Publications

observations on the pattern of nematode larval availability on pasture grazed annually by cattle, 1959 to 1985.		1987	3604010
observations on the incidence of herds with non-visible lesioned tuberculin test reactors in south-west england.	the herd incidence of confirmed mycobacterium bovis infection in cattle in the south-west of england has been approximately ten times that of the remainder of england and wales; this greater incidence has been attributed to infection from badgers. the incidence of herds with only non-visible lesioned tuberculin test reactors, from which m. bovis was not isolated, has also remained higher in the south-west region. the incidences of these latter unconfirmed incidents were compared in parishes in t ...	1987	3609171
identification of factor xi deficiency in holstein-friesian cattle in britain.	blood coagulation tests were performed on dairy cattle in a herd with haemorrhagic problems on a farm in gloucestershire. the characteristic pattern of prolonged partial thromboplastin time with normal prothrombin time and thrombin time was shown to be associated with a partial factor xi deficiency, a congenital defect previously identified in cattle in north america.	1987	3629878
occurrence and properties of fy(att25)+ escherichia coli associated with diarrhoea in calves.	escherichia coli producing the adhesive antigen fy(att25) were isolated from 46 of 1341 (3.4 per cent) e coli isolated from calves on 20 of 164 (12.1 per cent) farms in scotland and england. twenty of the 46 calves had diarrhoea and in nine of these animals there were mixed infections with rotavirus, coronavirus, cryptosporidium and salmonella typhimurium. the f41 fimbrial adhesin was found on one of the fy(att25)+ e coli. this strain also produced heat stable enterotoxin. the remaining fy(att25 ...	1987	2889286
onchocerciasis in british cattle: a study of onchocerca gutturosa and o. lienalis in north wales.	onchocerca gutturosa and o. lienalis infections in british cattle were studied by examination of cattle post-mortem originating from north wales and cheshire (north west england). in 463 adult animals, the microfilarial (mf) prevalence was 28.5%. in 95.3% of the mf infected animals, gravid worms could not be found at either the ligamentum nuchae or the gastro-splenic omentum. dermal mf at the head were identified as o. gutturosa on the basis of their highly significant association with the prese ...	1987	2440940
the nature of mycobacterial disease in south east england, 1977-84.	the nature and incidence of bacteriologically confirmed mycobacterial disease in south east england over the eight year period 1977-84 has been determined by a study of cultures received by the phls regional centre for tuberculosis bacteriology at dulwich. the number of cases of tuberculosis in the ethnic european population has shown a decline, more so among males than females, but there has not been a significant decline in cases among ethnic asians. most tuberculosis is due to the classical h ...	1986	3655621
patterns of infection with buxtonella sulcata in british cattle.	buxtonella sulcata cysts were recovered from the faeces of adult cows on nine commercial dairy farms. overall, 44.6 per cent of 496 animals sampled exhibited patent infections during the course of the study. seasonal fluctuations in the prevalence of infection and cyst excretion rate were related to changes in diet and opportunities for transmission. an increase in prevalence of infection with lactation number was also demonstrated.	1986	3094109
outbreak of bovine herpes mammillitis in cumbria.		1986	3006319
the epidemiology of milk-borne scarlet fever: the case of edwardian brighton.		1986	3515978
incidence of clinical mastitis in a cohort of british dairy herds.	a three-year survey to determine the incidence of clinical mastitis and the associated bacteria in dairy herds in england and wales is described. escherichia coli was the predominant organism in each year. streptococcus uberis and staphylococcus aureus were important for part for each year. the annual incidence of mastitis declined from 54.6 cases per 100 cows in 1980 to 41.2 in 1982. the incidence increased with age and declined with increasing herd size. the culling rate due solely to mastitis ...	1986	3521059
living history--a biography of arthur b. chapman.		1986	3521282
observations on the incidence of clinical bovine mastitis in non-lactating cows in england and wales.	epidemiological features of clinical mastitis in dry cows from a three year prospective study are described. two hundred and seventy-three herds in england and wales participated in the first year (1980) and 209 and 159 of them continued in the study in the subsequent two years. clinical mastitis was recorded in 1.5 per cent of cows during the dry period in each of the three years. these cases represented between 3.6 and 4.2 per cent of samples from all clinical cases examined. the incidence of ...	1986	3523959
tuberculosis in east sussex. ii. aspects of badger ecology and surveillance for tuberculosis in badger populations (1976-1984).	following the disclosure of mycobacterium bovis infection in badgers in east sussex in 1976, badgers have been examined from and around farms on which cattle have become infected, but with no other attributable source of infection. these farms are confined to the downland of the south-west of the county and m. bovis has been confirmed in badger populations utilising their land. the available evidence indicates that m. bovis infection in badgers is also confined to this area. a detailed study in ...	1986	3525670
