Publications

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autotransporter passenger proteins: virulence factors with common structural themes.autotransporter proteins are virulence factors associated with a wide variety of diseases caused by pathogenic gram-negative bacteria, and they play a variety of roles in pathogenesis including disabling host defences and mediating colonization. pertactin, a key component of the whooping cough vaccine, is an autotransporter protein. a large sub-family of the autotransporters carries a trypsin-like protease domain, but these enzymes have different substrates and functions. the unique export proce ...201020217035
[role of galactose-specific receptor--lectin in bactericidal activity of hemolysin of vibrio cholerae non o1/o139].to study the role lectin galactose-specific receptor of vibrio cholerae hemolysin in receptor mechanisms of bacterial cells lysis.201020218337
shigella mediated depletion of macrophages in a murine breast cancer model is associated with tumor regression.a tumor promoting role of macrophages has been described for a transgenic murine breast cancer model. in this model tumor-associated macrophages (tams) represent a major component of the leukocytic infiltrate and are associated with tumor progression. shigella flexneri is a bacterial pathogen known to specificly induce apotosis in macrophages. to evaluate whether shigella-induced removal of macrophages may be sufficient for achieving tumor regression we have developed an attenuated strain of s. ...201020221397
disease burden of post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome in the netherlands.post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome (pi-ibs) has been established as a sequel of infectious intestinal disease (iid). the aim of this study was to estimate the burden of pi-ibs caused by the pathogens campylobacter, salmonella and shigella, and to compare this with other outcomes associated with these pathogens. the attributable risk of pi-ibs due to bacterial pathogens was calculated and linked to national data on gastroenteritis incidence and measures for severity and duration of illness ...201020223049
a new paradigm of bacteria-gut interplay brought through the study of shigella.bacteria-gut epithelial interplay and the mucosal immune response are the most critical issues in determining the fate of bacterial infection and the severity of diseases. shigella species (abbreviated here as shigella), the causative agent of bacillary dysentery (shigellosis), are highly adapted human pathogens that are capable of invading and colonizing the intestinal epithelium, which results in severe inflammatory colitis. shigella secrete a large and diverse number (more then 50) of effecto ...201020228623
[shigella bacteremia dysentery in an adult]. 201020232025
high-throughput screening of the virulence regulator virf: a novel antibacterial target for shigellosis.shigella flexneri is a human enteropathogen that infects about 165 million people and claims more than 1 million lives per year worldwide. although shigellosis has been considered a disease of the "third world," like many other contagious diseases, it does occur in developed countries. the emergence of drug and multidrug-resistant strains of shigella emphasizes the need for novel antibiotic development. virf, an arac-type transcriptional regulator, is responsible for the expression of all downst ...201020237205
phenotypic and genotypic characterization of shigella spp. with reference to its virulence genes and antibiogram analysis from river narmada.water samples of the river narmada from origin to end were analyzed for the presence of shigellae. analysis of 40 water samples by biotyping, serotyping, and molecular typing were done. out of all 40 isolates, 23 were identified as shigella flexneri, 10 as shigella sonnei, and seven as shigella dysenteriae. serotyping was found to be a better identification method than biotyping since biotyping was not found to be very sharp. in the present investigation, amplified ribosomal dna restriction anal ...201019501495
biennial hyperepidemic shigellosis in an observant jewish community.we aimed to study patterns of shigellosis in a large observant jewish community in israel and to describe local interventions during outbreaks. surveillance data from the ministry of health were used to calculate incidence rates in 1998-2006, both in the city of bene beraq and the tel aviv district. information on isolates was collected from the bacteriological laboratory of a community hospital. public notices and educational conferences conveyed a message to increase personal hygiene and keep ...201019602299
survey of bacterial populations present in us-produced linerboard with high recycle content.to survey paperboard products from 17 us mills for bacterial populations and for bacteria potentially harmful to human health.201019645765
differential expression of enteric neuroimmune-network in invasive and acute watery diarrhoea.we aimed to evaluate the changes of nerve morphology and distribution of neurotransmitters and neuropeptides in the rectum of shigella flexneri-infected patients and in the duodenum of vibrio cholerae o1-infected patients. nerve morphology was observed by transmission electron microscopy. immunoreactivity of nerve growth factor (ngf), neurotransmitters and neuropeptides in tissues were studied by immunohistochemistry. ultrastructural analysis of intestinal biopsy revealed persisting axons degene ...201019650770
diarrhea in children less than two years of age with known hiv status in kisumu, kenya.to compare the frequency and etiology of diarrhea in children aged less than 2 years with known hiv status.201019664950
clinical practice. today's understanding of the haemolytic uraemic syndrome.the haemolytic uraemic syndrome (hus) includes the triad of haemolytic anaemia, thrombocytopenia, and acute renal failure. the classical form [d(+) hus] is caused by infectious agents, and it is a common cause of acute renal failure in children. the enterohaemorrhagic escherichia coli-producing shiga toxin (stx) is the most common infectious agent causing hus. other infectious agents are shigella and streptococcus pneumoniae. infections by s. pneumoniae can be particularly severe and has a highe ...201019707787
lactobacilli inhibit shigella dysenteriae 1 induced pro-inflammatory response and cytotoxicity in host cells via impediment of shigella-host interactions.shigella dysenteriae type 1 dysentery is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children from less developed and developing countries. the present study explores the hypothesis that lactobacilli protect the host cell during s. dysenteriae type 1 infection and its mechanism of action.201019535308
structure of the heme/hemoglobin outer membrane receptor shua from shigella dysenteriae: heme binding by an induced fit mechanism.shigella dysentriae and other gram-negative human pathogens are able to use iron from heme bound to hemoglobin for growing. we solved at 2.6 a resolution the 3d structure of the tonb-dependent heme/hemoglobin outer membrane receptor shua from s. dysenteriae. shua binds to hemoglobin and transports heme across the outer membrane. the structure consists of a c-terminal domain that folds into a 22-stranded transmembrane beta-barrel, which is filled by the n-terminal plug domain. one distal histidin ...201019731368
