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hypertension as an underlying disorder in fatal cases of swine flu in thailand: an observation. 201020629818
mutations at positions 186 and 194 in the ha gene of the 2009 h1n1 pandemic influenza virus improve replication in cell culture and eggs.obtaining suitable seed viruses for influenza vaccines poses a challenge for public health authorities and manufacturers. we used reverse genetics to generate vaccine seed-compatible viruses from the 2009 pandemic swine-origin influenza virus. comparison of viruses recovered with variations in residues 186 and 194 (based on the h3 numbering system) of the viral hemagglutinin showed that these viruses differed with respect to their ability to grow in eggs and cultured cells. thus, we have demonst ...201020630098
exploring the needs, concerns and behaviours of people with existing respiratory conditions in relation to the h1n1 'swine influenza' pandemic: a multicentre survey and qualitative study.people with respiratory conditions are a 'high-risk' group for h1n1 pandemic swine influenza ('swine flu'), hence they and their families may have information needs, worries and concerns regarding the condition. health-related behaviours, including vaccination, are recommended during the pandemic; understanding uptake of these is important.201020630122
influenza a/h1n1v in pregnancy: an investigation of the characteristics and management of affected women and the relationship to pregnancy outcomes for mother and infant.in april 2009 a novel influenza a virus (ah1n1v) of swine origin (swine flu) emerged, spreading rapidly and achieving pandemic status in june 2009. pregnant women were identified as being at high risk of severe influenza-related complications and as a priority group for vaccination against ah1n1v. limited information was available about the maternal and fetal risks of ah1n1v infection or of antiviral drug or ah1n1v vaccine use in pregnancy.201020630123
the impact of communications about swine flu (influenza a h1n1v) on public responses to the outbreak: results from 36 national telephone surveys in the uk.to assess the association between levels of worry about the possibility of catching swine flu and the volume of media reporting about it; the role of psychological factors in predicting likely uptake of the swine flu vaccine; and the role of media coverage and advertising in predicting other swine flu-related behaviours.201020630124
the impact of illness and the impact of school closure on social contact patterns.mathematical models, based on data describing normal patterns of social mixing, are used to understand epidemics in order to predict patterns of disease spread and plan interventions and responses. however, individuals who are ill show behavioural changes that affect their social mixing patterns and predictive models should take into account these changes if they are to be effective.201020630125
swine influenza (h1n1) and acute appendicitis.during the swine influenza (h1n1) pandemic that began in 2009, many hospitalized adults had gastrointestinal symptoms. the most common symptoms associated with swine influenza (h1n1) were nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea. in the experience of the authors, swine influenza was not complicated by abdominal pain. there are a wide variety of infectious and non-infectious disorders that may present with a pain in the right lower quadrant, mimicking appendicitis, ie, pseudoappendicitis. influenza predispo ...201020633930
[colorimetric detection of human influenza a h1n1 virus by reverse transcription loop mediated isothermal amplification].a simple, rapid and sensitive colorimetric reverse transcription loop mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp) method was established to detect human influenza a h1n1 virus. the method employed a set of six specially designed primers that recognized eight distinct sequences of the ha gene for amplification of nucleic acid under isothermal conditions at 65 degrees c for one and half hour. the amplification process of rt-lamp was monitored by the addition of hnb (hydroxy naphthol blue) dye prio ...201020480635
[molecular genetic evolution analysis of new a(h1n1) influenza virus].in order to analyze the molecular epidemiology of a (h1n1) influenza virus in 2009, the complete genome sequences of influenza strains from different host sources downloaded from the ncbi were analyzed on genetic evolution by dnastar software in this research. the results showed that 79 mutation sites of new a (h1n1) influenza virus were observed compared to previous human a (h1n1) influenza strain, including 14 mutation sites new in all a (h1n1) influenza sources and 37 mutation sites only obse ...201020480636
evolutionary dynamics of the n1 neuraminidases of the main lineages of influenza a viruses.influenza a virus infects a wide range of hosts including birds, humans, pigs, horses, and other mammals. because hosts differ in immune system structure and demography, it is therefore expected that host populations leave different imprints on the viral genome. in this study, we investigated the evolutionary trajectory of the main lineages of n1 type neuraminidase (na) gene sequences of influenza a viruses by estimating their evolutionary rates and the selection pressures exerted upon them. we ...201020434570
first cases of pandemic h1n1/09 influenza in scottish pigs. 201020435978
oseltamivir-resistant 2009-2010 pandemic influenza a (h1n1) in an immunocompromised patient.although neuraminidase inhibitors are active against most 2009-2010 pandemic influenza a (h1n1) swine-origin strains, sporadic cases of oseltamivir resistance have been described. since april 2009, 54 cases of oseltamivir-resistant h1n1 swine-origin have been reported in the usa (http://www.cdc.gov/flu/weekly/; accessed 1 february 2010). approximately 1.4% of tested isolates are oseltamivir resistant. we report a patient with an underlying hematological malignancy who was hospitalized with influ ...201020218988
