zoonotic diseases of people. ...201121651944
map3738c and mptd are specific tags of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection in type i diabetes mellitus.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) is the causative agent of johne's disease, a chronic inflammation of ruminants' intestine. recent studies have linked map to type i diabetes mellitus (t1dm). we searched the presence of antibodies against two specific proteins of map (mptd and map3738c) in sera of patients affected by t1dm and type ii diabetes mellitus (t2dm). mptd protein (map3733c) has been recognized as a map virulent factor whereas map3738c has not yet been studied. both prot ...201121664191
peptides specific for mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection: diagnostic potential.mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) is the causative agent of johne's disease (jd). current serological diagnostic tests for jd are limited by their sensitivity when used in sub-clinical stages of the disease. our objective was to identify peptides that mimic diagnostically important map epitopes that might be incorporated into a new-generation jd diagnostic. four peptides were isolated from a phage-displayed random peptide library by screening on antibodies derived from map-in ...201121669956
impaired dendritic cell proinflammatory cytokine production in psoriatic arthritis.objective: the pathogenesis of psoriatic arthritis (psa) remains poorly understood. the underlying chronic inflammatory immune response is thought to be triggered by unknown environmental factors potentially arising from a defective immune function. an impaired acute inflammatory response by dendritic cells (dcs) might compromise the clearance of bacteria and predispose to chronic inflammation. methods: the cytokine production by dcs from healthy controls, rheumatoid arthritis, psa and psoriasis ...201121811995
prevalence of paratuberculosis infection in dairy cattle in northern italy.paratuberculosis is a chronic granulomatous infection caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) that affects multiple ruminant species causing important economic losses. therefore, control programmes at herd and regional levels have been established worldwide and prevalence estimates are needed for their implementation. although different herd-level prevalence estimations for paratuberculosis have been reported in europe, very few studies provided comparable and interpretable v ...201121807432
exploring the zoonotic potential of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis through comparative genomics.a comparative genomics approach was utilised to compare the genomes of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) isolated from early onset paediatric crohn's disease (cd) patients as well as johne's diseased animals. draft genome sequences were produced for map isolates derived from four cd patients, one ulcerative colitis (uc) patient, and two non-inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) control individuals using illumina sequencing, complemented by comparative genome hybridisation (cgh). m ...201121799786
diverse cytokine profile from mesenteric lymph node cells of cull cows severely affected with johne's disease.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map), the causative agent of johne's disease, is able to dampen or distort immune responses at the mucosal sites and co-exist with a massive infiltration of immune cells in the gastro-intestinal tract. knowledge of the mechanism how map subverts the immune response at the mucosal level in cattle is important for development of improved disease control strategies including new vaccines and diagnostic tests. in this study, 38 cull cows from herds infect ...201121795461
short communication: refinement of genetic regions associated with mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis tissue infection and tolerance to johne's disease.johne's disease is a highly transmissible bacterial disease caused by mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (map). the objective of this study was to refine the locus associated with map tissue infection and the locus associated with tolerance to johne's disease. using a genome-wide association analysis, single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with map tissue infection and tolerance to johne's disease on bos taurus autosome (bta)3 and bta15, respectively, have previously been identified. ...201121787960
bacteria in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease.twin studies have demonstrated the importance of environmental factors in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease, but progress has been relatively slow in identifying these, with the exception of smoking, which is positively associated with crohn's disease and negatively associated with ulcerative colitis. genetic studies have identified risk alleles which are involved in host-bacterial interactions and the mucosal barrier, and evidence is building for a likely pathogenic role for change ...201121787349
diagnosis and molecular characterization of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis from dairy cows in colombia.the objective of this study was the serological, bacteriological and molecular diagnosis, as well as the molecular characterization of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) in adult cows of five colombian dairy herds. serum samples were tested by an indirect absorbed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa-c). all fecal samples were tested by pooled culture. after that, fecal samples of map positive pools were tested individually by culture and polymerase chain reaction (pcr). in on ...201121785685