tuberculosis in east sussex. iii. comparison of post-mortem and clinical methods for the diagnosis of tuberculosis in badgers.	following epidemiological and ecological studies of a defined badger population in an area of east sussex, removal of all badgers by cage trapping was attempted. trapping was incomplete due to the activities of protesters. forty-seven badgers were caught from the eight social groups. all badgers were examined clinically and samples of faeces, urine and tracheal aspirate were taken, together with swabs from any bite wounds, for bacteriological examinations. forty-five animals were skin tested usi ...	1986	3525672
tuberculosis in east sussex. iv. a systematic examination of wild mammals other than badgers for tuberculosis.	a detailed investigation of the possible role of wild mammals, other than badgers, in the maintenance of mycobacterium bovis in an area on the south downs of east sussex was carried out over 3 years. estimates of population sizes were made where possible and minimum sample sizes were selected to be 95% certain of including at least one infected animal if the prevalence was at least 5%. samples of wild mammals were taken from populations which had the highest potential direct or indirect contact ...	1986	3525673
bovine variants of mycobacterium tuberculosis isolated in liverpool during the period 1969 to 1983: an epidemiological survey.	between 1969 and 1983 inclusive, the bovine variants of mycobacterium tuberculosis (m. bovis and m. africanum) were isolated from 75 patients with tuberculosis. this represented 2.9 per cent of all significant mycobacteria identified at the liverpool public health laboratory during this period. the clinical and radiological features of infection did not differ from those found with m. tuberculosis. there was an association between m. bovis infection, extrapulmonary disease and lifelong united ki ...	1986	3529160
the historical riddle of milk-borne scarlet fever.		1986	3530356
pulmonary tuberculosis due to mycobacterium bovis.	during 1969-84 mycobacterium bovis was isolated from 20 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. this represented less than 1% of the total cases of respiratory tuberculosis confirmed bacteriologically at the liverpool public health laboratory during this period. all 20 patients were considered to have reactivated disease and all presented with the typical features of respiratory tuberculosis. during the same period four cases of pulmonary infection by mycobacterium africanum were recognised. this ...	1986	3538491
speciation, serotyping, antimicrobial sensitivity and plasmid content of proteeae from the environment of calf-rearing units in south west england.	a survey was undertaken of the occurrence, serotype, antimicrobial sensitivity and plasmid content of members of the tribe proteeae in the environment of two calf-rearing units in the county of avon in south west england. examples of the following species were found: proteus mirabilis, prot. vulgaris, prot. vulgaris biogroup 2, morganella morganii, providencia stuartii, prov. alcalifaciens and prov. rettgeri. a wide range of serotypes was found, many having been previously reported from nosocomi ...	1986	3540110
variability between muscidae populations of dairy heifers on two different types of pasture in southern england.		1986	3708309
mycoplasma mastitis outbreak.		1986	3716113
less pasteurellosis in sheep.		1986	3716159
communicable disease associated with milk and dairy products in england and wales: 1983-1984.	during the period 1983-1984 32 outbreaks of disease (ii in 1983 and 21 in 1984) associated with consumption of milk and dairy products and affecting at least 714 people were reported from england and wales. twenty-seven of the outbreaks were attributed to raw milk, two to contaminated pasteurised milk and one each to cheese, cream and ice-cream. twenty-two were due to salmonellas, seven to campylobacters and one each to staphylococcus aureus, yersinia enterocolitica and streptococcus zooepidemic ...	1986	3722841
border disease in a flock of sheep: epidemiologic, laboratory, and clinical findings.	a flock of sheep in which border disease (bd) was enzootic was studied through a breeding season. at the beginning of the study (august 1981), 125 (82%) of 152 ewes were seropositive to the cross-reacting bovine viral diarrhea virus. within 7 months, 3 (18%) of 17 seropositive ewes retested had reverted to seronegative. of the remaining 21 ewes identified as seronegative, 7 (33%) converted to seropositive by the end of the study. triplet lambs were born, 2 of which exhibited clinical signs of bd ...	1986	3733503
tuberculosis in east sussex. i. outbreaks of tuberculosis in cattle herds (1964-1984).	the history and epidemiology of bovine tuberculosis in cattle herds in east sussex are described. since 1960, following the compulsory eradication scheme for tuberculosis, the incidence of herd infection has been low. the epidemiological features of herd infection have been sporadic incidents, with only small numbers of cattle becoming infected in the majority of incidents. there was no evidence of endemic mycobacterium bovis infection in the cattle population in east sussex in recent years, but ...	1986	3734437
