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network-based comparative analysis of arabidopsis immune responses to golovinomyces orontii and botrytis cinerea infections.a comprehensive exploration of common and specific plant responses to biotrophs and necrotrophs is necessary for a better understanding of plant immunity. here, we compared the arabidopsis defense responses evoked by the biotrophic fungus golovinomyces orontii and the necrotrophic fungus botrytis cinerea through integrative network analysis. two time-course transcriptional datasets were integrated with an arabidopsis protein-protein interaction (ppi) network to construct a g. orontii conditional ...201626750561
the ubiquitin system and jasmonate signaling.the ubiquitin (ub) system is involved in most, if not all, biological processes in eukaryotes. the major specificity determinants of this system are the e3 ligases, which bind and ubiquitinate specific sets of proteins and are thereby responsible for target recruitment to the proteasome or other cellular processing machineries. the ub system contributes to the regulation of the production, perception and signal transduction of plant hormones. jasmonic acid (ja) and its derivatives, known as jasm ...201627135226
grp-3 and kapp, encoding interactors of wak1, negatively affect defense responses induced by oligogalacturonides and local response to wounding.conserved microbe-associated molecular patterns (mamps) and damage-associated molecular patterns (damps) act as danger signals to activate the plant immune response. these molecules are recognized by surface receptors that are referred to as pattern recognition receptors. oligogalacturonides (ogs), damps released from the plant cell wall homogalacturonan, have also been proposed to act as local signals in the response to wounding. the arabidopsis wall-associated kinase 1 (wak1), a receptor of og ...201626748394
nuclear function of subclass i actin-depolymerizing factor contributes to susceptibility in arabidopsis to an adapted powdery mildew fungus.actin-depolymerizing factors (adfs) are conserved proteins that function in regulating the structure and dynamics of actin microfilaments in eukaryotes. in this study, we present evidence that arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) subclass i adfs, particularly adf4, functions as a susceptibility factor for an adapted powdery mildew fungus. the null mutant of adf4 significantly increased resistance against the adapted powdery mildew fungus golovinomyces orontii. the degree of resistance was further ...201626747284
aspartyl protease-mediated cleavage of bag6 is necessary for autophagy and fungal resistance in plants.the bcl-2-associated athanogene (bag) family is an evolutionarily conserved group of cochaperones that modulate numerous cellular processes. previously we found that arabidopsis thaliana bag6 is required for basal immunity against the fungal phytopathogen botrytis cinerea. however, the mechanisms by which bag6 controls immunity are obscure. here, we address this important question by determining the molecular mechanisms responsible for bag6-mediated basal resistance. we show that arabidopsis bag ...201626739014
the plastidial retrograde signal methyl erythritol cyclopyrophosphate is a regulator of salicylic acid and jasmonic acid crosstalk.the exquisite harmony between hormones and their corresponding signaling pathways is central to prioritizing plant responses to simultaneous and/or successive environmental trepidations. the crosstalk between jasmonic acid (ja) and salicylic acid (sa) is an established effective mechanism that optimizes and tailors plant adaptive responses. however, the underlying regulatory modules of this crosstalk are largely unknown. global transcriptomic analyses of mutant plants (ceh1) with elevated levels ...201626733689
overcoming substrate limitations for improved production of ethylene in e. coli.ethylene is an important industrial compound for the production of a wide variety of plastics and chemicals. at present, ethylene production involves steam cracking of a fossil-based feedstock, representing the highest co2-emitting process in the chemical industry. biological ethylene production can be achieved via expression of a single protein, the ethylene-forming enzyme (efe), found in some bacteria and fungi; it has the potential to provide a sustainable alternative to steam cracking, provi ...201626734073
microrna-induced negative regulation of tlr-5 in grass carp, ctenopharyngodon idella.micrornas (mirnas) are endogenous small non-coding rnas that play crucial roles in numerous biological processes. however, the role of mirnas in antibacterial defence in fish has not been fully determined. here, we identified that nine mirnas are differentially expressed in kidney between susceptible and resistant grass carp strains. analysis of spatial and temporal mirna expression patterns suggests that cid-mirn-115 and mir-142a-3p are potential regulators of anti-bacterial activity. overexpre ...201626727169
the mechanistic targets of antifungal agents: an overview.pathogenic fungi are a major causative group for opportunistic infections (ois). aids patients and other immunocompromised individuals are at risk for ois, which if not treated appropriately, contribute to the mortality associated with their conditions. several studies have indicated that the majority of hiv-positive patients contract fungal infections throughout the course of their disease. similar observations have been made regarding the increased frequency of bone marrow and organ transplant ...201626776224
direct capture technologies for genomics-guided discovery of natural products.microbes are important producers of natural products, which have played key roles in understanding biology and treating disease. however, the full potential of microbes to produce natural products has yet to be realized; the overwhelming majority of natural product gene clusters encoded in microbial genomes remain "cryptic", and have not been expressed or characterized. in contrast to the fast-growing number of genomic sequences and bioinformatic tools, methods to connect these genes to natural ...201626456469
screening for expressed nonribosomal peptide synthetases and polyketide synthases using lc-ms/ms-based proteomics.liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (lc-ms)-based proteomics is a powerful technique for the profiling of protein expression in cells in a high-throughput fashion. herein we report a protocol using lc-ms/ms-based proteomics for the screening of enzymes involved in natural product biosynthesis, such as nonribosomal peptide synthetases (nrpss) and polyketide synthases (pkss) from bacterial strains. taking advantage of the large size of modular nrpss and pkss (often >200 kda), size-based separa ...201626831706
psychrophile spoilers dominate the bacterial microbiome in musculature samples of slaughter pigs.the aim of this study was to disentangle the microbial diversity on porcine musculature. the hypervariable v1-v2 region of the 16s rrna gene was amplified from dna samples of clinically healthy slaughter pigs (n=8). pyrosequencing yielded 37,000 quality-controlled reads and a diverse microbiome with 54-159 otus per sample was detected. interestingly, 6 out of 8 samples were strongly dominated by 1-2 highly abundant otus (best hits of highly abundant otus: serratia proteamaculans, pseudomonas syr ...201626943946
