Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted descending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| suicidal ideation in uk hiv clinic attenders. | hiv has been associated with elevated suicidal ideation. although new treatments have changed prognosis, they also bring new challenges. this study measured suicidal ideation in hiv clinic attenders in the united kingdom (london/southeast) and explored associated factors. | 2008 | 18670226 |
| investigating tuberculosis trends in england. | to investigate the factors associated with the increasing incidence of tuberculosis in england. | 2008 | 18672258 |
| remembering john newsom-davis' contribution to human imaging in oxford. | john newsom-davis played a crucial role in supporting areas of scientific exploration beyond his own research interests. in particular, he was one of the key players in establishing human neuroimaging in oxford. here, we celebrate the role that he played in this endeavour, both in the early days of pulling together funding, and solving practical challenges, and in the following years, when we all appreciated his ongoing encouragement and support. | 2008 | 18675466 |
| best interests and treatment for mental disorder. | this paper considers the role of the concept of best interests in the treatment of mental disorder. it considers the mental capacity act 2005 where treatment of an incapacitated person's mental disorder is authorized if treatment is in the patient's own best interests. it also examines the mental health act 1983 as amended by the mental health act 2007 where treatment without consent of a detained patient is allowed where necessary for the patient's health or safety or for the protection of othe ... | 2008 | 18677569 |
| the seroepidemiology of htlv-i amongst genitourinary medicine (gum) attendees in south east london. | 2008 | 18692433 | |
| mhc-correlated odour preferences in humans and the use of oral contraceptives. | previous studies in animals and humans show that genes in the major histocompatibility complex (mhc) influence individual odours and that females often prefer odour of mhc-dissimilar males, perhaps to increase offspring heterozygosity or reduce inbreeding. women using oral hormonal contraceptives have been reported to have the opposite preference, raising the possibility that oral contraceptives alter female preference towards mhc similarity, with possible fertility costs. here we test directly ... | 2008 | 18700206 |
| detection and characterisation of human metapneumovirus from children with acute respiratory symptoms in north-west england, uk. | human metapneumovirus (hmpv) causes a spectrum of respiratory disease ranging from trivial coryzal symptoms to fatal pneumonia, with a predilection for the very young, the immune suppressed and the frail elderly. five distinct lineages of the virus genome have been described. | 2008 | 18455957 |
| junior doctors' working hours: perspectives on the reforms. | the european working time directive for junior doctors came into force in britain in august 2004. the reforms themselves have been a long time in development and implementation since the inception and debates regarding the new deal, to the current formations under health and safety legislation. this study, undertaken within a hospital trust setting in england, provides an insight into the perspectives of doctors, nurses and human resources managers in relation to the european working time direct ... | 2008 | 18460061 |
| outbreaks of hepatitis a in england and wales associated with two co-circulating hepatitis a virus strains. | during 2002, an upsurge in frequency of hepatitis a outbreaks among injecting drug users was observed in england and wales. as lack of risk factor information and the high mobility of the cases made linkage of outbreaks difficult, the relationship of nucleotide sequences in the vp1/2pa junction of the hepatitis a virus (hav) genome amplified from serum of case-patients was investigated. a total of 204 hav rna positive sera obtained from a network of 23 laboratories were studied. comparison of th ... | 2008 | 18461630 |
| pandemic flu: are we properly prepared? | this paper presents the proceedings of the 2006 conference 'pandemic flu: are we properly prepared?', held in london. this conference sought to provide an overview of the preparatory steps necessary if a potential uk pandemic influenza (flu) outbreak is to be mitigated. topics included the history of pandemic flu, research and development, antiviral drugs, clinical assessment of flu, and critical care contingency planning. the ethical dilemmas relating to a flu pandemic were also discussed. | 2008 | 18466936 |
| ama sumani: avoidable death of a deportee. | 2008 | 18479273 | |
| john martin wood (1938-2008)--pioneering biochemist, educator and communicator. | john martin wood, emeritus professor of medical biochemistry at the university of bradford died in wieck by greifswald, germany after a short illness on february 5, 2008 - just short of his 70(th) year. john worked as a pioneering biochemist and educator in the us and in britain across two research careers. he devoted the first twenty-five years to the role of transition metals in biology, and his last twenty-years to cutaneous enzymology and melanogenesis. working together with his wife profess ... | 2008 | 18479437 |
| 'i count myself as being in a different world': african gay and bisexual men living with hiv in london. an exploratory study. | the experiences of men from african backgrounds living with hiv who are gay/bisexual have so far been overlooked in the research on hiv in the uk. little is known about the ways that hiv impacts on this population. we report on an exploratory qualitative study with 8 gay/bisexual men from 7 different african countries living with hiv in london, based on in depth semi structured interviews and a thematic analysis. hiv testing and diagnosis, disclosure to others, social and sexual networks, sexual ... | 2008 | 18484332 |
| cardiovascular go annotation initiative year 1 report: why cardiovascular go? | gene ontology (go) vocabularies are an established standard for linking functional information to genes and gene products (www.geneontology.org/). a recent collaboration between university college london and the european bioinformatics institute is providing go annotation to human cardiovascular-associated genes (http://www.ucl.ac.uk/medicine/cardiovascular-genetics/geneontology.html). this report outlines the aims of this collaboration and summarizes how the cardiovascular community can help im ... | 2008 | 18491309 |
