Publications

body burdens of polybrominated diphenyl ethers among urban anglers.	polybrominated diphenyl ethers (pbdes) have been widely used in the united states and worldwide as flame retardants. recent pbde production figures show that worldwide use has increased. to determine whether fish consumption is a source of pbde exposure for humans, a cross-sectional epidemiologic study of new york and new jersey urban anglers was conducted during the summers of 2001-2003. frequency of local fish consumption was assessed by questionnaire, and blood samples for pbde analysis were ...	2005	16330348
abuses endangered veterans in cancer drug experiments.		2005	15709260
population genetics of the diamondback terrapin (malaclemys terrapin).	we examined the population genetic structure of the diamondback terrapins (malaclemys terrapin), within and among estuaries. based on mark-recapture studies, these estuarine turtles have high site fidelity that is likely to make them vulnerable to local extinctions. we tested if observed site fidelity of adults would be reflected in intraestuarine population genetic structure of six highly polymorphic microsatellite loci (five tetranucleotide and one dinucleotide). no evidence was found for popu ...	2005	15723664
predictive spatial dynamics and strategic planning for raccoon rabies emergence in ohio.	rabies is an important public health concern in north america because of recent epidemics of a rabies virus variant associated with raccoons. the costs associated with surveillance, diagnostic testing, and post-exposure treatment of humans exposed to rabies have fostered coordinated efforts to control rabies spread by distributing an oral rabies vaccine to wild raccoons. authorities have tried to contain westward expansion of the epidemic front of raccoon-associated rabies via a vaccine corridor ...	2005	15737065
a comparison of hiv seropositive and seronegative young adult heroin- and cocaine-using men who have sex with men in new york city, 2000-2003.	the purpose of this analysis was to determine the prevalence and correlates of hiv infection among a street-recruited sample of heroin- and cocaine-using men who have sex with men (msm). injection (injecting <or=3 years) and non-injection drug users (heroin, crack, and/or cocaine use <10 years) between 18 and 40 years of age were simultaneously street-recruited into two cohort studies in new york city, 2000-2003, by using identical recruitment techniques. baseline data collected among young adul ...	2005	15738320
mass transit infrastructure and urban health.	mass transit is a critical infrastructure of urban environments worldwide. the public uses it extensively, with roughly 9 billion mass transit trips occurring annually in the united states alone according to the u.s. department of transportation data. its benefits per traveler include lower emissions of air pollutants and energy usage and high speeds and safety records relative to many other common modes of transportation that contribute to human health and safety. however, mass transit is vulne ...	2005	15738338
assessing environmental attitudes and concerns about a contaminated site in a densely populated suburban environment.	considerable attention has been devoted to the concerns and perceptions of people residing around contaminated facilities, both brownfields in urban areas and others located in remote and lightly populated areas. this paper examines the concerns of recreationists and sportsmen residing near the department of energy's (doe) brookhaven national laboratory, in central long island, one of the most densely populated regions in the united states, where tourism is of prime importance. on an open-ended ...	2005	15739267
an evaluation of a medical outreach program targeting unstably housed hiv-infected individuals.	the objective of this study was to evaluate a medical outreach program that targets unstably housed human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected individuals. one hundred sixty-one cross-sectional interviews were conducted prior to and after establishing a medical outreach program in single room occupancy hotels. participants' mean age was 42 years; 58% were men, 95% minority, and 59% active substance users. the postintervention group was more likely to have a regular health care provider (p = 0.0 ...	2005	15741714
[new study on the history of anesthesiology--(11) three japanese doctors who observed william tg morton's ether anesthesia at the gross clinic in 1860].	in january of 1860 the tokugawa shogunate dispatched a group of japanese mission headed by masaoki niimi, the first ambassador, to washington d.c. to exchange ratification of japan-united states treaty of commerce and amity. on may 22nd the ratification was approved. they left washington d.c. to move to baltimore and philadelphia to visit various sites and institutions. the niagara sailed from new york with the japanese mission on board on june 30th. in philadelphia three japanese medical doctor ...	2005	15747522
babesia microti, upstate new york.	five cases of human babesiosis were reported in the lower hudson valley region of new york state in 2001. an investigation to determine if babesia microti was present in local ixodes scapularis ticks yielded 5 positive pools in 123 pools tested, the first detection of b. microti from field-collected i. scapularis in upstate new york.	2005	15757571
the milk of human kindness: environmental and human interactions in a wic clinic that influence infant-feeding decisions of black women.	in this ethnographic study, the author explores the context of black women's infant-feeding decisions in an urban wic clinic. data were obtained from 319 people (130 black women enrolled in wic [bwew], 189 relatives and friends) with close follow-up of 11 primiparous key informants during pregnancy and the first year postpartum. the major findings include (a) the wic clinic environment set a positive tone for service, (b) wic employees treated the women with caring and respect, (c) bwew believed ...	2005	15761096
factors associated with interest in initiating treatment for hepatitis c virus (hcv) infection among young hcv-infected injection drug users.	we sought to identify factors associated with interest in receiving therapy for hepatitis c virus (hcv) infection among hcv-infected injection drug users (idus) in 3 united states cities.	2005	15768339
human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and cancer: past, present, and future.		2005	15769998