microbiology of calf diarrhoea in southern britain.	faeces samples from calves with diarrhoea in 45 outbreaks were examined for six enteropathogens. rotavirus and coronavirus were detected by elisa in 208 (42 per cent) and 69 (14 per cent) of 490 calves respectively; calici-like viruses were detected by electron microscopy in 14 of 132 calves (11 per cent). cryptosporidium were detected in 106 of 465 (23 per cent), salmonella species in 58 of 490 (12 per cent) and enterotoxigenic escherichia coli bearing the k99 adhesin (k99+ e coli) in nine of 3 ...	1986	3750767
religious slaughter.		1986	3750794
the persistence of public health problems: sf, std, and aids.		1986	3754392
threat of calf salmonellosis.		1986	3765318
measurements of ionic fluoride in milk.	procedures used for measuring ionic fluoride in both human and cow's milk have been investigated. a number of factors were found to affect fluoride ion measurements in milk samples including time, stirring and the method of cleaning the fluoride electrode. following these investigations a procedure was developed for estimating ionic fluoride in milk. human milk collected from a fluoridated area (newcastle-upon-tyne) was found to contain significantly more ionic fluoride (0.065 ppm) than human mi ...	1986	3777836
an assessment of the economic benefits of a mastitis control scheme.	over a six-year period from 1979 to 1985 the incidence of mastitis among dairy herds being recorded in a veterinary practice in gloucestershire decreased from 26.5 per cent to 19.6 per cent of cows affected each year and from 51.0 to 31.7 cases per 100 cows per year. over the same period the rolling mean herd milk cell count fell from 346,000/ml to 243,000/ml and the usage of intramammary antibiotic tubes fell from 2.6 to 2.1 per lactating cow per year. the proportion of cases needing repeat tre ...	1986	3798703
an investigation of bovine serum copper levels in lincolnshire and south humberside.	analysis of more than 2000 bovine serum samples showed a large monthly variation in copper levels. there was also a difference in levels between beef and dairy cows although all showed the same monthly pattern. this monthly variation was correlated with rainfall; the higher the rainfall the lower the copper level. the interpretation of single herd blood copper values must be considered carefully in view of this variation.	1986	3811175
radio-iodine in thyroid glands of swans, farm animals and humans, also in algae and river water from the thames valley, england.	a highly sensitive counting system has been used to measure radio-iodine in environmental samples from the thames valley. iodine-125 and occasionally iodine-131 have been found in the thyroid glands of most of the swans that have died on the river thames, the river wey and the grand union canal, and in algae and water samples from the thames and many of its tributaries. the presence of this activity is ascribed to the waste discarded into the drainage system by hospitals and research laboratorie ...	1986	3945795
intramammary antibiotic preparations and their withholding times.	the test for antibiotic residues in milk carried out by the milk marketing board (mmb) of england and wales was increased in sensitivity from 0.02 iu/ml penicillin or equivalent to 0.01 iu/ml on january 1, 1986. the veterinary products committee (vpc) has just completed a review of those intra-mammary antibiotic preparations which had licences of right. when assessing data for product licences the vpc decided that the concentration of antibiotic residues in milk should not exceed the concentrati ...	1986	3946067
effect of wet weather on lameness in dairy cattle.	the incidence of lameness in cows recorded by five veterinary practices over one year and one practice over four years was plotted with rainfall and potential soil moisture deficit. correlation coefficients calculated between lameness, rainfall and potential soil moisture deficit over two-week periods showed the incidence of lameness in summer to be significantly related to the potential soil moisture deficit in the same two-week period and rainfall in the previous two-week period. differences i ...	1986	3962098
[heparin or heparins?].		1985	3982682
evidence of udder excretion of campylobacter jejuni as the cause of milk-borne campylobacter outbreak.	we describe a community outbreak of campylobacter enteritis associated with the consumption of untreated milk, apparently contaminated by two cows with campylobacter mastitis. the outbreak occurred in two phases. strains of campylobacter jejuni of the penner serogroup complex 4, 13, 16, 50 and preston biotype code 6100 were isolated from patients in both episodes and from the faeces of the cattle, milk filters, bulk milk and retail milk. milk samples from two of 40 milking cows were found to con ...	1985	3989284
is salmonellosis still a serious problem in veterinary practice?	salmonella infections of food animals are of concern to both the food industry and to the public health authorities. salmonellosis is one of the major zoonotic diseases and its impact on veterinary practice may be judged by a number of criteria. some of these are examined to determine the extent of the problem.	1985	4013036