| influenza vaccination in adults with a long-term condition. | influenza is an important cause of morbidity and mortality, particularly in certain high-risk groups and the elderly. however, uptake rates of influenza vaccination by people in high-risk groups have been low. the aim of this study was to explore knowledge and views about the influenza vaccination in adults under 65 years with a long-term condition, in order to identify influences on people's decisions to be immunised and thereby improve uptake rates of the vaccination. recommendation from a hea ... | 2008 | 18497225 |
| human papillomavirus vaccine: some issues around consent remain unresolved. | 2008 | 18497380 | |
| incidence and causes of critical incidents in emergency departments: a comparison and root cause analysis. | to investigate the incidence of critical incidents in uk emergency departments (eds) and to compare the root causes of such incidents between different eds. | 2008 | 18499816 |
| low birth weight and allergy: possible pleiotropic effect of acp1. | the well-known relationship between low birth weight and allergies prompted us to investigate a possible pleiotropic effect of acp1 on these conditions. acp1 is a polymorphic enzyme that affects signal transduction of insulin and other growth factors, t-cell receptor signaling, and the regulation of flavoenzyme activity. our aim was to compare the relationship between acp1 and allergy with the relationship between acp1 and birth weight. we studied 299 subjects from the caucasian population of en ... | 2008 | 18505045 |
| lack of serologic evidence of neospora caninum in humans, england. | retrospective testing of 3,232 serum samples from the general population and 518 serum samples from a high-risk group showed no evidence of human exposure to neospora caninum in england. results were obtained by using immunofluorescence antibody testing and elisa to analyze frequency distribution. | 2008 | 18507920 |
| fit to thrive: the public health vision under threat? | 2008 | 18513763 | |
| failure to improve appropriateness of referrals to adult community mental health services--lessons from a multi-site cluster randomized controlled trial. | non-clinical factors impact on decisions about whether to refer a patient from primary care to specialist mental health services. the aim of this study was to investigate whether introducing a standardized assessment of severity improves agreement on referrals. | 2008 | 18515810 |
| [archie cochrane--the man behind evidence-based medicine. he died four years before the concept was coined]. | 2008 | 18522269 | |
| geostatistical conditional simulation for the assessment of contaminated land by abandoned heavy metal mining. | abandoned mine workings can undoubtedly cause varying degrees of contamination of soil with heavy metals such as lead and zinc has occurred on a global scale. exposure to these elements may cause to harm human health and environment. in the study, a total of 269 soil samples were collected at 1, 5, and 10 m regular grid intervals of 100 x 100 m area of carsington pasture in the uk. cell declustering technique was applied to the data set due to no statistical representativity. directional experim ... | 2008 | 18214925 |
| a survey of tuberculosis clinic provision in england and wales. | this paper presents the methods and findings of a survey of current service configuration in tuberculosis screening, treatment and prevention in england and wales, which was conducted as part of the development of the national institute for health and clinical excellence guidelines on tuberculosis for the country. | 2008 | 18222510 |
| imported chicken meat as a potential source of quinolone-resistant escherichia coli producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in the uk. | escherichia coli producing ctx-m-15 enzyme began to rapidly spread in the uk from around 2003 but other types also occur, notably ctx-m-14. we examined breasts from uk-reared (n = 62) and imported (n = 27) chickens as potential sources of quinolone-resistant e. coli with bla(ctx-m) genes. a further 40 samples for which the country of rearing could not be identified were examined. | 2008 | 18222958 |
| selectivity of black death mortality with respect to preexisting health. | was the mortality associated with the deadliest known epidemic in human history, the black death of 1347-1351, selective with respect to preexisting health conditions ("frailty")? many researchers have assumed that the black death was so virulent, and the european population so immunologically naïve, that the epidemic killed indiscriminately, irrespective of age, sex, or frailty. if this were true, black death cemeteries would provide unbiased cross-sections of demographic and epidemiological co ... | 2008 | 18227518 |
| characterisation of salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium isolates from wild birds in northern england from 2005 - 2006. | several studies have shown that a number of serovars of salmonella enterica may be isolated from wild birds, and it has been suggested that wild birds may play a role in the epidemiology of human and livestock salmonellosis. however, little is known about the relationship between wild bird s. enterica strains and human- and livestock- associated strains in the united kingdom. given the zoonotic potential of salmonellosis, the main aim of this study was to investigate the molecular epidemiology o ... | 2008 | 18230128 |
| human factors in anaesthetic practice: insights from a task analysis. | despite a growing recognition of the role of human error in anaesthesia, it remains unclear what should be done to mitigate its effects. we addressed this issue by using task analysis to create a systematic description of the behaviours that are involved during anaesthesia, which can be used as a framework for promoting good practice and highlight areas of concern. | 2008 | 18238839 |
| ownership and uses of human tissue: what are the opinions of surgical in-patients? | to investigate whether patient opinion about the uses of tissue removed at therapeutic operations has changed since the adverse publicity surrounding the alder hey and bristol royal infirmary inquiries, and to see whether it aligns with the human tissue act 2004. | 2008 | 18256118 |
