Publications

assessment of dietary ratios of red clover and grass silages on milk production and milk quality in dairy cows.	twenty-four multiparous holstein-friesian dairy cows were used in a replicated 4 x 4 latin square changeover design experiment to test the effects of changing from ryegrass (lolium perenne) silage to red clover (trifolium pratense) silage in graded proportions on feed intakes, milk production, milk organoleptic qualities, and whole-body nitrogen partitioning. four dietary treatments, comprising ad libitum access to 1 of 4 forage mixtures plus a standard allowance of 4 kg/d dairy concentrates, we ...	2009	19233807
phenotypic and genotypic traits of shiga toxin-negative e. coli o157:h7/h(-) bovine and porcine strains.	enterohemorrhagic e. coli (ehec) o157:h7/h(-) (nonmotile) exist as shiga toxin gene (stx)-positive and stx-negative variants in patients and the environment. we analyzed molecular characteristics, phenotypes, and the phylogenetic background of three stx-negative e. coli o157:h7/h(-) strains isolated from cattle and a pig and compared them with those of human ehec and stx-negative e. coli o157:h7/h(-). all three animal strains contained flich7 and two contained eae. one eae-positive strain (o157: ...	2009	19245340
effects of intramammary infusion of cis-urocanic acid on mastitis-associated inflammation and tissue injury in dairy cows.	to evaluate the effects of cis-urocanic acid (cis-uca) on mammary gland (mg) inflammation and injury associated with escherichia coli-induced mastitis in dairy cows.	2009	19254150
identification of escherichia coli and salmonella enterica organisms with reduced susceptibility to ceftriaxone from fecal samples of cows in dairy herds.	to estimate the relationship between therapeutic use of ceftiofur and recovery of escherichia coli and salmonella spp with reduced susceptibility to ceftriaxone from feces of dairy cattle.	2009	19254152
pentabody-mediated antigen delivery induces antigen-specific mucosal immune response.	an efficient immunization system is essential for the development of mucosal vaccine. cholera toxin (ct) and escherichia coli heat labile toxin (lt) are among the strongest adjuvants tested in experimental animals but their use in humans has been hindered by their toxicity. on the other hand, the role of their non-toxic b-subunits, ctb or ltb, in enhancing mucosal immune response is not clear. we propose here a novel strategy for the induction of mucosal immune responses. single domain antibodie ...	2009	19269688
sorbitol-fermenting shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli o157 in austria.	infections with enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli (ehec) are the major cause of hemolytic uremic syndrome (hus), the most common cause of acute renal failure in childhood. shiga toxins are considered to be the most important virulence factor of ehec strains. non-sorbitol-fermenting ehec o157:h7 is still the most prevalent serotype isolated worldwide; however, sorbitol-fermenting (sf) ehec o157:h- (h- indicates nonmotility) strains are increasingly reported. thirteen sf ehec o157:h- strains (11 ...	2009	19280135
the acute-phase protein serum amyloid a3 is expressed in the bovine mammary gland and plays a role in host defence.	the serum amyloid a protein is one of the major reactants in the acute-phase response. using representational difference analysis comparing rna from normal and involuting quarters of a dairy cow mammary gland, we found an mrna encoding the saa3 protein (m-saa3). the m-saa3 mrna was localized to restricted populations of bovine mammary epithelial cells (mecs). it was expressed at a moderate level in late pregnancy, at a low level through lactation, was induced early in milk stasis, and expressed ...	2009	19283521
occurrence of non-sorbitol fermenting, verocytotoxin-lacking escherichia coli o157 on cattle farms.	escherichia coli o157 is often associated with hemorrhagic colitis and the hemolytic uremic syndrome (hus). the verocytotoxins are considered to be the major virulence determinants. however, vt-negative e. coli o157 were recently isolated from patients with hus. several transmission routes to humans are described, but cattle feces are the primary source from which both the food supply and the environment become contaminated with e. coli o157. in a prevalence study performed on dairy, beef, mixed ...	2009	19299094
biochemical analysis of a beta-d-xylosidase and a bifunctional xylanase-ferulic acid esterase from a xylanolytic gene cluster in prevotella ruminicola 23.	prevotella ruminicola 23 is an obligate anaerobic bacterium in the phylum bacteroidetes that contributes to hemicellulose utilization within the bovine rumen. to gain insight into the cellular machinery that this organism elaborates to degrade the hemicellulosic polymer xylan, we identified and cloned a gene predicted to encode a bifunctional xylanase-ferulic acid esterase (xyn10d-fae1a) and expressed the recombinant protein in escherichia coli. biochemical analysis of purified xyn10d-fae1a reve ...	2009	19304844