an epidemiological study of salmonella montevideo by biotyping.	among 622 cultures of salmonella montevideo, 27 biotypes belonging to two biogroups were recognized. one biogroup (10di) was predominant in all animals in scotland but only in sheep in england and wales. the other (biogroup 2d) was responsible for almost all human, cattle and poultry infection in england and wales, but only 24% of human infection in scotland.	1985	4020111
uterine tube abnormalities as a cause of bovine infertility.	a total of 2000 bovine reproductive tracts (1000 parous and 1000 nulliparous) from freshly slaughtered animals were examined for uterine tube abnormalities and lesions. tubal lesions were recorded in 180 tracts (9.0 per cent). more parous tracts (6.4 per cent) had tubal lesions than nulliparous tracts (2.6 per cent). the most frequently identified lesion was ovarobursal adhesions which comprised 80 per cent of all abnormalities and were identified in 6.85 per cent of all the genital tracts exami ...	1985	4049700
aspects of the reproductive biology of some cattle-visiting muscidae (diptera) in north-east england.	during studies of flies that visit farm animals in north-east england, samples of muscidae were obtained on a regular basis from grazing animals (mainly cattle) and from manitoba traps. female flies were examined to determine their wing length, degree of wing damage, whether or not they had mated, whether their crop or gut contained blood, the stage they had reached in ovarian development and the number of eggs present. this information was used to assess the timing of mating, the stage at which ...	1985	4082443
increased sensitivity of test for antibiotic residues in milk.		1985	4090219
relationship between date of spring turnout and lungworm infection in calves.		1985	3156444
increasing incidence of resistance to gentamicin and related aminoglycosides in salmonella typhimurium phage type 204c in england, wales and scotland.	phage type 204c of salmonella typhimurium (dt 204c) appeared in bovine animals in 1979. it is now the predominant type in cattle in england, wales and scotland and ranks in the 10 most common phage types in humans. all strains of dt 204c have been resistant to at least four antimicrobial drugs. in 1979 and 1980 the most common resistance pattern was that of chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulphonamides, tetracyclines and trimethoprim (cssuttm) but since 1981 strains with additional resistance to ...	1985	3904167
the case for compulsory pasteurisation.		1985	3926226
pasteurisation and the control of milkborne infection in britain.	infections carried in milk, particularly salmonellosis and campylobacter enteritis, have continued to feature in great britain in recent years. less commonly reported infections included an outbreak in 1984 in england due to streptococcus zooepidemicus, in which 12 people, eight of whom died, were admitted to hospital. the implementation of legislation in 1983 requiring heat treatment of cows' milk for sale to the public reduced the incidence of milkborne infection in scotland compared with prev ...	1985	3926238
jenner: from folklore to scientific triumph.		1984	6425316
an outbreak of leptospirosis in cattle and man.		1984	6428630
some attributes of twin-bearing british friesian and canadian holstein cows recorded in england and wales.	the production of milk, fat and protein of 37216 mothers of twins was compared with that of 1 691 127 mothers of single calves of black and white breeds of cattle recorded in england and wales. at every parity, the mothers of twins produced more milk, fat and protein than the mothers of single calves. the proportion of twin-bearing cows retained increased with parity, from 0.67% at first calving to approximately 40% at the tenth or eleventh calving. more mothers of twins achieved 305 d of lactat ...	1984	6470273
summer mastitis surveys in england and wales: 1978-1983.		1984	6474775
infection by leptospires of the pomona serogroup in cattle and pigs in south west england.	leptospires belonging to the pomona serogroup were isolated from calves involved in two outbreaks of acute haemolytic disease which were characterised by jaundice, haemoglobinuria and high death rates. retrospective case studies in which serological evidence of pomona serogroup infection was found are also presented. serovar pomona is the leptospire of the pomona serogroup most commonly incriminated in clinical disease in domestic species, but the organisms isolated in this study were antigenica ...	1984	6495570
a comparison of biotypes and serotypes of campylobacter sp. isolated from patients with enteritis and from animal and environmental sources.	the origin of sporadic campylobacter infections has been investigated by means of a collaborative study. from a total of 1152 cases reported in north west england in 1982, campylobacter strains isolated during one month in each quarter of the year were biotyped and serotyped. for comparison, 875 strains of campylobacter isolated from environmental and animal sources were similarly examined. most strains from human beings were campylobacter jejuni; about half of them were of three serotypes. thos ...	1984	6501895