the escherichia coli o149 rfb gene cluster and its use for the detection of porcine e. coli o149 by real-time pcr.pcr or hybridization assays are widely used for the identification and detection of various escherichia coli serogroups and serotypes. this study explored this approach for the detection of e. coli o149 in pigs, a dominant serogroup among those associated with porcine post-weaning diarrhea (pwd) worldwide. for this purpose, we sequenced the o antigen (rfb) gene cluster of a representative enterotoxigenic e. coli (etec) o149:h10 strain and identified a 2kbp region specific for the o149 rfb gene c ...201019733452
evaluation of isolation methods for pathogenic yersinia enterocolitica from pig intestinal content.the aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of four isolation methods for the detection of pathogenic yersinia enterocolitica from pig intestinal content.201019735331
immunomodulation using genetically engineered bacteria for type iii-mediated delivery of heterologous antigens and cytokines: potential application in vaccine and therapeutical developments.the rational design of new approaches aiming to improve antigen or drug delivery remains a major challenge in numerous vaccine and therapeutical strategies. studies on genetically engineered bacteria have led to significant progress in the delivery of heterologous proteins. yet, the efficiency of such recombinant bacteria relies particularly on their ability to deliver sufficient amount of the drug to intended cell tissues. gram-negative bacteria like salmonella, shigella, yersinia and pseudomon ...201019778176
a new multiplex pcr for differential identification of shigella flexneri and shigella sonnei and detection of shigella virulence determinants.most of the multiplex pcr (mpcr) used to identify shigella do not discriminate between shigella species or serotypes. we designed a mpcr to differentiate between s. flexneri and s. sonnei strains based on the detection of markers associated with the she pathogenicity island described in shigella. in addition, specific primers were included to detect the shigella virulence determinants shet-1 and shet-2 enterotoxin genes. the analysis of 304 shigella strains from chile and 79 shigella strains fro ...201019765332
automated use of whonet and satscan to detect outbreaks of shigella spp. using antimicrobial resistance phenotypes.antimicrobial resistance is a priority emerging public health threat, and the ability to detect promptly outbreaks caused by resistant pathogens is critical for resistance containment and disease control efforts. we describe and evaluate the use of an electronic laboratory data system (whonet) and a space-time permutation scan statistic for semi-automated disease outbreak detection. in collaboration with whonet-argentina, the national network for surveillance of antimicrobial resistance, we appl ...201019796449
requirement for formin-induced actin polymerization during spread of shigella flexneri.actin polymerization in the cytosol and at the plasma membrane is locally regulated by actin nucleators. several microbial pathogens exploit cellular actin polymerization to spread through tissue. the movement of the enteric pathogen shigella flexneri, both within the cell body and from cell to cell, depends on actin polymerization. during intercellular spread, actin polymerization at the bacterial surface generates protrusions of the plasma membrane, which are engulfed by adjacent cells. in the ...201019841078
genetic diversity of o157:h7 and non-o157 verocytotoxigenic escherichia coli from argentina inferred from multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (mlva).although serotype o157:h7 has been implicated in most cases of haemolytic-uraemic syndrome (hus), there is growing concern about non-o157 serotypes of verocytotoxigenic escherichia coli (vtec). multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (mlva) has been focused on the specific typing of o157:h7 isolates, but recently, a generic mlva assay for e. coli and shigella has been developed. we performed a study of the polymorphism in 7 generic vntr loci both in vtec o157:h7 and non-o157 isolat ...201019850517
pretreatment of epithelial cells with rifaximin alters bacterial attachment and internalization profiles.rifaximin is a poorly absorbed semisynthetic antibiotic derivative of rifampin licensed for use in the treatment of traveler's diarrhea. rifaximin reduces the symptoms of enteric infection, often without pathogen eradication and with limited effects on intestinal flora. epithelial cells (hep-2 [laryngeal], hct-8 [ileocecal], a549 [lung], and hela [cervical]) were pretreated with rifaximin (or control antibiotics) prior to the addition of enteroaggregative escherichia coli (eaec). eaec adherence ...201019858255
evaluation of new chromogenic substrates for the detection of coliforms.to evaluate a new range of chromogenic substrates for the detection of beta-galactosidase activity in coliforms and to compare their performance in agar media and broths.201019878523
virulence, inflammatory potential, and adaptive immunity induced by shigella flexneri msbb mutants.the ability of genetically detoxified lipopolysaccharide (lps) to stimulate adaptive immune responses is an ongoing area of investigation with significant consequences for the development of safe and effective bacterial vaccines and adjuvants. one approach to genetic detoxification is the deletion of genes whose products modify lps. the msbb1 and msbb2 genes, which encode late acyltransferases, were deleted in the shigella flexneri 2a human challenge strain 2457t to evaluate the virulence, infla ...201019884336
the australian bush fly (musca vetustissima) as a potential vector in the transmission of foodborne pathogens at outdoor eateries.abstract australian outdoor activities are often accompanied by a barbeque (bbq) with family, friends, and guests, which are often interrupted by uninvited guests in the form of the australian bush fly, musca vetustissima. we investigated the bacterial loading associated with the australian bush in three different environments: on a cattle farm, in a typical urban area (shopping center car park), and at a bbq. the highest bacterial populations per fly were found to occur in a farm environment ( ...201019895260
caspase-8-mediated cleavage of bid and protein phosphatase 2a-mediated activation of bax are necessary for verotoxin-1-induced apoptosis in burkitt's lymphoma cells.verotoxin (vt-1) is a cytotoxin, produced by shigella dysenteriae type 1 or by shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli, which binds specifically to globotriaosylceramide (gb3). this glycosphingolipid is a b cell differentiation antigen (gb3/cd77) strongly expressed on burkitt's lymphoma cells. we have previously shown that, in these cells, vt-1 induces apoptosis via a caspase- and mitochondria-dependent pathway. in this report, we provide new insights into this signal transduction pathway. first, ...201019895884
inactivation of escherichia coli o157:h7, listeria monocytogenes, salmonella enterica and shigella flexneri on spinach leaves by x-ray.several recent foodborne disease outbreaks associated with leafy green vegetables, including spinach, have been reported. x-ray is a non-thermal technology that has shown promise for reducing pathogenic and spoilage bacteria on spinach leaves. inactivation of inoculated escherichia coli o157:h7, listeria monocytogenes, salmonella enterica and shigella flexneri on spinach leaves using x-ray at different doses (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 kgy) was studied. the effect of x-ray on col ...201019913687