immunological and pathological responses of red deer resistant or susceptible genotypes, to experimental challenge with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.this study aimed to monitor the clinical, immunological and pathological changes in red deer for 49 weeks after experimental oral challenge with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) and to assess the heritability of resistance in the offspring of two red stags. eighteen young deer, which were bred from unselected hinds and sired by two stags resistant (r) or susceptible (s) to paratuberculosis, were challenged with map and monitored for 49 weeks. biopsy samples of the jejunal lymph ...201121782254
antimicrobial activity of gallium nitrate against mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in neonatal calves.background: mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map), the agent of johne's disease in cattle, is a facultative intracellular bacterium that is dependent on ferric iron for its survival and replication. gallium (ga), a trivalent semimetal that shares many similarities with ferric iron and functions as an iron mimic has been shown to have in vitro antimicrobial activity against several microorganisms, including map. objectives: (1) to investigate the antimicrobial activity of ga in calves ...201121781171
the johne's paradigm: from detection to management to treatment. 201121778821
leaching of mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis in soil under in vitro conditions.mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis (map), the causative agent of johne's disease, has a robust ability to survive in the environment. however, the ability of map to migrate through soil to drainage tiles or ground water, leave the farm, and leak into local watersheds is inadequately documented. in order to assess the ability of map to leach through soil, two laboratory experiments were conducted. in the first study, 8 columns (30 cm long each) of a sandy loam soil were treated with pure ...201121776350
environmental contamination with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in endemically infected dairy herds.environmental contamination with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) is thought to be one of the primary sources of infection for dairy cattle. the exact link between fecal shedding of map by individual cows and environmental contamination levels at the herd level was explored with a cross-sectional analysis of longitudinally collected samples on 3 dairy farms. composite samples from multiple environmental sites in 3 commercial dairy herds in the northeast us were cultured quarterl ...201121775002
detection of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis by a direct in situ pcr method.in situ detection of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis is useful for diagnosis and research of paratuberculosis. the aim of this paper was to detect this agent in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue samples by a direct in situ pcr. the technique was performed on ileum or ileocaecal lymph node samples from 8 naturally infected cattle and 1 healthy calf, by using p89 and p92 primers for amplification of is900 sequence. moderate positive signal was detected in all positive samples an ...201121772965
antibodies induced by lipoarabinomannan in bovines: characterization and effects on the interaction between mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis and macrophages in vitro.lipoarabinomannan (lam) is a major glycolipidic antigen on the mycobacterial envelope. the aim of this study was to characterize the humoral immune response induced by immunization with a lam extract in bovines and to evaluate the role of the generated antibodies in the in vitro infection of macrophages with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map). sera from fourteen calves immunized with lam extract or pbs emulsified in freund's incomplete adjuvant and from five paratuberculosis-infec ...201121772964
mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis and the etiology of crohn's disease: controversy resolution requires the patient perspective, not the clinician perspective. 201121766085
apa antigen of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis as a target for species-specific immunodetection of the bacteria in infected tissues of cattle with paratuberculosis.comparative genomics of mycobacterium spp. have revealed conservative genes and respective proteins differently expressed in mycobacteria that could be used as targets for the species-specific immunodiagnostics. the alanine and proline-rich antigen apa is a mycobacterial protein that present significant variability in primary sequence length and composition between members of m. avium and m. tuberculosis complexes. in this study, the recombinant apa protein encoded by the map1569/modd gene of m. ...201121752474
bovine pglyrp1 polymorphisms and their association with resistance to mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis.mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (map) causes a chronic, granulomatous inflammatory condition of the intestines in ruminants and wild-type species. it causes significant economic losses to the dairy and beef industries owing to reduced productivity, premature culling and mortality. bovine peptidoglycan recognition protein 1 is an important pattern recognition molecule that is capable of directly killing microorganisms. the goal of this study was to identify single nucleotide polymorphis ...201121749417
mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in children with early-onset crohn's disease: a longitudinal follow-up study. 201121744438
novel antigens for detection of cell mediated immune responses to mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection in cattle.paratuberculosis is a chronic infection of the intestine of ruminants caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map). early stage map infection can be detected by measuring specific cell mediated immune responses, using the whole blood interferon-+¦ (ifn-+¦) assay. available ifn-+¦ assays use purified protein derivative of map (ppdj) which are complex antigen mixtures with low specificity. the objectives of this study were to evaluate immunogenicity and specificity of 14 novel recom ...201121715021