bacteria associated with calf pneumonia and their effect on gnotobiotic calves.	samples of pneumonic lung tissue from 140 calves with subclinical pneumonia and 65 calves with fatal pneumonia were examined bacteriologically. sixty-eight (48 per cent) of the lungs from the subclinical cases and 27 (41 per cent) of the lungs from the fatal cases contained bacteria at more than 10(4) colony forming units (cfu) per gram of tissue. pasteurella haemolytica was associated more with fatal cases than subclinical cases (p less than 0.001). of the seven species of bacteria inoculated e ...	1984	6505400
possible role of leptospires of the pomona serogroup in sporadic bovine abortion in the south west of england.	an investigation of a small outbreak of abortion in mixed-age cows in a dairy herd in somerset produced circumstantial evidence that a leptospire belonging to the pomona serogroup was the causative agent. although the initial epidemic involved more than 30 per cent of the herd, agglutination titres did not persist in the majority of animals and bacteriological monitoring produced no evidence that this leptospire could establish endemic infection in dairy cattle. an isolate recovered from the kid ...	1984	6523702
strategy for marketing preventive medicine.		1984	6541827
milkborne brucella abortus infection.		1984	6140415
experimental production of fatal mucosal disease in cattle.	three outbreaks of mucosal disease were investigated. careful examination of 47 cattle that were persistently viraemic with bovine virus diarrhoea virus (bvdv) revealed no clinical disease, no or low levels of bvdv antibody and only non-cytopathic virus in their blood. the four animals with mucosal disease all showed clinical disease and both cytopathic and non-cytopathic virus in their blood. following post mortem examination, there were particularly high levels of cytopathic virus in gut tissu ...	1984	6087539
corynebacterium ulcerans in humans and cattle in north devon.	a case of corynebacterium ulcerans sore throat in a community that drank raw milk from its own farm led to the discovery of another symptomless human infection. eight cows in the herd were found to be infected and the intermittent pattern of excretion was demonstrated in another cow followed through its lactation. further evidence of milk infected by c. ulcerans was found by examining all raw milk samples submitted to the laboratory. two other human cases were diagnosed in devon during the perio ...	1984	6707468
the transfer of strontium-90 and caesium-137 to milk in a dairy herd grazing near a major nuclear installation.	a field investigation of the transfer of artificially produced radionuclides in the pasture--cow--milk pathway has been made at a farm close to the nuclear fuel reprocessing installation at sellafield on the north-west coast of england. this paper reports results from analyses of samples collected during 1981, reports transfers coefficients for 90sr and 137cs from various types of feed to milk, and discusses factors that affect the transfer of these radionuclides. it is shown that during 1981 a ...	1984	6710139
footbaths on dairy farms in england and wales.		1984	6719813
radioactivity in environmental samples taken in the sellafield and ravenglass areas of west cumbria, 1977-1982.	terrestrial foodstuffs and other materials of agricultural importance have been analyzed for fission products and actinides discharged in waste from the sellafield processing works in west cumbria . results obtained between 1977 and 1982 are summarized and it is concluded that the internal radiation exposure of the general public due to consumption of locally produced food in no instance amounts to more than a small fraction of recommended limits. deposition of seaborne sediment is shown to be t ...	1984	6729443
changes in the producer payments scheme for milk.	the volume of milk for manufacture has more than doubled since 1970 and now exceeds that taken by the liquid market. to match producer payments more closely to market realities the mmb will, from april 1984, replace the fat and solids-non-fat compositional quality payment scheme with one based on fat, protein and lactose. in the last 10 years the seasonal trough of production has moved from december to august/september. in an attempt to slow this trend and also provide a disincentive to addition ...	1984	6730239
some population parameters of leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo infection in sheep.		1984	6730262
atypical rotaviruses in pigs and cattle.		1984	6322407
mucosal disease of cattle: a late sequel to fetal infection.	the introduction of a heifer which was persistently infected with bovine virus diarrhoea-mucosal disease virus into groups of pregnant cattle resulted in abortion, neonatal death, persistent infection and, subsequently, mucosal disease in the surviving progeny. cattle affected with mucosal disease were invariably seronegative at the time of investigation and subsequent cases occurred only in calves previously identified as seronegative and persistently infected. the detection of virus antigen by ...	1984	6328725