high mortality from respiratory failure secondary to swine-origin influenza a (h1n1) in south africa.the novel influenza a (h1n1) pandemic affected south africa late during the 2009 southern hemisphere winter and placed an extra burden on a health care system already dealing with a high prevalence of chronic lung diseases and human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection.201020219780
genomic signature and mutation trend analysis of pandemic (h1n1) 2009 influenza a virus.a novel swine-origin pandemic influenza a(h1n1) virus (h1n1pdm, also referred to as s-oiv) was identified as the causative agent of the 21(st) century's first influenza pandemic, but molecular features conferring its ability of human-to-human transmission has not been identified. here we compared the protein sequences of 2009 h1n1pdm strains with those causing other pandemics and the viruses isolated from humans, swines and avians, and then analyzed the mutation trend of the residues at the sign ...201020221396
[the strategy against influenza].in france, influenza kills about 2,000 persons per year among the viruses (m. influenzae a, b and c), type a is the most dangerous because it caused several deadly epidemics. the deepening of knowledge on the mechanisms of infection is essential in the search for new antiviral drugs and more effective vaccines, particularly for developing a vaccine giving long-term immunity. in april 2009, a novel flu strain that combined genes from human, pig, and bird flu, influenza a/h1n1, emerged in mexico, ...201020222318
recipients of vaccine against the 1976 "swine flu" have enhanced neutralization responses to the 2009 novel h1n1 influenza virus.background. the world is facing a novel h1n1 influenza pandemic. a pandemic scare with a similar influenza virus in 1976 resulted in the vaccination of nearly 45 million persons. we hypothesized that prior receipt of the 1976 "swine flu" vaccine would enhance immune responses to the 2009 novel h1n1 influenza strain. methods. a prospective, volunteer sample of employees aged > or = 55 years at a children's cancer hospital in august 2009 was assessed for antibody responses to the 2009 pandemic h1n ...201020415539
historical review of pandemic influenza a in taiwan, 2009.influenza is an important disease in children. in april 2009, human infections caused by a novel swine h1n1 virus were reported in mexico, followed by a pandemic. as of 14 march 2010, more than 213 countries and overseas territories or communities have reported laboratory-confirmed cases of pandemic influenza h1n1 2009, including at least 16,813 deaths. this influenza pandemic is unique in many respects. large outbreaks occurred outside the usual season for influenza infection. the virus also ca ...201020417458
swine flu outbreak: is pakistan prepared? 201020422753
[mathematical models as tools for studying and developing strategies in the case of a pandemic influenza outbreak].the current spread of swine flu h1n1 raises serious concerns for public health worldwide. mathematical modelling has proved to be an essential tool for both developing strategies in preparation for an outbreak and for predicting and evaluating the effectiveness of control policies during an outbreak. given its growing importance, this article outlines some of the fundamental contributions of mathematical modelling in the study of infectious diseases. the authors review the classical sir model wh ...201020422832
caveolin-1 influences human influenza a virus (h1n1) multiplication in cell culture.the threat of recurring influenza pandemics caused by new viral strains and the occurrence of escape mutants necessitate the search for potent therapeutic targets. the dependence of viruses on cellular factors provides a weak-spot in the viral multiplication strategy and a means to interfere with viral multiplication.201020504340
evaluation of replication and cross-reactive antibody responses of h2 subtype influenza viruses in mice and ferrets.h2 influenza viruses have not circulated in humans since 1968, and therefore a large segment of the population would likely be susceptible to infection should h2 influenza viruses reemerge. the development of an h2 pandemic influenza virus vaccine candidate should therefore be considered a priority in pandemic influenza preparedness planning. we selected a group of geographically and temporally diverse wild-type h2 influenza viruses and evaluated the kinetics of replication and compared the abil ...201020504935
chest radiography findings in adults with pandemic h1n1 2009 influenza.the current pandemic of a novel influenza a (h1n1) virus, commonly referred to as "swine flu", began in mexico in march 2009 and reached the uk in april 2009. by 21 july 2009, more than 850 suspected cases of influenza had been seen at birmingham heartlands hospital (bhh), including 52 adults with laboratory-confirmed pandemic h1n1 influenza who were admitted. of seven patients (13%) requiring intensive care, six needed mechanical ventilation, two needed extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation (ecm ...201020505030
coding of influenza a h1n1 virus calls received by texas poison centers.the utilization of poison center data for research and surveillance depends on the complete and accurate coding of the data.201020507247
swine influenza a vaccines, pandemic (h1n1) 2009 virus, and cross-reactivity. 201020507767
swine flu and nephrotic syndrome. 201020515968
peramivir: an intravenous neuraminidase inhibitor for the treatment of 2009 h1n1 influenza.to review the efficacy and safety of peramivir, an unapproved neuraminidase inhibitor recently granted an emergency use authorization (eua) by the food and drug administration (fda) for the treatment of 2009 h1n1 influenza in select patients.201020516360