insurance coverage, usual source of care, and receipt of clinically indicated care for comorbid conditions among adults living with human immunodeficiency virus.	associations of insurance coverage and source of care with use of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-related health, mental health, and substance abuse services are examined in a large, diverse, highly active antiretroviral therapy-era cohort.	2005	15778643
an appointment with god: aids, place, and spirituality.	this article describes how an african american gay man living with aids used his spiritual, religious, and cultural strengths to resist internalized dislocation because of heterosexism and homophobia. he was able to experience a relocation of god from places that rejected him to places that were conducive to his healing. by using these strengths, he was able to reject his physician's prediction of death and to call on god in response to an end-stage aids crisis. the development of spiritual agen ...	2005	15795803
effects of subchronic exposures to concentrated ambient particles (caps) in mice. viii. source-related daily variations in in vitro responses to caps.	the nyu pm center subchronic animal inhalation study addressed the issues of composition and sources of ambient fine particulate matter (pm2.5), as well as the relationship of these pm2.5 characteristics to the cellular response of human bronchial epithelial cells. in this simultaneous study, we used an in vitro exposure technique to compare the daily variations of the responses of cells to fine concentrated ambient particles (caps) collected from a rural area upwind of new york city for the per ...	2005	15804942
a model of underlying socioeconomic vulnerability in human populations: evidence from variability in population health and implications for public health.	drawing from insights into the variability of complex biologic systems we propose that the health of human populations reflects the interrelationship between underlying vulnerabilities (determined by population-level social and economic factors; e.g., income distribution) and capacities (determined by population-level salutary resources, e.g., social capital) and how populations, shaped by these vulnerabilities and capacities, respond to intermittent stressors (e.g., economic downturns) and prot ...	2005	15814168
risk of infection with cryptosporidium parvum and cryptosporidium hominis in dairy cattle in the new york city watershed.	to determine the risk posed by cryptosporidium parvum and cryptosporidium hominis from dairy cattle in the new york city watershed (nycw).	2005	15822584
new york city case of multidrug-resistant, rapid aids progression baffling. health officials continue investigation.	a middle-aged hiv-infected man could prove to be a rare exception to the general course of the aids epidemic. public officials hope the man's highly resistant strain of hiv, which has quickly progressed to aids, will not become the feared plague it proved to be 20 years ago.	2005	15841524
congenital malaria--nassau county, new york, 2004.	human malaria is a parasitic disease caused by four distinct species of intraerythrocytic protozoa of the genus plasmodium. the parasites are transmitted to persons by the bite of an infective female anopheles mosquito and rarely through blood transfusion and congenital transmission. the majority of malarial infections reported in the united states are acquired abroad by recent immigrants or persons returning from areas where malaria is endemic. this report describes the first documented case of ...	2005	15843787
possible hiv "super-strain" in new york city; new human t-lymphotropic viruses identified in africa.		2005	15844234
the largely untold story of welfare reform and the human services.	welfare reform has placed the lives of clients, the jobs of social workers, and the mission of agencies in jeopardy. based on interviews with senior staff at 107 nonprofit human services agencies, this article documents the largely untold story of how nonprofit agencies' workers responded to the impact of welfare reform on their clients, their jobs, and the delivery of services. workers reported less time for social services because of welfare-related regulations, penalties, work mandates, crise ...	2005	15853194
an ergonomic intervention to reduce back strain among apple harvest workers in new york state.	the impact of modifications to the apple picking bucket on common picking postures, self-reported comfort, ease of use, and speed of harvest were measured. fourteen apple pickers wore an intervention hip belt, were interviewed and measured using posture-activities-tools-handling methodology. the use of hip belt did not significantly alter time spent in various postures. 78.6% of interviewed workers preferred the modified bag, 71.4% noted a difference in the back, neck, or shoulder, while 64.3% s ...	2005	15854576
residential environmental exposures and other characteristics associated with detectable pah-dna adducts in peripheral mononuclear cells in a population-based sample of adult females.	the detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (pah)-dna adducts in human lymphocytes may be useful as a surrogate end point for individual cancer risk prediction. in this study, we examined the relationship between environmental sources of residential pah, as well as other potential factors that may confound their association with cancer risk, and the detection of pah-dna adducts in a large population-based sample of adult women. adult female residents of long island, new york, aged at least ...	2005	15856074
respiratory syncytial virus infection in elderly and high-risk adults.	respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is an increasingly recognized cause of illness in adults. data on the epidemiology and clinical effects in community-dwelling elderly persons and high-risk adults can help in assessing the need for vaccine development.	2005	15858184
increasing breastfeeding rates in new york city, 1980-2000.	our objective was to determine temporal patterns of breastfeeding among women delivering infants in new york city (nyc) and compare national breastfeeding trends. all hospitals in nyc with obstetric units were contacted in may and june 2000 to provide information on the method of infant feeding during the mother's admission for delivery. feeding was categorized as "exclusive breastfeeding," "breast and formula," or "exclusive formula." the first two categories were further grouped into "any brea ...	2005	15872189
