Publications

lactose consuming strains of xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (xcc) insight into the emergence of natural field resources for xanthan gum production.	xanthomonas genus possesses a low level of β-galactosidase gene expression and is therefore unable to produce xanthan gum in lactose-based media. in this study, we report the emergence of some natural field strains of xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (xcc) capable to use lactose as a sole carbon source to produce xanthan gum. from 210 xcc strains isolated from key lime (c. aurantifolia), 27 showed the capacity to grow on lactose containing medium. xcc lactose consuming strains demonstrated a good ...	2014	24318518
functional characterization and transcriptional analysis of gale gene encoding a udp-galactose 4-epimerase in xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris.	the gram-negative plant pathogen xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (xcc) is the causative agent of black rot in crucifers, a disease that causes tremendous agricultural loss. in this study, the xcc gale gene was characterized. sequence and mutational analysis demonstrated that the xcc gale encodes a udp-galactose 4-epimerase (ec 5.1.3.2), which catalyzes the interconversion of udp-galactose and udp-glucose. alanine substitution of the putative catalytic residues (ser124, tyr147, and lys151) ...	2014	24120348
a three-component signalling system fine-tunes expression kinetics of hppk responsible for folate synthesis by positive feedback loop during stress response of xanthomonas campestris.	during adaptation to environments, bacteria employ two-component signal transduction systems, which contain histidine kinases and response regulators, to sense and respond to exogenous and cellular stimuli in an accurate spatio-temporal manner. although the protein phosphorylation process between histidine kinase and response regulator has been well documented, the molecular mechanism fine-tuning phosphorylation levels of response regulators is comparatively less studied. here we combined geneti ...	2014	24119200
the pepper cysteine/histidine-rich dc1 domain protein cadc1 binds both rna and dna and is required for plant cell death and defense response.	plant defense against microbial pathogens is coordinated by a complex regulatory network. cysteine/histidine-rich dc1 domain proteins mediate a variety of cellular processes involved in plant growth, development and stress responses. we identified a pepper (capsicum annuum) cysteine/histidine-rich dc1 domain protein gene, cadc1, which positively regulates plant defense during microbial infection, based on gene silencing and transient expression in pepper, as well as ectopic expression in arabido ...	2014	24117868
identification of a putative cognate sensor kinase for the two-component response regulator hrpg, a key regulator controlling the expression of the hrp genes in xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris.	the bacterial phytopathogen xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (xcc) relies on the hrp (hypersensitive response and pathogenicity) genes to cause disease and induce hypersensitive response (hr). the hrp genes of bacterial phytopathogens are divided into two groups. xcc hrp genes belong to group ii. it has long been known that the group ii hrp genes are activated by an arac-type transcriptional regulator whose expression is controlled by a two-component system (tcs) response regulator (named h ...	2014	23906314
real time expression of acc oxidase and pr-protein genes mediated by methylobacterium spp. in tomato plants challenged with xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria.	biotic stress like pathogenic infection increases ethylene biosynthesis in plants and ethylene inhibitors are known to alleviate the severity of plant disease incidence. this study aimed to reduce the bacterial spot disease incidence in tomato plants caused by xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (xcv) by modulating stress ethylene with 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (acc) deaminase activity of methylobacterium strains. under greenhouse condition, methylobacterium strains inoculated and pat ...	2014	24974333
genomic characterization and integrative properties of phisma6 and phisma7, two novel filamentous bacteriophages of stenotrophomonas maltophilia.	two novel filamentous phages, phisma6 and phisma7, were isolated from stenotrophomonas maltophilia environmental strain khak84. we identified and annotated 11 potential open reading frames in each phage. while the overall layout of the functional gene groups of both phages was similar to that of the known filamentous phages, they differed from them in their molecular structure. the genome of phisma6 is a mosaic that evolved by acquiring genes from at least three different filamentous s. maltophi ...	2014	24327089
increasing viscosity and yields of bacterial exopolysaccharides by repeatedly exposing strains to ampicillin.	a universal method to enhance productivity and viscosity of bacterial exopolysaccharides was developed. the technique was based on the principle that ampicillin can inhibit the biosynthesis of peptidoglycan, which shares a common synthetic pathway with that of bacterial exopolysaccharides. serial passages of three typical representatives of bacterial eps-producing strains, namely sphingomonas elodea, xanthomonas campestris, and paenibacillus elgii, were subjected to ampicillin, which was used as ...	2014	24906747
the galu gene of xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris is involved in bacterial attachment, cell motility, polysaccharide synthesis, virulence, and tolerance to various stresses.	uridine triphosphate (utp)-glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (galu; ec 2.7.7.9) is an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of uridine diphosphate (udp)-glucose from utp and glucose-1-phosphate. galu is involved in virulence in a number of animal-pathogenic bacteria since its product, udp-glucose, is indispensable for the biosynthesis of virulence factors such as lipopolysaccharide and exopolysaccharide. however, its function in xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, the phytopathogen that c ...	2014	25033927
nagz is required for beta-lactamase expression and full pathogenicity in xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris str. 17.	xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris expresses a chromosomally encoded class a β-lactamase blaxc. basal expression and induction of blaxc require the transcriptional factor amprxc and the peptidoglycan-monomers permease ampgxc. nagz is a β-glcnacase which cleaves glcnac-anhmurnac peptides (peptidoglycan-monomers) to generate anhmurnac-peptides. in many bacteria, anhmurnac-peptides act as activation ligands for ampr. nevertheless, the role of nagz in β-lactamase induction differs among species. ...	2014	25229604
metabolic flux pattern of glucose utilization by xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris: prevalent role of the entner-doudoroff pathway and minor fluxes through the pentose phosphate pathway and glycolysis.	the well-studied plant pathogenic bacterium xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (xcc) synthesizes the biotechnologically important polysaccharide xanthan gum, which is also regarded as a virulence factor in plant interactions. in xcc, sugars like glucose are utilized as a source to generate energy and biomass for growth and pathogenicity. in this study, we used [1-(13)c]glucose as a tracer to analyze the fluxes in the central metabolism of the bacterium growing in a minimal medium. (13)c-metab ...	2014	25072918