a new member of the growing family of contact-dependent growth inhibition systems in xenorhabdus doucetiae.xenorhabdus is a bacterial symbiont of entomopathogenic steinernema nematodes and is pathogenic for insects. its life cycle involves a stage inside the insect cadaver, in which it competes for environmental resources with microorganisms from soil and the insect gut. xenorhabdus is, thus, a useful model for identifying new interbacterial competition systems. for the first time, in an entomopathogenic bacterium, xenorhabdus doucetiae strain frm16, we identified a cdi-like locus. the cdi loci encod ...201627907104
simultaneous detection of three bacterial seed-borne diseases in rice using multiplex polymerase chain reaction.burkholderia glumae (bacterial grain rot), xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (bacterial leaf blight), and acidovorax avenae subsp. avenae (bacterial brown stripe) are major seedborne pathogens of rice. based on the 16s and 23s rdna sequences for a. avenae subsp. avenae and b. glumae, and transposase a gene sequence for x. oryzae pv. oryzae, three sets of primers had been designed to produce 402 bp for b. glumae, 490 bp for x. oryzae, and 290 bp for a. avenae subsp. avenae with the 63°c as an optimum ...201627904465
accumulation and secretion of coumarinolignans and other coumarins in arabidopsis thaliana roots in response to iron deficiency at high ph.root secretion of coumarin-phenolic type compounds has been recently shown to be related to arabidopsis thaliana tolerance to fe deficiency at high ph. previous studies revealed the identity of a few simple coumarins occurring in roots and exudates of fe-deficient a. thaliana plants, and left open the possible existence of other unknown phenolics. we used hplc-uv/vis/esi-ms(tof), hplc/esi-ms(ion trap) and hplc/esi-ms(q-tof) to characterize (identify and quantify) phenolic-type compounds accumula ...201627933069
a dna-based real-time pcr assay for robust growth quantification of the bacterial pathogen pseudomonas syringae on arabidopsis thaliana.the interaction of pseudomonas syringae with arabidopsis is one of the most commonly used systems to study various bacterial-host interrelationships. currently, most studies are based on the growth quantification of the pathogen to characterize resistance or virulence targets. however, the standard available method for determining bacterial proliferation in planta is laborious and has several limitations.201627895701
the systematic investigation of the quorum sensing system of the biocontrol strain pseudomonas chlororaphis subsp. aurantiaca pb-st2 unveils auri to be a biosynthetic origin for 3-oxo-homoserine lactones.the shoot endophytic biocontrol strain pseudomonas chlororaphis subsp. aurantiaca pb-st2 produces a wide range of exoproducts, including enzymes and antibiotics. the production of exoproducts is commonly tightly regulated. in order to get a deeper insight into the regulatory network of pb-st2, the strain was systematically investigated regarding its quorum sensing systems, both on the genetic and metabolic level. the genome analysis of pb-st2 revealed the presence of four putative acyl homoserin ...201627861617
role of the gacs sensor kinase in the regulation of volatile production by plant growth-promoting pseudomonas fluorescens sbw25.in plant-associated pseudomonas species, the production of several secondary metabolites and exoenzymes is regulated by the gacs/gaca two-component regulatory system (the gac-system). here, we investigated if a mutation in the gacs sensor kinase affects the production of volatile organic compounds (vocs) in p. fluorescens sbw25 (pf.sbw25) and how this impacts on vocs-mediated growth promotion and induced systemic resistance of arabidopsis and tobacco. a total of 205 vocs were detected by gas chr ...201627917180
the genome of the toluene-degrading pseudomonas veronii strain 1ydbtex2 and its differential gene expression in contaminated sand.the natural restoration of soils polluted by aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and m- and p-xylene (btex) may be accelerated by inoculation of specific biodegraders (bioaugmentation). bioaugmentation mainly involves introducing bacteria that deploy their metabolic properties and adaptation potential to survive and propagate in the contaminated environment by degrading the pollutant. in order to better understand the adaptive response of cells during a transition to con ...201627812150
pseudomonas aeruginosa type iii secretory toxin exou and its predicted homologs.pseudomonas aeruginosa exou, a type iii secretory toxin and major virulence factor with patatin-like phospholipase activity, is responsible for acute lung injury and sepsis in immunocompromised patients. through use of a recently updated bacterial genome database, protein sequences predicted to be homologous to ps. aeruginosa exou were identified in 17 other pseudomonas species (ps. fluorescens, ps. lundensis, ps. weihenstephanensis, ps. marginalis, ps. rhodesiae, ps. synxantha, ps. libanensis, ...201627792159
involvement of type vi secretion system in secretion of iron chelator pyoverdine in pseudomonas taiwanensis.rice bacterial blight caused by xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (xoo) is one of the most destructive rice diseases worldwide. therefore, in addition to breeding disease-resistant rice cultivars, it is desirable to develop effective biocontrol agents against xoo. here, we report that a soil bacterium pseudomonas taiwanensis displayed strong antagonistic activity against xoo. using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectrometry, we identified an iron chelator, pyoverdine, secr ...201627605490
screen of non-annotated small secreted proteins of pseudomonas syringae reveals a virulence factor that inhibits tomato immune proteases.pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000 (ptodc3000) is an extracellular model plant pathogen, yet its potential to produce secreted effectors that manipulate the apoplast has been under investigated. here we identified 131 candidate small, secreted, non-annotated proteins from the ptodc3000 genome, most of which are common to pseudomonas species and potentially expressed during apoplastic colonization. we produced 43 of these proteins through a custom-made gateway-compatible expression system for ...201627603016
sensitivity of pseudomonas syringae to bovine lactoferrin hydrolysates and identification of a novel inhibitory peptide.the antimicrobial activity of bovine lactoferrin hydrolysates (blfh) was measured against pseudomonas strains (p. syringae and p. fluorescens) in vitro. to compare susceptibility to blfh, minimal inhibitory concentration (mic) values were determined using chemiluminescence assays and paper disc plate assays. antimicrobial effect against p. fluorescens was not observed by either assay, suggesting that blfh did not exhibit antimicrobial activity against p. fluorescens. however, a significant inhib ...201627621689
high quality draft genome sequence of the type strain of pseudomonas lutea ok2(t), a phosphate-solubilizing rhizospheric bacterium.pseudomonas lutea ok2(t) (=lmg 21974(t), cect 5822(t)) is the type strain of the species and was isolated from the rhizosphere of grass growing in spain in 2003 based on its phosphate-solubilizing capacity. in order to identify the functional significance of phosphate solubilization in pseudomonas plant growth promoting rhizobacteria, we describe here the phenotypic characteristics of strain ok2(t) along with its high-quality draft genome sequence, its annotation, and analysis. the genome is com ...201627555890
posttranslational modifications of npr1: a single protein playing multiple roles in plant immunity and physiology. 201627513560