the effect of udder infection on the bacterial flora of the bulk milk of ten dairy herds.	the significance of udder infection as a factor increasing the bacterial count of herd bulk milk was measured monthly for one year in ten dairy herds in southern england. staphylococcus aureus or mastitis streptococci were detected in 86% of samples, usually in numbers between 1000 and 10 000 c.f.u./ml of milk. however, in 8 and 2% of samples respectively greater than 20 000 or 100 000 c.f.u. of mastitis pathogens/ml of milk were detected. this occurred most commonly in the herds with a high inc ...	1984	6389466
outbreak of listeria meningoencephalitis in young lambs.	an outbreak of listeriosis occurred in five-week-old lambs in a flock of 200 dorset ewes and 240 lambs in-wintered. nine lambs were lost within a period of 10 days. no cases of stillbirth or abortion or cerebral listeriosis occurred in the ewes. silage had been fed on this farm to both cattle and sheep for 10 years without any previous problems. a description of the outbreak and the findings are reported.	1983	6415890
some early and surprising blood group findings.		1983	6338658
the incidence and level of contamination of british fresh sausages and ingredients with salmonellas.	a five-tube most probable number (mpn) method, with the pre-enrichment and enrichment stages, was used in a study of the incidence of salmonella contamination of british fresh sausages and the ingredients used in their manufacture. all samples were taken from a large factory in the course of routine production. there was an incidence of 65% contamination of pork (n = 20) and 55% (n = 20) in pork and beef sausages. the incidences of contamination of uncooked ingredients varied from 95% for mechan ...	1983	6339611
the excretion of salmonella typhimurium in the faeces of calves fed milk substitute.	a total of 495 calves in 16 batches were examined (117 calves in 4 batches in 1979 and 378 in 12 batches in 1982). they were purchased in markets, transported by road to a farm in somerset and reared on a milk substitute diet for a period of up to five weeks. salmonella typhimurium phage type dt 193 was endemic in 1979 and phage type dt 204c in 1982. the mortality rates in the two years were 9.4% and 1.9% respectively. the causes of death were not investigated although the majority were probably ...	1983	6350444
prevalence of enterotoxigenic escherichia coli in calves in scotland and northern england.	eighty-eight of 1529 (5.7 per cent) escherichia coli isolates from diarrhoeic and clinically normal calves in scotland and northern england were found to possess the k99 pilus antigen (k99+). there was complete correlation between possession of k99 antigen, heat stable enterotoxin production and ability to dilate intestinal loops. the diagnosis of calf enterotoxigenic e coli infections may therefore be based on the detection of k99 antigen alone. enterotoxigenic e coli was isolated from 23 of 30 ...	1983	6356571
incidence of hypocupraemia in cattle in the east midlands.	serum copper values were determined on composite samples from cattle herds in the midland counties of derbyshire, leicestershire and nottinghamshire. sampling took place over a period of 17 months and the results indicate that hypocupraemia existed in many herds. the lowest values were found in heifer group samples and the lowest of these was found in derbyshire. the geographical and management factors which may affect the copper status of herds in this area are discussed.	1983	6829140
epidemiological features of bovine tuberculosis in cattle herds in great britain.	particular epidemiological features of mycobacterium bovis infection in cattle herds in great britain during the period 1972-8 were examined. during these seven years 1099 herds became infected, the mean annual incidence of herd infection being of the order of one infected herd per 1000 cattle herds. infection in herds was predominantly a sporadic occurrence; 938 (85.4%) herds experienced only one incidence of infection which persisted for less than 12 months. the concentration of infected herds ...	1983	6833744
alopecia in calves associated with milk substitute feeding.	outbreaks of alopecia with unusually high morbidity occurred among calves reared on milk substitutes on two unrelated farms in suffolk. on one farm alopecia occurred for three consecutive years; during the winter of 1981-82 there were also clinical signs of muscular dystrophy among the same calves. on the second farm calves with alopecia also showed signs of muscular dystrophy. the apparent relationship between alopecia and milk substitute feeding is discussed together with the possible involvem ...	1983	6868307
incidence of clinical mastitis in dairy herds in a mastitis control scheme.		1983	6868309
soil ingestion--a major pathway of heavy metals into livestock grazing contaminated land.	an estimated 4000 km2 of agricultural land in england and wales has been contaminated in varying degrees by past mining and smelting activities. contaminants include one or more of the metals cu, pb, zn, cd and as. studies conducted in southwest and central england conclude that only a small proportion of these metals are taken up into the leaf material of pasture plants and that plant uptake would not seem to constitute a major pathway to grazing animals. using the titanium content of faeces as ...	1983	6879152
cattle plague in eighteenth-century england.		1983	11620313