effects of x-ray radiation on escherichia coli o157:h7, listeria monocytogenes, salmonella enterica and shigella flexneri inoculated on shredded iceberg lettuce.the main goal of this investigation was to study the efficacy of x-ray doses (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 kgy) on inoculated escherichia coli o157: h7, listeria monocytogenes, salmonella enterica and shigella flexneri on shredded iceberg lettuce. the second goal was to study the effect of x-ray on the inherent microflora counts and visual color of shredded iceberg lettuce during storage at 4 degrees c for 30 days. treatment with 1.0 kgy x-ray significantly reduced the population o ...201019913700
yersinia enterocolitica in slaughter pig tonsils: enumeration and detection by enrichment versus direct plating culture.tonsil samples from 139 slaughter pigs were examined for the presence of pathogenic yersinia enterocolitica by enrichment procedures based on the standard method iso 10273:2003. in addition, samples were tested by direct plating method to evaluate its efficiency compared to the enrichment culture methods and to quantify the level of contamination in porcine tonsils. in total, 52 samples (37.4%) were positive for pathogenic y. enterocolitica, all belonging to bioserotype 4/o:3. fifty out of the 5 ...201019913707
adaptive immune responses during shigella dysenteriae type 1 infection: an in vitro stimulation with 57 kda major antigenic omp in the presence of anti-cd3 antibody.an effort was made to understand the role of the 57 kda major antigenic fraction of shigella outer membrane protein (omp) in the presence of t-cell antigen receptor in activation of adaptive immune responses of the cell mediated immune (cmi) restored patients. the expression of hla-dr/cd4 out of cd3(+) t-cells was significantly dominant over the hla-dr/cd8 and comparable to unstimulated cells of infected or healthy controls. cd4(+) t-cell activation together with hla-dr is associated with the ex ...201019915959
differentiation and identification of shigella spp. and enteroinvasive escherichia coli in environmental waters by a molecular method and biochemical test.both shigella spp. and enteroinvasive escherichia coli (eiec) are important human pathogens that are responsible for the majority of cases of endemic bacillary dysentery. however, they are difficult to identify and differentiate by biochemical tests or molecular methods alone. in this study, we developed a procedure to detect shigella spp. and eiec from environmental water samples using membrane filtration followed by nutrient broth enrichment, isolation using selective culture plates, and ident ...201019917511
characterization of wrss2 and wrss3, new second-generation virg(icsa)-based shigella sonnei vaccine candidates with the potential for reduced reactogenicity.live, attenuated shigella vaccine candidates, such as shigella sonnei strain wrss1, shigella flexneri 2a strain sc602, and shigella dysenteriae 1 strain wrsd1, are attenuated principally by the loss of the virg(icsa) protein. these candidates have proven to be safe and immunogenic in volunteer trials and in one study, efficacious against shigellosis. one drawback of these candidate vaccines has been the reactogenic symptoms of fever and diarrhea experienced by the volunteers, that increased in a ...201019932216
development of a serogroup-specific dna microarray for identification of escherichia coli strains associated with bovine septicemia and diarrhea.escherichia coli strains belonging to serogroups o8, o9, o15, o26, o35, o78, o86, o101, o115 and o119 are commonly associated with septicemia or diarrhea in calves and pose a significant threat to the cattle industry worldwide. in this study, a microarray detection system targeting o-antigen-specific genes was developed for the identification of those serogroups. by testing against 186 e. coli and shigella o-serogroup reference strains, 36 e. coli clinical isolates, and 9 representative strains ...201019932572
antimicrobial lipids from the hemolymph of brachyuran crabs.the potential of marine crabs as a source of biologically active products is largely unexplored. in the present study, antimicrobial activity of the hemolymph (plasma) and hemocytes (plasma cells) of six brachyuran crabs was investigated against 16 pathogenic strains. among the 16 strains tested maximum zone of inhibition was recorded in the hemolymph of hyas araneus against shigella flexineri. interestingly staphylococcus aureus and salmonella typhi were susceptible to all the hemolymph and hem ...201019937399
immobilization of bacteriophages on modified silica particles.bacteriophages are selective anti-bacterial agents, which are receiving increasing acceptance by regulatory agencies for use both in the food industry and in clinical settings for biocontrol. while immobilized phage could be particularly useful to create antimicrobial surfaces, current immobilization strategies require chemical bioconjugation to surfaces or more difficult processes involving modification of their head proteins to express specific binding moieties, for example, biotin or cellulos ...201019945158
galectin-3, a marker for vacuole lysis by invasive pathogens.shigella bacteria invade macrophages and epithelial cells and following internalization lyse the phagosome and escape to the cytoplasm. galectin-3, an abundant protein in macrophages and epithelial cells, belongs to a family of beta-galactoside-binding proteins, the galectins, with many proposed functions in immune response, development, differentiation, cancer and infection. galectins are synthesized as cytosolic proteins and following non-classical secretion bind extracellular beta-galactoside ...201019951367
emergence of resistance to third-generation cephalosporin in shigella--a case report.the emergence of ciprofloxacin resistance in shigella has shifted the attention to cephalosporins. the first occurrence of third generation cephalosporin-resistant shigella flexneri was from france. this article reports the first case of cephalosporin-resistant s. flexneri from india. a 12-month-old child was admitted for a 20-day episode of loose stools, non-fetid, with mucus and blood. the stool sample showed the presence of blood and mucus and s. flexneri which was resistant to ampicillin, na ...201019955258
emergence of a new multidrug-resistant serotype x variant in an epidemic clone of shigella flexneri.shigella spp. are the causative agent of shigellosis with shigella flexneri serotype 2a being the most prevalent in developing countries. epidemiological surveillance in china found that a new serotype of s. flexneri appeared in 2001 and replaced serotype 2a in 2003 as the most prevalent serotype in henan province. the new serotype also became the dominant serotype in 7 of the 10 other provinces under surveillance in china by 2007. the serotype was identified as a variant of serotype x. it diffe ...201019955273
antilisterial activity of a broad-spectrum bacteriocin, enterocin lr/6 from enterococcus faecium lr/6.enterocin lr/6, a purified bacteriocin, exhibited broad inhibitory spectrum both against related as well as some food-borne pathogens such as listeria monocytogenes, yersinia enterocolitica, aeromonas sp., shigella sp., and bacillus licheniformis. in this investigation, we have focused on l. monocytogenes as the target organism, as it is not only an important pathogen but can also survive over a wide range of environmental conditions such as refrigeration temperature, low ph, and high-salt conce ...201019957209