| self-care and adherence to medication: a survey in the hypertension outpatient clinic. | self-care practices for patients with hypertension include adherence to medication, use of blood pressure self-monitoring and use of complementary and alternative therapies (cam) the prevalence of cam use and blood pressure self-monitoring have not been described in a uk secondary care population of patients with hypertension and their impact on adherence to medication has not been described. adherence to medication is important for blood pressure control, but poor adherence is common. the study ... | 2008 | 18261219 |
| smoke-free hospitals - the english experience: results from a survey, interviews, and site visits. | according to the provisions of the health act 2006, nhs acute trusts had to become smoke-free by july 2007. mental health trusts were granted a further year before all indoor smoking areas have to be removed. this study was carried out to determine the extent of smoke-free policy implementation in english nhs acute and mental health trusts, and to explore challenges and impacts related to policy implementation. | 2008 | 18282278 |
| comprehensive analysis of tagging sequence variants in dtnbp1 shows no association with schizophrenia or with its composite neurocognitive endophenotypes. | in a previous study we identified a relatively homogeneous subtype of schizophrenia characterized by pervasive cognitive deficit, which was the exclusive contributor to our findings of linkage to 6p25-p24. the 6p region contains dysbindin (dtnbp1), considered to be one of the major schizophrenia candidate genes. while multiple studies have reported association between genetic variation in dtnbp1 and schizophrenia, the findings have been inconsistent and controversial, leading to recent calls for ... | 2008 | 18314870 |
| exploitation and enrichment: the paradox of medical experimentation. | modern medicine is built on a long history of medical experimentation. experiments in the past often exploited more vulnerable patients. questionable ethics litter the history of medicine. without such experiments, however, millions of lives would be forfeited. this paper asks whether all the "unethical" experiments of the past were unjustifiable, and do we still exploit the poorer members of the community today? it concludes by wondering if harris is right in his advocacy of a moral duty to par ... | 2008 | 18316459 |
| the role of mannose-binding lectin in susceptibility to infection in preterm neonates. | preterm neonates are susceptible to infection due to a combination of sub-optimal immunity and increased exposure to invasive organisms. mannose-binding lectin (mbl) is a component of the innate immune system, which may be especially important in the neonatal setting. the objective of this study was to investigate the impact of mbl on susceptibility and severity of infection in preterm neonates during their first month of life. one hundred fifty eight preterm neonates were genotyped for mbl muta ... | 2008 | 18317236 |
| 'do you feel that your life is empty?' the clinical utility of a one-off question for detecting depression in elderly care home residents. | 2008 | 18346981 | |
| association of genetic variants at 8q24 with breast cancer risk. | recent whole genome association studies of prostate, breast, and colorectal cancer have identified susceptibility loci on 8q24. we genotyped three variants associated with prostate cancer (rs10090154, rs13254738, and rs7000448), one associated with both prostate and colorectal cancer (rs6983267), and one associated with breast cancer (rs13281615) in a series of 1,499 breast cancer cases and 1,390 controls. 1,267 (85%) of the cases had two primary breast cancers. our analysis provides further evi ... | 2008 | 18349290 |
| septal aperture of the humerus in a mediaeval human skeletal population. | humeral septal aperture is studied in a large mediaeval skeletal series from england. the aims are to investigate associations between septal aperture and sex, age, side and humeral robusticity; and to evaluate any associations with relative projection of ulna coronoid and olecranon processes. in this way, it is hoped to shed light on age at occurrence and the causation of the trait. results showed a paucity of cases in juveniles. in adults, the trait was more common in left bones and in females ... | 2008 | 18350584 |
| episodic sexual transmission of hiv revealed by molecular phylodynamics. | the structure of sexual contact networks plays a key role in the epidemiology of sexually transmitted infections, and their reconstruction from interview data has provided valuable insights into the spread of infection. for hiv, the long period of infectivity has made the interpretation of contact networks more difficult, and major discrepancies have been observed between the contact network and the transmission network revealed by viral phylogenetics. the high rate of hiv evolution in principle ... | 2008 | 18351795 |
| [bovine tuberculosis--human to human transmission is possible]. | 2008 | 18370350 | |
| causes of preventable drug-related hospital admissions: a qualitative study. | to explore the causes of preventable drug-related admissions (pdras) to hospital. | 2008 | 18385404 |
| comparison of campylobacter populations in wild geese with those in starlings and free-range poultry on the same farm. | wild geese are a potential source of campylobacter infection for humans and farm animals and have been implicated in at least two large waterborne disease outbreaks. there have been few investigations into the population biology of campylobacter in geese, carriage rates are reported to vary (0 to 100%), and no genetic characterization of isolates has been performed. fecal samples collected from wild geese in oxfordshire, united kingdom, were culture positive for c. jejuni (50.2%) and c. coli (0. ... | 2008 | 18390684 |
| dog-human and dog-dog interactions of 260 dog-owning households in a community in cheshire. | this study investigated the nature and frequency of the contacts that occur between dogs, and between dogs and people, by means of a questionnaire survey of 260 dog-owning households in a community in cheshire, uk. the contacts were highly variable and were affected by the size, sex and age of the dog, individual dog behaviours, human behaviours and human preferences in the management of the dog. a number of situations were identified that may be important in relation to zoonoses, including slee ... | 2008 | 18390853 |