detection and characterization of new influenza b virus variants in 2002.	one-hundred five influenza b-positive specimens obtained from southeast asia in 2002 were categorized on the basis of dna sequencing of ha1 gene as well as real-time pcr analysis of the na gene. phylogenetic analysis of the ha1 gene sequences showed that the majority of the viruses (96.2%) belonged to the b/victoria/2/87 lineage, while a smaller percentage of the viruses (3.8%) belonged to the b/yamagata/16/88 lineage. the b/yamagata/16/88 viruses displayed significant antigenic drift in the ded ...	2005	15872264
growing number of drug resistant strains dominates at retroviruses conference. drug resistance is an 800-pound gorilla.	the new york city man who recently was infected with multidrug resistant hiv and progressed rapidly to aids continues to fascinate and worry hiv clinicians, researchers, and public health officials. while officials debate the wisdom of widely publicizing this case, they agree that it brings into focus the need for continued prevention messages and surveillance of new infections.	2005	15912613
prevalence and genotypes of giardia duodenalis in post-weaned dairy calves.	to determine the prevalence of giardia genotypes in post-weaned dairy calves, fecal specimens were collected from 3 to 11-month-old dairy calves per farm on two farms in vermont, new york, pennsylvania, maryland, virginia, north carolina, and florida. specimens cleaned of fecal debris and concentrated using cscl density gradient centrifugation were stained and examined by immunofluorescence microscopy and also subjected to pcr and dna sequence analysis. overall, pcr provided more sensitive detec ...	2005	15925721
molecular characterization of potentially zoonotic isolates of giardia duodenalis in horses.	giardia isolates from eight horses from new york state (ny), usa and two horses from western australia (wa) were genetically characterized at the ssu-rdna and triose-phosphate isomerase (tpi) genes. phylogenetic analysis of the tpi gene provided strong support for the placement of both isolates of giardia from horses in wa and a single isolate from a horse in ny within the assemblage ai genotype of g. duodenalis. another two isolates from horses in ny placed within the assemblage aii genotype of ...	2005	15925726
relapse and acquired rifampin resistance in hiv-infected patients with tuberculosis treated with rifampin- or rifabutin-based regimens in new york city, 1997-2000.	the relationship between rifamycin use and either relapse or treatment failure with acquired rifampin resistance (arr) among human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected patients with tuberculosis (tb) is not well understood.	2005	15937767
folate-related genes and omphalocele.	women who take folic acid in the periconceptional period greatly reduce their chances of having a child with a neural tube defect (ntd). using multivitamins may also reduce the risk of having a child with an omphalocele. in this study, we tested single nucleotide polymorphisms in folate-related enzyme genes for association with omphalocele. polymorphisms in methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (mthfr), methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (mthfd1), the reduced folate carrier (slc19a1), and tra ...	2005	15937947
clinical and radiographic correlates of primary and reactivation tuberculosis: a molecular epidemiology study.	the traditional teaching that pulmonary tuberculosis characterized by lymphadenopathy, effusions, and lower or mid lung zone infiltrates on chest radiography represents "primary" disease from recently acquired infection, whereas upper lobe infiltrates and cavities represent secondary or reactivation disease acquired in the more distant past, is not based on well-established clinical evidence. furthermore, it is not known whether the atypical radiograph common in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv ...	2005	15941803
ethics of aids drug trials on foster children questioned.		2005	15948313
patient choice in clinical trials.		2005	15954216
a case exercise in public health preparedness: a community outbreak of influenza-like illness.	public health emergency preparedness has been a priority of local and state health departments as well as other community partners for several years. this article provides a tool for teaching a wide audience of learners the essential steps in training for a disease outbreak. this teaching case involves an investigation of and the community's response to an outbreak of influenza-like illness. students learn skills in surveillance and hypothesis generation with regard to the outbreak. during the e ...	2005	15958929
disability life insurance benefits denied hiv-positive man.		2005	15966068
news media coverage of a women's health contraversy: how newspapers and tv outlets covered a recent debate over screening mammography.	over the past decade, there have been several highly visible debates about mammography that have captured professional, public and media attention. this paper looks at newspaper and television news coverage of a controversial research letter in the lancet by gøtzsche and olsen (2001) that concluded that screening mammography did not prevent deaths from breast cancer. the news pieces examined for this project were published between october 2001 and march 2002 in one of eight u.s. newspapers or ai ...	2005	15970577
transmission trends for human immunodeficiency virus associated tuberculosis in new york city.	since 1992, tuberculosis (tb) control measures have reduced incidence rates in new york city and elsewhere. nevertheless, trends have not been uniform in all demographic groups.	2005	15971394
human tuberculosis caused by mycobacterium bovis--new york city, 2001-2004.	in march 2004, a u.s.-born boy aged 15 months in new york city (nyc) died of peritoneal tuberculosis (tb) caused by mycobacterium bovis infection. m. bovis, a bacterial species of the m. tuberculosis complex, is a pathogen that primarily infects cattle. however, humans also can become infected, most commonly through consumption of unpasteurized milk products from infected cows. in industrialized nations, human tb caused by m. bovis is rare because of milk pasteurization and culling of infected c ...	2005	15973241