functional and proteomic analyses reveal that wxcb is involved in virulence, motility, detergent tolerance, and biofilm formation in xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria.	the bacterial envelope possesses diverse functions, including protection against environmental stress and virulence factors for host infection. here, we report the function of wxcb in xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (xcv), a causal agent of bacterial leaf spot disease in tomato and pepper. to characterize roles of wxcb, we generated a knockout mutant (xcvδwxcb) and found that the virulence of the mutant was weaker than that of the wild type in tomato plants. to predict the mechanism affec ...	2014	25159842
start-up and bacterial communities of single-stage nitrogen removal using anammox and partial nitritation (snap) for treatment of high strength ammonia wastewater.	in this study, a lab-scale sequencing batch biofilm reactor (sbbr) was used to start up the single-stage nitrogen removal system using anammox and partial nitritation (snap) process seeding from surplus activated sludge. the volumetric nitrogen loading rate (vnlr) was firstly 0.075 kg n m(-3) d(-1) and then gradually increased to 0.60 kg n m(-3) d(-1). a maximal total nitrogen (tn) removal rate of 0.54 kg n m(-3) d(-1) was achieved by the snap process after 132 days operation with nh4(+)-n and t ...	2014	25105271
[the role of peptidyl-prolyl-cis/trans-isomerase genes of arabidopsis thaliana in plant defense during the course of xanthomonas campestris infection].	experimental data obtained in this study showed the involvement of a. thaliana immunophilin genes at2g16600, at4g33060, and at5g48570 in plant defense responses to the xanthomonas campestris invasion. we found not only that the expression levels of these genes changed upon bacterial infection, but also that the plant's resistance to the pathogen was increased if the expression levels of the immunophilin genes were elevated in the host cells.	2014	25711023
rava/ravr two-component system regulates xanthomonas campestris pathogenesis and c-di-gmp turnover.	the two-component system (tcs), consisting of a response regulator (rr) and a cognate histidine kinase (hk), responds to extra-/intercellular cues and triggers adaptive changes. the rr, ravr, has been reported to act as a positive virulence regulator and a c-di-gmp hydrolase in xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (xcc). here, we identified the cognate hk, rava, that regulate ravr phosphorylation levels and bacterial pathogenesis. deletion of rava, a putative hk gene flanking ravr, dramatically ...	2014	25039264
biophysical characterization of the outer membrane polysaccharide export protein and the polysaccharide co-polymerase protein from xanthomonas campestris.	this study investigated the structural and biophysical characteristics of gumb and gumc, two xanthomonas campestris membrane proteins that are involved in xanthan biosynthesis. xanthan is an exopolysaccharide that is thought to be a virulence factor that contributes to bacterial in planta growth. it also is one of the most important industrial biopolymers. the first steps of xanthan biosynthesis are well understood, but the polymerization and export mechanisms remain unclear. for this reason, th ...	2014	24927643
beneficial rhizobacteria from rice rhizosphere confers high protection against biotic and abiotic stress inducing systemic resistance in rice seedlings.	the present study reports a screening for pgpr in a highly selective environment, the rhizosphere of rice plants, in southwestern of spain. among the 900 isolates, only 38% were positive for at least one of the biochemical activities to detect putative pgpr. the best 80 isolates were selected and identified by 16s rrna partial sequencing. among these, 13 strains were selected for growth promotion assays. only one strain (bac1-38) was able to significantly increase height, while nine strains sign ...	2014	24907524
a study of the effects of aeration and agitation on the properties and production of xanthan gum from crude glycerin derived from biodiesel using the response surface methodology.	the effects of aeration and agitation on the properties and production of xanthan gum from crude glycerin biodiesel (cgb) by xanthomonas campestris mangiferaeindicae 2103 were investigated and optimized using a response surface methodology. the xanthan gum was produced from cgb in a bioreactor at 28 °c for 120 h. optimization procedures indicated that 0.97 vvm at 497.76 rpm resulted in a xanthan gum production of 5.59 g l(-1) and 1.05 vvm at 484.75 rpm maximized the biomass to 3.26 g l(-1). more ...	2014	24435765
the yscu/flhb homologue hrcu from xanthomonas controls type iii secretion and translocation of early and late substrates.	the majority of gram-negative plant- and animal-pathogenic bacteria employ a type iii secretion (t3s) system to deliver effector proteins to eukaryotic cells. members of the yscu protein family are essential components of the t3s system and consist of a transmembrane and a cytoplasmic region that is autocatalytically cleaved at a conserved npth motif. yscu homologues interact with t3s substrate specificity switch (t3s4) proteins that alter the substrate specificity of the t3s system after assemb ...	2014	24425767
the xanthomonas campestris effector protein xopdxcc8004 triggers plant disease tolerance by targeting della proteins.	plants protect themselves from the harmful effects of pathogens by resistance and tolerance. disease resistance, which eliminates pathogens, can be modulated by bacterial type iii effectors. little is known about whether disease tolerance, which sustains host fitness with a given pathogen burden, is regulated by effectors. here, we examined the effects of the xanthomonas effector protein xopdxcc8004 on plant disease defenses by constructing knockout and complemented xanthomonas strains, and perf ...	2014	25040905
phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis in xanthomonas campestris via a yeast-like acylation pathway.	two principal phosphatidylcholine (pc) biosynthesis pathways are known in bacteria. s-adenosylmethionine (sam)-dependent phospholipid n-methyltransferases (pmt) catalyse the threefold n-methylation of phosphatidylethanolamine (pe) to pc. in an alternative pathway, the pc synthase (pcs) condenses cdp-diacylglycerol and choline to produce pc. in this study, we investigated phospholipid biosynthesis in the plant pathogen xanthomonas campestris that was found to contain significant amounts of monome ...	2014	24329598
[rep-pcr analysis of rapa's bacterial diseases agents].	box, eric and rep--genomic fingerprints of 12 isolated and 10 typical pathogenic for rape bacterial strains pseudomonas, xanthomonas and pectobacterium genera have been analyzed. the affinity of isolated strains with representatives of p. marginalis pv. marginalis, pseudomonas fluorescens and xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris species has been determined.	2014	25199341
pepper mildew resistance locus o interacts with pepper calmodulin and suppresses xanthomonas avrbst-triggered cell death and defense responses.	pepper camlo2 specifically interacts with cacam1 and translocates cytoplasmic cacam1 to the plasma membrane, leading to the suppression of xanthomonas avrbst-triggered ca (2+) influx, hypersensitive cell death and defense responses. pathogen-induced cell death is closely linked with disease susceptibility and resistance in plants. pepper (capsicum annuum) mildew resistance locus o (camlo2) and calmodulin (cacam1) genes are required for disease-associated cell death and hypersensitive cell death, ...	2014	25074588