pseudomonas lini strain zbg1 revealed carboxylic acid utilization and copper resistance features required for adaptation to vineyard soil environment: a draft genome analysis.pseudomonas lini strain zbg1 was isolated from the soil of vineyard in zellenberg, france and the draft genome was reported in this study. bioinformatics analyses of the genome revealed presence of genes encoding tartaric and malic acid utilization as well as copper resistance that correspond to the adaptation this strain in vineyard soil environment.201627512520
the potato aphid salivary effector me47 is a glutathione-s-transferase involved in modifying plant responses to aphid infestation.polyphagous aphid pests cause considerable economic damage to crop plants, primarily through the depletion of photoassimilates and transfer of viruses. the potato aphid (macrosiphum euphorbiae) is a notable pest of solanaceous crops, however, the molecular mechanisms that underpin the ability to colonize these hosts are unknown. it has recently been demonstrated that like other aphid species, m. euphorbiae injects a battery of salivary proteins into host plants during feeding. it is speculated t ...201627536306
microbial transformations of selenium species of relevance to bioremediation.selenium species, particularly the oxyanions selenite (seo3 (2-)) and selenate (seo4 (2-)), are significant pollutants in the environment that leach from rocks and are released by anthropogenic activities. selenium is also an essential micronutrient for organisms across the tree of life, including microorganisms and human beings, particularly because of its presence in the 21st genetically encoded amino acid, selenocysteine. environmental microorganisms are known to be capable of a range of tran ...201627260359
isolation of a novel alginate lyase-producing bacillus litoralis strain and its potential to ferment sargassum horneri for biofertilizer.algae have long been used to augment plant productivity through their beneficial effects. alginate oligosaccharide is believed to be one of the important components to enhance growth and crop yield. in this study, we isolated and characterized a bacillus litoralis strain, named bacillus m3, from decayed kelps. we further demonstrated that the m3 strain could secrete alginate lyase to degrade alginate. the crude enzyme exhibited the highest activity (33.74 u/mg) at ph 7.0 and 50°c. the m3 strain ...201627440453
a de-novo genome analysis pipeline (denogap) for large-scale comparative prokaryotic genomics studies.comparative analysis of whole genome sequence data from closely related prokaryotic species or strains is becoming an increasingly important and accessible approach for addressing both fundamental and applied biological questions. while there are number of excellent tools developed for performing this task, most scale poorly when faced with hundreds of genome sequences, and many require extensive manual curation.201627363390
isolation of bdellovibrio sp. from soil samples in mexico and their potential applications in control of pathogens.in this study, two strains of bdellovibrio were isolated from soil samples using the culture-dependent technique and two members of the family enterobacteriaceae (klebsiella sp. and salmonella sp.) as prey. the bdellovibrio strains were bacteriolytic, plaque-forming, and highly motile gram-negative bacteria. we identified and confirmed the bdellovibrio strains using microscopy, pcr amplification, and sequencing of the 16s rrna gene. they were observed to be different strains based on hit locus a ...201627297185
pseudomonas syringae type iii effector hopaf1 suppresses plant immunity by targeting methionine recycling to block ethylene induction.hopaf1 is a type iii effector protein of unknown function encoded in the genomes of several strains of pseudomonas syringae and other plant pathogens. structural modeling predicted that hopaf1 is closely related to deamidase proteins. deamidation is the irreversible substitution of an amide group with a carboxylate group. several bacterial virulence factors are deamidases that manipulate the activity of specific host protein substrates. we identified arabidopsis methylthioadenosine nucleosidase ...201627274076
chloroplasts: state of research and practical applications of plastome sequencing.this review presents origins, structure and expression of chloroplast genomes. it also describes their sequencing, analysis and modification, focusing on potential practical uses and biggest challenges of chloroplast genome modification. during the evolution of eukaryotes, cyanobacteria are believed to have merged with host heterotrophic cell. afterward, most of cyanobacterial genes from cyanobacteria were transferred to cell nucleus or lost in the process of endosymbiosis. as a result of these ...201627259501
coordinated regulation of species-specific hydroxycinnamic acid degradation and siderophore biosynthesis pathways in agrobacterium fabrum.the rhizosphere-inhabiting species agrobacterium fabrum (genomospecies g8 of the agrobacterium tumefaciens species complex) is known to degrade hydroxycinnamic acids (hcas), especially ferulic acid and p-coumaric acid, via the novel a. fabrum hca degradation pathway. gene expression profiles of a. fabrum strain c58 were investigated in the presence of hcas, using a c58 whole-genome oligoarray. both ferulic acid and p-coumaric acid caused variations in the expression of more than 10% of the c58 g ...201627060117
bacillus cereus ar156 extracellular polysaccharides served as a novel micro-associated molecular pattern to induced systemic immunity to pst dc3000 in arabidopsis.non-host resistance (nhr) is a broad-spectrum plant defense. upon colonizing on the surface on the root or leaves of non-host species, pathogens initial encounter preform and induce defense response in plant, such as induced hypersensitive response, pamps triggered immunity (pti), and effector triggered immunity (eti). the ability of plants to develop an induced systemic response (isr) in reaction to the colonization by non-pathogenic rhizobacterium depends on interactions between host plants an ...201627242694
environmental metabolomics of the tomato plant surface provides insights on salmonella enterica colonization.foodborne illness-causing enteric bacteria are able to colonize plant surfaces without causing infection. we lack an understanding of how epiphytic persistence of enteric bacteria occurs on plants, possibly as an adaptive transit strategy to maximize chances of reentering herbivorous hosts. we used tomato (solanum lycopersicum) cultivars that have exhibited differential susceptibilities to salmonella enterica colonization to investigate the influence of plant surface compounds and exudates on en ...201626994076
gcsr, a tyrr-like enhancer-binding protein, regulates expression of the glycine cleavage system in pseudomonas aeruginosa pao1.glycine serves as a major source of single carbon units for biochemical reactions within bacterial cells. utilization of glycine is tightly regulated and revolves around a key group of proteins known as the glycine cleavage system (gcs). our lab previously identified the transcriptional regulator gcsr (pa2449) as being required for catabolism of glycine in the opportunistic pathogen pseudomonas aeruginosa pao1. in an effort to clarify and have an overall better understanding of the role of gcsr ...201627303730
augmenting sulfur metabolism and herbivore defense in arabidopsis by bacterial volatile signaling.sulfur is an element necessary for the life cycle of higher plants. its assimilation and reduction into essential biomolecules are pivotal factors determining a plant's growth and vigor as well as resistance to environmental stress. while certain soil microbes can enhance ion solubility via chelating agents or oxidation, microbial regulation of plant-sulfur assimilation has not been reported. with an increasing understanding that soil microbes can activate growth and stress tolerance in plants v ...201627092166