incidence of lameness in dairy cows.	a survey of the number of treatments for lameness in 21,000 dairy cows from 185 herds in the university of edinburgh/dalgety spillers dairy herd health and productivity service in england and wales showed an average incidence of cases of 25 per cent. veterinary surgeons treated 6.3 per cent and farmers 18.7 per cent and 1.4 per cent of cows were culled because of lameness. monthly and regional variations were recorded. an assessment of the economic effects suggested that the average annual cost ...	1983	6612969
cows milk intolerance in isle of wight infants.		1983	6626445
indirect haemagglutination test for the detection and assay of antibody to bovine respiratory syncytial virus.	an indirect haemagglutination (iha) test was used for the rapid assay of antibody to bovine respiratory syncytial virus. antigens for the sensitisation of formalised tanned erythrocytes were prepared by treatment of virus infected cells with non-ionic detergent. a close serological relationship was shown by the iha test between the strain of bovine respiratory syncytial virus used and the a2 strain of human respiratory syncytial virus. the iha test was sensitive and reproducible. a linear correl ...	1983	6636489
milk-borne campylobacter enteritis in a rural area.	during november and december 1981 more than 50 residents in a village in derbyshire had an acute gastrointestinal illness. one month later a second outbreak occurred affecting another 22 people. campylobacter jejuni was isolated from 12 patients; no other gastrointestinal pathogens were identified. a case-control study showed an association with the consumption of unpasteurized milk from one particular farm. no new cases were identified for 6 months following the application of a pasteurization ...	1983	6644009
salmonella saint-paul infection in two dairy herds.	an outbreak of salmonellosis due to salmonella saint-paul in two dairy herds was first detected during routine examination of calves soon after calving; infection reached 100% amongst calves and up to 60% amongst milking cows. excretion by cows continued for over 12 months and by calves for up to 18 months. the most important factor in controlling the spread of infection was reduction of environmental contamination by removal of carriers, prompt antibiotic treatment of sick calves and reduction ...	1983	6644010
salmonella saint-paul infection in calves.	a natural outbreak of salmonella saint-paul infection in two institute herds was monitored clinically, bacteriologically and immunologically. this paper describes the findings in calves. morbidity and mortality became apparent 30 days after s. saint-paul was first isolated on routine sampling of neonatal calf faeces. all heifer calves were treated with a tetracycline or ampicillin preparation when they showed clinical signs of disease, while the effects of intradermal vaccination with heat-kille ...	1983	6644011
the herring gull larus argentatus as a likely transmitting agent of salmonella montevideo to sheep and cattle.	this paper presents evidence for the involvement of herring gulls (larus argentatus) as vectors in the recent outbreaks of salmonella montevideo in sheep and cattle in scotland and suggests that the transfer can take place over considerable distances. the breeding area in scotland of herring gulls which overwinter in n.e. england is remarkably similar to the geographical distribution of the outbreaks. this pattern, together with the feeding behaviour of herring gulls on farmland, the presence of ...	1983	6663059
tremorgenic fungal toxins.		1983	6665980
the use of the morantel sustained release bolus in second-season grazing cattle.	the efficacy of the morantel sustained release bolus in controlling gastrointestinal helminth infection in second-season grazing cattle was investigated on a total of seven farms in southeast england. on each farm only animals which had grazing experience from the previous summer pasturing season were used. the animals on each farm were allotted into two equal groups and turned out onto divided pastures of equal size. all the cattle in one group received a bolus at turnout while the cattle in th ...	1983	6684360
bovine tuberculosis in domestic and wild mammals in an area of dorset. i. tuberculosis in cattle.	a major outbreak of tuberculosis occurred in cattle on a farm in dorset between 1970 and 1976. six hundred and twenty-six cattle were slaughtered either because they reacted to the tuberculin test or had been exposed to infection. no source of infection was found until 1974 when badgers infected with mycobacterium bovis were first discovered. an analysis of the tuberculin test records of this herd and the six surrounding herds indicated that tuberculosis had been a sporadic problem since the ear ...	1982	6752270
bovine tuberculosis in domestic and wild mammals in an area of dorset. ii. the badger population, its ecology and tuberculosis status.	following a major outbreak of tuberculosis in cattle on a farm in dorset, badgers were discovered to be infected with mycobacterium bovis. two hundred and forty sets were found in the 1200 hectares of the study area. the sets were found predominantly in areas of portland sand. a high prevalence of tuberculosis was found in the badger population which was removed and repopulation prevented for 3 years. the removal of the infected badgers led to the resolution of the problem in cattle. re-coloniza ...	1982	6752271