effect of intrauterine infusion of ceftiofur on uterine health and fertility in dairy cows.	objectives were to determine the effects of intrauterine (i.u.) infusion of ceftiofur hydrochloride on uterine health and fertility of dairy cows already receiving pgf(2alpha) for estrous synchronization. holstein cows at 44 +/- 3 d in milk (dim) were blocked by parity and diagnosis of metritis in the first 14 dim and of other illnesses and, within each block, randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatments: a single i.u. infusion of 125 mg of ceftiofur hydrochloride at 44 +/- 3 dim (ceftiofur, n = 396), ...	2009	19307634
dynamics of endemic infectious diseases of animal and human importance on three dairy herds in the northeastern united states.	endemic infectious diseases in dairy cattle are of significant concern to the industry as well as for public health because of their potential impact on animal and human health, milk and meat production, food safety, and economics. we sought to provide insight into the dynamics of important endemic infectious diseases in 3 northeastern us dairy herds. fecal samples from individual cows and various environmental samples from these farms were tested for the presence of major zoonotic pathogens (i. ...	2009	19307664
successful application of the dual-vector system ii in creating a reliable phage-displayed combinatorial fab library.	the dual-vector system-ii (dvs-ii), which allows efficient display of fab antibodies on phage, has been reported previously, but its practical applicability in a phage-displayed antibody library has not been verified. to resolve this issue, we created two small combinatorial human fab antibody libraries using the dvs-ii, and isolation of target-specific antibodies was attempted. biopanning of one antibody library, termed dvfab-1l library, which has a 1.3 x 10(7) combinatorial antibody complexity ...	2009	19326078
escherichia coli o157:h7 strains isolated from environmental sources differ significantly in acetic acid resistance compared with human outbreak strains.	a number of studies on the influence of acid on escherichia coli o157:h7 have shown considerable strain differences, but limited information has been reported to compare the acid resistance based on the different sources of e. coli o157:h7 isolates. the purpose of this study was to determine the survival of e. coli o157:h7 strains isolated from five sources (foods, bovine carcasses, bovine feces, water, and human) in 400 mm acetic acid solutions under conditions that are typical of acidified foo ...	2009	19343937
transmission and quantification of verocytotoxin-producing escherichia coli o157 in dairy cattle and calves.	data from a field study of 14 months duration in a naturally colonized dairy herd and data from an experiment with calves were used to quantify transmission of verocytotoxin-producing escherichia coli (vtec o157) in cattle. for the latter, two groups of 10 calves were randomly assigned and put out in one of two pastures. from each group, five animals were experimentally inoculated with 109 c.f.u. o157 vtec and, considered infectious, put back in their group. each of the susceptible contact calve ...	2009	18346284
screening of high-affinity scfvs from a ribosome displayed library using biacore biosensor.	an experimental protocol was developed to screen high-affinity single-chain fv antibody fragments (scfvs) from a xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (xac) immunized ribosome display library using biacore biosensor. the screening methods involved immobilizing antigen [lipopolysaccharides (lps) of xac] on sensor chip hpa and then unpurified expression products of scfvs flowing over the immobilized sensor chip. the affinity-improved scfvs were selected based on dissociation rate constants (k (d)). thi ...	2009	18574567
characterization of tetracycline- and ampicillin-resistant escherichia coli isolated from the feces of feedlot cattle over the feeding period.	the objective of this study was to investigate tetracycline and ampicillin resistance in escherichia coli isolated from the feces of 50 crossbred steers housed in 5 feedlot pens. the steers were not administered antibiotics over a 246-day feeding period. a total of 216 isolates were selected for further characterization. the e. coli isolates were selected on macconkey agar or on macconkey agar amended with ampicillin (50 microg/ml) or tetracycline (4 microg/ml). pulsed-field gel electrophoresis ...	2009	19767846