the copc family: structural and bioinformatic insights into a diverse group of periplasmic copper binding proteins.the copc proteins are periplasmic copper binding proteins believed to play a role in bacterial copper homeostasis. previous studies have focused on copcs that are part of seven-protein cop or pco systems involved in copper resistance. these canonical copcs contain distinct cu(i) and cu(ii) binding sites. mounting evidence suggests that copcs are more widely distributed, often present only with the copd inner membrane protein, frequently as a fusion protein, and that the copc and copd proteins to ...201627010565
the mechanism of ethylene signaling induced by endophytic fungus gilmaniella sp. al12 mediating sesquiterpenoids biosynthesis in atractylodes lancea.ethylene, the first known gaseous phytohormone, is involved in plant growth, development as well as responses to environmental signals. however, limited information is available on the role of ethylene in endophytic fungi induced secondary metabolites biosynthesis. atractylodes lancea is a traditional chinese herb, and its quality depends on the main active compounds sesquiterpenoids. this work showed that the endophytic fungus gilmaniella sp. al12 induced ethylene production in atractylodes lan ...201627047528
cytokinin production by pseudomonas fluorescens g20-18 determines biocontrol activity against pseudomonas syringae in arabidopsis.plant beneficial microbes mediate biocontrol of diseases by interfering with pathogens or via strengthening the host. although phytohormones, including cytokinins, are known to regulate plant development and physiology as well as plant immunity, their production by microorganisms has not been considered as a biocontrol mechanism. here we identify the ability of pseudomonas fluorescens g20-18 to efficiently control p. syringae infection in arabidopsis, allowing maintenance of tissue integrity and ...201626984671
characterization of novel bacteriophages for biocontrol of bacterial blight in leek caused by pseudomonas syringae pv. porri.pseudomonas syringae pv. porri, the causative agent of bacterial blight in leek (allium porrum), is increasingly frequent causing problems in leek cultivation. because of the current lack of control measures, novel bacteriophages were isolated to control this pathogen using phage therapy. five novel phages were isolated from infected fields in flanders (vb_psym_kil1, vb_psym_kil2, vb_psym_kil3, vb_psym_kil4, and vb_psym_kil5), and were complemented with one selected host range mutant phage (vb_p ...201627014204
exogenous proteinogenic amino acids induce systemic resistance in rice.plant immune responses can be induced by endogenous and exogenous signaling molecules. recently, amino acids and their metabolites have been reported to affect the plant immune system. however, how amino acids act in plant defense responses has yet to be clarified. here, we report that treatment of rice roots with amino acids such as glutamate (glu) induced systemic disease resistance against rice blast in leaves.201626940322
the impact of selection, gene conversion, and biased sampling on the assessment of microbial demography.recent studies have linked demographic changes and epidemiological patterns in bacterial populations using coalescent-based approaches. we identified 26 studies using skyline plots and found that 21 inferred overall population expansion. this surprising result led us to analyze the impact of natural selection, recombination (gene conversion), and sampling biases on demographic inference using skyline plots and site frequency spectra (sfs). forward simulations based on biologically relevant param ...201626931140
new pseudomonas spp. are pathogenic to citrus.five putative novel pseudomonas species shown to be pathogenic to citrus have been characterized in a screening of 126 pseudomonas strains isolated from diseased citrus leaves and stems in northern iran. the 126 strains were studied using a polyphasic approach that included phenotypic characterizations and phylogenetic multilocus sequence analysis. the pathogenicity of these strains against 3 cultivars of citrus is demonstrated in greenhouse and field studies. the strains were initially grouped ...201626919540
insights into functional and evolutionary analysis of carbaryl metabolic pathway from pseudomonas sp. strain c5pp.carbaryl (1-naphthyl n-methylcarbamate) is a most widely used carbamate pesticide in the agriculture field. soil isolate, pseudomonas sp. strain c5pp mineralizes carbaryl via 1-naphthol, salicylate and gentisate, however the genetic organization and evolutionary events of acquisition and assembly of pathway have not yet been studied. the draft genome analysis of strain c5pp reveals that the carbaryl catabolic genes are organized into three putative operons, 'upper', 'middle' and 'lower'. the seq ...201627924916
salicylic acid is involved in the basal resistance of tomato plants to citrus exocortis viroid and tomato spotted wilt virus.tomato plants expressing the nahg transgene, which prevents accumulation of endogenous salicylic acid (sa), were used to study the importance of the sa signalling pathway in basal defence against citrus exocortis viroid (cevd) or tomato spotted wilt virus (tswv). the lack of sa accumulation in the cevd- or tswv-infected nahg tomato plants led to an early and dramatic disease phenotype, as compared to that observed in the corresponding parental money maker. addition of acibenzolar-s-methyl, a ben ...201627893781
draft genome sequence of a diazotrophic, plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium of the pseudomonas syringae complex.we report here the draft genome sequence of pseudomonas syringae gr12-2, a nitrogen-fixing, plant growth-promoting bacterium, isolated from the rhizosphere of an arctic grass. the 6.6-mbp genome contains 5,676 protein-coding genes, including a nitrogen-fixation island similar to that in p. stutzeri.201627660794
the structure of the periplasmic sensor domain of the histidine kinase cuss shows unusual metal ion coordination at the dimeric interface.in bacteria, two-component systems act as signaling systems to respond to environmental stimuli. two-component systems generally consist of a sensor histidine kinase and a response regulator, which work together through histidyl-aspartyl phosphorelay to result in gene regulation. one of the two-component systems in escherichia coli, cuss-cusr, is known to induce expression of cuscfba genes at increased periplasmic cu(i) and ag(i) concentrations to help maintain metal ion homeostasis. cuss is a m ...201627583660
the diversity of mtdna rns introns among strains of ophiostoma piliferum, ophiostoma pluriannulatum and related species.based on previous studies, it was suspected that the mitochondrial rns gene within the ophiostomatales is rich in introns. this study focused on a collection of strains representing ophiostoma piliferum, ophiostoma pluriannulatum and related species that cause blue-stain; these fungi colonize the sapwood of trees and impart a dark stain. this reduces the value of the lumber. the goal was to examine the mtdna rns intron landscape for these important blue stain fungi in order to facilitate future ...201627610327
expression of a grapevine nac transcription factor gene is induced in response to powdery mildew colonization in salicylic acid-independent manner.tissue colonization by grape powdery mildew (pm) pathogen erysiphe necator (schw.) burr triggers a major remodeling of the transcriptome in the susceptible grapevine vitis vinifera l. while changes in the expression of many genes bear the signature of salicylic acid (sa) mediated regulation, the breadth of pm-induced changes suggests the involvement of additional regulatory networks. to explore pm-associated gene regulation mediated by other sa-independent systems, we designed a microarray exper ...201627488171