mycobacterial screening of czech red deer (cervus elaphus) populations in overwintering sites, 2004-2006.one isolate of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis was detected in 2,212 fecal samples of wild deer assembled in overwintering sites (ows). neither m. bovis nor m. a. subsp. avium was found. therefore, congregating deer in owss does not automatically lead to the amplification of these pathogens among animals in owss.201121719853
bacteria as trigger for chronic gastrointestinal disorders.apart from acute infections, microorganisms may also induce or perpetuate chronic inflammatory diseases and reversible or irreversible proliferation of various cells in the gastrointestinal tract (the extreme being adenocarcinoma and lymphoma). helicobacter pylori is not only involved in the pathogenesis of lymphoma and gastric adenocarcinoma. the steps and mechanisms of the carcinogenic process involve host predisposition, environmental factors, and strain virulence. the steps of lymphoma genes ...201121734380
considered "negative" for map, these results would be very "positive" for tuberculoid leprosy. 201121683311
modeling the occurrence of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in bulk raw milk and the impact of management options for exposure mitigation.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) is the causal agent of paratuberculosis (johne's disease) in cattle and other farm ruminants. the potential role of map in crohn's disease in humans and the contribution of dairy products to human exposure to map continue to be the subject of scientific debate. the occurrence of map in bulk raw milk from dairy herds was assessed using a stochastic modeling approach. raw milk samples were collected from bulk tanks in dairy plants and tested for th ...201121740715
indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, tryptophan catabolism, and mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis: a model for chronic mycobacterial infections.virulent mycobacterial infections progress slowly, with a latent period that leads to clinical disease in a proportion of cases. mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis is an intracellular pathogen that causes paratuberculosis or johne's disease (jd), a chronic intestinal disease of ruminants. indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (ido), an enzyme that regulates tryptophan metabolism, was originally reported to have a role in intracellular pathogen killing and has since been shown to have an important ...201121730087
nod2 and atg16l1 polymorphisms affect monocyte responses in crohn's disease.to assess whether polymorphisms in nod2 and atg16l1 affect cytokine responses and mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) survival in monocytes from crohn's disease (cd) patients.201121734790
a 60-day probiotic protocol with dietzia subsp. c79793-74 prevents development of johne's disease parameters after in utero and/or neonatal map infection.the research reported herein was designed to assess whether the bacterium, dietzia subspecies c79793-74, used as a probiotic, could prevent development of parameters indicative of bovine paratuberculosis after potential in utero, birthing and neonatal (colostrum) exposure to mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map). such exposure avenues are especially relevant for dairy farms practicing good management procedures since calves on these farms could be infected via dams that have yet ...201121701254
investigation of bacterial and viral agents and immune status in behcet's disease patients from iran.aim:ôçé beh+ºet's disease (bd) is an autoimmune disorder associated with hla-b51 positivity. serologic/genomic findings have suggested microbes as possible causative agents and the geographical distribution suggests environmental influences. methods:ôçé we performed comparative analyses of 40 patients with bd or related symptoms not fulfilling bd criteria. patients originating from different regions of iran were tested by molecular/serological methods for human herpes viruses and parvovirus b19, ...201121816027
high prevalence of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis ('indian bison type') in animal attendants suffering from gastrointestinal complaints who work with goat herds endemic for johne's disease in india.objectives: in this study we aimed to estimate the prevalence of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) in animal attendants who were chronic colitis patients or who had inflammatory bowel disease and were suspected for crohn's disease; these animal attendants worked with goat herds endemic for johne's disease. microscopic examination and culture tests were used. for comparison purposes a group of healthy human subjects (not suffering with colitis) was also screened. methods: stoo ...201121703899
european hares in chile: a different lagomorph reservoir for mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis?ruminants are the principal host for infection by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map), the cause of johne's disease. based on studies of a map-infected population of european rabbits (oryctolagus cuniculus) in scotland, lagomorphs as a broad taxonomic order were proposed as potential nonruminant reservoirs for map. to determine whether a different lagomorph species may serve as a wildlife reservoir, we investigated map infection in european hares (lepus europaeus) sharing habitat w ...201121719843