monoclonal antibody kit for identification of the novel 2009 h1n1 influenza a virus.to develop an immunofluorescence assay for identification of the 2009 h1n1 influenza a virus, we generated a number of monoclonal antibodies (mabs) by using inactivated h1n1 2009 virus (a/california/07/2009) as the immunogen. two mabs that target two different epitopes of the 2009 h1n1 hemagglutinin (ha) were selected to make the d(3) ultra 2009 h1n1 influenza a id kit (2009 h1n1 id kit; diagnostic hybrids, inc., athens, oh), which is intended for the identification of the 2009 h1n1 virus by ind ...201020519459
preliminary results: surveillance for guillain-barré syndrome after receipt of influenza a (h1n1) 2009 monovalent vaccine - united states, 2009-2010.guillain-barré syndrome (gbs) is an uncommon peripheral neuropathy causing paralysis and in severe cases respiratory failure and death. gbs often follows an antecedent gastrointestinal or upper respiratory illness but, in rare cases, can follow vaccination. in 1976, vaccination against a novel swine-origin influenza a (h1n1) virus was associated with a statistically significant increased risk for gbs in the 42 days after vaccination (approximately 10 excess cases per 1 million vaccinations), a c ...201020520590
use of antigenic cartography in vaccine seed strain selection.human influenza a viruses are classic examples of antigenically variable pathogens that have a seemingly endless capacity to evade the host's immune response. the viral hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na) proteins are the main targets of our antibody response to combat infections. ha and na continuously change to escape from humoral immunity, a process known as antigenic drift. as a result of antigenic drift, the human influenza vaccine is updated frequently. the world health organization ...201020521635
avian influenza vaccination in chickens and pigs with replication-competent adenovirus-free human recombinant adenovirus 5.protective immunity to avian influenza (ai) virus can be elicited in chickens by in ovo or intramuscular vaccination with replication-competent adenovirus (rca)-free human recombinant adenovirus serotype 5 (ad5) encoding ai virus h5 (adtw68.h5) or h7 (adcn94.h7) hemagglutinins. we evaluated bivalent in ovo vaccination with adtw68.h5 and adcn94.h7 and determined that vaccinated chickens developed robust hemagglutination inhibition (hi) antibody levels to both h5 and h7 ai strains. additionally, w ...201020521636
the high susceptibility of turkeys to influenza viruses of different origins implies their importance as potential intermediate hosts.several previous reports and our studies show that waterfowl-origin influenza viruses can be more easily transmitted to domestic turkeys than chickens. similarly, studies indicate turkeys to be better hosts for low pathogenic avian influenza viruses isolated from commercial poultry operations and live bird markets in comparison to chickens. low 50% infectious-dose titers of wild bird as well as poultry-adapted viruses for turkeys further suggest that turkeys can be easily infected following a lo ...201020521688
radiological findings of pneumonia in patients with swine-origin influenza a virus (h1n1).during spring 2009, a pandemic swine-origin influenza a (h1n1) virus (s-oiv) emerged and spread globally. we describe the chest x-ray and computed tomography (ct) findings of 40 patients with pneumonia due to s-oiv observed in our institution.201020526820
council of europe condemns "unjustified scare" over swine flu. 201020530069
molecular characterization of in vivo adjuvant activity in ferrets vaccinated against influenza virus.the 2009 h1n1 influenza pandemic has prompted a significant need for the development of efficient, single-dose, adjuvanted vaccines. here we investigated the adjuvant potential of cpg oligodeoxynucleotide (odn) when used with a human seasonal influenza virus vaccine in ferrets. we found that the cpg odn-adjuvanted vaccine effectively increased antibody production and activated type i interferon (ifn) responses compared to vaccine alone. based on these findings, pegylated ifn-alpha2b (peg-ifn) wa ...201020534862
anti-influenza activity of phenethylphenylphthalimide analogs derived from thalidomide.swine-origin influenza a virus has caused pandemics throughout the world and influenza a is regarded as a serious global health issue. hence, novel drugs that will target these viruses are very desirable. influenza a expresses an rna polymerase essential for its transcription and replication which comprises pa, pb1, and pb2 subunits. we identified potential novel anti-influenza agents from a screen of 34 synthesized phenethylphenylphthalimide analogs derived from thalidomide (ppt analogs). for t ...201020538468
guam's influenza epidemic(s) of 2009.to characterize syndromic and laboratory surveillance for influenza on guam during 2009, including the relation of cases to the timing of swine flu-related stories published in a local newspaper.201020540003
gm-csf increases mucosal and systemic immunogenicity of an h1n1 influenza dna vaccine administered into the epidermis of non-human primates.the recent h5n1 avian and h1n1 swine-origin influenza virus outbreaks reaffirm that the threat of a world-wide influenza pandemic is both real and ever-present. vaccination is still considered the best strategy for protection against influenza virus infection but a significant challenge is to identify new vaccine approaches that offer accelerated production, broader protection against drifted and shifted strains, and the capacity to elicit anti-viral immune responses in the respiratory tract at ...201020544035
selection pressure on the hemagglutinin gene of influenza a (h1n1) virus: adaptation to human and swine hosts in asia.influenza a (h1n1) virus is an important pathogen that can be transmitted in the enzootic cycle involved in influenza epidemics. in this study, we analyzed natural selection on the 260 sequences of subtype 1 hemagglutinin (ha1) gene of h1n1 viruses isolated from humans and swine in asia. nonsynonymous and synonymous substitution rates (dn, ds) were determined for each amino acid site in the ha1 coding region. four and two positively selected sites were identified in human and swine viruses, resp ...201020545440