autodisplay of an archaeal γ-lactamase on the cell surface of escherichia coli using xcc_est as an anchoring scaffold and its application for preparation of the enantiopure antiviral drug intermediate (-) vince lactam.	at present, autotransporter protein mediated surface display has opened a new dimension in the development of whole-cell biocatalysts. here, we report the identification of a novel autotransporter xcc_est from xanthomonas campestris pv campestris 8004 by bioinformatic analysis and application of xcc_est as an anchoring motif for surface display of γ-lactamase (gla) from thermophilic archaeon sulfolobus solfataricus p2 in escherichia coli. the localization of γ-lactamase in the cell envelope was ...	2014	24756321
novel phl-producing genotypes of finger millet rhizosphere associated pseudomonads and assessment of their functional and genetic diversity.	genetic diversity of phld gene, an essential gene in the biosynthesis of 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol, was studied by restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) in 20 phl-producing pseudomonads isolated from finger millet rhizosphere. rflp analysis of phld gene displayed three patterns with haeiii and taqi enzymes. phld gene sequence closely correlated with rflp results and revealed the existence of three new genotypes g, h and i. further, the phylogenetic and concatenated sequence analysis o ...	2014	24819774
first thermostable endo-β-1,4-glucanase from newly isolated xanthomonas sp. ec102.	a novel gene encoding thermostable endoglucanase was identified in xanthomonas sp. ec102 from soil. the gene had 1,458 base pairs of open reading frame, which encode a 52-kda protein of 486 amino acid residues. sequence of the amino acid residues was similar with the endoglucanase from xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris atcc33913 (genbank accession no. np_638867.1) (94 % identity). the endoglucanase was overexpressed in escherichia coli bl21 and purified. temperature for the highest enzymatic ...	2014	24399319
discovery of a bifunctional cardiolipin/phosphatidylethanolamine synthase in bacteria.	phosphatidylethanolamine (pe) and cardiolipin (cl) are major components of bacterial and eukaryotic membranes. in bacteria, synthesis of pe usually occurs via decarboxylation of phosphatidylserine (ps) by ps decarboxylases (psd). cl is produced by various cl synthases (cls). membranes of the plant pathogen xanthomonas campestris predominantly contain pe, phosphatidylglycerol (pg) and cl. the x. campestris genome encodes one psd and six putative cls. deletion of psd resulted in loss of pe and acc ...	2014	24707916
effect of oxygen on the growth and biofilm formation of xylella fastidiosa in liquid media.	xylella fastidiosa is a xylem-limited bacterial pathogen, and is the causative agent of pierce's disease of grapevines and scorch diseases of many other plant species. the disease symptoms are putatively due to blocking of the transpiration stream by bacterial-induced biofilm formation and/or by the formation of plant-generated tylosis. xylella fastidiosa has been classified as an obligate aerobe, which appears unusual given that dissolved o2 levels in the xylem during the growing season are oft ...	2014	25100224
reversible non-genetic phenotypic heterogeneity in bacterial quorum sensing.	bacteria co-ordinate their social behaviour in a density-dependent manner by production of diffusible signal molecules by a process known as quorum sensing (qs). it is generally assumed that in homogenous environments and at high cell density, qs synchronizes cells in the population to perform collective social tasks in unison which maximize the benefit at the inclusive fitness of individuals. however, evolutionary theory predicts that maintaining phenotypic heterogeneity in performing social ta ...	2014	24601980
pathogenesis-related protein 4b interacts with leucine-rich repeat protein 1 to suppress pr4b-triggered cell death and defense response in pepper.	to control defense and cell-death signaling, plants contain an abundance of pathogen recognition receptors such as leucine-rich repeat (lrr) proteins. here we show that pepper (capsicum annuum) lrr1 interacts with the pepper pathogenesis-related (pr) protein 4b, pr4b, in yeast and in planta. pr4b is synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum, interacts with lrr1 in the plasma membrane, and is secreted to the apoplast via the plasma membrane. binding of pr4b to lrr1 requires the chitin-binding doma ...	2014	24304389
the pepper patatin-like phospholipase caplp1 functions in plant cell death and defense signaling.	phospholipases hydrolyze phospholipids into fatty acids and other lipophilic substances. phospholipid signaling is crucial for diverse cellular processes in plants. however, the precise role of phospholipases in plant cell death and defense signaling is not fully understood. here, we identified a pepper (capsicum annuum) patatin-like phospholipase (caplp1) gene that is transcriptionally induced in pepper leaves by avirulent xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (xcv) infection. caplp1 containin ...	2014	24085708
cobalt(ii) complexes with the antimicrobial drug enrofloxacin: structure, antimicrobial activity, dna- and albumin-binding.	the cobalt(ii) complexes with the quinolone antimicrobial agent enrofloxacin (herx) in the presence of the nitrogen-donor heterocyclic ligands pyridine (py), 2,2'-bipyridylamine (bipyam), 1,10-phenanthroline (phen), 2,2'-bipyridine (bipy) or the oxygen-donor ligand n,n-dimethylformamide (dmf) were synthesized and characterized. the crystal structures of complexes [co(erx)2(py)2]·meoh·6h2o and [co(erx)2(bipyam)]·4.5meoh·1.25h2o were determined by x-ray crystallography. the deprotonated enrofloxac ...	2014	25151581
hydrothermal synthesis of copper based nanoparticles: antimicrobial screening and interaction with dna.	copper based nanoparticles (cu-based nps) of different compositions and sizes have been hydrothermally synthesized by varying the reaction time in the presence of the biocompatible surfactants polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan laurate (tween 20) and polyethylene glycol 8000 (peg 8000). effective control of the above synthetic parameters gave rise to cu, cu2o and cu/cu2o nps of 10-44 nm. the antibacterial activity of the nps was screened against gram-positive (bacillus subtilis, bacillus cereus, stap ...	2014	24441110
the grapevine flagellin receptor vvfls2 differentially recognizes flagellin-derived epitopes from the endophytic growth-promoting bacterium burkholderia phytofirmans and plant pathogenic bacteria.	• the role of flagellin perception in the context of plant beneficial bacteria still remains unclear. here, we characterized the flagellin sensing system flg22-flagellin sensing 2 (fls2) in grapevine, and analyzed the flagellin perception in the interaction with the endophytic plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium (pgpr) burkholderia phytofirmans. • the functionality of the grapevine fls2 receptor, vvfls2, was demonstrated by complementation assays in the arabidopsis thaliana fls2 mutant, which ...	2014	24491115
the transcription factor slshine3 modulates defense responses in tomato plants.	the cuticle plays an important role in plant interactions with pathogens and with their surroundings. the cuticle acts as both a physical barrier against physical stresses and pathogens and a chemical deterrent and activator of the plant defense response. cuticle production in tomato plants is regulated by several transcription factors, including slshine3, an ortholog of the arabidopsis win/shn3. here we used a slshine3-overexpressing (slshn3-oe) and silenced (slshn3-rnai) lines and a mutant in ...	2014	23943056
two-step synthesis and hydrolysis of cyclic di-amp in mycobacterium tuberculosis.	cyclic di-amp is a recently discovered signaling molecule which regulates various aspects of bacterial physiology and virulence. here we report the characterization of c-di-amp synthesizing and hydrolyzing proteins from mycobacterium tuberculosis. recombinant rv3586 (mtbdisa) can synthesize c-di-amp from atp through the diadenylate cyclase activity. detailed biochemical characterization of the protein revealed that the diadenylate cyclase (dac) activity is allosterically regulated by atp. we hav ...	2014	24465894