interference of the cadc regulator in the arginine-dependent acid resistance system of shigella and enteroinvasive e. coli.a typical pathoadaptive mutation of shigella and enteroinvasive escherichia coli (eiec) is the inactivation of the cad locus which comprises the genes necessary for lysine decarboxylation, an enzyme involved in ph homoeostasis. in e. coli, the cadba operon, encoding lysine decarboxylase (cada) and a lysine cadaverine antiporter (cadb), is submitted to the control of cadc, a positive activator whose gene maps upstream the operon, and is transcribed independently from the same strand. cadc is an i ...201019959396
combined effects of probiotic fermentation and high-pressure extraction on the antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antimutagenic activities of deodeok (codonopsis lanceolata).this study was designed to evaluate the combined effects of probiotic fermentation and high-pressure extraction (hpe) on the functional properties of codonopsis lanceolata. the ground c. lanceolata samples were anaerobically fermented with lactobacillus acidophilus adh, bifidobacterium longum b6, lactobacillus rhamnosus gg, or lactobacillus paracasei at 37 degrees c for 10 days and subjected to 500 mpa at 50 degrees c for 30 min. the extraction yields of c. lanceolata samples were noticeably inc ...201020000575
global analysis of a plasmid-cured shigella flexneri strain: new insights into the interaction between the chromosome and a virulence plasmid.shigella flexneri is an important human pathogen that causes dysentery, and remains a significant threat to public health, particularly in developing countries. the virulence of this pathogen is dependent on an acquired virulence plasmid. to investigate the crosstalk between the bacterial chromosome and the exogenous virulence plasmid, a virulence plasmid-cured strain was constructed using plasmid incompatibility. the global patterns of gene expression of this strain compared with the wild-type ...201020000779
solution nmr structures of proteins vpa0419 from vibrio parahaemolyticus and yiis from shigella flexneri provide structural coverage for protein domain family pfam 04175. 201019927321
identification of antibacterial and antifungal pharmacophore sites for potent bacteria and fungi inhibition: indolenyl sulfonamide derivatives.synthesis of seven new indolenyl sulfonamides, have been prepared by the condensation reaction of indole-3-carboxaldehyde with different sulfonamides such as, sulphanilamide, sulfaguanidine, sulfathiazole, sulfamethoxazole, sulfisoxazole, sulfadiazine and sulfamethazine. these synthesized compounds have been used as potential ligands for complexation with some selective divalent transition metal ions (cobalt, copper, nickel & zinc). structure of the synthesized ligands has been deduced from thei ...201020005022
pivotal advance: bifidobacteria and gram-negative bacteria differentially influence immune responses in the proinflammatory milieu of celiac disease.cd is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the small intestine that presents in genetically predisposed individuals following gluten consumption. in this study, the effects of bifidobacterium (bifidobacterium bifidum iata-es2 and bifidobacterium longum atcc15707) and gram-negative bacteria (bacteroides fragilis dsm2451, escherichia coli cbl2, and shigella cbd8 isolated from cd patients), alone and in the presence of cd triggers (gliadins and/or ifn-gamma) on surface marker expression and cytokine ...201020007908
a bacterial e3 ubiquitin ligase ipah9.8 targets nemo/ikkgamma to dampen the host nf-kappab-mediated inflammatory response.nf-kappab (nuclear factor kappab) has a pivotal role in many cellular processes, including the inflammatory and immune responses and, therefore, its activation is tightly regulated by the ikk (ikappab kinase) complex and by ikappabalpha degradation. when shigella bacteria multiply within epithelial cells they release peptidoglycans, which are recognized by nod1 and stimulate the nf-kappab pathway, thus leading to a severe inflammatory response. here, we show that ipah9.8, a shigella effector pos ...201020010814
characteristics of children with shigella encephalopathy: experience from a large urban diarrhea treatment center in bangladesh.encephalopathy is a serious neurologic complication from shigellosis often with fatal outcome but data on simple clinical and sociodemographic predicting factors are limited. we sought to identify those factors in children.201020016394
cem-101, a novel fluoroketolide: antimicrobial activity against a diverse collection of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.cem-101 is a novel fluoroketolide with reported high potency against diverse groups of gram-positive (micrococcus spp., viridans group streptococci, corynebacterium spp. listeria monocytogenes, clostridium spp., etc.) and gram-negative bacteria (neisseria gonorrhoeae, campylobacter jejuni, helicobacter pylori, bacteroides fragilis, shigella spp., etc.), including mycoplasma and ureaplasma, as well as bacteria commonly associated with community-acquired respiratory tract infections and skin and s ...201020022192
reactive arthritis after enteric infections in the united states: the problem of definition.bacterial enteric infections cause substantial morbidity in the united states both from acute illness and sequelae that follow. reactive arthritis (rea) is a poorly defined term that is used to describe a variety of rheumatologic phenomena that may occur after salmonella, shigella, campylobacter, and yersinia infection, as well as other types of infections (eg, chlamydia). this review focuses on clinical and epidemiologic investigations of rea following bacterial enteric infection in the united ...201020025528
transcriptional profile of the shigella flexneri response to an alkaloid: berberine.berberine, a natural isoquinoline alkaloid found in many medicinal herbs, has been shown to be active against a variety of microbial infections. to examine the potential effects of berberine on shigella flexneri, a whole-genome dna microarray was constructed and a transcriptome analysis of the cellular responses of s. flexneri when exposed to berberine chloride (bc) was performed. our data revealed that bc upregulated a group of genes involved in dna replication, repair and division. intriguingl ...201020030725
[shigellosis--epidemiological situation in montenegro in period 1996-2005].introduction shigellosis is the most common cause of diarrhoea in the world. it is estimated to cause 165 million cases per a year, and two third of all diseases and most of the deaths are among children under 10 years of age. the aim of this descriptive epidemiologic study was to analyze the incidence of shigellosis in montenegro during the period 1996-2005 and to find out which species of shigella were dominant in this region.201021446148