pulmonary imaging of pandemic influenza h1n1 infection: relationship between clinical presentation and disease burden on chest radiography and ct.the potential for pulmonary involvement among patients presenting with novel swine-origin influenza a (h1n1) is high. to investigate the utility of chest imaging in this setting, we correlated clinical presentation with chest radiographic and ct findings in patients with proven h1n1 cases. subjects included all patients presenting with laboratory-confirmed h1n1 between 1 may and 10 september 2009 to one of three urban hospitals. clinical information was gathered retrospectively, including sympto ...201020551254
[who does authorize the pandemics scare? the swine influenza becomes political issue]. 201020380222
[swine influenza -- an interim state. really all half so bad?]. 201020380223
challenge and polymorphism analysis of the novel a (h1n1) influenza virus to normal animals.the novel influenza a (h1n1) virus that emerged from april 2009 in mexico has spread rapidly to many countries and initiated a human pandemic. it is important to determine whether the virus has existed in, or will spread to, normal household animals, and whether a (h1n1)-like viruses derived from the animal is able to proliferate in cell lines derived from human. in this current paper, familiar animals, including pigs, chickens, ducks, cats, dogs, rats, mice, and brandt's voles were challenged w ...201020381552
detection of pandemic (h1n1) 2009 influenza virus by allele discrimination.the pandemic (h1n1) 2009 has become a threat of public health. to manage rapidly increased infections and disease control, a simple and reliable first-line screening test for viral infection is on urgent demand.201020382139
department of health agrees deal with gsk to cancel part of swine flu vaccine order. 201020382671
pathology and viral antigen distribution of lethal pneumonia in domestic cats due to pandemic (h1n1) 2009 influenza a virus.a novel swine-origin h1n1 influenza a virus has been identified as the cause of the 2009 influenza pandemic in humans. since then, infections with the pandemic (h1n1) 2009 influenza virus have been documented in a number of animal species. the first known cases of lethal respiratory disease associated with pandemic (h1n1) 2009 influenza virus infection in house pets occurred in domestic cats in oregon. a 10-year-old neutered domestic shorthair and an 8-year-old spayed domestic shorthair died sho ...201020382823
structures of influenza a proteins and insights into antiviral drug targets.the world is currently undergoing a pandemic caused by an h1n1 influenza a virus, the so-called 'swine flu'. the h5n1 ('bird flu') influenza a viruses, now circulating in asia, africa and europe, are extremely virulent in humans, although they have not so far acquired the ability to transfer efficiently from human to human. these health concerns have spurred considerable interest in understanding the molecular biology of influenza a viruses. recent structural studies of influenza a virus protein ...201020383144
searching pubmed during a pandemic.the 2009 influenza a(h1n1) pandemic has generated thousands of articles and news items. however, finding relevant scientific articles in such rapidly developing health crises is a major challenge which, in turn, can affect decision-makers' ability to utilise up-to-date findings and ultimately shape public health interventions. this study set out to show the impact that the inconsistent naming of the pandemic can have on retrieving relevant scientific articles in pubmed/medline.201020383330
detection of the rapid emergence of the h275y mutation associated with oseltamivir resistance in severe pandemic influenza virus a/h1n1 09 infections.in 2009 a new swine-origin influenza virus a/h1n1 (a/h1n1 09) emerged, causing the century's first pandemic. most isolates of the new a/h1n1 09 virus are susceptible to neuraminidase inhibitors, but the h275y mutation in the neuraminidase gene region associated with high-level oseltamivir resistance has been detected. using rolling circle amplification (rca) technology, 96 a/h1n1 09-specific rt-pcr positive clinical samples collected from 80 oseltamivir-treated and untreated patients were screen ...201020385168
coagulopathies and thrombosis: usual and unusual causes and associations, part iii. 201020391291
influenza and cardiovascular disease: does swine-origin, 2009 h1n1 flu virus represent a risk factor, an acute trigger, or both?influenza infection has become an important focus of both public and medical attention because of high-level perceived clinical and public health effects, enormously amplified by the current and ongoing 2009 h1n1 flu pandemic, sustained by the swine-origin influenza a (h1n1) virus (s-oiv). the current transmission of this virus among humans appears much higher than that traditionally observed with seasonal influenza, raising several outbreaks of febrile respiratory infection ranging in severity ...201020391296
the essentiality of alpha-2-macroglobulin in human salivary innate immunity against new h1n1 swine origin influenza a virus.a novel strain of influenza a h1n1 emerged in the spring of 2009 and has spread rapidly throughout the world. although vaccines have recently been developed that are expected to be protective, their availability was delayed until well into the influenza season. although anti-influenza drugs such as neuraminidase inhibitors can be effective, resistance to these drugs has already been reported. although human saliva was known to inhibit viral infection and may thus prevent viral transmission, the ...201020391540