microbiota of cow's milk; distinguishing healthy, sub-clinically and clinically diseased quarters.	the objective of this study was to use pyrosequencing of the 16s rrna genes to describe the microbial diversity of bovine milk samples derived from clinically unaffected quarters across a range of somatic cell counts (scc) values or from clinical mastitis, culture negative quarters. the obtained microbiota profiles were used to distinguish healthy, subclinically and clinically affected quarters. two dairy farms were used for the collection of milk samples. a total of 177 samples were used. fifty ...	2014	24465777
lateral organ boundaries 1 is a disease susceptibility gene for citrus bacterial canker disease.	citrus bacterial canker (cbc) disease occurs worldwide and incurs considerable costs both from control measures and yield losses. bacteria that cause cbc require one of six known type iii transcription activator-like (tal) effector genes for the characteristic pustule formation at the site of infection. here, we show that xanthomonas citri subspecies citri strain xcc306, with the type iii tal effector gene ptha4 or with the distinct yet biologically equivalent gene pthaw from strain xcca(w), ind ...	2014	24474801
genomic sequence of temperate phage smp131 of stenotrophomonas maltophilia that has similar prophages in xanthomonads.	stenotrophomonas maltophilia is a ubiquitous gram-negative bacterium previously named as xanthomonas maltophilia. this organism is an important nosocomial pathogen associated with infections in immunocompromised patients. clinical isolates of s. maltophilia are mostly resistant to multiple antibiotics and treatment of its infections is becoming problematic. several virulent bacteriophages, but not temperate phage, of s. maltophilia have been characterized.	2014	24472137
structure prediction of magnetosome-associated proteins.	magnetotactic bacteria (mtb) are gram-negative bacteria that can navigate along geomagnetic fields. this ability is a result of a unique intracellular organelle, the magnetosome. these organelles are composed of membrane-enclosed magnetite (fe3o4) or greigite (fe3s4) crystals ordered into chains along the cell. magnetosome formation, assembly, and magnetic nano-crystal biomineralization are controlled by magnetosome-associated proteins (maps). most map-encoding genes are located in a conserved g ...	2014	24523717
the inheritance of resistance to bacterial leaf spot of lettuce caused by xanthomonas campestris pv. vitians in three lettuce cultivars.	lettuce yields can be reduced by the disease bacterial leaf spot (bls) caused by the pathogen xanthomonas campestris pv. vitians (xcv) and host resistance is the most feasible method to reduce disease losses. the cultivars la brillante, pavane and little gem express an incompatible host-pathogen interaction as a hypersensitive response (hr) to california strains of xcv resulting in resistance. little was known about the inheritance of resistance; however, resistance to other lettuce pathogens is ...	2014	26504558
apoplastic and intracellular plant sugars regulate developmental transitions in witches' broom disease of cacao.	witches' broom disease (wbd) of cacao differs from other typical hemibiotrophic plant diseases by its unusually long biotrophic phase. plant carbon sources have been proposed to regulate wbd developmental transitions; however, nothing is known about their availability at the plant-fungus interface, the apoplastic fluid of cacao. data are provided supporting a role for the dynamics of soluble carbon in the apoplastic fluid in prompting the end of the biotrophic phase of infection. carbon depletio ...	2014	25540440
apoplastic and intracellular plant sugars regulate developmental transitions in witches' broom disease of cacao.	witches' broom disease (wbd) of cacao differs from other typical hemibiotrophic plant diseases by its unusually long biotrophic phase. plant carbon sources have been proposed to regulate wbd developmental transitions; however, nothing is known about their availability at the plant-fungus interface, the apoplastic fluid of cacao. data are provided supporting a role for the dynamics of soluble carbon in the apoplastic fluid in prompting the end of the biotrophic phase of infection. carbon depletio ...	2014	25540440
resources and biological activities of natural polyphenols.	the oxidative stress imposed by reactive oxygen species (ros) plays an important role in many chronic and degenerative diseases. as an important category of phytochemicals, phenolic compounds universally exist in plants, and have been considered to have high antioxidant ability and free radical scavenging capacity, with the mechanism of inhibiting the enzymes responsible for ros production and reducing highly oxidized ros. therefore, phenolic compounds have attracted increasing attention as pote ...	2014	25533011
linear-time computation of minimal absent words using suffix array.	an absent word of a word y of length n is a word that does not occur in y. it is a minimal absent word if all its proper factors occur in y. minimal absent words have been computed in genomes of organisms from all domains of life; their computation also provides a fast alternative for measuring approximation in sequence comparison. there exists an [formula: see text]-time and [formula: see text]-space algorithm for computing all minimal absent words on a fixed-sized alphabet based on the constru ...	2014	25526884
bacterial protein avra stabilizes intestinal epithelial tight junctions via blockage of the c-jun n-terminal kinase pathway.	the salmonella type iii secretory system secretes virulence proteins, called effectors. effectors are responsible for the alteration of tight junctions (tj) and epithelial functions in intestinal infection and inflammation. in a previous study, we have demonstrated that a bacterial effector avra plays a role in stabilizing tjs and balancing the opposing action of other bacterial effectors. however, the molecular mechanisms by which avra-modulates tj protein expression remain unknown. avra posses ...	2014	25838979
bacterial protein avra stabilizes intestinal epithelial tight junctions via blockage of the c-jun n-terminal kinase pathway.	the salmonella type iii secretory system secretes virulence proteins, called effectors. effectors are responsible for the alteration of tight junctions (tj) and epithelial functions in intestinal infection and inflammation. in a previous study, we have demonstrated that a bacterial effector avra plays a role in stabilizing tjs and balancing the opposing action of other bacterial effectors. however, the molecular mechanisms by which avra-modulates tj protein expression remain unknown. avra posses ...	2014	25838979
the fatty acid signaling molecule cis-2-decenoic acid increases metabolic activity and reverts persister cells to an antimicrobial-susceptible state.	persister cells, which are tolerant to antimicrobials, contribute to biofilm recalcitrance to therapeutic agents. in turn, the ability to kill persister cells is believed to significantly improve efforts in eradicating biofilm-related, chronic infections. while much research has focused on elucidating the mechanism(s) by which persister cells form, little is known about the mechanism or factors that enable persister cells to revert to an active and susceptible state. here, we demonstrate that ci ...	2014	25192989