shiga toxin is transported into the nucleoli of intestinal epithelial cells via a carrier-dependent process.shiga toxin (stx) produced by the invasive shigella dysenteriae serotype 1 (s. dysenteriae1) causes gastrointestinal and kidney complications. it has been assumed that stx is released intracellularly after enterocyte invasion by s. dysenteriae1. however, there is little information about stx distribution inside s. dysenteriae1-infected enterocytes. here, we use intestinal epithelial t84 cells to characterize the trafficking of stx delivered into the cytosol, in ways that mimic aspects of s. dyse ...201022069640
shiga toxins: intracellular trafficking to the er leading to activation of host cell stress responses.despite efforts to improve hygenic conditions and regulate food and drinking water safety, the enteric pathogens, shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli (stec) and shigella dysenteriae serotype 1 remain major public health concerns due to widespread outbreaks and the severity of extra-intestinal diseases they cause, including acute renal failure and central nervous system complications. shiga toxins are the key virulence factors expressed by these pathogens mediating extra-intestinal disease. de ...201022069648
serine protease autotransporters of enterobacteriaceae (spates): biogenesis and function.serine protease autotransporters of enterobacteriaceae (spates) constitute a large family of proteases secreted by escherichia coli and shigella. spates exhibit two distinct proteolytic activities. first, a c-terminal catalytic site triggers an intra-molecular cleavage that releases the n-terminal portion of these proteins in the extracellular medium. second, the secreted n-terminal domains of spates are themselves proteases; each contains a canonical serine-protease catalytic site. some of thes ...201022069633
cytoskeleton-modulating effectors of enteropathogenic and enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli: a case for espb as an intrinsically less-ordered effector.enterohemorrhagic and enteropathogenic escherichia coli produce various effector proteins that are directly injected into the host-cell cytosol through the type iii secretion system. e. coli secreted protein (esp)b is one such effector protein, and affects host-cell morphology by reorganizing actin networks. unlike most globular proteins that have well-ordered, rigid structures, the structures of type iii secretion system effectors from pathogenic gram-negative bacteria, including espb, are ofte ...201020477867
etiology of childhood diarrhea in the northeast of brazil: significant emergent diarrheal pathogens.in a study conducted in joão pessoa, northeast of brazil, 2344 escherichia coli isolated from 290 infants with diarrhea and 290 healthy matched controls were analyzed for virulence traits. enteroaggregative e. coli (eaec) was the most prevalent pathogen associated to acute diarrhea. based on the results of colony blot hybridization, serotyping, and hep-2 cell adherence assays, strains were separated in categories as typical enteropathogenic e. coli (epec) (1.7%), atypical epec (a-epec) (9.3%), e ...201018508227
international foodborne outbreak of shigella sonnei infection in airline passengers.during 22-24 august 2004, an outbreak of shigella sonnei infection affected air travellers who departed from hawaii. forty-seven passengers with culture-confirmed shigellosis and 116 probable cases who travelled on 12 flights dispersed to japan, australia, 22 us states, and american samoa. all flights were served by one caterer. pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of all 29 s. sonnei isolates yielded patterns that matched within one band. food histories and menu reviews identified raw carrot served ...200918177516
effect of lactoferrin on enteric pathogens.much has been learned in recent years about the mechanisms by which breastfeeding improves child health and survival. however, there has been little progress in using these insights to improve pediatric care. factors that are important for protecting the breast fed infant might be expected to decrease the adverse effects of weaning on diarrhea, growth, and development. lactoferrin, an iron-binding protein with multiple physiological functions (anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulat ...200918472012
mitracarpus frigidus aerial parts exhibited potent antimicrobial, antileishmanial, and antioxidant effects.the crude extract and the hexane, ch(2)cl(2), etoac, n-buoh, and hydromethanolic fractions of the aerial parts of mitracarpus frigidus were evaluated against promastigote forms of two species of leishmania (l. chagasi and l. amazonensis), 11 strains of bacteria (staphylococcus aureus, pseudomonas aeruginosa, salmonella enterica sorovar tythimurium, shigella sonnei, klebsiella pneumoniae, escherichia coli, micrococcus luteus, enterococcus faecalis, enterobacter cloacae, streptococcus pyogenes and ...200918644325
antimicrobial activity of broth fermented with kefir grains.kefir grains originate from the caucasus region and are used for preparing beverages using sugar solution, milk, and fruit juice. as long as they are formed by a microbial consortium useful in the intestine, the produced drinks can be called probiotics. the aim of this study was to determine the antimicrobial activity during kefir fermentation in sugar broth. fermentations with three kinds of carbohydrates (molasses, demerara sugar, and brown sugar) as carbon source were carried out. brown sugar ...200918663417
acanthamoeba castellanii an environmental host for shigella dysenteriae and shigella sonnei.the interaction between shigella dysenteriae or shigella sonnei and acanthamoeba castellanii was studied by viable counts, gentamicin assay and electron microscopy. the result showed that shigella dysenteriae or shigella sonnei grew and survived in the presence of amoebae for more than 3 weeks. gentamicin assay showed that the shigella were viable inside the acanthamoeba castellanii which was confirmed by electron microscopy that showed the shigella localized in the cytoplasm of the acanthamoeba ...200918712360
guideline for the investigation and initial therapy of diarrhea-negative hemolytic uremic syndrome.this guideline for the investigation and initial treatment of atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (hus) is intended to offer an approach based on opinion, as evidence is lacking. it builds on the current ability to identify the etiology of specific diagnostic sub-groups of hus. hus in children is mostly due to infection, enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli (ehec), shigella dysenteriae type 1 in some geographic regions, and invasive streptococcus pneumoniae. these sub-groups are relatively straight ...200918800230
the in vitro anti-pathogenic activity of immunoglobulin concentrates extracted from ovine blood.an immunoglobulin-rich fraction has been prepared from ovine blood in our laboratory. we have investigated its antibacterial activity and binding activity to pathogenic whole cell antigens, lipopolysaccharide (lps) and staphylococcal enterotoxin b. ovine immunoglobulin concentrate (oic) comprised about 73 +/- 2% of igg and 11 +/- 1% of igm on a protein basis. it inhibited the growth of all 13 strains of pathogens tested, but the inhibitory activity varied according to bacterial strain. the inhib ...200918769875
nlrc4/ipaf: a card carrying member of the nlr family.the nod-like receptor (nlr) family of proteins is involved in the regulation of innate immune responses and cell death pathways. recent findings show that the nlr family member nlrc4 (also known as ipaf) has important roles in innate immune responses to gram-negative bacteria. macrophages infected with legionella pneumophila, salmonella typhimurium, shigella flexneri, or pseudomonas aeruginosa activate caspase-1 in an nlrc4-dependent manner leading to macrophage cell death and the release of pro ...200918819842