early recognition of meningitis and septicaemia.meningitis is a disease feared by parents and health professionals alike. the rapid onset and progression of the disease and potentially lethal outcome makes it vital to diagnose the disease early, but this can be difficult. this is particularly the case during the current swine flu pandemic, where concerns have been raised that cases of meningitis may be missed due to a misdiagnosis of swine flu. early symptoms of meningitis and septicaemia often resemble viral illnesses such as influenza, maki ...201020397549
the novel swine-origin h1n1 influenza a virus riddle: is it a domestic bird h1n1-derived virus?to understand the role of domestic birds in the 2009 h1n1 influenza a outbreak, a phylogenetic analysis of hemagglutinin, neuraminidase and matrix protein genes from human, avian and swine h1n1 viruses was carried out. analysis of the h1 sequences revealed that the virus evolved most likely from american swine as well as intermixing between asian swine and american domestic bird h1n1 viruses. neuroaminidase and matrix protein analysis showed that the h1n1 2009 viruses were more closely related t ...201020402417
why do i need it? i am not at risk! public perceptions towards the pandemic (h1n1) 2009 vaccine.on the 30th september 2009, the pandemic (h1n1) 2009 influenza vaccine was made available to adults and children aged 10 years and over, in australia. acceptance of a novel vaccine is influenced by perceptions of risk including risk of infection, risk of death or severe illness and risk of serious vaccine side-effects. we surveyed a sample of residents from sydney, australia to ascertain their risk perception, attitudes towards the pandemic and willingness to accept the pandemic (h1n1) 2009 infl ...201020403201
[changing management of pandemic influenza].in april 2009, for the first time in 41 years, a novel type of influenza a virus acquired the capacity for human-to-human transmission and caused a pandemic. this virus was derived from swine a (h1n1), which was a recombination of avian, human, and several swine influenza viruses, and named the "pandemic (h1n1) 2009 virus". as of mid-november, approximately 500,000 confirmed cases of pandemic (h1n1) 2009 infection had been reported to the world health organization. the true worldwide disease bur ...201020408444
prior infection with classical swine h1n1 influenza viruses is associated with protective immunity to the 2009 pandemic h1n1 virus.the 2009 h1n1 pandemic emerged even though seasonal h1n1 viruses have circulated for decades. epidemiological evidence suggested that the current seasonal vaccine did not offer significant protection from the novel pandemic, and that people over the age of 50 were less susceptible to infection.201020409208
serologic survey of swine workers for exposure to h2n3 swine influenza a.of the 16 influenza a hemagglutinin (h) subtypes, only h1, h2 and h3 viruses have been shown to cause sustained human infection. whereas h1 and h3 viruses currently circulate seasonally in humans, h2 viruses have not been identified in humans since 1968. in 2006, an h2n3 influenza virus was isolated from ill swine in the united states.201020409213
cross-reactive antibodies to pandemic (h1n1) 2009 virus, singapore. 201020409391
[procedures for swine flu in the clinical routine of a level 1 perinatal centre]. 201020411469
omission bias and vaccine rejection by parents of healthy children: implications for the influenza a/h1n1 vaccination programme.2009 h1n1 influenza a ("swine flu") vaccine has been offered to healthy uk children aged 6 months-5 years since december 2009, though around 50% of parents plan to reject the vaccine. this study examined whether such parents exhibit omission bias (preference for errors arising from inaction over errors arising from action). one-hundred and forty-two parents completed an online questionnaire in which they rated (a) probability of occurrence, (b) symptoms and (c) duration of a hypothetical disease ...201020412878
recovering from swine flu. 201020441026
factors in vaccination intention against the pandemic influenza a/h1n1.vaccination against pandemic influenza a/h1n1 is an effective strategy to mitigate the spread of the disease. while the vaccine is now available, social acceptance remains relatively uncertain in many societies. the purpose of this study was to examine the beliefs, attitudes and practices associated with the intention to get vaccinated against the a/h1n1 virus among the general population in france.201020444821
inefficient control of host gene expression by the 2009 pandemic h1n1 influenza a virus ns1 protein.in 2009, a novel swine-origin h1n1 influenza a virus emerged. here, we characterize the multifunctional ns1 protein of this human pandemic virus in order to understand factors that may contribute to replication efficiency or pathogenicity. although the 2009 h1n1 virus ns1 protein (2009/ns1) is an effective interferon antagonist, we found that this ns1 (unlike those of previous human-adapted influenza a viruses) is unable to block general host gene expression in human or swine cells. this propert ...201020444891
credit crunch, swine flu, the winter freeze - life pressures on the older adult. 201020446935
first whole genome characterization of swine influenza virus subtype h3n2 in thailand.h3n2 swine influenza viruses (siv) were first detected in asia shortly after the 1968 pandemic emerged in humans. subsequently, human h3n2 viruses have sporadically reappeared in swine. in thailand, a human-like h3n2 siv was reported in 1978 although the genetic sequence of this virus is unknown. in this study, we undertook cross sectional syndromic surveillance in pigs in four provinces in thailand. seven genetically similar h3n2 viruses were isolated. a representative, a/sw/thailand/ku5.1/04, ...201020447778
swine flu: high mortality in cancer patients. 201020448399