| prevalence of type-specific hpv infection by age and grade of cervical cytology: data from the artistic trial. | human papillomavirus (hpv) infection causes cervical cancer and premalignant dysplasia. type-specific hpv prevalence data provide a basis for assessing the impact of hpv vaccination programmes on cervical cytology. we report high-risk hpv (hr-hpv) type-specific prevalence data in relation to cervical cytology for 24,510 women (age range: 20-64; mean age 40.2 years) recruited into the artistic trial, which is being conducted within the routine nhs cervical screening programme in greater mancheste ... | 2008 | 18392052 |
| modelling and prediction of weekly incidence of influenza a specimens in england and wales. | we propose a rather simple model, which fits well the weekly human influenza incidence data from england and wales. a standard way to analyse seasonally varying time-series is to decompose them into different components. the residuals obtained after eliminating these components often do not reveal time dependency and are normally distributed. we suggest that conclusions should not be drawn only on the basis of residuals and that one should consider the analysis of squared residuals. we show that ... | 2008 | 18394206 |
| estimates of daily net endogenous acid production in the elderly uk population: analysis of the national diet and nutrition survey (ndns) of british adults aged 65 years and over. | dietary intake has been shown to influence acid-base balance in human subjects under tightly controlled conditions. however, the net effect of food groups on alkali/acid loading in population groups is unclear. the aims of the present study were to: (1) quantify estimates of daily net endogenous acid production (neap) (meq/d) in a representative group of british elderly aged 65 years and older; (2) compare and characterise neap by specific nutrients and food groups likely to influence dietary ac ... | 2008 | 18394215 |
| measles on the edge: coastal heterogeneities and infection dynamics. | mathematical models can help elucidate the spatio-temporal dynamics of epidemics as well as the impact of control measures. the gravity model for directly transmitted diseases is currently one of the most parsimonious models for spatial epidemic spread. this model uses distance-weighted, population size-dependent coupling to estimate host movement and disease incidence in metapopulations. the model captures overall measles dynamics in terms of underlying human movement in pre-vaccination england ... | 2008 | 18398467 |
| liver cirrhosis, other liver diseases, pancreatitis and subsequent cancer: record linkage study. | to determine the risk of cancer in cohorts of patients with alcoholic cirrhosis, other alcoholic liver diseases, other and unspecified cirrhosis, primary biliary cirrhosis, viral hepatitis, acute pancreatitis and chronic pancreatitis compared with the risk in a control cohort. | 2008 | 18403939 |
| campylobacter infection of broiler chickens in a free-range environment. | campylobacter jejuni is the most common cause of bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide, with contaminated chicken meat considered to represent a major source of human infection. biosecurity measures can reduce c. jejuni shedding rates of housed chickens, but the increasing popularity of free-range and organic meat raises the question of whether the welfare benefits of extensive production are compatible with food safety. the widespread assumption that the free-range environment contaminates extens ... | 2008 | 18412548 |
| exploring knowledge and skills on hiv in student nurses and midwives. | a cross-sectional survey design using a self-administered questionnaire was sent to a sample of 62 final-year student nurses and midwives to describe their knowledge of, skills related to, and attitudes towards, human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome. out of the 47 respondents who return the questionnaire, only 53% stated that they had received class instruction on the topic and 63.8% claimed to have increased their knowledge mainly from reading professional journals. a ... | 2008 | 18414260 |
| brian macmahon (1923-2007): founder of modern epidemiology. | brian macmahon was born in sheffield, uk in 1923. he served as chair of the department of epidemiology at harvard school of public health for more than 30 years. he was admired as a noble and generous man and respected for his shining intellect, scientific integrity, and broad culture. he set the pace for modern epidemiology and led the way for a whole school of epidemiologists who are now spread around the nation and the world. he made major scientific contributions, received several distinguis ... | 2008 | 18415024 |
| longitudinal study of the molecular epidemiology of campylobacter jejuni in cattle on dairy farms. | multilocus sequence typing (mlst), an accurate and phylogenetically robust characterization method for population studies of campylobacter, was applied to campylobacter jejuni isolates (n = 297) from the fecal samples of cattle from five dairy farms in cheshire, united kingdom, collected throughout 2003. the population dynamics of the c. jejuni strains, as identified by the occurrence of sequence types and clonal complexes, demonstrated variations within and between cattle populations over time. ... | 2008 | 18424539 |
| drotrecogin alfa (activated): real-life use and outcomes for the uk. | in march 2001, the results of the recombinant human activated protein c worldwide evaluation in severe sepsis (prowess) study were published, which indicated a 6.1% absolute reduction in 28-day mortality. drotrecogin alfa (activated; drotaa) was subsequently approved for use in patients with severe sepsis. | 2008 | 18430215 |
| lessons from 40 years' surveillance of influenza in england and wales. | the influenza virus continues to pose a significant threat to public health throughout the world. current avian influenza outbreaks in humans have heightened the need for improved surveillance and planning. despite recent advances in the development of vaccines and antiviral drugs, seasonal epidemics of influenza continue to contribute significantly to general practitioner workloads, emergency hospital admissions, and deaths. in this paper we review data produced by the royal college of general ... | 2008 | 18047750 |