design, synthesis, characterization and in vitro antimicrobial evaluation of 4,6-diaryl-4,5-dihydro-2-phenyl-2h-indazol-3-ols.new 4,6-diaryl-4,5-dihydro-2-phenyl-2h-indazol-3-ols 25-32 were designed, synthesized and in vitro microbially evaluated using clinically isolated bacterial strains viz staphylococcus aureus, beta-heamolytic streptococcus, vibreo cholerae, salmonella typhii, shigella felxneri and fungal strains viz aspergillus flavus, mucor, rhizopus and microsporum gypsuem. results of this study showed that the nature of the substituents on the phenyl rings viz., methyl, methoxy, chloro, nitro as well as the br ...200918825556
metal based isatin-derived sulfonamides: their synthesis, characterization, coordination behavior and biological activity.some isatin derived sulfonamides and their transition metal [co(ii), cu(ii), ni(ii), zn(ii)] complexes have been synthesized and characterized. the structure of synthesized compounds and their nature of bonding have been inferred on the basis of their physical (magnetic susceptibility and conductivity measurements), analytical (elemental analyses) and spectral (ir, (1)h nmr and (13)c nmr) properties. an octahedral geometry has been suggested for co(ii), ni(ii) and zn(ii) and square-planar for cu ...200918825557
design, synthesis and in vitro microbiological evaluation of 6,6-dimethyl-7,9-diaryl-1,2,4,8-tetraazaspiro[4.5]decan-3-thiones--a new series of 'tailor-made' compounds.some novel 'tailor-made' compounds, 6,6-dimethyl-7,9-diaryl-1,2,4,8-tetraazaspiro[4.5]decan-3-thiones 23-27 have been studied for their in vitro antibacterial activity against staphylococcus aureus, beta-heamolytic streptococcus, vibreo cholerae, salmonella typhii, shigella felxneri, escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumonia, pseudomonas aeruginosa and anti-fungal activity against aspergillus flavus, mucor, rhizopus and microsporum gypsuem. compounds 24 and 25 exerted potent antibacterial activity ...200918830884
reduction in infection risk through treatment of microbially contaminated surfaces with a novel, portable, saturated steam vapor disinfection system.surface-mediated infectious disease transmission is a major concern in various settings, including schools, hospitals, and food-processing facilities. chemical disinfectants are frequently used to reduce contamination, but many pose significant risks to humans, surfaces, and the environment, and all must be properly applied in strict accordance with label instructions to be effective. this study set out to determine the capability of a novel chemical-free, saturated steam vapor disinfection syst ...200918834748
quinolone-induced arthropathy: an update focusing on new mechanistic and clinical data.quinolones possess favourable antibacterial and pharmacokinetic characteristics and are often used as anti-infective agents in adults. they are contraindicated in children and adolescents because they damage weight-bearing joints in juvenile animals. in addition, they possess a tendotoxic potential. since ciprofloxacin has been used off-label for decades in children and adolescents, it is known today that no pronounced risks for arthropathies or tendinopathies exist in humans. recently published ...200918835137
role for the chlamydial type iii secretion apparatus in host cytokine expression.in many important human pathogens, such as shigella and salmonella spp., the bacterial type iii secretion (t3s) apparatus is required to initiate inflammation via activation of caspase-1- or nf-kappab-dependent genes. using an ex vivo infection model, the goal of the present study was to determine whether the chlamydial t3s apparatus also modulates the host inflammatory response. infections of mouse peritoneal macrophages were performed with chlamydia muridarum, and the expression of inflammator ...200918852236
bacterial enteropathogens of neonates admitted to an urban diarrhoeal hospital in bangladesh.data on the aetiology of diarrhoea in neonates are scarce, especially from developing countries including bangladesh. a retrospective review of the electronic database of the microbiology laboratory of the international centre for diarrhoeal disease research, bangladesh (icddr,b), was carried out to examine enteropathogens associated with diarrhoea in neonates. stool specimens of the neonates on admission to the dhaka hospital of icddr,b were collected and sent to the laboratory for direct plati ...200918840632
simultaneous detection of enteric bacteria from surface waters by qpcr in comparison with conventional bacterial indicators.a rapid quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qpcr) method was developed for simultaneous detection of enteric bacteria from surface waters by utilizing a pair of universal primers which targeted four bacteria strains, namely shigella dysenteriae, vibrio cholerae, salmonella typhimurium, and escherichia coli. it was estimated that the qpcr method had a 94% confidence, and a detection limit as 2.7 e. coli cells per sample in undiluted dna extracts. the qpcr method was applied for the bacteriolo ...200918931927
diversity of tight junctions (tjs) between gastrointestinal epithelial cells and their function in maintaining the mucosal barrier.the gastrointestinal epithelium, which is covered by a single layer of epithelial cells, including enterocytes, intraepithelial lymphocytes, goblet cells, microfold cells, and dendritic cells, serves as a protective barrier separating luminal contents from the underlying tissue compartments. the epithelium plays an important role in the first line of host defense against a variety of pathogens, as well as maintaining the homeostasis in gastrointestinal tract. all these epithelial cells express j ...200918938254
novel chimeric beta-lactamase ctx-m-64, a hybrid of ctx-m-15-like and ctx-m-14 beta-lactamases, found in a shigella sonnei strain resistant to various oxyimino-cephalosporins, including ceftazidime.the plasmid-mediated novel beta-lactamase ctx-m-64 was first identified in shigella sonnei strain uih-1, which exhibited resistance to cefotaxime (mic, 1,024 microg/ml) and ceftazidime (mic, 32 microg/ml). the amino acid sequence of ctx-m-64 showed a chimeric structure of a ctx-m-15-like beta-lactamase (n- and c-terminal moieties) and a ctx-m-14-like beta-lactamase (central portion, amino acids 63 to 226), suggesting that it originated by homologous recombination between the corresponding genes. ...200918955524
a genomic distance based on mum indicates discontinuity between most bacterial species and genera.the fundamental unit of biological diversity is the species. however, a remarkable extent of intraspecies diversity in bacteria was discovered by genome sequencing, and it reveals the need to develop clear criteria to group strains within a species. two main types of analyses used to quantify intraspecies variation at the genome level are the average nucleotide identity (ani), which detects the dna conservation of the core genome, and the dna content, which calculates the proportion of dna share ...200918978054