transcriptome analysis of pseudomonas aeruginosa pao1 grown at both body and elevated temperatures.functional genomics research can give us valuable insights into bacterial gene function. rna sequencing (rna-seq) can generate information on transcript abundance in bacteria following abiotic stress treatments. in this study, we used the rna-seq technique to study the transcriptomes of the opportunistic nosocomial pathogen pseudomonas aeruginosa pao1 following heat shock. samples were grown at both the human body temperature (37 °c) and an arbitrarily-selected temperature of 46 °c. in this work ...201627547539
genomics of high molecular weight plasmids isolated from an on-farm biopurification system.the use of biopurification systems (bps) constitutes an efficient strategy to eliminate pesticides from polluted wastewaters from farm activities. bps environments contain a high microbial density and diversity facilitating the exchange of information among bacteria, mediated by mobile genetic elements (mges), which play a key role in bacterial adaptation and evolution in such environments. here we sequenced and characterized high-molecular-weight plasmids from a bacterial collection of an on-fa ...201627321040
proof of concept for the simplified breakdown of cellulose by combining pseudomonas putida strains with surface displayed thermophilic endocellulase, exocellulase and β-glucosidase.the production and employment of cellulases still represents an economic bottleneck in the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to biofuels and other biocommodities. this process could be simplified by displaying the necessary enzymes on a microbial cell surface. such an approach, however, requires an appropriate host organism which on the one hand can withstand the rough environment coming along with lignocellulose hydrolysis, and on the other hand does not consume the generated glucose so tha ...201627287198
biological control of rice bakanae by an endophytic bacillus oryzicola yc7007.in our previous study, we reported that a novel endophytic bacterium bacillus oryzicola yc7007 has suppressed bacterial diseases of rice via induced systemic resistance and antibiotic production. this endophytic strain, b. oryzicola yc7007 was used as a biological control agent against bakanae disease of rice caused by fusarium fujikuroi, and its mechanism of interaction with the pathogen and the rice was further elucidated. root drenching with b. oryzicola yc7007 suspension reduced the disease ...201627298598
when genome-based approach meets the "old but good": revealing genes involved in the antibacterial activity of pseudomonas sp. p482 against soft rot pathogens.dickeya solani and pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. brasiliense are recently established species of bacterial plant pathogens causing black leg and soft rot of many vegetables and ornamental plants. pseudomonas sp. strain p482 inhibits the growth of these pathogens, a desired trait considering the limited measures to combat these diseases. in this study, we determined the genetic background of the antibacterial activity of p482, and established the phylogenetic position of this strain. pseudomo ...201627303376
in vitro and in vivo antimicrobial activity of combined therapy of silver nanoparticles and visible blue light against pseudomonas aeruginosa.silver nanoparticles (agnps) have been used as potential antimicrobial agents against resistant pathogens. we investigated the possible therapeutic use of agnps in combination with visible blue light against a multidrug resistant clinical isolate of pseudomonas aeruginosa in vitro and in vivo. the antibacterial activity of agnps against p. aeruginosa (1×10(5) colony forming unit/ml) was investigated at its minimal inhibitory concentration (mic) and sub-mic, alone and in combination with blue lig ...201627175075
unravelling potential virulence factor candidates in xanthomonas citri. subsp. citri by secretome analysis.citrus canker is a major disease affecting citrus production in brazil. it's mainly caused by xanthomonas citri subsp. citri strain 306 pathotype a (xac). we analysed the differential expression of proteins secreted by wild type xac and an asymptomatic mutant for hrpb4 (δhrpb4) grown in nutrient broth (nb) and a medium mimicking growth conditions in the plant (xam1). this allowed the identification of 55 secreted proteins, of which 37 were secreted by both strains when cultured in xam1. in this ...201626925342
specific gene loci of clinical pseudomonas putida isolates.pseudomonas putida are ubiquitous inhabitants of soils and clinical isolates of this species have been seldom described. clinical isolates show significant variability in their ability to cause damage to hosts because some of them are able to modulate the host's immune response. in the current study, comparisons between the genomes of different clinical and environmental strains of p. putida were done to identify genetic clusters shared by clinical isolates that are not present in environmental ...201626820467
isolation of polyvalent bacteriophages by sequential multiple-host approaches.many studies on phage biology are based on isolation methods that may inadvertently select for narrow-host-range phages. consequently, broad-host-range phages, whose ecological significance is largely unexplored, are consistently overlooked. to enhance research on such polyvalent phages, we developed two sequential multihost isolation methods and tested both culture-dependent and culture-independent phage libraries for broad infectivity. lytic phages isolated from activated sludge were capable o ...201626590277
uncovering the transmembrane metal binding site of the novel bacterial major facilitator superfamily-type copper importer ccoa.uptake and trafficking of metals and their delivery to their respective metalloproteins are important processes. cells need precise control of each step to avoid exposure to excessive metal concentrations and their harmful consequences. copper (cu) is a required micronutrient used as a cofactor in proteins. however, in large amounts, it can induce oxidative damage; hence, cu homeostasis is indispensable for cell survival. biogenesis of respiratory heme-cu oxygen (hco) reductases includes inserti ...201626787831
a loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay and sample preparation procedure for sensitive detection of xanthomonas fragariae in strawberry.xanthomonas fragariae is a bacterium that causes angular leaf spot of strawberry. asymptomatic infection is common and contributes to the difficulties in disease management. the aim of this study was to develop a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) assay as an efficient method for detection of asymptomatic infections of x. fragariae. in addition, a new method of sample preparation was developed that allows sampling of a larger amount of plant tissue, hence increasing the detection rate ...201626766068
overexpression of a pathogenesis-related protein 10 enhances biotic and abiotic stress tolerance in rice.pathogenesis-related proteins play multiple roles in plant development and biotic and abiotic stress tolerance. here, we characterize a rice defense related gene named "jasmonic acid inducible pathogenesis-related class 10" (jiospr10) to gain an insight into its functional properties. semi-quantitative rt-pcr analysis showed up-regulation of jiospr10 under salt and drought stress conditions. constitutive over-expression jiospr10 in rice promoted shoot and root development in transgenic plants, h ...201627904462