| modelling the effect of urbanization on the transmission of an infectious disease. | this paper models the impact of urbanization on infectious disease transmission by integrating a ca land use development model, population projection matrix model and ca epidemic model in s-plus. the innovative feature of this model lies in both its explicit treatment of spatial land use development, demographic changes, infectious disease transmission and their combination in a dynamic, stochastic model. heuristically-defined transition rules in cellular automata (ca) were used to capture the p ... | 2008 | 18068198 |
| a bed too far. the implementation of freedom of choice policy in the nhs. | freedom of hospital choice has become a popular policy among the european public health services to ensure better patient rights, reduce waiting times and improve efficiency and quality in public hospitals. the english national health service has recently adopted this policy. this organisation needs to introduce important reforms in order to implement this policy, in particular in the information that it provides to patients. this paper presents the andalusian health service (sas) initiative in ... | 2008 | 18078681 |
| the birth prevalence of pku in populations of european, south asian and sub-saharan african ancestry living in south east england. | phenylketonuria (pku) is an autosomal recessive inborn error of metabolism (omim 261600). treatment with a low-phenylalanine diet following early ascertainment by newborn screening prevents impaired cognitive development, the major disease phenotype in pku. the overall birth prevalence of pku in european, chinese and korean populations is approximately 1/10,000. since the human pah locus contains pku-causing alleles and polymorphic core haplotypes that describe and corroborate an out-of-africa r ... | 2008 | 18184144 |
| growth in an english population from the industrial revolution. | the rapid urbanization of the industrial revolution in 18th-19th century england presented new health challenges. our aim is to investigate using english skeletal remains whether the living conditions for an urban working class group in the industrial revolution negatively impacted upon their skeletal growth compared with a population from a rural agrarian parish. the industrial revolution skeletal material is from st martin's churchyard, birmingham (smb), west midlands. it dates primarily from ... | 2008 | 18186509 |
| the liability of 'functional public authorities' for breach of echr rights: the house of lords endorses a palpable gap in human rights protection. | 2008 | 18187502 | |
| early predictors of mortality from pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in hiv-infected patients: 1985-2006. | pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (pcp) remains the leading cause of opportunistic infection among human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected persons. previous studies of pcp that identified case-fatality risk factors involved small numbers of patients, were performed over few years, and often focused on patients who were admitted to the intensive care unit. | 2008 | 18190281 |
| preparedness of residential and nursing homes for pandemic flu. | work is being undertaken across a wide range of agencies to ensure a high level of preparedness for pandemic influenza. in england, the department of health has published a range of guidance to support this. the impact of pandemic flu on care homes, especially if unprepared may have a major knock on effect on the rest of the health and social care system. | 2008 | 18208814 |
| uptake of first two doses of human papillomavirus vaccine by adolescent schoolgirls in manchester: prospective cohort study. | to assess the feasibility and acceptability of delivering a human papillomavirus (hpv) vaccine to adolescent girls. | 2008 | 18436917 |
| background exposure rates of terrestrial wildlife in england and wales. | it has been suggested that, when assessing radiation impacts on non-human biota, estimated dose rates due to anthropogenically released radionuclides should be put in context by comparison to dose rates from natural background radiation. in order to make these comparisons, we need data on the activity concentrations of naturally occurring radionuclides in environmental media and organisms of interest. this paper presents the results of a study to determine the exposure of terrestrial organisms i ... | 2008 | 18440107 |
| phenotypic spectrum of neurodegeneration associated with mutations in the pla2g6 gene (plan). | neurodegeneration associated with brain iron accumulation (nbia) comprises a heterogeneous group of disorders in which disruption of cellular mechanisms leads to accumulation of iron in the basal ganglia. this group includes patients with recently discovered mutations in the pla2g6 gene encoding a calcium-independent phospholipase a2 enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of glycerophospholipids. previously, children with pla2g6 mutations have been diagnosed with several different disorders and we ... | 2008 | 18443314 |
| public health response to an avian influenza a (h5n1) poultry outbreak in suffolk, united kingdom, in november 2007. | 2008 | 18445374 | |
| chronic kidney disease prevalence in a uk residential care home population. | chronic kidney disease (ckd) is common ( approximately 30%) in non-institutionalized older people but little is known about the prevalence of ckd amongst older people living in residential care. | 2008 | 18029370 |
| excavating past population structures by surname-based sampling: the genetic legacy of the vikings in northwest england. | the genetic structures of past human populations are obscured by recent migrations and expansions and have been observed only indirectly by inference from modern samples. however, the unique link between a heritable cultural marker, the patrilineal surname, and a genetic marker, the y chromosome, provides a means to target sets of modern individuals that might resemble populations at the time of surname establishment. as a test case, we studied samples from the wirral peninsula and west lancashi ... | 2008 | 18032405 |