the role of "envisioning the future" in the development of resilience among at-risk youth.	the objective was to explore the process by which adolescents develop resilience and change their risk behaviors despite multiple stressors in their environment. the design was exploratory using grounded theory to understand the process from the teens' perspectives. semistructured interviews were conducted with 32 individuals-28 adolescents (age range 16-21 years) and 4 adults (age range 32 and 72)-on two occasions. the participants used the basic social process "envisioning the future" to becom ...	2005	15982193
transforming the meaning of hiv/aids in recovery from substance use: a qualitative study of hiv-positive women in new york.	recovery from substance use is a vital concern for many women with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids). this qualitative study explores the meaning of women's hiv infection for their transition from drug use to recovery. interviews were conducted with 15 female clients of a drug treatment program and aids nursing home in new york city. for most participants, hiv did not constitute the main reason for starting their recovery. the dual diagnosis program, h ...	2005	16019998
prevalence and predictors of residential health hazards: a pilot study.	this article reports the results of a pilot study designed to ascertain the prevalence of lead-based paint (lbp), vermin, mold, and safety conditions and hazards and to validate observations and self-reports against environmental sampling data. data are based on a convenience sample of 70 dwellings in a low-income, urban neighborhood in brooklyn, new york. the vast majority of residences (96%) contained multiple conditions and/or hazards: lbp hazards (80%), vermin (79%), elevated levels of airbo ...	2005	16020089
the importance of agricultural tire habitats for mosquitoes of public health importance in new york state.	the presence of mosquito species breeding in agricultural "bunker tires" on dairy farms in new york state was evaluated. twelve species of mosquitoes (aedes vexans, anopheles barberi, an. punctipenriis, an. perplexens, culex pipiens pipiens, cx. restuans, cx. salinarius, cx. territans, toxorhynchites rutilus septentrionalis, ochlerotatus atropalpus, oc. japonicus japonicus, and oc. triseriatus) were collected from 8 new york state dairy farms in 2001 and from 17 dairy farms in 2002. all but 2 of ...	2005	16033118
epidemiological evidence of an early wave of the 1918 influenza pandemic in new york city.	the 1918 "spanish flu" was the fastest spreading and most deadly influenza pandemic in recorded history. hypotheses of its origin have been based on a limited collection of case and outbreak reports from before its recognized european emergence in the summer of 1918. these anecdotal accounts, however, remain insufficient for determining the early diffusion and impact of the pandemic virus. using routinely collected monthly age-stratified mortality data, we show that an unmistakable shift in the ...	2005	16046546
polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls in human adipose tissue from new york.	human adipose tissue samples (n=52) collected in new york city during 2003-2004 were analyzed for the presence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (pbdes) and polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs). concentrations of pbdes in adipose tissues ranged from 17 to 9630 ng/g, lipid wt (median: 77; mean: 399 ng/g, lipid wt; sum all di- through hexabde congeners). average pbde concentrations in human adipose tissues from new york city were 10- to 100-times greater than those reported for european countries. a c ...	2005	16082945
distribution of cryptosporidium genotypes in storm event water samples from three watersheds in new york.	to assess the source and public health significance of cryptosporidium oocyst contamination in storm runoff, a pcr-restriction fragment length polymorphism technique based on the small-subunit rrna gene was used in the analysis of 94 storm water samples collected from the malcolm brook and n5 stream basins in new york over a 3-year period. the distribution of cryptosporidium in this study was compared with the data obtained from 27 storm water samples from the ashokan brook in a previous study. ...	2005	16085835
barriers and facilitators to primary care or human immunodeficiency virus clinics providing methadone or buprenorphine for the management of opioid dependence.	federal initiatives aim to increase office-based treatment of opioid dependence, but, to our knowledge, factors associated with willingness to deliver this care have not been defined. the objective of this study was to describe clinics' willingness to provide methadone hydrochloride or buprenorphine hydrochloride for opioid dependence.	2005	16087826
atypical reactions associated with heroin use--five states, january-april 2005.	heroin use typically produces a well-recognized syndrome of euphoria, miosis, and respiratory and central nervous system depression; cardiovascular effects are not a common finding. in january 2005, a man aged 21 years in new jersey was hospitalized with an atypical reaction (e.g., tachycardia and palpitations) after reported heroin use. during the next 3 months, 25 additional persons in five states were reported to poison control centers (pccs) and local public health agencies with a similar re ...	2005	16107783
attitudes about genetics in underserved, culturally diverse populations.	new medical discoveries regarding genetic susceptibility to common chronic diseases, and the decoding of the human genome have increased public attention to genetics. what information is understood and what attitudes exist towards genetics and genetic research have not been well examined in underserved, culturally diverse communities.	2005	16113533
using project management methodology to plan and track inpatient care.	background: effective care of each patient throughout a hospital admission involves executing a specific set of tasks to produce a favorable outcome within an appropriate time frame. the projectrounds methodology, which can be implemented using widely available software, incorporates the principles of project management in planning and control hospital inpatient care. it consists of four stages--clinical assessment, planning, scheduling, and tracking. overview of projectrounds and example: as an ...	2005	16156194