transcriptomic effects of the cell cycle regulator lgo in arabidopsis sepals.endoreduplication is a specialized cell cycle in which dna replication occurs, but mitosis is skipped creating enlarged polyploid cells. endoreduplication is associated with the differentiation of many specialized cell types. in the arabidopsis thaliana sepal epidermis endoreduplicated giant cells form interspersed between smaller cells. both the transcription factor arabidopsis thaliana meristem layer1 (atml1) and the plant-specific cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor loss of giant cells from org ...201627920789
identification, characterization, and gene expression analysis of nucleotide binding site (nb)-type resistance gene homologues in switchgrass.switchgrass (panicum virgatum l.) is a warm-season perennial grass that can be used as a second generation bioenergy crop. however, foliar fungal pathogens, like switchgrass rust, have the potential to significantly reduce switchgrass biomass yield. despite its importance as a prominent bioenergy crop, a genome-wide comprehensive analysis of nb-lrr disease resistance genes has yet to be performed in switchgrass.201627821048
genomic analysis of phylotype i strain ep1 reveals substantial divergence from other strains in the ralstonia solanacearum species complex.ralstonia solanacearum species complex is a devastating group of phytopathogens with an unusually wide host range and broad geographical distribution. r. solanacearum isolates may differ considerably in various properties including host range and pathogenicity, but the underlying genetic bases remain vague. here, we conducted the genome sequencing of strain ep1 isolated from guangdong province of china, which belongs to phylotype i and is highly virulent to a range of solanaceous crops. its comp ...201627833603
inducible expression of the de-novo designed antimicrobial peptide sp1-1 in tomato confers resistance to xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria.antimicrobial peptides (amps) are small peptides with less than 50 amino acids and are part of the innate immune response in almost all organisms, including bacteria, vertebrates, invertebrates and plants. amps are active against a broad-spectrum of pathogens. the inducible expression of amps in plants is a promising approach to combat plant pathogens with minimal negative side effects, such as phytotoxicity or infertility. in this study, inducible expression of the de-novo designed amp sp1-1 in ...201627706237
plant resistance inducers against pathogens in solanaceae species-from molecular mechanisms to field application.this review provides a current summary of plant resistance inducers (pris) that have been successfully used in the solanaceae plant family to protect against pathogens by activating the plant's own defence. solanaceous species include many important crops such as potato and tomato. we also present findings regarding the molecular processes after application of pris, even if the number of such studies still remains limited in this plant family. in general, there is a lack of patterns regarding th ...201627706100
differential control efficacies of vitamin treatments against bacterial wilt and grey mould diseases in tomato plants.bacterial wilt and grey mould in tomato plants are economically destructive bacterial and fungal diseases caused by ralstonia solanacearum and botrytis cinerea, respectively. various approaches including chemical and biological controls have been attempted to arrest the tomato diseases so far. in this study, in vitro growths of bacterial r. solanacearum and fungal b. cinerea were evaluated using four different vitamins including thiamine (vitamin b1), niacin (vitamin b3), pyridoxine (vitamin b6) ...201627721697
overexpression of the eggplant (solanum melongena) nac family transcription factor smnac suppresses resistance to bacterial wilt.bacterial wilt (bw) is a serious disease that affects eggplant (solanum melongena) production. although resistance to this disease has been reported, the underlying mechanism is unknown. in this study, we identified a nac family transcription factor (smnac) from eggplant and characterized its expression, its localization at the tissue and subcellular levels, and its role in bw resistance. to this end, transgenic eggplant lines were generated in which the expression of smnac was constitutively up ...201627528282
behind the lines-actions of bacterial type iii effector proteins in plant cells.pathogenicity of most gram-negative plant-pathogenic bacteria depends on the type iii secretion (t3s) system, which translocates bacterial effector proteins into plant cells. type iii effectors modulate plant cellular pathways to the benefit of the pathogen and promote bacterial multiplication. one major virulence function of type iii effectors is the suppression of plant innate immunity, which is triggered upon recognition of pathogen-derived molecular patterns by plant receptor proteins. type ...201627526699
nudix effectors: a common weapon in the arsenal of plant pathogens. 201627513453
the plant cell wall: a complex and dynamic structure as revealed by the responses of genes under stress conditions.the plant cell wall has a diversity of functions. it provides a structural framework to support plant growth and acts as the first line of defense when the plant encounters pathogens. the cell wall must also retain some flexibility, such that when subjected to developmental, biotic, or abiotic stimuli it can be rapidly remodeled in response. genes encoding enzymes capable of synthesizing or hydrolyzing components of the plant cell wall show differential expression when subjected to different str ...201627559336
virus-induced gene silencing-based functional analyses revealed the involvement of several putative trehalose-6-phosphate synthase/phosphatase genes in disease resistance against botrytis cinerea and pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000 in tomato.trehalose and its metabolism have been demonstrated to play important roles in control of plant growth, development, and stress responses. however, direct genetic evidence supporting the functions of trehalose and its metabolism in defense response against pathogens is lacking. in the present study, genome-wide characterization of putative trehalose-related genes identified 11 sltpss for trehalose-6-phosphate synthase, 8 sltpps for trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase and one sltre1 for trehalase i ...201627540389
identification and expression profiles of six transcripts encoding carboxylesterase protein in vitis flexuosa infected with pathogens.plants protect themselves from pathogen attacks via several mechanisms, including hypersensitive cell death. recognition of pathogen attack by the plant resistance gene triggers expression of carboxylesterase genes associated with hypersensitive response. we identified six transcripts of carboxylesterase genes, vitis flexuosa carboxylesterase 5585 (vfcxe5585), vfcxe12827, vfcxe13132, vfcxe17159, vfcxe18231, and vfcxe47674, which showed different expression patterns upon transcriptome analysis of ...201627493610
modification of bacterial effector proteins inside eukaryotic host cells.pathogenic bacteria manipulate their hosts by delivering a number of virulence proteins -called effectors- directly into the plant or animal cells. recent findings have shown that such effectors can suffer covalent modifications inside the eukaryotic cells. here, we summarize the recent reports where effector modifications by the eukaryotic machinery have been described. we restrict our focus on proteins secreted by the type iii or type iv systems, excluding other bacterial toxins. we describe t ...201627489796