| factors associated with hiv seroconversion in gay men in england at the start of the 21st century. | to detect and quantify current risk factors for hiv seroconversion among gay men seeking repeat tests at sexual health clinics. | 2008 | 18003707 |
| j.s. haldane and some of his contributions to physiology. | although the oxford conferences began in 1978 as a result of the inspiration of dan cunningham and others at the university laboratory of physiology in oxford, the roots of the meetings can be traced to john scott haldane (1860-1936) and his colleagues at the turn of the century. indeed, the laboratory (or its predecessor) has had an exemplary persistence (some might say an obsession) with the role of oxygen and, particularly, carbon dioxide in the control of breathing for over 100 years. an ear ... | 2008 | 18085239 |
| the 1918-1919 influenza pandemic in england and wales: spatial patterns in transmissibility and mortality impact. | spatial variations in disease patterns of the 1918-1919 influenza pandemic remain poorly studied. we explored the association between influenza death rates, transmissibility and several geographical and demographic indicators for the autumn and winter waves of the 1918-1919 pandemic in cities, towns and rural areas of england and wales. average measures of transmissibility, estimated by the reproduction number, ranged between 1.3 and 1.9, depending on model assumptions and pandemic wave and show ... | 2008 | 18156123 |
| detection and surveillance for animal trichinellosis in gb. | the zoonotic disease trichinellosis is considered one of the re-emerging diseases with surveillance and control methods constantly gaining more importance worldwide. recent change in european union (eu) legislation introduces trichinella-free production, and the possibility of risk-based monitoring for trichinella in pigs. this has increased the role of wildlife surveillance programmes and their impact on protecting human health as well as highlighted the need for harmonised surveillance protoco ... | 2008 | 18160221 |
| walter moxon, md, fcrp (1836-1886): the cerebro-vascular system and the syndrome of "congestion of the brain": an analysis of his 1881 croonian lectures. | walter moxon, md, frcp lived, practiced medicine, taught and wrote in the mid- to late- nineteenth-century victorian england, mostly at guy's hospital, london. he was widely informed in the "art of physic," writing on a range of issues from cerebral lateralization of articulate speech to angina pectoris. the present paper will trace briefly his contributions to the newly discovered asymmetry of articulate speech in the left frontal lobe (1866) and will in more detail trace and analyze his 1881 c ... | 2008 | 18161599 |
| comparison of candida albicans strain types among isolates from three countries. | multi-locus sequence typing data for 217 candida albicans isolates cultured since 1990 from blood and vaginal samples in japan, england/wales and the usa were analysed for geographically related variations. while no significant differences were found between distributions of diploid sequence types (dsts) in blood vs. vaginal isolates, there were highly significant differences in the clade distributions of isolates from the three geographical sources. clade 2 strains were predominantly isolates f ... | 2008 | 18165151 |
| assessing levels of contaminants in breast milk: methodological issues and a framework for future research. | to assess the scale of the possible exposure by the breast-fed infant to potentially harmful substances in breast milk, methodologically robust studies are essential. many studies in this field, however, do not report details of crucial issues such as recruitment and milk sampling. the aims of the study reported here were to develop robust methods for the study of contaminants in breast milk, and to develop a framework for future research and population monitoring. three cohorts of women and bab ... | 2008 | 18173786 |
| clinical trials and healthy volunteers. | 2008 | 18174206 | |
| sir humphry davy: boundless chemist, physicist, poet and man of action. | the years 2007 and 2008 mark the bi-centenary of two brilliant discoveries by sir humphry davy: the isolation of sodium and potassium (1807) and the subsequent first observation (1808) of the beautiful blue and bronze colours now known to be characteristic of the solvated electron(1) in potassium-ammonia systems. in celebration of these dazzling discoveries, we reflect on davy's many extraordinary contributions to science, technology and poetry. humphry davy, a truly great man, of cornish spirit ... | 2008 | 18175370 |
| significant rising antibody titres to influenza a are associated with an acute reduction in milk yield in cattle. | sporadic cases of an acute fall in milk production, "milk drop", were investigated in a holstein friesian dairy herd in devon. the investigation was a case control study with two controls per case. paired blood samples demonstrated that rising antibody titres to human influenza a/england/333/80 (h1n1) and human influenza a/eng/427/88 (h3n2) were associated with an acute fall in milk production. rising titres to bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv), bovine virus diarrhoea virus (bvd), infect ... | 2008 | 17851097 |
| resting energy expenditure, adiponectin and changes in body composition of young children (earlybird 34). | objective. serum adiponectin levels are inversely related to adiposity and resting energy expenditure (ree) in adults yet may protect against excess weight gain. little is known of these associations in children, in whom obesity is rising. the aim of this study was therefore to investigate the relationships between ree, adiponectin and weight gain in young children. methods. adiponectin by elisa, ree by indirect calorimetry, fat-free mass (ffm) and fat mass (fm) by dexa were measured at 6.9 year ... | 2008 | 17852541 |
| influenza a and respiratory syncytial virus hospital burden in young children in east london. | epidemiological studies have demonstrated high hospitalization rates attributable to influenza and rsv in children aged 6 months and those aged <12 months, respectively (43 and 92.5/10 000 person-months, respectively). in conclusion, these high paediatric rsv and influenza incidence rates can be used to inform uk policy on childhood influenza immunization and subsequent rsv immunization in the future. | 2008 | 17903316 |