increased salinization of fresh water in the northeastern united states.	chloride concentrations are increasing at a rate that threatens the availability of fresh water in the northeastern united states. increases in roadways and deicer use are now salinizing fresh waters, degrading habitat for aquatic organisms, and impacting large supplies of drinking water for humans throughout the region. we observed chloride concentrations of up to 25% of the concentration of seawater in streams of maryland, new york, and new hampshire during winters, and chloride concentrations ...	2005	16157871
exposure. hiv-positive man gets 13-year sentence for biting.		2005	16161210
from hotel to home.	in the heart of manhattan, the common ground organisation helps the city's low paid and homeless to find health care and work. man of these people have complex needs, including mental health and drug and alcohol problems.	2005	16161509
enterocytozoon bieneusi genotypes in dairy cattle in the eastern united states.	fecal specimens were obtained from 12-24-month-old dairy heifers on farms in vermont, new york, pennsylvania, maryland, virginia, north carolina, and florida. pcr positive specimens for enterocytozoon bieneusi were found in 131 of 571 heifers examined (23%) and on all the farms visited. the prevalence of e. bieneusi varied considerably across farms, with the lowest prevalence (4.7%) on md-2 and the highest prevalence (37.8%) on ny-2. all pcr positive specimens that amplified the its region as we ...	2005	16167161
dermatologic surgical research and the institutional review board.	dermatologic surgical techniques have transformed cosmetic surgery over the last two decades. many of the advances in cutaneous laser surgery, botulinum toxin injections, tumescent liposuction, and the latest filler agents have been evaluated on willing volunteers as part of organized trials under the auspices of an institutional review board (irb).	2005	16188186
rabies virus infection in a pet guinea pig and seven pet rabbits.	raccoon-variant rabies was confirmed in 7 pet rabbits and 1 pet guinea pig in new york state, and postexposure treatment was required in several adults and children. to prevent rabies virus infection, domestic rabbits and pet rodents should be protected from contact with wild animals, including double-cage housing when housed outside. pet rabbits or rodents with any possible contact with a wild animal, particularly if the rabbit or rodent had wounds of unknown origin, should be quarantined for 6 ...	2005	16190592
housing. eviction of blind, hiv-positive man to be reviewed.		2005	16193541
reaching out to boys at bars: utilizing community partnerships to employ a wellness strategy for syphilis control among men who have sex with men in new york city.	to explore the impact of a holistic approach for syphilis control to improve the sexual health and well-being of men who have sex with men (msm).	2005	16205296
large-scale sequencing of human influenza reveals the dynamic nature of viral genome evolution.	influenza viruses are remarkably adept at surviving in the human population over a long timescale. the human influenza a virus continues to thrive even among populations with widespread access to vaccines, and continues to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality. the virus mutates from year to year, making the existing vaccines ineffective on a regular basis, and requiring that new strains be chosen for a new vaccine. less-frequent major changes, known as antigenic shift, create new strains ...	2005	16208317
human bites and blood exposures in new york city schools.	the epidemiology of human bites and blood exposures in urban schools has not been described. the authors reviewed 734 human bite and blood exposure incidents in new york city schools from september 1999 to june 2001. school site, age, gender, body site, temporal distributions, and underlying health status of individuals were reviewed. nine incidents involved children known or suspected to be hiv-infected. medical interventions included ems involvement, emergency room treatment, hospitalization, ...	2005	16211194
use of complementary and alternative medicine by parents of children with hiv infection and asthma and well children.	although the use of complementary and alternative medicine (cam) in children is increasing, little is known about its use in children with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection. this study investigated the use of cam by parents of children with hiv infection (h), children with asthma (a), and well children (w). our hypothesis was that parents of the h group are more likely to use cam than parents of the w or a group because of the nature and severity of the illness.	2005	16217978
polycyclic musk compounds in higher trophic level aquatic organisms and humans from the united states.	polycyclic musks, 1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-4,6,6,7,8,8-hexamethylcyclopenta[g]-2-benzopyran (hhcb) and 7-acetyl-1,1,3,4,4,6-hexamethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene (ahtn), are used as fragrance ingredients in numerous consumer products such as cleaning agents and personal care products. studies have reported the widespread occurrence of these musks in surface waters and fish from western european countries. nevertheless, little is known about their accumulation in humans and wildlife in the united ...	2005	16219504
effects of dopamine d2 receptor (drd2) and transporter (slc6a3) polymorphisms on smoking cue-induced cigarette craving among african-american smokers.	cue-induced craving for addictive substances has long been known to contribute to the problem of persistent addiction in humans. research in animals over the past decade has solidly established the central role of dopamine in cue-induced craving for addictive substances, including nicotine. analogous studies in humans, however, are lacking, especially among african-american smokers, who have lower quit rates than caucasian smokers. based on the animal literature, the study's objective was to tes ...	2005	15381926
predictors of organochlorines in new york city pregnant women, 1998-2001.	organochlorine compounds (ocs) have been found widely in human tissues. however, levels have been rapidly declining since their virtual ban in the 1970s. we measured 1,1'-dichloro-2,2'-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethylene (dde), polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs), and trans-nonachlor (tn) in 194 pregnant women in new york city and examined demographic and dietary predictors of their levels in serum. serum oc levels were low (median microg/l: 0.64 dde, 0.79 pcb); tn was largely below the level of detection ...	2005	15533333