acetylome analysis reveals the involvement of lysine acetylation in diverse biological processes in phytophthora sojae.lysine acetylation is a dynamic and highly conserved post-translational modification that plays an important regulatory role in almost every aspects of cell metabolism in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. phytophthora sojae is one of the most important plant pathogens due to its huge economic impact. however, to date, little is known about the functions of lysine acetylation in this phytopthora. here, we conducted a lysine acetylome in p. sojae. overall, 2197 lysine acetylation sites in 1150 prot ...201627412925
erecta and bak1 receptor like kinases interact to regulate immune responses in arabidopsis.erecta (er) receptor-like kinase (rlk) regulates arabidopsis thaliana organ growth, and inflorescence and stomatal development by interacting with the erecta-family genes (erf) paralogs, er-like 1 (erl1) and erl2, and the receptor-like protein (rlp) too many mouths (tmm). er also controls immune responses and resistance to pathogens such as the bacterium pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000 (pto) and the necrotrophic fungus plectosphaerella cucumerina bmm (pcbmm). we found that er null-mutant ...201627446127
impact of a bacterial volatile 2,3-butanediol on bacillus subtilis rhizosphere robustness.volatile compounds, such as short chain alcohols, acetoin, and 2,3-butanediol, produced by certain strains of root-associated bacteria (rhizobacteria) elicit induced systemic resistance in plants. the effects of bacterial volatile compounds (bvcs) on plant and fungal growth have been extensively studied; however, the impact of bacterial bvcs on bacterial growth remains poorly understood. in this study the effects of a well-characterized bacterial volatile, 2,3-butanediol, produced by the rhizoba ...201627446033
molecular cloning of hbpr-1 gene from rubber tree, expression of hbpr-1 gene in nicotiana benthamiana and its inhibition of phytophthora palmivora.this is the first report to present a full-length cdna (designated hbpr-1) encoding a putative basic hbpr-1 protein from rubber tree (hevea brasiliensis) treated with salicylic acid. it was characterized and also expressed in nicotiana benthamiana using agrobacterium-mediated transient gene expression system in order to investigate the role of hbpr-1 gene in rubber tree against its oomycete pathogen phytopthora palmivora and to produce recombinant hbpr-1 protein for microbial inhibition test. th ...201627337148
degradation of the plant defense signal salicylic acid protects ralstonia solanacearum from toxicity and enhances virulence on tobacco.plants use the signaling molecule salicylic acid (sa) to trigger defenses against diverse pathogens, including the bacterial wilt pathogen ralstonia solanacearum sa can also inhibit microbial growth. most sequenced strains of the heterogeneous r. solanacearum species complex can degrade sa via gentisic acid to pyruvate and fumarate. r. solanacearum strain gmi1000 expresses this sa degradation pathway during tomato pathogenesis. transcriptional analysis revealed that subinhibitory sa levels induc ...201627329752
understanding the impact of drought on foliar and xylem invading bacterial pathogen stress in chickpea.in field conditions, plants are concurrently exposed to multiple stresses, where one stressor impacts the plant's response to another stressor, and the resultant net effect of these stresses differs from individual stress response. the present study investigated the effect of drought stress on interaction of chickpea with pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola (psp; foliar pathogen) and ralstonia solanacearum (rs; xylem inhabiting wilt causing pathogen), respectively, and the net-effect of combin ...201627446132
gamr, the lysr-type galactose metabolism regulator, regulates hrp gene expression via transcriptional activation of two key hrp regulators, hrpg and hrpx, in xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae.xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae is the causal agent of bacterial leaf blight of rice. for the virulence of the bacterium, the hrp genes, encoding components of the type iii secretion system, are indispensable. the expression of hrp genes is regulated by two key hrp regulators, hrpg and hrpx: hrpg regulates hrpx, and hrpx regulates other hrp genes. several other regulators have been shown to be involved in the regulation of hrp genes. here, we found that a lysr-type transcriptional regulator that w ...201627107122
directed evolution of fls2 towards novel flagellin peptide recognition.microbe-associated molecular patterns (mamps) are molecules, or domains within molecules, that are conserved across microbial taxa and can be recognized by a plant or animal immune system. although mamp receptors have evolved to recognize conserved epitopes, the mamps in some microbial species or strains have diverged sufficiently to render them unrecognizable by some host immune systems. in this study, we carried out in vitro evolution of the arabidopsis thaliana flagellin receptor flagellin-se ...201627270917
the effector awr5 from the plant pathogen ralstonia solanacearum is an inhibitor of the tor signalling pathway.bacterial pathogens possess complex type iii effector (t3e) repertoires that are translocated inside the host cells to cause disease. however, only a minor proportion of these effectors have been assigned a function. here, we show that the t3e awr5 from the phytopathogen ralstonia solanacearum is an inhibitor of tor, a central regulator in eukaryotes that controls the switch between cell growth and stress responses in response to nutrient availability. heterologous expression of awr5 in yeast ca ...201627257085
wrky transcription factors: molecular regulation and stress responses in plants.plants in their natural habitat have to face multiple stresses simultaneously. evolutionary adaptation of developmental, physiological, and biochemical parameters give advantage over a single window of stress but not multiple. on the other hand transcription factors like wrky can regulate diverse responses through a complicated network of genes. so molecular orchestration of wrkys in plant may provide the most anticipated outcome of simultaneous multiple responses. activation or repression throu ...201627375634
dna microarray and gene ontology enrichment analysis reveals that a mutation in opsx affects virulence and chemotaxis in xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae.xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (xoo) causes bacterial leaf blight (blb) in rice (oryza sativa l.). in this study, we investigated the effect of a mutation in opsx (xoo1056), which encodes a saccharide biosynthesis regulatory protein, on the virulence and bacterial chemotaxis of xoo. we performed dna microarray analysis, which showed that 63 of 2,678 genes, including genes related to bacterial motility (flagellar and chemotaxis proteins) were significantly downregulated (<-2 log2 fold changes) by ...201627298594
aba suppresses botrytis cinerea elicited no production in tomato to influence h2o2 generation and increase host susceptibility.abscisic acid (aba) production has emerged a susceptibility factor in plant-pathogen interactions. this work examined the interaction of aba with nitric oxide (no) in tomato following challenge with the aba-synthesizing pathogen, botrytis cinerea. trace gas detection using a quantum cascade laser detected no production within minutes of challenge with b. cinerea whilst photoacoustic laser detection detected ethylene production - an established mediator of defense against this pathogen - occurrin ...201627252724