| parvovirus b19 infection in five european countries: seroepidemiology, force of infection and maternal risk of infection. | we conducted a seroprevalence survey in belgium, finland, england & wales, italy and poland on 13 449 serum samples broadly representative in terms of geography and age. samples were tested for the presence of immunoglobulin g antibody using an enzyme immunoassay. the age-specific risk of infection was estimated using parametric and non-parametric statistical modelling. the age-specific risk in all five countries was highest in children aged 7-9 years and lower in adults. the average proportion ... | 2008 | 17956642 |
| transcript profile and localization of wnt signaling-related molecules in human endometrium. | the mrnas encoding several wnt ligands, frizzled receptors, and wnt antagonists were detected in human endometrium, including sfrp1; the levels of sfrp1 mrna were higher in the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle and increased in endometriotic tissue compared with control eutopic endometrium, and they were detected in both glandular and stromal cells but were more abundant in the stroma. our results suggest that wnt signaling could function in normal endometrial physiology and the the wnt ... | 2008 | 17889861 |
| candidate single-nucleotide polymorphisms from a genomewide association study of alzheimer disease. | to identify single-nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) associated with risk and age at onset of alzheimer disease (ad) in a genomewide association study of 469 438 snps. | 2008 | 17998437 |
| the utility of carpals for sex assessment: a preliminary study. | sex assessment is key when investigating human remains either from medicolegal contexts or archaeological sites. sex is usually assessed by examination of the skull and pelvis, but this may not always be possible if skeletal material is fragmented or incomplete. the present study investigated the potential for using carpals to assess sex, utilizing 100 individuals of known-sex from the christ church, spitalfields collection, curated at the natural history museum (london). a series of newly-defin ... | 2008 | 18000885 |
| respiratory syncytial virus infection in infants admitted to paediatric intensive care units in london, and in their families. | we carried out a study in five london paediatric intensive care units (picus), with the objectives of describing a cohort of infants with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection, comparing hospital diagnosis with pcr results and investigating the spread of rsv in families. eligible infants were under 5 months old and admitted betweem november 1998 and october 1999 with respiratory failure, apnoea and/or bradycardia or acute life threatening episodes (alte). we diagnosed rsv by pcr analysis o ... | 2008 | 17541638 |
| investigating the dynamics of nurse migration in early career: a longitudinal questionnaire survey of variation in regional retention of diploma qualifiers in england. | increasing mobility of healthcare professionals has led to concerns that certain countries or regions are depleted of sufficient staff to meet healthcare needs. in formulating appropriate strategies to ensure better retention locally, human resource managers are hindered by lack of information about migration patterns. purpose and aims: purposes included studying movement of diploma nurses qualifying in england and contributing to literature on developing methods for obtaining migration data. sp ... | 2008 | 17706221 |
| hiv in gay and bisexual men in the united kingdom: 25 years of public health surveillance. | it is more than 25 years since the first case of aids was reported in the united kingdom. in december 1981 a gay man was referred to a london hospital with opportunistic infections indicative of immunosuppression. national surveillance began the following year, in september 1982, with the notification of deaths and clinical reports of aids and kaposi's sarcoma plus laboratory reports of opportunistic infections. since then epidemiological surveillance systems have evolved, adapting to, and takin ... | 2008 | 17662168 |
| maternal inheritance and familial fecundity factors in male homosexuality. | this study, following camperio-ciani, corna, and capiluppi [(2004), proceedings of the royal society of london, series b, biological sciences, 271, 2217-2221] aimed to examine the familial history of male homosexuality, and test the so-called "fertile female" hypothesis for this trait in a contemporary british sample. using a comparative survey design, we found that white (comprising those of anglo-european descent) and non-white (comprising ethnic "blacks, "south asians," "east asians," "hispan ... | 2008 | 17665299 |
| assessing the impacts of agricultural intensification on biodiversity: a british perspective. | agricultural intensification is best considered as the level of human appropriation of terrestrial net primary production. the global value is set to increase from 30%, increasing pressures on biodiversity. the pressures can be classified in terms of spatial scale, i.e. land cover, landscape management and crop management. different lowland agricultural landscapes in great britain show differences among these pressures when habitat diversity and nutrient surplus are used as indicators. eutrophic ... | 2008 | 17785274 |
| setting up an enhanced surveillance of newly acquired hepatitis c infection in men who have sex with men: a pilot in london and south east region of england. | preliminary findings suggest ongoing hcv transmission among msm infected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and that enhanced surveillance for newly acquired hcv in msm is feasible. | 2008 | 19021960 |
| identification of potential environmentally adapted campylobacter jejuni strain, united kingdom. | in a study of campylobacter infection in northwestern england, 2003-2006, c. jejuni multilocus sequence type (st)-45 was associated with early summer onset and was the most prevalent c. jejuni type in surface waters. st-45 is likely more adapted to survival outside a host, making it a key driver of transmission between livestock, environmental, and human settings. | 2008 | 18976567 |