characterization of biosynthetic genes of ascamycin/dealanylascamycin featuring a 5'-o-sulfonamide moiety in streptomyces sp. jcm9888.	ascamycin (acm) and dealanylascamycin (dacm) are nucleoside antibiotics elaborated by streptomyces sp. jcm9888. the later shows broad spectrum inhibition activity to various gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, eukaryotic trypanosoma and is also toxic to mice, while ascamycin is active against very limited microorganisms, such as xanthomonas. both compounds share an unusual 5'-o-sulfonamide moiety which is attached to an adenosine nucleoside. in this paper, we first report on the 30 kb gene ...	2014	25479601
domain dissection of avrrxo1 for suppressor, avirulence and cytotoxicity functions.	avrrxo1, a type iii effector from xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola (xoc) which causes bacterial leaf streak (bls) in rice, can be recognised by non-host resistance protein rxo1. it triggers a hypersensitive response (hr) in maize. little is known regarding the virulence function of avrrxo1. in this study, we determined that avrrxo1 is able to suppress the hr caused by the non-host resistance recognition of xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (xoo) by nicotiana benthamiana. it is toxic, inducing cell d ...	2014	25437277
enzymatic strategies and biocatalysts for amide bond formation: tricks of the trade outside of the ribosome.	amide bond-containing (abc) biomolecules are some of the most intriguing and functionally significant natural products with unmatched utility in medicine, agriculture and biotechnology. the enzymatic formation of an amide bond is therefore a particularly interesting platform for engineering the synthesis of structurally diverse natural and unnatural abc molecules for applications in drug discovery and molecular design. as such, efforts to unravel the mechanisms involved in carboxylate activation ...	2014	25418915
enzymatic strategies and biocatalysts for amide bond formation: tricks of the trade outside of the ribosome.	amide bond-containing (abc) biomolecules are some of the most intriguing and functionally significant natural products with unmatched utility in medicine, agriculture and biotechnology. the enzymatic formation of an amide bond is therefore a particularly interesting platform for engineering the synthesis of structurally diverse natural and unnatural abc molecules for applications in drug discovery and molecular design. as such, efforts to unravel the mechanisms involved in carboxylate activation ...	2014	25418915
pseudomonas aeruginosa minor pilins prime type iva pilus assembly and promote surface display of the pily1 adhesin.	type iv pili (t4p) contain hundreds of major subunits, but minor subunits are also required for assembly and function. here we show that pseudomonas aeruginosa minor pilins prime pilus assembly and traffic the pilus-associated adhesin and anti-retraction protein, pily1, to the cell surface. pilv, pilw, and pilx require pily1 for inclusion in surface pili and vice versa, suggestive of complex formation. pile requires pilvwxy1 for inclusion, suggesting that it binds a novel interface created by tw ...	2014	25389296
pseudomonas aeruginosa minor pilins prime type iva pilus assembly and promote surface display of the pily1 adhesin.	type iv pili (t4p) contain hundreds of major subunits, but minor subunits are also required for assembly and function. here we show that pseudomonas aeruginosa minor pilins prime pilus assembly and traffic the pilus-associated adhesin and anti-retraction protein, pily1, to the cell surface. pilv, pilw, and pilx require pily1 for inclusion in surface pili and vice versa, suggestive of complex formation. pile requires pilvwxy1 for inclusion, suggesting that it binds a novel interface created by tw ...	2014	25389296
the putative eukaryote-like o-glcnac transferase of the cyanobacterium synechococcus elongatus pcc 7942 hydrolyzes udp-glcnac and is involved in multiple cellular processes.	the posttranslational addition of a single o-linked β-n-acetylglucosamine (o-glcnac) to serine or threonine residues regulates numerous metazoan cellular processes. the enzyme responsible for this modification, o-glcnac transferase (ogt), is conserved among a wide variety of organisms and is critical for the viability of many eukaryotes. although ogts with domain structures similar to those of eukaryotic ogts are predicted for many bacterial species, the cellular roles of these ogts are unknown. ...	2014	25384478
the putative eukaryote-like o-glcnac transferase of the cyanobacterium synechococcus elongatus pcc 7942 hydrolyzes udp-glcnac and is involved in multiple cellular processes.	the posttranslational addition of a single o-linked β-n-acetylglucosamine (o-glcnac) to serine or threonine residues regulates numerous metazoan cellular processes. the enzyme responsible for this modification, o-glcnac transferase (ogt), is conserved among a wide variety of organisms and is critical for the viability of many eukaryotes. although ogts with domain structures similar to those of eukaryotic ogts are predicted for many bacterial species, the cellular roles of these ogts are unknown. ...	2014	25384478
mutation of the erwinia amylovora argd gene causes arginine auxotrophy, nonpathogenicity in apples, and reduced virulence in pears.	fire blight is caused by erwinia amylovora and is the most destructive bacterial disease of apples and pears worldwide. in this study, we found that e. amylovora argd(1000)::tn5, an argd tn5 transposon mutant that has the tn5 transposon inserted after nucleotide 999 in the argd gene-coding region, was an arginine auxotroph that did not cause fire blight in apple and had reduced virulence in immature pear fruits. the e. amylovora argd gene encodes a predicted n-acetylornithine aminotransferase en ...	2014	25172854
technology and potential applications of probiotic encapsulation in fermented milk products.	fermented milk products containing probiotics and prebiotics can be used in management, prevention and treatment of some important diseases (e.g., intestinal- and immune-associated diseases). microencapsulation has been used as an efficient method for improving the viability of probiotics in fermented milks and gastrointestinal tract. microencapsulation of probiotic bacterial cells provides shelter against adverse conditions during processing, storage and gastrointestinal passage. important chal ...	2014	26243890
technology and potential applications of probiotic encapsulation in fermented milk products.	fermented milk products containing probiotics and prebiotics can be used in management, prevention and treatment of some important diseases (e.g., intestinal- and immune-associated diseases). microencapsulation has been used as an efficient method for improving the viability of probiotics in fermented milks and gastrointestinal tract. microencapsulation of probiotic bacterial cells provides shelter against adverse conditions during processing, storage and gastrointestinal passage. important chal ...	2014	26243890
the making of a sweet modification: structure and function of o-glcnac transferase.	o-glcnac transferase is an essential mammalian enzyme responsible for transferring a single glcnac moiety from udp-glcnac to specific serine/threonine residues of hundreds of nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins. this modification is dynamic and has been implicated in numerous signaling pathways. an unexpected second function for o-glcnac transferase as a protease involved in cleaving the epigenetic regulator hcf-1 has also been reported. recent structural and biochemical studies that provide insigh ...	2014	25336649
uniprot: a hub for protein information.	uniprot is an important collection of protein sequences and their annotations, which has doubled in size to 80 million sequences during the past year. this growth in sequences has prompted an extension of uniprot accession number space from 6 to 10 characters. an increasing fraction of new sequences are identical to a sequence that already exists in the database with the majority of sequences coming from genome sequencing projects. we have created a new proteome identifier that uniquely identifi ...	2014	25348405