overexpression of cotton ghmpk11 decreases disease resistance through the gibberellin signaling pathway in transgenic nicotiana benthamiana.many changes in development, growth, hormone activity and environmental stimuli responses are mediated by mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) cascades. however, in plants, studies on mapks have mainly focused on mpk3, mpk4 and mpk6. here, a novel group b mapk gene, ghmpk11, was isolated from cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.) and characterized. both promoter and expression pattern analyses revealed that ghmpk11 is involved in defense responses and signaling pathways. ghmpk11 overexpression in ni ...201627242882
bacterial avrrpt2-like cysteine proteases block activation of the arabidopsis mitogen-activated protein kinases, mpk4 and mpk11.to establish infection, pathogens deliver effectors into host cells to target immune signaling components, including elements of mitogen-activated protein kinase (mpk) cascades. the virulence function of avrrpt2, one of the first identified pseudomonas syringae effectors, involves cleavage of the plant defense regulator, rpm1-interacting protein4 (rin4), and interference with plant auxin signaling. we show now that avrrpt2 specifically suppresses the flagellin-induced phosphorylation of arabidop ...201627208280
hrcu and hrpp are pathogenicity factors in the fire blight pathogen erwinia amylovora required for the type iii secretion of dspa/e.many gram-negative bacterial pathogens mediate host-microbe interactions via utilization of the type iii secretion (t3s) system. the t3s system is a complex molecular machine consisting of more than 20 proteins. collectively, these proteins translocate effectors across extracellular space and into the host cytoplasm. successful translocation requires timely synthesis and allocation of both structural and secreted t3s proteins. based on amino acid conservation in animal pathogenic bacteria, hrcu ...201627206522
direct and indirect targeting of pp2a by conserved bacterial type-iii effector proteins.bacterial avre-family type-iii effector proteins (t3es) contribute significantly to the virulence of plant-pathogenic species of pseudomonas, pantoea, ralstonia, erwinia, dickeya and pectobacterium, with hosts ranging from monocots to dicots. however, the mode of action of avre-family t3es remains enigmatic, due in large part to their toxicity when expressed in plant or yeast cells. to search for targets of wtse, an avre-family t3e from the maize pathogen pantoea stewartii subsp. stewartii, we e ...201627191168
the n-end rule pathway regulates pathogen responses in plants.to efficiently counteract pathogens, plants rely on a complex set of immune responses that are tightly regulated to allow the timely activation, appropriate duration and adequate amplitude of defense programs. the coordination of the plant immune response is known to require the activity of the ubiquitin/proteasome system, which controls the stability of proteins in eukaryotes. here, we demonstrate that the n-end rule pathway, a subset of the ubiquitin/proteasome system, regulates the defense ag ...201627173012
enhanced rice blast resistance by crispr/cas9-targeted mutagenesis of the erf transcription factor gene oserf922.rice blast is one of the most destructive diseases affecting rice worldwide. the adoption of host resistance has proven to be the most economical and effective approach to control rice blast. in recent years, sequence-specific nucleases (ssns) have been demonstrated to be powerful tools for the improvement of crops via gene-specific genome editing, and crispr/cas9 is thought to be the most effective ssn. here, we report the improvement of rice blast resistance by engineering a crispr/cas9 ssn (c ...201627116122
ralstonia solanacearum type iii effector ripay is a glutathione-degrading enzyme that is activated by plant cytosolic thioredoxins and suppresses plant immunity.the plant pathogen ralstonia solanacearum uses a large repertoire of type iii effector proteins to succeed in infection. to clarify the function of effector proteins in host eukaryote cells, we expressed effectors in yeast cells and identified seven effector proteins that interfere with yeast growth. one of the effector proteins, ripay, was found to share homology with the chac family proteins that function as γ-glutamyl cyclotransferases, which degrade glutathione (gsh), a tripeptide that plays ...201627073091
reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide control early steps of the legume - rhizobium symbiotic interaction.the symbiotic interaction between legumes and nitrogen-fixing rhizobium bacteria leads to the formation of a new organ, the nodule. early steps of the interaction are characterized by the production of bacterial nod factors, the reorientation of root-hair tip growth, the formation of an infection thread (it) in the root hair, and the induction of cell division in inner cortical cells of the root, leading to a nodule primordium formation. reactive oxygen species (ros) and nitric oxide (no) have b ...201627092165
dynamic protein acetylation in plant-pathogen interactions.pathogen infection triggers complex molecular perturbations within host cells that results in either resistance or susceptibility. protein acetylation is an emerging biochemical modification that appears to play central roles during host-pathogen interactions. to date, research in this area has focused on two main themes linking protein acetylation to plant immune signaling. firstly, it has been established that proper gene expression during defense responses requires modulation of histone acety ...201627066055
identification and functional analysis of secreted effectors from phytoparasitic nematodes.plant parasitic nematodes develop an intimate and long-term feeding relationship with their host plants. they induce a multi-nucleate feeding site close to the vascular bundle in the roots of their host plant and remain sessile for the rest of their life. nematode secretions, produced in the oesophageal glands and secreted through a hollow stylet into the host plant cytoplasm, are believed to play key role in pathogenesis. to combat these persistent pathogens, the identity and functional analysi ...201627001199
comparative analysis of plant immune receptor architectures uncovers host proteins likely targeted by pathogens.plants deploy immune receptors to detect pathogen-derived molecules and initiate defense responses. intracellular plant immune receptors called nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (nlr) proteins contain a central nucleotide-binding (nb) domain followed by a series of leucine-rich repeats (lrrs), and are key initiators of plant defense responses. however, recent studies demonstrated that nlrs with non-canonical domain architectures play an important role in plant immunity. these composite immu ...201626891798
fusarium culmorum affects expression of biofilm formation key genes in bacillus subtilis.it is known that there is correlation between biofilm formation and antagonistic activities of bacillus subtilis strains; but, the mechanism of this correlation is not clear. so, the effect of the plant pathogen (fusarium culmorum) on the biofilm formation in a b. subtilis strain with high antagonistic and biofilm formation activities was studied. the expression of sinr and tasa genes involved in the biofilm formation was studied in both single culture of bacterium (b) and co-culture with f. cul ...201626887226
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