profiles of ortho-polychlorinated biphenyl congeners, dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene, hexachlorobenzene, and mirex among male lake ontario sportfish consumers: the new york state angler cohort study.	great lakes sportfish consumption is a recognized human exposure source to environmental organochlorine compounds. using data collected as part of the new york state angler cohort study, 203 males were considered with regard to history of lake ontario sportfish consumption and sera levels of 57 ortho-substituted polychlorinated biphenyl (pcb) congeners, dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene, hexachlorobenzene, and mirex. consumption of six species of highly contaminated lake ontario sportfish during ...	2005	15533334
a single nucleotide a>g polymorphism at position -670 in the fas gene promoter: relationship to preterm premature rupture of fetal membranes in multifetal pregnancies.	the relationship between a polymorphism at position -670 in the fas gene (tnfrsf6) and preterm premature rupture of membranes (pprom) in multifetal pregnancies was examined.	2005	15672026
posttraumatic stress disorder in the general population after mass terrorist incidents: considerations about the nature of exposure.	epidemiologically, disasters represent multiple forms of possible exposures, including exposure type (eg, natural versus human-made), intensity, and duration. it has been suggested that the consequences of human-made disasters (eg, terrorist incidents) may be more severe than those of natural disasters; recent evidence suggests that there may be a high prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (ptsd) among both direct survivors of such attacks and in the general population. several studies aft ...	2005	15685121
low prevalence of listeria monocytogenes in human stool.	listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne pathogen that is found widely in the environment and in a variety of ready-to-eat foods, yet human invasive infection is relatively rare (five cases per million people annually in the united states). despite wide exposure to this organism, little is known about the prevalence of l. monocytogenes in human stool, and it is not known whether human fecal dispersal contributes to human foodborne transmission. we cultured 827 stool specimens (well formed and loose ...	2005	15690823
rabies postexposure prophylaxis, new york, 1995-2000.	the epidemiology of human rabies postexposure prophylaxis (pep) in 4 upstate new york counties was described from data obtained from 2,216 incidences of pep recorded by local health departments from 1995 to 2000. overall annual incidence for the study period was 27 cases per 100,000 persons. mean annual pep incidence rates were highest in rural counties and during the summer months. pep incidence was highest among patients 5-9 and 30-34 years of age. bites accounted for most pep (51%) and were p ...	2005	16485480
an ethnographic study of nursing home culture to define organizational realities of culture change.	the current system of delivery of nursing home care is costly both in dollars and in human terms. culture change may provide solutions to both issues. culture change has a different meaning for different organizations depending on where they are in the continuum of change. detailed observation of staff members "in action" in three long-term care facilities over a period of several months was supplemented by formal and informal interviews of organization members to gain an understanding of the cu ...	2005	16521671
analysis of environmental effects of the use of stabilized dredged material from new york/new jersey harbor, usa, for construction of roadway embankments.	since the 1997 local ban on ocean dumping of dredged sediments, the state of new jersey has pursued a policy of environmentally sound solutions to the controversial problem of dredged material management, including beneficial use of dredged material stabilized with pozzolanic additives (sdm). a pilot study was initiated in 1998 to evaluate the use of sdm in the construction of highway embankments. using 80,000 cubic yards of silty dredged material, 2 embankments were constructed from sdm on a co ...	2005	16639902
pcb exposure and in vivo cyp1a2 activity among native americans.	cytochrome p-450 1a2 (cyp1a2) is an enzyme involved in the metabolic activation of some carcinogens and is believed to be induced by xenobiotics. very few studies, however, have investigated the association between environmental exposures and in vivo cyp1a2 activity in humans. to address this issue, a study was conducted of cyp1a2 activity among native americans exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs) from the consumption of fish from the st. lawrence river. at the mohawk nation at akwesasne ...	2005	15743714
risk of congenital malformations associated with proximity to hazardous waste sites.	concern about environmental pollutants has increased; however, it remains unclear whether chronic exposures to toxic chemicals in the environment occur at doses sufficient to produce adverse health effects in humans. to date, community studies have not adequately addressed this question. in this study, the authors linked two existing data bases of the new york state department of health to evaluate the relation between congenital malformations and residential proximity to hazardous waste sites i ...	2005	1626538
human heredity and politics: a comparative institutional study of the eugenics record office at cold spring harbor (united states), the kaiser wilhelm institute for anthropology, human heredity, and eugenics (germany), and the maxim gorky medical genetics institute (ussr).	despite the fact that much has been written in recent years about the science of heredity under the third reich, there is as yet no satisfying analysis of two central questions: what, if anything, was peculiarly "nazi" about human genetics under national socialism? how, under whatever set of causes, did at least some of germany's most well-known and leading biomedical practioners become engaged in entgrenzte wissenschaft (science without moral boundaries)? this paper attempts to provide some ans ...	2005	20503765