uniprot: a hub for protein information.	uniprot is an important collection of protein sequences and their annotations, which has doubled in size to 80 million sequences during the past year. this growth in sequences has prompted an extension of uniprot accession number space from 6 to 10 characters. an increasing fraction of new sequences are identical to a sequence that already exists in the database with the majority of sequences coming from genome sequencing projects. we have created a new proteome identifier that uniquely identifi ...	2014	25348405
optimization of the ipp precursor supply for the production of lycopene, decaprenoxanthin and astaxanthin by corynebacterium glutamicum.	the biotechnologically relevant bacterium corynebacterium glutamicum, currently used for the million ton-scale production of amino acids for the food and feed industries, is pigmented due to synthesis of the rare cyclic c50 carotenoid decaprenoxanthin and its glucosides. the precursors of carotenoid biosynthesis, isopenthenyl pyrophosphate (ipp) and its isomer dimethylallyl pyrophosphate, are synthesized in this organism via the methylerythritol phosphate (mep) or non-mevalonate pathway. termina ...	2014	25191655
distinct signaling mechanisms in multiple developmental pathways by the scrambled receptor of arabidopsis.	scrambled (scm), a leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase in arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana), is required for positional signaling in the root epidermis and for tissue/organ development in the shoot. to further understand scm action, we generated a series of kinase domain variants and analyzed their ability to complement scm mutant defects. we found that the scm kinase domain, but not kinase activity, is required for its role in root epidermal patterning, supporting the view that scm is an ...	2014	25136062
in vitro control of plant pathogenic xanthomonas spp. using poncirus trifoliata rafin.	the secondary metabolites such as essential oil and pure compounds (limonin and imperatorin) from poncirus trifoliata rafin were tested for in vitro control of phytopathogenic bacteria of xanthomonas spp. in vitro studies showed that the oil had inhibitory effect on xanthomonas campestris pv. compestris kc94-17-xcc, xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria yk93-4-xcv, xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae kx019-xco and xanthomonas sp. sk12 with their inhibition zones and minimum inhibitory concentration ( ...	2014	26417325
comparison of process parameter optimization using different designs in nanoemulsion-based formulation for transdermal delivery of fullerene.	this research aims to formulate and to optimize a nanoemulsion-based formulation containing fullerene, an antioxidant, stabilized by a low amount of mixed surfactants using high shear and the ultrasonic emulsification method for transdermal delivery. process parameters optimization of fullerene nanoemulsions was done by employing response surface methodology, which involved statistical multivariate analysis. optimization of independent variables was investigated using experimental design based o ...	2014	25258528
the anaplasma phagocytophilum effector ampa hijacks host cell sumoylation.	sumoylation, the covalent attachment of a member of the small ubiquitin-like modifier (sumo) family of proteins to lysines in target substrates, is an essential post-translational modification in eukaryotes. microbial manipulation of sumoylation recently emerged as a key virulence strategy for viruses and facultative intracellular bacteria, the latter of which have only been shown to deploy effectors that negatively regulate sumoylation. here, we demonstrate that the obligate intracellular bacte ...	2014	25308709
the anaplasma phagocytophilum effector ampa hijacks host cell sumoylation.	sumoylation, the covalent attachment of a member of the small ubiquitin-like modifier (sumo) family of proteins to lysines in target substrates, is an essential post-translational modification in eukaryotes. microbial manipulation of sumoylation recently emerged as a key virulence strategy for viruses and facultative intracellular bacteria, the latter of which have only been shown to deploy effectors that negatively regulate sumoylation. here, we demonstrate that the obligate intracellular bacte ...	2014	25308709
comparative genomics of transcriptional regulation of methionine metabolism in proteobacteria.	methionine metabolism and uptake genes in proteobacteria are controlled by a variety of rna and dna regulatory systems. we have applied comparative genomics to reconstruct regulons for three known transcription factors, metj, metr, and sahr, and three known riboswitch motifs, sah, sam-sah, and sam_alpha, in ∼ 200 genomes from 22 taxonomic groups of proteobacteria. we also identified two novel regulons: a sahr-like transcription factor samr controlling various methionine biosynthesis genes in the ...	2014	25411846
crystallization and preliminary x-ray characterization of the full-length bacteriophytochrome from the plant pathogen xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris.	phytochromes give rise to the largest photosensor family known to date. however, they are underrepresented in the protein data bank. plant, cyanobacterial, fungal and bacterial phytochromes share a canonical architecture consisting of an n-terminal photosensory module (pas2-gaf-phy domains) and a c-terminal variable output module. the bacterium xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, a worldwide agricultural pathogen, codes for a single bacteriophytochrome (xccbphp) that has this canonical archit ...	2014	25484215
unfolded protein response-regulated drosophila fic (dfic) protein reversibly ampylates bip chaperone during endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis.	drosophila fic (dfic) mediates ampylation, a covalent attachment of adenosine monophosphate (amp) from atp to hydroxyl side chains of protein substrates. here, we identified the endoplasmic reticulum (er) chaperone bip as a substrate for dfic and mapped the modification site to thr-366 within the atpase domain. the level of ampylated bip in drosophila s2 cells is high during homeostasis, whereas the level of ampylated bip decreases upon the accumulation of misfolded proteins in the er. both dfic ...	2014	25395623
carbohydrate catabolism in phaeobacter inhibens dsm 17395, a member of the marine roseobacter clade.	since genome analysis did not allow unambiguous reconstruction of transport, catabolism, and substrate-specific regulation for several important carbohydrates in phaeobacter inhibens dsm 17395, proteomic and metabolomic analyses of n-acetylglucosamine-, mannitol-, sucrose-, glucose-, and xylose-grown cells were carried out to close this knowledge gap. these carbohydrates can pass through the outer membrane via porins identified in the outer membrane fraction. for transport across the cytoplasmic ...	2014	24858085
inhibitor-induced conformational stabilization and structural alteration of a mip-like peptidyl prolyl cis-trans isomerase and its c-terminal domain.	fkbp22, an escherichia coli-encoded ppiase (peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase) enzyme, shares substantial identity with the mip-like pathogenic factors, caries two domains, exists as a dimer in solution and binds some immunosuppressive drugs (such as fk506 and rapamycin) using its c-terminal domain (ctd). to understand the effects of these drugs on the structure and stability of the mip-like proteins, rfkbp22 (a chimeric fkbp22) and ctd+ (a ctd variant) have been studied in the presence and ab ...	2014	25072141