the temporal dynamics of slightly deleterious mutations in escherichia coli and shigella spp.the shigella are recently emerged clones of escherichia coli, which have independently adopted an intracellular pathogenic lifestyle. we examined the molecular evolutionary consequences of this niche specialization by comparing the normalized, directional frequency profiles of unique polymorphisms within 2,098 orthologues representing the intersection of five e. coli and four shigella genomes. we note a surfeit of at-enriching changes (gc-->at), transversions, and nonsynonymous changes in the sh ...200918984902
detection of escherichia coli, salmonella spp., shigella spp., yersinia enterocolitica, vibrio cholerae, and campylobacter spp. enteropathogens by 3-reaction multiplex polymerase chain reaction.the magnitude of bacterial diarrhea in developing countries is largely unknown because affordable detection methods are not available. we have developed a polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-based assay for use in areas with limited resources to screen for diarrheogenic strains from clinical isolates. to simplify the assay and minimize reagents, our method implemented the use of plasmids rather than bacteria as template controls and the use of bacterial suspensions or crude dna preparations rather t ...200918990527
small-molecule type iii secretion system inhibitors block assembly of the shigella type iii secreton.type iii secretion systems (t3sss) are essential virulence devices for many gram-negative bacteria that are pathogenic for plants, animals, and humans. they serve to translocate virulence effector proteins directly into eukaryotic host cells. t3sss are composed of a large cytoplasmic bulb and a transmembrane region into which a needle is embedded, protruding above the bacterial surface. the emerging antibiotic resistance of bacterial pathogens urges the development of novel strategies to fight b ...200918996990
the molecular evolutionary history of shigella spp. and enteroinvasive escherichia coli.shigellosis, which caused by shigella and enteroinvasive escherichia coli (eiec), was still a threat to public health. compelling evidence indicates that shigella species and eiec are derived from multiple origins of e. coli and form a single pathovar. eiec strains are regarded as precursors of 'full-blown'shigella evolved from e. coli. by gain and loss of functions, shigella and eiec became successful human pathogens through convergent evolution from diverse genomic backgrounds.200919000785
ceramide and cerebrosides from the octocoral sarcophyton ehrenbergi.chemical investigation of the octocoral sarcophyton ehrenbergi, collected at the dongsha islands, taiwan, has led to the isolation of a known ceramide (1) and two new cerebrosides, sarcoehrenosides a (2) and b (4), along with three known cerebrosides (3, 5, and 6). the structures of the new compounds were established by spectroscopic and chemical methods. sarcoehrenoside a (2) differs from previously known marine cerebrosides in that it possesses a rare alpha-glucose moiety. compounds 1-6 were e ...200919006372
repression of galp, the galactose transporter in escherichia coli, requires the specific regulator of n-acetylglucosamine metabolism.soupene et al. [j. bacteriol. (2003) 185 5611-5626] made the unexpected observation that the presence of a mutation, in the gene for the n-acetylglucosamine repressor, nagc, increased the growth rate of escherichia coli mg1655 on galactose, an unrelated sugar. we have found that nagc, binds to a single, high-affinity site overlapping the promoter of galp (galactose permease) gene and that expression of galp is repressed by a combination of nagc, galr and gals. in addition to the previously ident ...200919007420
genotypic and phenotypic diversity among induced, stx2-carrying bacteriophages from environmental escherichia coli strains.shiga toxin 2 (stx(2)) gene-carrying bacteriophages have been shown to convert escherichia coli strains to shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli (stec). in this study, 79 e. coli strains belonging to 35 serotypes isolated from wastewaters of both human and animal origin were examined for the presence of stx(2)-carrying bacteriophages in their genomes. the lytic cycle of the bacteriophages was induced by mitomycin, and the bacteriophage fraction was isolated and used for morphological and geneti ...200919011056
tlr4 and myd88 control protection and pulmonary granulocytic recruitment in a murine intranasal rsv immunization and challenge model.an intranasal vaccine composed of toll-like receptor 2 (tlr2) ligand neisseria meningitidis outer membrane proteins and toll-like receptor 4 (tlr4) ligand shigella flexneri lipopolysaccharide (lps) (protollin) and enriched respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) proteins (ersv) has been demonstrated to promote balanced th1/th2 responses without eosinophil recruitment and to protect against challenge in mouse models. we used tlr2, tlr4 and myeloid differentiation factor 88 (myd88) knock-out (-/-) mice ...200919013492
inferring genomic flux in bacteria.acquisition and loss of genetic material are essential forces in bacterial microevolution. they have been repeatedly linked with adaptation of lineages to new lifestyles, and in particular, pathogenicity. comparative genomics has the potential to elucidate this genetic flux, but there are many methodological challenges involved in inferring evolutionary events from collections of genome sequences. here we describe a model-based method for using whole-genome sequences to infer the patterns of gen ...200919015321
espt triggers formation of lamellipodia and membrane ruffles through activation of rac-1 and cdc42.subversion of the eukaryotic cell cytoskeleton is a virulence strategy employed by many bacterial pathogens. due to the pivotal role of rho gtpases in actin dynamics they are common targets of bacterial effector proteins and toxins. ipgb1, ipgb2 (shigella), sifa, sifb (salmonella) and map and espm (attaching and effacing pathogens) constitute a family of type iii secretion system effectors that subverts small gtpase signalling pathways. in this study we identified and characterized espt from cit ...200919016787
mxic is secreted by and controls the substrate specificity of the shigella flexneri type iii secretion apparatus.many gram-negative pathogenic bacteria use a type iii secretion (t3s) system to interact with cells of their hosts. mechanisms controlling the hierarchical addressing of needle subunits, translocators and effectors to the t3s apparatus (t3sa) are still poorly understood. we investigated the function of mxic, the member of the yopn/inve/sepl family in the shigella flexneri t3s system. inactivation of mxic led specifically to a deregulated secretion of effectors (including ipaa, ipgd, icsb, ipgb2, ...200919017268
shigella flexneri type iii secretion system effectors ospb and ospf target the nucleus to downregulate the host inflammatory response via interactions with retinoblastoma protein.ospf, ospg and ipah(9.8) are type iii secretion system (t3ss) effectors of shigella flexneri that downregulate the host innate immune response. ospf modifies mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways and polymorphonuclear leucocyte transepithelial migration associated with shigella invasion. ospf also localizes in the nucleus to mediate chromatin remodelling, resulting in reduced transcription of inflammatory cytokines. we now report that ospb can be added to the set of s. flexneri t3ss effector ...200919017275