genetic variation of toll-like receptor genes and infection by mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis in holstein-friesian cattle.toll-like receptors (tlr) are membrane proteins that play a key role in innate immunity, by recognizing pathogens and subsequently activating appropriate responses. mutations in tlr genes are associated with susceptibility to inflammatory and infectious diseases in humans. in cattle, 3 members of the tlr family, tlr1, tlr2, and tlr4, are associated with mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis infection, although the extent of this association for the tlr1 and tlr4 receptors has not yet been de ...201121700053
monoclonal antibodies bind a snp-sensitive epitope that is present uniquely in mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis.due to a close genetic relatedness, there is no known antibody that detects mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map), which causes johne's disease in cattle and sheep, and does not cross-react with other m. avium subspecies. in the present study, a monoclonal antibody (mab; 17a12) was identified from mice immunized with a cell membrane fraction of map strain k-10. this antibody is 100% specific as it detected a 25-kda protein in all 29 map whole cell lysates, but did not bind to any ...201121845186
current strategies for eradication of paratuberculosis and issues in public health.paratuberculosis is a regional chronic enteritis caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map). the first complete description of this disease was made in 1895, but previous reports on clinical cases compatible with this entity can already be found in the literature of early 1800s. its obvious similarities with tuberculosis gave it the name of paratuberculosis, although it was clearly recognized it was not the same entity as that caused by mammal tuberculosis mycobacteria. eradicat ...201121741709
Estimated within-herd prevalence (WHP) of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in a sample of Minnesota dairy herds using bacterial culture of pooled fecal samples.The objective of this study was to describe the estimated within-herd prevalence (WHP) of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map) in a sample of infected dairy herds in Minnesota (N = 66) using test results from bacterial culture of pooled fecal samples. Fecal samples were collected from up to 100 cows in each herd and were tested using bacterial culture in pools of 5 cows based on age order. The mean herd size was 222 (44 to 1500) milking cows; the cows were predominantly Holstein. Us ...201121731181
long-term survival of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in fecal samples obtained from naturally infected cows and stored at -18°c and -70°c.the objective was to evaluate the survival of mycobacterium paratuberculosis (map) in naturally infected dairy cows feces under long periods of freezing at -18°c and -70°c. samples were collected from cows previously tested positive with serum elisa or fecal culture, or with clinical signs of johne's disease. samples were stored at -18°c and/or -70°c and recultured in herrold's egg yolk media every 3-6 months. a proportional odds mixed model was used for data analysis. sixty nine fecal samples w ...201121860811
development of a novel oral vaccine against mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis and johne disease: a patho-biotechnological approach.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) is the etiological agent of johne disease, a granulomatous enteritis of cattle and other domesticated and wild ruminant species. johne disease is prevalent worldwide and has a significant impact on the global agricultural economy. current vaccines against johne are insufficient in stemming its spread, and associated side-effects prevent their widespread use in control programs. effective and safe vaccine strategies are needed. the main purpose of ...201021326921
does a th1 over th2 dominancy really exist in the early stages of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infections?the immune response of ruminants to johne's disease has been long associated with a cell mediated immune (cmi) response in the early stages of infection with a switch to an antibody response later as the disease manifests. this study examines the immune response in sheep to mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) infections, specifically the antigen-specific interferon gamma (ifn-γ) and antibody responses as surrogates of t helper-1 (th1) and th2 immunity. the difference in ifn-γ p ...201021281979
molecular characterization of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis using multi-locus short sequence repeat (mlssr) and mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units-variable number tandem repeat (miru-vntr) typing methods.the aim of this study was to characterize 38 bovine strains of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis isolated in ireland using 11 multi locus short sequence repeat (mlssr) loci and 8 mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units-variable number of tandem repeat (miru-vntr) loci. the discriminatory power of these two typing methods alone and combined was evaluated, as was the epidemiology of the isolates and the genotypes obtained. using the miru-vntr typing method (8 loci analysed), only 3 s ...201021269784
intracellular ph of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis following exposure to antimicrobial compounds monitored at the single cell level.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) is the etiologic agent of johne's disease; moreover, it seems to be implicated in the development of crohn's disease in humans. in the present study, fluorescence ratio imaging microscopy (frim) was used to assess changes in intracellular ph (ph(i)) of one strain of map after exposure to nisin and neutralized cell-free supernatants (ncss) from five bacteriocin-producing lactic acid bacteria (lab) with known probiotic properties. the evaluation of ...201020573414