antigenic categorization of contemporary h3n2 swine influenza virus isolates using a high-throughput serum neutralization assay.in vivo, neutralizing antibodies are critical for viral clearance. a high-throughput serum neutralization (htsn) assay was developed to antigenically categorize swine influenza virus (siv) isolates. uncategorized viruses were tested using a panel of antisera representing the h3n2 siv subtypes and the results expressed as a serum neutralization ratio. antisera were generated against contemporary isolates representing circulating h3n2 siv subtypes (clusters i, iii, iv). reference viruses and the c ...201020453207
single-step multiplex conventional and real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assays for simultaneous detection and subtype differentiation of influenza a virus in swine.because pigs are considered intermediate hosts for the emergence of novel influenza virus reassortants with associated zoonotic potential, monitoring and characterization of circulating influenza viruses in pigs are important for adequate control of infection. for this, rapid molecular diagnostic methods other than immunoassays are needed. three novel single-step multiplex reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) assays were developed in the current study for simultaneous detecti ...201020453214
methods for molecular surveillance of influenza.molecular-based techniques for detecting influenza viruses have become an integral component of human and animal surveillance programs in the last two decades. the recent pandemic of the swine-origin influenza a virus (h1n1) and the continuing circulation of highly pathogenic avian influenza a virus (h5n1) further stress the need for rapid and accurate identification and subtyping of influenza viruses for surveillance, outbreak management, diagnosis and treatment. there has been remarkable progr ...201020455681
legionnaires' disease mimicking swine influenza (h1n1) pneumonia during the "herald wave" of the pandemic.new york area hospitals were hit hard by the swine influenza (h1n1) pandemic in spring and summer 2009. during a pandemic, the initial cases may be difficult to recognize, but subsequent clinical diagnoses were relatively straightforward, given the high volume of cases and their typical clinical presentation. swine influenza pneumonia presents as an influenza-like illness (ili) with dry cough, fever >102 degrees f and myalgias. a variety of other viral pneumonias, eg, cytomegalovirus, human para ...201020457347
rapid clinical diagnosis of legionnaires' disease during the "herald wave" of the swine influenza (h1n1) pandemic: the legionnaires' disease triad.in adults hospitalized with atypical community-acquired pneumonia (cap), legionnaires' disease is not uncommon. legionnaire's disease can be differentiated from typical caps and from other atypical caps based on its characteristic pattern of extrapulmonary organ involvement. the first clinically useful diagnostic weighted point score system for the clinical diagnosis of legionnaires' disease was developed by the infectious disease division at winthrop-university hospital in the 1980s. it has pro ...201020457348
clinical and microbiologic features associated with novel swine-origin influenza a pandemic 2009 (h1n1) virus in children: a prospective cohort study.novel swine-origin influenza a pandemic 2009 (h1n1) virus (s-oiv) infection in the context of other respiratory viruses circulating in winter has not been studied.201020458257
impedimetric detection of influenza a (h1n1) dna sequence using carbon nanotubes platform and gold nanoparticles amplification.in this work we report the use of an impedimetric genosensor for the model detection of h1n1 swine flu correlated dna sequence. an oligonucleotide dna probe, complementary to the target h1n1 virus sequence, was immobilized onto the electrode surface by covalent binding. two different protocols, i.e. direct hybridization with the dna target and a sandwich scheme, were employed and compared. in both cases the resulting hybrid was biotin-labelled to allow the additional conjugation with streptavidi ...201020458407
wild bird's-eye view of influenza virus a(h1n1) phylogenetic evolution.wild bird fecal samples collected and characterized by the usda as part of a national surveillance effort were sequenced to study the genetic relatedness of avian, swine, and human h1 and n1 subtypes. our results find that the 2009 h1n1 human outbreak is closely related to swine virus, but falls into different clades in the h1 and n1 trees. further, there is evidence of multiple viral genetic exchanges between birds and swine. ongoing research across host species contributes to an understanding ...201020458519
swine influenza vaccines: current status and future perspectives.swine influenza is an important contagious disease in pigs caused by influenza a viruses. although only three subtypes of influenza a viruses, h1n1, h1n2 and h3n2, predominantly infect pigs worldwide, it is still a big challenge for vaccine manufacturers to produce efficacious vaccines for the prevention and control of swine influenza. swine influenza viruses not only cause significant economic losses for the swine industry, but are also important zoonotic pathogens. vaccination is still one of ...201020462470
optimal pandemic influenza vaccine allocation strategies for the canadian population.the world is currently confronting the first influenza pandemic of the 21(st) century. influenza vaccination is an effective preventive measure, but the unique epidemiological features of swine-origin influenza a (h1n1) (ph1n1) introduce uncertainty as to the best strategy for prioritization of vaccine allocation. we sought to determine optimal prioritization of vaccine distribution among different age and risk groups within the canadian population, to minimize influenza-attributable morbidity a ...201020463898
a candidate h1n1 pandemic influenza vaccine elicits protective immunity in mice.in 2009 a new pandemic disease appeared and spread globally. the recent emergence of the pandemic influenza virus h1n1 first isolated in mexico and usa raised concerns about vaccine availability. we here report our development of an adenovirus-based influenza h1n1 vaccine tested for immunogenicity and efficacy to confer protection in animal model.201020463955