lactobacilli facilitate maintenance of intestinal membrane integrity during shigella dysenteriae 1 infection in rats.lactobacilli are used in various dairy products and fermented foods for their potential health beneficial effects. recently we reported the protective role of lactobacillus rhamnosus and lactobacillus acidophilus during shigella dysenteriae 1 infection. nevertheless, investigations on the membrane-stabilizing effect of l. rhamnosus and l. acidophilus have not been done. hence, the present study evaluated the effect of l. rhamnosus and l. acidophilus on the maintenance of intestinal membrane inte ...200919036564
selective ccr2-targeted macrophage depletion ameliorates experimental mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis.the ccl2/ccr2 chemokine/receptor axis directs the chemotaxis of infiltrating monocytes/macrophages and t cells and plays a pivotal role in tissue damage and fibrosis in kidney diseases. the eradication of the activated leucocytes should diminish the production of inflammatory mediators, limit tissue damage and ameliorate disease. a recombinant fusion protein (opl-ccl2-lpm) comprised of the human ccl2 (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1) chemokine fused to a truncated form of the enzymatically ac ...200919040610
antigen-specific b memory cell responses to lipopolysaccharide (lps) and invasion plasmid antigen (ipa) b elicited in volunteers vaccinated with live-attenuated shigella flexneri 2a vaccine candidates.we evaluated b memory responses in healthy adult volunteers who received one oral dose of live-attenuated shigella flexneri 2a vaccine. lps-specific b(m) cells increased from a median of 0 at baseline to 20 spot forming cells (sfc)/10(6) expanded cells following vaccination (p=0.008). a strong correlation was found between post-vaccination anti-lps b(m) cell counts and peak serum anti-lps igg titers (rs=0.95, p=0.0003). increases in b(m) specific for ipab approaching significance were also obser ...200919022324
interaction of enteric bacterial pathogens with murine embryonic stem cells.embryonic stem (es) cells are susceptible to genetic manipulation and retain the potential to differentiate into diverse cell types, which are factors that make them potentially attractive cells for studying host-pathogen interactions. murine es cells were found to be susceptible to invasion by salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium and shigella flexneri and to the formation of attaching and effacing lesions by enteropathogenic escherichia coli. s. enterica serovar typhimurium and s. flexneri c ...200919029302
contribution of the periplasmic chaperone skp to efficient presentation of the autotransporter icsa on the surface of shigella flexneri.icsa is an outer membrane protein in the autotransporter family that is required for shigella flexneri pathogenesis. following its secretion through the sec translocon, icsa is incorporated into the outer membrane in a process that depends on yaet, a component of an outer membrane beta-barrel insertion machinery. we investigated the role of the periplasmic chaperone skp in icsa maturation. skp is required for the presentation of the mature amino terminus (alpha-domain) of icsa on the bacterial s ...200919047350
tight junctions as targets of infectious agents.the epithelial barrier is a critical border that segregates luminal material from entering tissues. essential components of this epithelial fence are physical intercellular structures termed tight junctions. these junctions use a variety of transmembrane proteins coupled with cytoplasmic adaptors, and the actin cytoskeleton, to attach adjacent cells together thereby forming intercellular seals. breaching of this barrier has profound effects on human health and disease, as barrier deficiencies ha ...200919059200
seasonal stability of cladophora-associated salmonella in lake michigan watersheds.the bacterial pathogens shigella, salmonella, campylobacter, and shiga toxin-producing e. coli (stec) were recently found to be associated with cladophora growing in southern lake michigan. preliminary results indicated that the salmonella strains associated with cladophora were genetically identical to each other. however, because of the small sample size (n=37 isolates) and a lack of information on spatial-temporal relationships, the nature of the association between cladophora and salmonella ...200919059626
prevalence of sulfonamide resistance genes in bacterial isolates from manured agricultural soils and pig slurry in the united kingdom.the prevalences of three sulfonamide resistance genes, sul1, sul2, and sul3 and sulfachloropyridazine (scp) resistance were determined in bacteria isolated from manured agricultural clay soils and slurry samples in the united kingdom over a 2-year period. slurry from tylosin-fed pigs amended with scp and oxytetracycline was used for manuring. isolates positive for sul genes were further screened for the presence of class 1 and 2 integrons. phenotypic resistance to scp was significantly higher in ...200919064898
fungal and bacterial killing by neutrophils.neutrophils are professional phagocytes of the innate immune system that are essential to control bacterial and fungal infections. these cells engulf and kill invading microbes. additionally, activated neutrophils are able to release neutrophil extracellular traps (nets). these fibers consist of chromatin decorated with antimicrobial proteins to trap and kill microbes. appropriate quantitative methods are required to understand the nature of interactions of neutrophils with pathogens. here we pr ...200919089391
extensive antibody cross-reactivity among infectious gram-negative bacteria revealed by proteome microarray analysis.antibodies provide a sensitive indicator of proteins displayed by bacteria during sepsis. because signals produced by infection are naturally amplified during the antibody response, host immunity can be used to identify biomarkers for proteins that are present at levels currently below detectable limits. we developed a microarray comprising approximately 70% of the 4066 proteins contained within the yersinia pestis proteome to identify antibody biomarkers distinguishing plague from infections ca ...200919112181
antimicrobial activity of prulifloxacin tested against a worldwide collection of gastroenteritis-producing pathogens, including those causing traveler's diarrhea.prulifloxacin, the prodrug of ulifloxacin (active component), is a newer fluoroquinolone with broad activity against enteric and nonenteric gram-negative bacilli. ulifloxacin and other oral comparator agents were tested for activity against 582 gastroenteritis strains from global surveillance studies. ulifloxacin was highly active against escherichia coli, salmonella spp., shigella spp., yersinia spp., vibrio spp., aeromonas spp., and plesiomonas spp. (mic(50)s and mic(90)s, <or=0.03 microg/ml a ...200919114678
diagnosis and prevalence of enteropathogenic bacteria in children less than 5 years of age with acute diarrhea in tehran children's hospitals.acute diarrhea disease is the second cause of death among all infectious diseases in children younger than 5 years of age worldwide. the aim of this study was to employ a combination of biochemical, microbiological and molecular diagnostic techniques to investigate the stools of iranian children with acute diarrhea for bacterial enteropathogens.200919117609
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