inter-laboratory comparison of radiometric culture for mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis using raw milk from known infected herds and individual dairy cattle in victoria.to compare the results of radiometric culture conducted in three australian laboratories for mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (mptb) using bulk vat and individual animal milk samples.201020579029
evidence of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection in dutch farmed red deer.paratuberculosis is a chronic disease in ruminants caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map). most economic losses due to map occur in the dairy industry. however, the infection is not restricted to cattle, but also occurs in other ruminants, such as sheep, goat, and deer. although deer are of minimal economic importance in the netherlands, they may constitute a source of infection for the dairy industry. this pilot study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of johne's dise ...201021207913
detection of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in drinking water and biofilms by quantitative pcr.it has been suggested that mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis has a role in crohn's disease. the organism may be acquired but is difficult to culture from the environment. we describe a quantitative pcr (qpcr) method to detect m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis in drinking water and the results of its application to drinking water and faucet biofilm samples collected in the united states.201020817803
genotype diversity in indian isolates of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis recovered from domestic and wild ruminants from different agro-climatic regions.fecal samples of 708 domestic and 27 wild ruminants from seven districts of three states submitted to microbiology laboratory from 2004 to 2008 were screened for the presence and genotype diversity of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) stusing modified microscopic examination and culture tests. map colonies were characterized and genotyped by is900 pcr and is1311 pcr-rea, respectively. in microscopic examination and culture, 18.7 and 31.2% sampled were positive, respectively. ...201020832117
seroprevalence of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in cows in umbria, italy. 201021257421
estimated prevalence of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection in herds of dairy goats in france.a study of the prevalence of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) infection in dairy goats was carried out in france, using a serological elisa. one hundred and five herds were randomly selected in different regions, and all the goats aged six months or older (11,847 goats) were sampled. an estimation had previously been made of the accuracy of the elisa, and the rogan-gladen estimator was used to convert apparent prevalence values into estimates of true prevalence values. given ...201020834001
maximizing capture efficiency and specificity of magnetic separation for mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis cells.in order to introduce specificity for mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis prior to a phage amplification assay, various magnetic-separation approaches, involving either antibodies or peptides, were evaluated in terms of the efficiency of capture (expressed as a percentage) of m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis cells and the percentage of nonspecific binding by other mycobacterium spp. a 50:50 mixture of myone tosylactivated dynabeads coated with the chemically synthesized m. avium subsp. p ...201020851966
invited review: modeling within-herd transmission of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in dairy cattle: a review.epidemiological models have been developed to test hypotheses on mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (map) transmission in a herd, and to compare different paratuberculosis control strategies and alternatives for certification-and-surveillance schemes. the models are simplified representations of existing biological processes tailored to the questions they are intended to answer. such models depend on available knowledge about the underlying processes, notably in relation to pathogen trans ...201020854979
localization of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in artificially inoculated milk and colostrum by fractionation.the purpose of the study was to determine the distribution of mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (map) across the main milk and colostrum fractions (cream, curd, and whey). raw milk and colostrum were inoculated with 1 of 2 map strains, atcc 19698 or s-23, yielding initial concentrations of 10(6) to 10(7) cfu/ml. after fractionation, for milk as well as for colostrum, 80 to 90% of the recovered map cells were found in the curd fraction and 10 to 20% in the cream fraction. total map colony ...201020855006
high prevalence of viable mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in crohn's disease.to examine the detection rate of viable mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) in patients with inflammatory bowel disease [crohn's disease (cd) and ulcerative colitis (uc)].201020857526
faecal shedding detected earlier than immune responses in goats naturally infected with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.paratuberculosis was diagnosed in a goat herd that participated in a sanitation program against mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. the aim of this study was to characterise the development of gamma interferon (ifn-γ) and antibody responses as well as the occurrence of faecal shedding. faecal culture appeared surprisingly sensitive as about 18% and 40% of the goats were positive at 9 and 15-17months of age, respectively, and shedding was often seen prior to peripheral immune responses. ...201020869736