west nile virus and north america: an unfolding story.	before the introduction of the west nile virus (wnv) into the united states of america (usa) in 1999, conditions in north america were ideal for an arboviral epidemic. such factors as the large, susceptible and non-immune animal and human populations, the presence of competent vectors, increasing international travel and commerce, existing methods for rapid dissemination and an ill-prepared animal and public health infrastructure all combined to create the essential elements for a severe animal ...	2004	15702719
asthma education: the adolescent experience.	recent studies show that prevalence of asthma is higher among adolescents than children. adolescents have poor asthma self-management skills resulting in a significant increase in the severity of asthma exacerbations and a reduction in their quality of life. despite this, few self-management programs have been developed for adolescents. adolescents experience developmental transitions that both hinder and facilitate asthma self-management. in this paper we discuss developmental transitions in co ...	2004	15582346
sex differences in morbidity and mortality among children with perinatally acquired human immunodeficiency virus infection in new york city.		2004	15583107
polymorphism in the dna repair gene xpd, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-dna adducts, cigarette smoking, and breast cancer risk.	dna repair is essential to an individual's ability to respond to damage caused by environmental carcinogens. alterations in dna repair genes may affect cancer risk by influencing individual susceptibility to environmental exposures. xpd, a gene involved in nucleotide excision repair, may influence individual dna repair capacity particularly of bulky adducts. using a population-based breast cancer case-control study that was specifically conducted to examine markers of environmental exposures, su ...	2004	15598760
detection of ehrlichia chaffeensis in adult and nymphal amblyomma americanum (acari: ixodidae) ticks from long island, new york.	the lone star tick, amblyomma americanum (l.), has increased in abundance in several regions of the northeastern united states, including areas of long island, ny. adult and nymphal stage a. americanum collected from several sites on long island were evaluated for infection with ehrlichia chaffeensis, the causative agent of human monocytic ehrlichiosis (hme), by using a nested polymerase chain reaction assay. fifty-nine (12.5%) of 473 adults and eight of 113 pools of five nymphs each (estimated ...	2004	15605650
redefinition of the human kappa opioid receptor gene (oprk1) structure and association of haplotypes with opiate addiction.	the kappa opioid receptor (kor) plays a role in stress responsivity, opiate withdrawal and responses to cocaine. kor activation by its endogenous ligand dynorphin a(1-17) decreases basal and drug-induced striatal levels of dopamine. the complete structure of the human kor gene (hoprk1) has not been previously determined. this study: (i) characterized the genomic structure of the hoprk1 gene; (ii) identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) in the hoprk1 gene; and (iii) investigated possibl ...	2004	15608558
rabies surveillance in the united states during 2003.	during 2003, 49 states and puerto rico reported 7,170 cases of rabies in nonhuman animals and 3 cases in human beings to the cdc. this represents a 10% decrease from the 7,967 cases in nonhuman animals and 3 cases in human beings reported in 2002. more than 91 (n = 6,556) were in wild animals, and 8.6% (614) were in domestic species (compared with 92.5% in wild animals and 74% in domestic species in 2002). the relative contributions of the major groups of animals were as follows: 2,635 raccoons ...	2004	15643834
interview with marcelle c. layton, md assistant commissioner, bureau of communicable disease new york city department of health and mental hygiene. interview by madeline drexler.		2004	15650434
the effects of the september 11 world trade center attack on a man with a preexisting mental illness.	research has demonstrated an association between direct exposure to traumatic events and the exacerbation of mental illness. this report describes the case of a man who had a preexisting mental illness with psychotic symptoms and no history of psychiatric hospitalization who was evacuated from the world trade center area after the terrorist attack of september 11, 2001. he did not receive any intensive, specialized treatment during the ensuing months as his mental state deteriorated, and he even ...	2004	15534025
west nile virus activity--united states, november 9-16, 2004.	during november 9-16, a total of 31 cases of human west nile virus (wnv) illness were reported from eight states (arizona, georgia, maryland, michigan, missouri, new york, pennsylvania, and texas).	2004	15549023
disability. officer who contracted hiv through bite is granted benefits.		2004	15562546
polymorphism and transcription at the p44-1/p44-18 genomic locus in anaplasma phagocytophilum strains from diverse geographic regions.	a polymorphic multigene family (p44) of anaplasma phagocytophilum encodes the immunodominant 44-kda major outer membrane proteins. with p44-specific pcr and gene-specific probes, p44-1 was found in all human isolates from new york state but not in isolates from minnesota, whereas p44-18 and two other p44 species were found in isolates from both regions. we therefore sequenced the genomic locus corresponding to the p44-1/p44-18 tandem locus of a. phagocytophilum hz in 14 other geographically dive ...	2004	15385454
structural violence and racial disparity in hiv transmission.	among women of color in the united states, infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) is rising. most of the research on this topic, however, has focused on individual-level risk factors, which do not fully explain racial or ethnic differences in infection rates. this article uses structural violence as a conceptual framework to examine ecological-level risk factors leading to disparate rates of heterosexually transmitted hiv among women of color in syracuse, new york. three ecologica ...	2004	15453172