physiological and genomic features of a novel sulfur-oxidizing gammaproteobacterium belonging to a previously uncultivated symbiotic lineage isolated from a hydrothermal vent.	strain hiromi 1, a sulfur-oxidizing gammaproteobacterium was isolated from a hydrothermal vent chimney in the okinawa trough and represents a novel genus that may include a phylogenetic group found as endosymbionts of deep-sea gastropods. the ssu rrna gene sequence similarity between strain hiromi 1 and the gastropod endosymbionts was approximately 97%. the strain was shown to grow both chemolithoautotrophically and chemolithoheterotrophically with an energy metabolism of sulfur oxidation and o2 ...	2014	25133584
the salmonella effector protein spvc, a phosphothreonine lyase is functional in plant cells.	salmonella is one of the most prominent causes of food poisoning and growing evidence indicates that contaminated fruits and vegetables are an increasing concern for human health. successful infection demands the suppression of the host immune system, which is often achieved via injection of bacterial effector proteins into host cells. in this report we present the function of salmonella effector protein in plant cell, supporting the new concept of trans-kingdom competence of this bacterium. we ...	2014	25368608
splash dispersal of phyllosticta citricarpa conidia from infected citrus fruit.	rain-splash dispersal of phyllosticta citricarpa (syn. guignardia citricarpa) conidia (pycnidiospores) from infected oranges was studied in still air and combined with wind. high power microscopy demonstrated the presence of conidia in splash droplets from diseased oranges, which exuded conidia for over one hour during repeated wetting. the largest (5 mm) incident drops produced the highest splashes (up to 41.0 cm). a linear-by-quadratic surface model predicted highest splashes to be 41.91 cm at ...	2014	25298272
ehrlichia chaffeensis exploits host sumoylation pathways to mediate effector-host interactions and promote intracellular survival.	ehrlichia chaffeensis is an obligately intracellular gram-negative bacterium that selectively infects mononuclear phagocytes. we recently reported that e. chaffeensis utilizes a type 1 secretion (t1s) system to export tandem repeat protein (trp) effectors and demonstrated that these effectors interact with a functionally diverse array of host proteins. by way of these interactions, trp effectors modulate host cell functions; however, the molecular basis of these interactions and their roles in e ...	2014	25047847
protection of cells from salinity stress by extracellular polymeric substances in diatom biofilms.	diatom biofilms are abundant in the marine environment. it is assumed (but untested) that extracellular polymeric substances (eps), produced by diatoms, enable cells to cope with fluctuating salinity. to determine the protective role of eps, cylindrotheca closterium was grown in xanthan gum at salinities of 35, 50, 70 and 90 ppt. a xanthan matrix significantly increased cell viability (determined by sytox-green), growth rate and population density by up to 300, 2,300 and 200%, respectively. diat ...	2014	25268215
pssp2 is a polysaccharide co-polymerase involved in exopolysaccharide chain-length determination in rhizobium leguminosarum.	production of extracellular polysaccharides is a complex process engaging proteins localized in different subcellular compartments, yet communicating with each other or even directly interacting in multicomponent complexes. proteins involved in polymerization and transport of exopolysaccharide (eps) in rhizobium leguminosarum are encoded within the chromosomal pss-i cluster. however, genes implicated in polysaccharide synthesis are common in rhizobia, with several homologues of pss genes identif ...	2014	25268738
molecular mechanisms associated with xylan degradation by xanthomonas plant pathogens.	xanthomonas pathogens attack a variety of economically relevant plants, and their xylan cut system (carbohydrate utilization with tonb-dependent outer membrane transporter system) contains two major xylanase-related genes, xyna and xynb, which influence biofilm formation and virulence by molecular mechanisms that are still elusive. herein, we demonstrated that xyna is a rare reducing end xylose-releasing exo-oligoxylanase and not an endo-β-1,4-xylanase as predicted. structural analysis revealed ...	2014	25266726
differentiation of xanthomonas spp. causing bacterial spot in bulgaria based on biolog system.	during the last 20 years, the causative agents of bacterial spot of tomato and pepper have been subjected to many studies and reclassifications. according to the current data, the species are four (x. euvesicatoria, x. vesicatoria, x. gardneri, and x. perforans) and cause similar symptoms in plants but possess different phenotypic properties. this work provides the full metabolic characteristics obtained by biolog system of bacterial spot's xanthomonads based on a large selection of strains from ...	2014	25197281
structural and mechanistic insights into the bacterial amyloid secretion channel csgg.	curli are functional amyloid fibres that constitute the major protein component of the extracellular matrix in pellicle biofilms formed by bacteroidetes and proteobacteria (predominantly of the α and γ classes). they provide a fitness advantage in pathogenic strains and induce a strong pro-inflammatory response during bacteraemia. curli formation requires a dedicated protein secretion machinery comprising the outer membrane lipoprotein csgg and two soluble accessory proteins, csge and csgf. here ...	2014	25219853
bioinformatic characterisation of genes encoding cell wall degrading enzymes in the phytophthora parasitica genome.	a critical aspect of plant infection by the majority of pathogens is penetration of the plant cell wall. this process requires the production and secretion of a broad spectrum of pathogen enzymes that target and degrade the many complex polysaccharides in the plant cell wall. as a necessary framework for a study of the expression of cell wall degrading enzymes (cwdes) produced by the broad host range phytopathogen, phytophthora parasitica, we have conducted an in-depth bioinformatics analysis of ...	2014	25214042
iron triggers λso prophage induction and release of extracellular dna in shewanella oneidensis mr-1 biofilms.	prophages are ubiquitous elements within bacterial chromosomes and affect host physiology and ecology in multiple ways. we have previously demonstrated that phage-induced lysis is required for extracellular dna (edna) release and normal biofilm formation in shewanella oneidensis mr-1. here, we investigated the regulatory mechanisms of prophage λso spatiotemporal induction in biofilms. to this end, we used a functional fluorescence fusion to monitor λso activation in various mutant backgrounds an ...	2014	24951794
gxysba abc transporter of agrobacterium tumefaciens and its role in sugar utilization and vir gene expression.	monosaccharides available in the extracellular milieu of agrobacterium tumefaciens can be transported into the cytoplasm, or via the periplasmic sugar binding protein, chve, play a critical role in controlling virulence gene expression. the chve-mmsab abc transporter is involved in the utilization of a wide range of monosaccharide substrates but redundant transporters are likely given the ability of a chve-mmsab deletion strain to grow, albeit more slowly, in the presence of particular monosacch ...	2014	24957625
linked production of pyroglutamate-modified proteins via self-cleavage of fusion tags with tev protease and autonomous n-terminal cyclization with glutaminyl cyclase in vivo.	overproduction of n-terminal pyroglutamate (pglu)-modified proteins utilizing escherichia coli or eukaryotic cells is a challenging work owing to the fact that the recombinant proteins need to be recovered by proteolytic removal of fusion tags to expose the n-terminal glutaminyl or glutamyl residue, which is then converted into pglu catalyzed by the enzyme glutaminyl cyclase. herein we describe a new method for production of n-terminal pglu-containing proteins in vivo via intracellular self-clea ...	2014	24733552