resequencing the mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis k10 genome: improved annotation and revised genome sequence.we report the resequencing and revised annotation of the mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis k10 genome. a total of 90 single-nucleotide errors and a 51-bp indel in the original k10 genome were corrected, and the whole genome annotation was revised. correction of these sequencing errors resulted in 28 frameshift alterations. the amended genome sequence is accessible via the supplemental section of study srr060191 in the ncbi sequence read archive and will serve as a valuable reference ge ...201020870759
influence of parity at time of detection of serologic antibodies to mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis on reduction in daily and lifetime milk production in holstein cows.mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (map) is the causative agent of bovine paratuberculosis, also known as johne's disease. two production variables (daily and lifetime milk) were compared in this longitudinal study of cows classified based upon serum elisa results for map. the sample included adult holstein cows that had completed their productive life (n = 2,808 animals) since testing began and that had been raised by and were located on 2 commercial dairies in texas. these animals were ...201020870950
isolation and detection of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) from cattle in ireland using both traditional culture and molecular based methods.abstract:201020875096
epidemiologic clues to inflammatory bowel disease.in this article, the recent literature exploring the epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) is reviewed. epidemiologic studies present data on disease burden, but may also provide clues to disease etiology. the emergence of ibd in developing nations warrants a systematic search for environmental changes in those countries to explain the evolution of ibd. the hygiene hypothesis suggests that an alteration in the microbial environment experienced by the host facilitates the evolution of ...201020878276
histopathology of grossly normal mesenteric lymph nodes of new zealand farmed red deer (cervus elaphus) including identification of lipopigment.this article describes the histopathology of grossly normal mesenteric lymph nodes (mlns) of new zealand farmed red deer (cervus elaphus). eighty mlns were sourced from 10 deer from 5 north island herds and 5 south island herds classified as low risk and high risk of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) infection, respectively. fixed sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin; ziehl-neelsen; and, selectively, periodic acid-schiff, perl's, and sudan black. positive ziehl-ne ...201020881317
a novel real-time pcr assay for specific detection and quantification of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in milk with the inherent possibility of differentiation between viable and dead cells.abstract:201020925922
association of microsatellite polymorphisms with immune responses to a killed mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis vaccine in merino sheep.to study the association of polymorphisms at five microsatellite loci with immune responses to a killed mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) vaccine.201020927174
direct inoculation of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis into ileocecal peyer's patches results in colonization of the intestine in a calf model.the objective of this study was to develop an intestinal model of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) infection in the calf for evaluation of mucosal pathology and local and systemic immunologic responses. map was inoculated into peyer's patches of young calves using a right flank surgical approach in standing calves to exteriorize the ileocecal junction. inoculum doses ranging from 10(3) to 10(9) colony-forming units of strain k10 map were injected through the serosal surface ...201020930105
primary transcriptomes of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis reveal proprietary pathways in tissue and macrophages.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) persistently infects intestines and mesenteric lymph nodes leading to a prolonged subclinical disease. the map genome sequence was published in 2005, yet its transcriptional organization in natural infection is unknown. while prior research analyzed regulated gene sets utilizing defined, in vitro stress related or advanced surgical methods with various animal species, we investigated the intracellular lifestyle of map in the intestines and lymph ...201020939887
characterization of pathogen-specific expression of host immune response genes in anaplasma and mycobacterium species infected ruminants.anaplasma and mycobacterium species are among the most prevalent bacterial pathogens in european red deer (cervus elaphus) in south-central spain and are known to modify gene expression in ruminants. in this study, we used microarray hybridization and real-time rt-pcr analyses to characterize global gene expression profiles in red deer in response to anaplasma ovis and a. ovis/mycobacterium bovis/mycobacterium avium sub. paratuberculosis (map) infections, compare the expression of immune respons ...201020952064
in vitro antimicrobial activities of capuramycin analogues against non-tuberculous mycobacteria.to determine antibacterial activity of capuramycin analogues sq997, sq922, sq641 and rks2244 against several non-tuberculous mycobacteria (ntm).201020952419
iron-sparing response of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis is strain dependent.abstract: two genotypically and microbiologically distinct strains of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) exist - s and c map strains that primarily infect sheep and cattle, respectively. concentration of iron in the cultivation medium has been suggested as one contributing factor for the observed microbiologic differences. we recently demonstrated that s strains have defective iron storage systems, leading us to propose that these strains might experience iron toxicity when excess ...201020969756