escherichia coli o157 prevalence in different cattle farm types and identification of potential risk factors.	although the prevalence of escherichia coli o157 on cattle farms has been examined extensively, the relationship between this pathogen and farm type has been established only rarely. a large-scale study was designed to determine the prevalence of e. coli o157 in the flemish region of belgium on farms of dairy cattle, beef cattle, mixed dairy and beef cattle, and veal calves. the effect of various factors on the occurrence at the pen level also was evaluated. in 2007, 180 farms were randomly sele ...	2009	19777885
rumen microbiome composition determined using two nutritional models of subacute ruminal acidosis.	subacute ruminal acidosis (sara) is a metabolic disease in dairy cattle that occurs during early and mid-lactation and has traditionally been characterized by low rumen ph, but lactic acid does not accumulate as in acute lactic acid acidosis. it is hypothesized that factors such as increased gut permeability, bacterial lipopolysaccharides, and inflammatory responses may have a role in the etiology of sara. however, little is known about the nature of the rumen microbiome during sara. in this stu ...	2009	19783747
expression of active human sialyltransferase st6galnaci in escherichia coli.	background: the presence of terminal, surface-exposed sialic acid moieties can greatly enhance the in vivo half-life of glycosylated biopharmaceuticals and improve their therapeutic efficacy. complete and homogeneous sialylation of glycoproteins can be efficiently performed enzymically in vitro but this process requires large amounts of catalytically active sialyltransferases. furthermore, standard microbial hosts used for large-scale production of recombinant enzymes can only produce small quan ...	2009	19788761
bovine muc1 is a highly polymorphic gene encoding an extensively glycosylated mucin that binds bacteria.	the bovine muc1 protein is synthesized by mammary epithelial cells and shed into milk as an integral component of the milk fat globule membrane; however, the structure and functions of this mucin, particularly in relation to lactation, are poorly defined. the objectives of this investigation were to investigate the muc1 gene and protein structures in the context of lactation and to test the hypothesis that muc1 has a role in innate immune defense. polymerase chain reaction analysis of genomic dn ...	2009	19762846
osteopontin: an early innate immune marker of escherichia coli mastitis harbors genetic polymorphisms with possible links with resistance to mastitis.	mastitis is the most important disease in dairy cows and it causes significant lost of profit to producers. identification of the genes, and their variants, involved in innate immune responses is essential for the understanding of this inflammatory disease and to identify potential genetic markers for resistance to mastitis. the progeny of dairy cows would benefit from receiving favourable alleles that support greater resistance to infection, thus reducing antibiotic use. this study aims to iden ...	2009	19765294
molecular characterization of phosphorylcholine expression on the lipooligosaccharide of histophilus somni.	histophilus somni (haemophilus somnus) is an important pathogen of cattle that is responsible for respiratory disease, septicemia, and systemic diseases such as thrombotic meningoencephalitis, myocarditis, and abortion. a variety of virulence factors have been identified in h. somni, including compositional and antigenic variation of the lipooligosaccharide (los). phosphorylcholine (chop) has been identified as one of the components of h. somni los that undergoes antigenic variation. in this stu ...	2009	19682567
analysis of key molecules of the innate immune system in mammary epithelial cells isolated from marker-assisted and conventionally selected cattle.	mastitis is the most prevalent infectious disease in dairy herds. breeding programs considering mastitis susceptibility were adopted as approaches to improve udder health status. in recent decades, conventional selection criteria based on phenotypic characteristics such as somatic cell score in milk have been widely used to select animals. recently, approaches to incorporate molecular information have become feasible because of the detection of quantitative trait loci (qtl) affecting mastitis re ...	2009	19700725
phosphorylated proteins of the mammalian mitochondrial ribosome: implications in protein synthesis.	mitochondria, the powerhouse of eukaryotic cells, have their own translation machinery that is solely responsible for synthesis of 13 mitochondrially encoded protein subunits of oxidative phosphorylation complexes. phosphorylation is a well-known post-translational modification in regulation of many processes in mammalian mitochondria including oxidative phosphorylation. however, there is still very limited knowledge on phosphorylation of mitochondrial ribosomal proteins and their role(s) in rib ...	2009	19702336