investigation of sudden death from mycobacterium tuberculosis in a foreign-born worker at a resort hotel.	a 60 year-old man born in central america died suddenly in the hallway of his residence on the grounds of a resort hotel where he worked as a dishwasher. the dishwashing station was in a large, poorly ventilated area where a substantial number of food service workers (cooks, wait staff, bus persons, dishwashers, supervisors, etc.) shared air space with the index patient. several social contacts of the patient reported that he had been coughing for many months before his death. the county departm ...	2004	15454912
the first amendment and scientific freedom in the era of bioterrorism.	the events of 9/11 have raised awareness that certain scientific research in the public domain may aid terrorists in their quest to develop biological weapons, and there is a legitimate cause for concern in rare cases. proposed executive branch responses are consistent in their approach to the problem: restrain the offending research by restricting public access to it in some form or another. this paper examines some of the history of the united states (u.s.) government's restrictions on scienti ...	2004	15460559
a historical context of municipal solid waste management in the united states.	municipal solid waste management (mswm) in the united states is a system comprised of regulatory, administrative, market, technology, and social subcomponents, and can only be understood in the context of its historical evolution. american cities lacked organized public works for street cleaning, refuse collection, water treatment, and human waste removal until the early 1800s. recurrent epidemics forced efforts to improve public health and the environment. the belief in anticontagionism led to ...	2004	15462338
perfecting people: selective breeding at the oneida community (1869-1879) and the eugenics movement.	the paper describes the selective breeding experiment which took place in the bible communist oneida community in new york state. the community was founded in 1848 by john humphrey noyes and grew to some three hundred members. it disbanded in 1880 and became a joint stock company, oneida ltd., which today is a multinational cutlery manufacturer. between 1869 and 1880 there was a selective breeding programme ("stirpiculture") with parents chosen for intellectual, physical and spiritual characteri ...	2004	15468508
nora volkow: motivated neuroscientist.	nora volkow claims to have always been curious about the workings of the human brain. even as a medical student in her native mexico, she investigated animal behavior with the ultimate goal of understanding human motivation. upon completing her medical studies, in the early 80s, she moved to the u.s. to take advantage of emerging neuroimaging technologies, first during her psychiatry residency at new york university and brookhaven national laboratory, and then as a faculty member at the universi ...	2004	15471905
salmonella enterica serotype uganda infection in new york city and chicago.	outbreaks associated with distinct strains of salmonella enterica serotype uganda, a rare serotype, occurred in new york city and chicago during the summer of 2001. both outbreaks were linked to eating ready-to-eat pork products. this serotype may emerge as a more frequent cause of human infections.	2004	15498173
west nile virus activity--united states, october 20-26, 2004.	during october 20-26, a total of 80 cases of human west nile virus (wnv) illness were reported from 16 states (arizona, california, florida, iowa, kentucky, louisiana, michigan, mississippi, missouri, montana, nebraska, new york, ohio, south dakota, texas, and utah).	2004	15514584
new york hazardous substances emergency events surveillance: learning from hazardous substances releases to improve safety.	since 1993, the new york state department of health, funded by the agency for toxic substances and disease registry, has collected data about non-petroleum hazardous substances releases through the hazardous substances emergency events surveillance (nyhsees) project. this study investigates risk factors for hazardous substances releases that may result in public health consequences such as injury or reported health effects. the 6428 qualifying events that occurred during the 10-year-period of 19 ...	2004	15518963
point of care pregnancy testing provides staff satisfaction but does not change ed length of stay.	point of care testing (poct) is widely viewed as possibly improving ed care and reducing length of stay (los). however reports are mixed, and regulatory barriers complicate considerations. we studied a simple urine pregnancy assay (human chorionic gonadotropin-hcg). los was evaluated when hcg was moved from central lab (hcglab) to poct (hcged) in 2 pre-post 3-month periods (958 hcglab and 1075 hcged). hcg patients were compared with a similar control group, and staff perceptions were evaluated. ...	2004	15520940
implementation of named hiv reporting--new york city, 2001.	since 1981, population-based surveillance data on acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) have been used in new york city (nyc) to monitor the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) epidemic. in june 2000, the nyc department of health and mental hygiene (nycdohmh) began tracking diagnoses of hiv (non-aids) in addition to aids diagnoses. this report describes epidemiologic data from the first full calendar year of named hiv reporting in nyc. the findings indicate that, compared with persons living ...	2004	14704649
update: influenza activity--united states, december 14-20, 2003.	influenza activity in the united states continued to increase during december 14-20, 2003. the proportion of patient visits to sentinel providers for influenza-like illness (ili) overall was 7.7%, which is above the national baseline of 2.5%. influenza activity was reported as widespread by health departments in 45 states, new york city, and the district of columbia; four states reported regional influenza activity; and one state reported local influenza activity.	2004	14704652
update: influenza activity--united states, december 21, 2003-january 3, 2004.	the number of states reporting widespread influenza activity decreased during december 21, 2003-january 3, 2004. during the latest reporting week, ending january 3, health departments in 38 states, the district of columbia, and new york city reported widespread influenza activity. nine states reported regional activity, one state reported local activity, and one state and guam reported sporadic activity. the percentage of outpatient visits for influenza-like illness (ili) decreased in all survei ...	2004	14712179