[outbreak of influenza pandemic virus a(h1n1) 2009 infections in emergency department, saint-pierre, reunion island. july-august 2009].the 2009 pandemic influenza a (h1n1) virus has emerged to cause the first pandemic of the 21st century. on july 3, 2009, novel swine-origin influenza a (h1n1) virus (s-oiv) was identified in reunion island, french overseas department located in the southern hemisphere. the present study describes the characteristics and the impact of the epidemic on the activity of an emergency department (ed) from july 3 to august 31, 2009.201020466514
reversible splenial lesion associated with novel influenza a (h1n1) viral infection.we describe clinically mild encephalopathy with a reversible lesion in the splenium of the corpus callosum associated with the novel swine-origin influenza a (h1n1) virus. a 14-year-old japanese boy was hospitalized because of dysarthria and dysphagia 5 days after the onset of fever. he had been receiving zanamivir for 4 days before admission. diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging on clinical day 6 revealed lesions in the splenium of the corpus callosum and bilateral frontoparietal white ...201020472201
potential pediatric intensive care unit demand/capacity mismatch due to novel ph1n1 in canada.to investigate the possibility of pediatric intensive care unit shortfalls, using pandemic models for a range of attack rates and durations. the emergence of the swine origin ph1n1 virus has led to concerns about shortfalls in our ability to provide pediatric ventilation and critical care support.201020473239
influenza a (h1n1) encephalitis with severe intracranial hypertension.the swine-origin influenza a (h1n1) virus was responsible for the pandemic infection in 2009. we report a case of encephalitis diagnosed as the h1n1 virus infection in a young child. the h1n1 virus infection can be causative of the encephalitis, as with other influenza virus infections. for patients presenting with influenza-like illness accompanied by mental status changes or seizures, high suspicion for unusual presentations of influenza a virus infection and careful monitoring, including eeg ...201020473260
cellular response to influenza virus infection: a potential role for autophagy in cxcl10 and interferon-alpha induction.historically, influenza pandemics have arisen from avian influenza viruses. avian influenza viruses h5n1 and h9n2 are potential pandemic candidates. infection of humans with the highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 virus is associated with a mortality in excess of 60%, which has been attributed to dysregulation of the cytokine system. human macrophages and epithelial cells infected with some genotypes of h5n1 and h9n2 viruses express markedly elevated cytokine and chemokine levels when compare ...201020473322
the first influenza pandemic of the 21st century.the 2009 h1n1 influenza virus (formerly known as swine flu) first appeared in mexico and the united states in march and april 2009 and has swept the globe with unprecedented speed as a result of airline travel. on june 11, 2009, the world health organization raised its pandemic level to the highest level, phase 6, indicating widespread community transmission on at least two continents. the 2009 h1n1 virus contains a unique combination of gene segments from human, swine and avian influenza a viru ...201020103951
pandemic influenza a (h1n1) in saudi arabia: description of the first one hundred cases.in april 2009, the world health organization (who) declared pandemic influenza a (h1n1) "public health emergency of international concern". on june 11, 2009, who raised the pandemic alert level to phase 6, indicating a global pandemic. by december 2009, more than 208 countries and territories had reported swine flu cases. the descriptive epidemiology of the first reported 100 cases of this virus in saudi arabia are summarized in this report.201020103952
tamiflu: what dermatologists need to know.this article is a review of this winter's common infections and their treatments. as infectious agents become more aggressive and more resistant, new medications are needed to fight them. the recent outbreak of the h1n1 ("swine flu") influenza strain has increased, by several-fold, the use of the oral antiviral tamiflu (oseltamivir) and relenza (zenavimir). -as resistant skin and soft-tissue infections increase in frequency, the use of newer antibiotics is becoming more common. this article revi ...201020120431
evidence for cross-species infections and cross-subtype mutations in influenza a matrix proteins.the occurrence of swine h1n1 pandemic was unexpected because our previous focus was concentrated on highly pathogenic avian h5n1 outbreaks. the h1n1 pandemic means that cross-species infection and cross-subtype mutation is not as rare as we had previously thought, and the barriers between species and between subtypes are not strong for influenza a virus. in this study, we use anova to determine if there are barriers between species and between subtypes in the matrix protein 1 family from influen ...201020121408
pulmonary pathologic findings of fatal 2009 pandemic influenza a/h1n1 viral infections.in march 2009, a novel swine-origin influenza a/h1n1 virus was identified. after global spread, the world health organization in june declared the first influenza pandemic in 41 years.201020121613
respiratory failure is the commonest cause of death in diabetic patients with swine flu. 201020121903
protection of mice against lethal challenge with 2009 h1n1 influenza a virus by 1918-like and classical swine h1n1 based vaccines.the recent 2009 pandemic h1n1 virus infection in humans has resulted in nearly 5,000 deaths worldwide. early epidemiological findings indicated a low level of infection in the older population (>65 years) with the pandemic virus, and a greater susceptibility in people younger than 35 years of age, a phenomenon correlated with the presence of cross-reactive immunity in the older population. it is unclear what virus(es) might be responsible for this apparent cross-protection against the 2009 pande ...201020126449