long distance transport of foot-and-mouth disease virus over the sea.	the conditions required for the transport of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus in the atmosphere over long distances and in sufficient concentrations to cause infection in exposed animals are described. using these factors a series of 23 outbreaks of fmd in europe, where the original outbreaks were separated from later outbreaks by sea passage, have been investigated. the findings obtained support the hypothesis that under certain conditions the airborne transmission of fmd over a long sea pass ...	1982	6278697
the use of genetic relationships among cattle breeds in the formulation of rational breeding policies: a re-examination of the example of the south devon and the gelbvieh.	it has been claimed that the origin of the south devon breed of cattle is 'unknown' and that biochemical polymorphisms '. . . indicate that gelbvieh and south devon had a common ancestry on the continent and are distinct from other british breeds such as hereford, angus and jersey' (kidd et al., 1974). in fact, historical records indicate that the south devon evolved largely from native devon cattle and is a close relative of other english lowland breeds such as the north devon and hereford. inf ...	1982	6185019
observations on the epidemiology of dictyocaulus viviparus in north west england.	a five year ley pasture was used as a source of natural infection with dictyocaulus viviparus for cattle in anthelmintic trials. pasture larval counts, faecal larval counts of permanently grazing calves and lungworm burdens harboured by tracer calves were monitored in three grazing seasons to assess the pattern of infection. carrier calves were introduced at the beginning of the grazing season in the first two years of the study but not in the third. in the fourth year the pasture was subdivided ...	1982	6210944
communicable disease associated with milk and dairy products in england and wales 1951-80.	in england and wales between 1951 and 1980 233 reported outbreaks of communicable disease attributed to milk or dairy products affected nearly 10 000 people, of whom four died. tuberculosis and brucellosis have been controlled, but milk-borne outbreaks of salmonellosis and campylobacter enteritis due to raw or defectively pasteurised milk are common and may be increasing in number. universal heat treatment of milk is an effective preventive measure, and it is regrettable that the continued sale ...	1982	6805699
bacteriological survey of tuberculous lymphadenitis in south-east england: 1973-80.	during the eight years 1973-80 the public health laboratory service regional centre for tuberculosis bacteriology received cultures of mycobacteria from 2339 patients with tuberculous lymphadenitis. of these, 2272 were m tuberculosis (2207 human and 65 bovine strains) and 67 were other mycobacterial species, usually m avium and its intracellulare variant. disease due to the human strains of m tuberculosis occurred most often in young women of asian ethnic origin. many bovine strains isolated fro ...	1982	6815295
mycobacterium bovis infection in cattle, badgers and other mammals in an area of dorset.		1982	7043887
use of prediction models to forecast and analyse airborne spread during the foot-and-mouth disease outbreaks in brittany, jersey and the isle of wight in 1981.	between march 4 and 26, 1981 the french veterinary authorities reported a series of 14 outbreaks of disease due to type o foot-and-mouth (fmd) virus, 13 in brittany and one in normandy. the united kingdom reported fmd type o in jersey on march 19 and in the isle of wight on march 22. the field and laboratory investigations on the farm in the isle of wight are outlined. the way in which short and long range numerical models were used to forecast the airborne spread of fmd from brittany to the uk ...	1982	7064324
incidence of clinical and subclinical hypomagnesaemia in dairy cows in england and wales.		1982	7101698
incidence of bovine copper deficiency in england and the welsh borders.		1982	7135773
some haematological data for fallow deer (dama dama) in england.	the concentrations of haemoglobin, erythrocytes and leucocytes and the packed cell volume, plasma viscosity and some red cell indices were measured in the blood of 42 fallow deer and analysed with respect to age, season and sex. the mean haemoglobin concentration was greater in females than in males. in all the deer the number of leucocytes was considerably smaller than in the usual domestic mammals, namely, cats, cattle, dogs, goats, horses, pigs and sheep. plasma viscosity was statistically gr ...	1982	7146629
effect of the drought of 1976 on the health of cattle, sheep and other farm livestock in england and wales.		1982	7147665
effect of anthelmintic treatment on the milk yield of dairy cows in england, scotland and wales.	one hundred and twenty dairy herds collaborated in a trial to determine the effect on milk yield of anthelmintic treatment given at calving. cows and heifers were divided into five groups. three were each given a different anthelmintic: thiabendazole, fenbendazole or levamisole. one group was given a placebo and the fifth was untreated. analysis of data from 9000 lactations showed a treatment effect just significant at the 5 per cent level, of 42 kg milk, 1.8 kg fat and 1.4 kg protein. there was ...	1982	7164331