| quality of child-parent attachment moderates the impact of antenatal stress on child fearfulness. | animal studies have shown that prenatal stress has persisting effects on several aspects of offspring development; more recent studies show that this effect may be eliminated by positive postnatal rearing. human studies of prenatal anxiety/stress are now also beginning to document links between antenatal stress/anxiety and behavioural and cognitive development of the child; however, there is no human evidence as to whether the early caregiving environment moderates the effect of antenatal anxiet ... | 2008 | 19017025 |
| the polish version of the quality of life assessment of growth hormone deficiency in adults (qol-aghda) - four-stage translation and validation. | the quality of life assessment of growth hormone deficiency in adults (qol-aghda) was developed simultaneously in five languages (english, swedish, german, italian and spanish) to measure quality of life (qol) in adult patients with growth hormone (gh) deficiency. the aim of the project was to produce a validated polish version of the qol-aghda that was conceptually equivalent to the uk-english version. | 2008 | 18979446 |
| from oxford to hawaii ecophysiological barriers limit human progression in ten sport monuments. | in order to understand the determinants and trends of human performance evolution, we analyzed ten outdoor events among the oldest and most popular in sports history. best performances of the oxford-cambridge boat race (since 1836), the channel crossing in swimming (1875), the hour cycling record (1893), the elfstedentocht speed skating race (1909), the cross country ski vasaloppet (1922), the speed ski record (1930), the streif down-hill in kitzbühel (1947), the eastward and westward sailing tr ... | 2008 | 18985149 |
| prime contenders for public building award. | a new community hospital in lymington with what the judges describe as a "human scale that feels approachable, accessible and part of the local community", and a brighton seafront children's hospital with an imaginative external ship-shaped design, both pfi schemes, are among the shortlisted construction projects in the 2008 prime minister's better public building award competition. health estate journal reports. | 2008 | 18988609 |
| demographic determinants for campylobacter infection in england and wales: implications for future epidemiological studies. | despite a significant public health burden the epidemiology of human campylobacter infection remains blurred. the identification of demographic determinants for campylobacter infection is therefore essential for identifying potential areas for intervention. demographic data from an active, population-based sentinel surveillance system for campylobacter infection (from 2000 until 2003, n=15 907) were compared with appropriate denominator data from the 2001 united kingdom census. incidence was hig ... | 2008 | 19000328 |
| public knowledge and attitudes towards human papilloma virus (hpv) vaccination. | human papilloma virus (hpv) vaccine has undergone successful trials and has recently been approved for use for the primary prevention of cervical cancer. the aim of this study was to determine knowledge and attitudes towards hpv vaccination. | 2008 | 18947430 |
| [historical note: in homage to lister]. | joseph lister, who disputes with klebs the third place as the father of microbiology, was just about to remain without a bacteria immortalizing his ñame. thanks to seeliger, now listeria is used for identifying the genus that pirie had already named listerella in 1927. through a quick review of the history of listeria monocytogenes, we get to know the principal facts in the lives of pirie and seeliger, investigators with absolutely different characters. we also review a brief history of the life ... | 2008 | 18949146 |
| packed with salmonella--investigation of an international outbreak of salmonella senftenberg infection linked to contamination of prepacked basil in 2007. | salmonella senftenberg is uncommon in the united kingdom. in january-june 2007, the health protection agency reported on 55 primary human cases of salmonella senftenberg in england and wales. in may 2007, fresh basil sold in the united kingdom was found to be contaminated with salmonella senftenberg. we launched an investigation to elucidate the cause of this outbreak. isolates were examined using plasmid profiling and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, and the outbreak strain (ssftxb.0014) was i ... | 2008 | 18851676 |
| hexabromocyclododecanes and tetrabromobisphenol-a in indoor air and dust in birmingham, u.k: implications for human exposure. | hexabromocyclododecanes (alpha-, beta-, and gamma-hbcds) and tetrabromobisphenol-a (tbbp-a) were determined in indoor air from homes (n=33; median concentrations sigma hbcds = 180 pg m(-3); tbbp-a = 15 pg m(-3)), offices (n=25; 170; 11), public microenvironments (n=4; 900; 27) and outdoor air (n=5; 37; 1). hbcds and tbbp-a were also determined in dust from homes (n=45; median concentrations sigma hbcds = 1300 ng g(-1); tbbp-a = 62 ng g(-1)), offices (n=28; 760; 36), cars (n=20; 13,000; 2), and p ... | 2008 | 18853800 |
| tracing the source of campylobacteriosis. | campylobacter jejuni is the leading cause of bacterial gastro-enteritis in the developed world. it is thought to infect 2-3 million people a year in the us alone, at a cost to the economy in excess of us $4 billion. c. jejuni is a widespread zoonotic pathogen that is carried by animals farmed for meat and poultry. a connection with contaminated food is recognized, but c. jejuni is also commonly found in wild animals and water sources. phylogenetic studies have suggested that genotypes pathogenic ... | 2008 | 18818764 |
| legacies of garrod's brilliance. one hundred years--and counting. | one hundred years ago--in 1908--archibald garrod delivered his four croonian lectures. in these formerly forgotten, but now famous, dissertations, garrod first used the expression, 'inborn errors of metabolism', to describe four rare disorders: albinism, alkaptonuria, cystinuria, and pentosuria. this prescient work proposed that such disorders resulted from enzymatic defects in the catabolic pathways for amino acids and sugars. thus, garrod can rightfully be called the first human geneticist. mu ... | 2008 | 18836847 |