surgical masks for protection of health care personnel against pandemic novel swine-origin influenza a (h1n1)-2009: results from an observational study.there is ongoing debate about the efficacy of surgical masks versus n95 respirators for protection against pandemic novel swine-origin influenza a (h1n1)-2009. our hospital, which is designated to manage outbreaks of emerging infection, has robust surveillance systems to detect infection in staff. the incidence of pandemic h1n1-2009 remained low in staff with use of surgical masks.201020178418
pyrazole compound bpr1p0034 with potent and selective anti-influenza virus activity.influenza viruses are a major cause of morbidity and mortality around the world. more recently, a swine-origin influenza a (h1n1) virus that is spreading via human-to-human transmission has become a serious public concern. although vaccination is the primary strategy for preventing infections, influenza antiviral drugs play an important role in a comprehensive approach to controlling illness and transmission. in addition, a search for influenza-inhibiting drugs is particularly important in the f ...201020178582
an investigation of the pathology and pathogens associated with porcine respiratory disease complex in denmark.respiratory infections are among the most important diseases of growing pigs. in order to elucidate the multifactorial aetiology of porcine respiratory disease complex (prdc) in denmark, lungs from 148 finishing pigs with cranioventral bronchopneumonia (case group) and 60 pigs without lung lesions (control group) were collected from abattoirs. the pathogens involved in prdc and their interactions were identified and linked to the histopathological diagnosis. the lung samples were cultured for ba ...201020181357
alternative live-attenuated influenza vaccines based on modifications in the polymerase genes protect against epidemic and pandemic flu.human influenza is a seasonal disease associated with significant morbidity and mortality. influenza vaccination is the most effective means for disease prevention. we have previously shown that mutations in the pb1 and pb2 genes of the live-attenuated influenza vaccine (laiv) from the cold-adapted (ca) influenza virus a/ann arbor/6/60 (h2n2) could be transferred to avian influenza viruses and produce partially attenuated viruses. we also demonstrated that avian influenza viruses carrying the pb ...201020181702
pathogenesis of pandemic influenza a (h1n1) and triple-reassortant swine influenza a (h1) viruses in mice.the pandemic h1n1 virus of 2009 (2009 h1n1) continues to cause illness worldwide, primarily in younger age groups. to better understand the pathogenesis of these viruses in mammals, we used a mouse model to evaluate the relative virulence of selected 2009 h1n1 viruses and compared them to a representative human triple-reassortant swine influenza virus that has circulated in pigs in the united states for over a decade preceding the current pandemic. additional comparisons were made with the recon ...201020181710
designing inhibitors of m2 proton channel against h1n1 swine influenza virus.m2 proton channel of h1n1 influenza a virus is the target protein of anti-flu drugs amantadine and rimantadine. however, the two once powerful adamantane-based drugs lost their 90% bioactivity because of mutations of virus in recent twenty years. the nmr structure of the m2 channel protein determined by schnell and chou (nature, 2008, 451, 591-595) may help people to solve the drug-resistant problem and develop more powerful new drugs against h1n1 influenza virus.201020186344
influenza a (h1n1) pandemic in iran: report of first confirmed cases from june to november 2009.since the declaration of a swine flu pandemic by the world health organization (who), the islamic republic of iran has launched a surveillance system to test all suspected cases, both in community and hospital settings.201020187661
awareness, attitudes, and practices related to the swine influenza pandemic among the saudi public.during an infectious disease outbreak, it is critical to learn as much as possible about the concerns, knowledge, attitudes, and behavior of the public. such information can be crucial to the improvement of communication efforts by public health officials and clinicians. the aim of this study was to identify awareness, attitudes, and practices related to influenza a (h1n1) among the saudi public.201020187976
avian influenza--a review for doctors in travel medicine.first identified in humans in hong kong, influenza a/h5n1, known commonly as avian influenza, has caused human disease in 15 countries around the world. although the current number of confirmed patients is tiny compared to seasonal and the recently emerged h1n1 'swine' influenza, h5n1 remains a candidate for the next highly pathogenic influenza pandemic. currently, h5n1 has very limited ability to spread from person-to-person but this may change because of mutation or reassortment with other inf ...201020188299
swine influenza (h1n1) pneumonia: elevated serum procalcitonin levels not due to superimposed bacterial pneumonia. 201020188520
acute lung injury with alveolar hemorrhage due to a novel swine-origin influenza a (h1n1) virus.a 40-year-old woman with no major medical illness except for morbid obesity (bmi 40.7) was admitted to our hospital because of bilateral pneumonia due to a novel swine-origin influenza a (h1n1) virus (s-oiv). non-invasive ventilation was introduced because of the hypoxemia. the description of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid findings showed an alveolar hemorrhage and neutrophilic inflammation. no evidence of bacterial infection was found. she was treated with oseltamivir and sivelestat sodium, neutr ...201020190477
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