association between risk-assessment scores and individual-cow johne's disease-test status over time on seven michigan, usa dairy herds.to evaluate the effectiveness of management practices implemented to control the spread of johne's disease (jd), we conducted a 5-year observational study (january 2003 to december 2007) on seven michigan, usa dairy herds containing cows infected with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map; the causative agent of the disease). the jd incidence and prevalence was monitored in each herd annually by serum elisa and/or fecal culture of all adult cows. a jdcp was designed specifically for e ...201021030097
different mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis miru-vntr patterns coexist within cattle herds.a better understanding of the biodiversity of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) offers more insight in the epidemiology of paratuberculosis and therefore may contribute to the control of the disease. the aim of this study was to investigate the genetic diversity in bovine map isolates using pcr-based methods detecting genetic elements called variable-number tandem repeats (vntrs) and mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units (mirus) to determine if multiple map strains can coex ...201021035277
mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis and the etiology of crohn's disease: a review of the controversy from the clinician's perspective.mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis (map) is an obligate intracellular organism that has frequently been associated with crohn's disease (cd). because cd is a chronic inflammatory condition, many researchers have speculated that an infectious agent must be the cause of cd. map has often been proposed to be one such agent; however, despite considerable research, the evidence remains inconclusive. higher levels of map have been found in the tissues and blood of cd patients than in controls, formi ...201021037992
genomic and transcriptomic studies in mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis.microarray technology is an important tool in functional genomic research. it has enabled a deeper analysis of genomic diversity among bacteria belonging to the mycobacterium avium complex (mac). in addition, the expression of thousands of genes can be studied simultaneously in a single experiment. with the complete genome sequence of a bovine isolate of m. avium subspecies paratuberculosis, and the independent construction of dna microarrays in our laboratories, transcriptomic studies for this ...201021047690
differential proteome analysis of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis grown in vitro and isolated from cases of clinical johne's disease.bovine johne's disease (paratuberculosis), caused by mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis, poses a significant economic problem to the beef and dairy industry worldwide. despite its relevance, however, pathogenesis of johne's disease is still only partially resolved. since mycobacterial membrane proteins expressed during infection are likely to play an important role in pathogenesis, membrane-enriched fractions, namely mucosa-derived membranes (mdm) and culture-derived membranes (cdm) ...201021051485
molecular epidemiology of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis: is900 pcr identification and is1311 polymorphism analysis from ruminants in the punjab region of india.johne's disease is chronic granulomatous infectious enteritis of animals caused by mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. a total of 153 animals from 19 dairy farms, 2 gaushalas (unproductive-animal rehabilitation centers), 2 goat and 2 sheep farms from different districts of the punjab region were selected on the basis of clinical signs of disease. all samples from cattle (n=86), buffalo (n=34), goat (n=25) and sheep (n=26) were subjected to ziehl-neelsen staining and dna extraction b ...201021071087
development of a predictive model for detection of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in faeces by quantitative real time pcr.this study focused on the development of a reliable and cost-efficient dna isolation procedure for the detection of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) in faeces by previously developed is900 and f57 quantitative real time pcr (qpcr) and their comparison with culture. the recovery of map dna from the spiking experiments ranged from 29.1 to 102.4% of the input amount of map with median 37.9%. the limit of detection was determined to be 1.03 × 10(4) for f57 qpcr and 6.87 × 10(2)map c ...201021075565
immunogenicity and reactivity of novel mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis ppe map1152 and conserved map1156 proteins with sera from experimentally and naturally infected animals.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis causes johne's disease (jd) in ruminants. development of genetic tools and completion of the m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis genome sequencing project have expanded the opportunities for antigen discovery. in this study, we determined the seroreactivities of two proteins encoded at the 5' and 3' regions of the map1152-map1156 gene cluster. map1152 encodes a ppe protein, and map1156 encodes a diacylglycerol acyltransferase involved in triglyceride meta ...201021084462
multiplexed typing of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis types i, ii, and iii by luminex xmap suspension array.differentiation among types i, ii, and iii is the primary step in typing mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. we propose an innovative approach based on detection of gyrase b (gyrb) gene polymorphisms by suspension array technology, with high discriminatory power and high-throughput potential.201021084512
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