functional characterization of the type iii secretion atpase ssan encoded by salmonella pathogenicity island 2.	a type iii secretion system (t3ss) is utilized by a large number of gram-negative bacteria to deliver effectors directly into the cytosol of eukaryotic host cells. one essential component of a t3ss is an atpase that catalyzes the unfolding of proteins, which is followed by the translocation of effectors through an injectisome. here we demonstrate a functional role of the atpase ssan, a component of salmonella pathogenicity island 2 t3ss (t3ss-2) in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. ssan h ...	2014	24722491
evaluation of antibacterial activity of prosopis juliflora (sw.) dc. leaves.	the ethnobotanical importance of prosopis juliflora is well-known in the folkloric system of medicine for the treatment of various ailments. although, the study related to the antibacterial potential of this plant, from central india is scanty.	2014	25371581
physicochemical characterization and thermodynamic studies of nanoemulsion-based transdermal delivery system for fullerene.	fullerene nanoemulsions were formulated in palm kernel oil esters stabilized by low amount of mixed nonionic surfactants. pseudoternary phase diagrams were established in the colloidal system of pkoes/tween 80 : span 80/water incorporated with fullerene as antioxidant. preformulation was subjected to combination of high and low energy emulsification methods and the physicochemical characteristics of fullerene nanoemulsions were analyzed using electroacoustic spectrometer. oil-in-water (o/w) nano ...	2014	25165736
analysis of the caulobacter crescentus zur regulon reveals novel insights in zinc acquisition by tonb-dependent outer membrane proteins.	intracellular zinc concentration needs to be maintained within strict limits due to its toxicity at high levels, and this is achieved by a finely regulated balance between uptake and efflux. many bacteria use the zinc uptake regulator zur to orchestrate zinc homeostasis, but little is known regarding the transport of this metal across the bacterial outer membrane.	2014	25168179
crystallization and preliminary x-ray diffraction analysis of xaa-pro dipeptidase from xanthomonas campestris.	xaa-pro dipeptidase (xpd; prolidase; ec 3.4.13.9) specifically hydrolyzes dipeptides with a prolyl residue at the carboxy-terminus. xanthomonas spp. possess two different isoforms of xpd (48 and 43 kda) which share ∼24% sequence identity. the xpd of 43 kda in size (xpd43) from xanthomonas spp. is unusual as it lacks the strictly conserved tyrosine residue (equivalent to tyr387 in escherichia coli aminopeptidase p) that is suggested to be important in the proton-shuttle transfer required for cata ...	2014	25195907
surface survival and internalization of salmonella through natural cracks on developing cantaloupe fruits, alone or in the presence of the melon wilt pathogen erwinia tracheiphila.	outbreaks of foodborne illness attributed to the consumption of salmonella-tainted cantaloupe have occurred repeatedly, but understanding of the ecology of salmonella on cantaloupe fruit surfaces is limited. we investigated the interactions between salmonella enterica poona, the plant pathogenic bacterium erwinia tracheiphila, and cantaloupe fruit. fruit surfaces were inoculated at the natural cracking stage by spreading s. enterica and e. tracheiphila, 20 µl at 107 cfu/ml, independently or toge ...	2014	25147942
isolation and enzyme bioprospection of endophytic bacteria associated with plants of brazilian mangrove ecosystem.	the mangrove ecosystem is a coastal tropical biome located in the transition zone between land and sea that is characterized by periodic flooding, which confers unique and specific environmental conditions on this biome. in these ecosystems, the vegetation is dominated by a particular group of plant species that provide a unique environment harboring diverse groups of microorganisms, including the endophytic microorganisms that are the focus of this study. because of their intimate association w ...	2014	25110630
virulence profile: max dow.		2014	25003326
acinetobacter baumannii response to host-mediated zinc limitation requires the transcriptional regulator zur.	acinetobacter baumannii is a leading cause of ventilator-associated pneumonia in intensive care units, and the increasing rates of antibiotic resistance make treating these infections challenging. consequently, there is an urgent need to develop new antimicrobials to treat a. baumannii infections. one potential therapeutic option is to target bacterial systems involved in maintaining appropriate metal homeostasis, processes that are critical for the growth of pathogens within the host. the a. ba ...	2014	24816603
the pseudomonas aeruginosa algzr two-component system coordinates multiple phenotypes.	pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen that causes a multitude of infections. these infections can occur at almost any site in the body and are usually associated with a breach of the innate immune system. one of the prominent sites where p. aeruginosa causes chronic infections is within the lungs of cystic fibrosis patients. p. aeruginosa uses two-component systems that sense environmental changes to differentially express virulence factors that cause both acute and chronic infecti ...	2014	24999454
draft genome sequence of xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni strain xap33, causal agent of bacterial spot disease on almond.	we report the annotated genome sequence of xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni strain xap33, isolated from almond leaves showing bacterial spot disease symptoms in spain. the availability of this genome sequence will aid our understanding of the infection mechanism of this bacterium as well as its relationship to other species of the same genus.	2014	24903863
unique subunit packing in mycobacterial nanornase leads to alternate substrate recognitions in dhh phosphodiesterases.	dhh superfamily includes recj, nanornases (nrna), cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and pyrophosphatases. in this study, we have carried out in vitro and in vivo investigations on the bifunctional nrna-homolog from mycobacterium smegmatis, msmeg_2630. the crystal structure of msmeg_2630 was determined to 2.2-å resolution and reveals a dimer consisting of two identical subunits with each subunit folding into an n-terminal dhh domain and a c-terminal dhha1 domain. the overall structure and fold ...	2014	24878921
interpenetrating polymer networks as innovative drug delivery systems.	polymers have always been valuable excipients in conventional dosage forms, also have shown excellent performance into the parenteral arena, and are now capable of offering advanced and sophisticated functions such as controlled drug release and drug targeting. advances in polymer science have led to the development of several novel drug delivery systems. interpenetrating polymer networks (ipns) have shown superior performances over the conventional individual polymers and, consequently, the ran ...	2014	24949205
bacterial cellulose as a substrate for microbial cell culture.	bacterial cellulose (bc) has a range of structural and physicochemical properties that make it a particularly useful material for the culture of bacteria. we studied the growth of 14 genera of bacteria on bc substrates produced by acetobacter xylinum and compared the results to growth on the commercially available biopolymers agar, gellan, and xanthan. we demonstrate that bc produces rates of bacterial cell growth that typically exceed those on the commercial biopolymers and yields cultures with ...	2014	24441155