validation of iq-check e. coli o157:h7 real-time pcr test kit for detection of escherichia coli o157:h7 in selected foods.	iq-check e. coli o157:h7 (bio-rad laboratories, hercules, ca) is a real-time pcr kit for detection of e. coli o157:h7 from selected foods. specific fluorescent oligonucleotide probes are used to detect target dna during the amplification, by hybridizing to the amplicons. these fluorescent probes are linked to a fluorophore which fluoresces only when hybridized to the target sequence. three foods (ground beef, apple cider, fresh spinach) were selected to compare the performance of iq-check e. col ...	2009	19714978
evidence-based semiquantitative methodology for prioritization of foodborne zoonoses.	to prioritize an extended list of food- and water-borne zoonoses to allow food safety authorities to focus on the most relevant hazards in the food chain.	2009	19715429
shiga toxin kills epithelial cells isolated from distal but not proximal part of mouse colon.	shiga toxins (stxs) are major virulence factors produced by enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli o157:h7 colonizing the human and cattle intestines. we previously demonstrated that recombinant binding subunits (stx1b) bound to the mucosal epithelium of the distal but not that of the proximal part of the mouse colon. here we developed a method for isolating colon epithelial cells from the proximal and distal parts separately. enrichment of epithelial cells was confirmed by the expression of cytoker ...	2009	19721242
survival of escherichia coli o157:h7 in ground beef after sublethal heat shock and subsequent isothermal cooking.	heat shock of escherichia coli o157:h7 in broth media reportedly leads to enhanced survival during subsequent heating in broth medium or ground beef. survival of e. coli o157:h7 during slow cooking thus may be enhanced by prior exposure to sublethal heat shock conditions, thereby jeopardizing the safety of slow-cooked products such as beef roasts. this study examined the effect of heat shocking e. coli o157:h7-inoculated lean (6 to 9% fat) ground beef on the survival of the pathogen in the same ...	2009	19722409
pulsed-field gel electrophoresis profile changes resulting from spontaneous chromosomal deletions in enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli o157:h7 during passage in cattle.	a total of 905 enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli (ehec) o157:h7 isolates that were recovered from experimentally infected cattle, in addition to the inoculated strain, were analyzed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge). twelve pfge profiles other than that of the inoculated strain were observed. we successfully identified five distinct chromosomal deletions that affected the pfge profiles using whole-genome pcr scanning and dna sequencing analysis. the changes in pfge profiles of ehec o15 ...	2009	19581472
separation of acidic and basic proteins by ce with ctab additive and its applications in peptide and protein profiling.	in this paper, we report a very simple but efficient cationic micellar ce method for protein analysis in complex samples without any modification for the capillary wall. it was found that increased concentration (>or=2 mm) of ctab additive in electrophoretic buffer can effectively suppress the wall adsorption of both acidic and basic proteins. the separation was improved with buffer ph decreasing from 6.0 to 3.0. by using a buffer containing 2 mm ctab at ph 3.0, nine proteins with a wide range o ...	2009	19582714
the design, synthesis and evaluation of hypoxia-activated pro-oligonucleotides.	hypoxia-activated pro-oligonucleotides were synthesized through the commercial phosphoramidite method, and could be readily cleaved to form normal oligos with good hypoxia selectivity in vitro under the effect of reductases, as well as in tumor cell extract.	2009	19587918
absence of escherichia coli phylogenetic group b2 strains in humans and domesticated animals from jeonnam province, republic of korea.	multiplex pcr analyses of dnas from genotypically unique escherichia coli strains isolated from the feces of 138 humans and 376 domesticated animals from jeonnam province, south korea, performed using primers specific for the chua and yjaa genes and an unknown dna fragment, tspe4.c2, indicated that none of the strains belonged to e. coli phylogenetic group b2. in contrast, phylogenetic group b2 strains were detected in about 17% (8 of 48) of isolates from feces of 24 wild geese and in 3% (3 of 9 ...	2009	19592524
validation of ground-and-formed beef jerky processes using commercial lactic acid bacteria starter cultures as pathogen surrogates.	beef jerky has been linked to multiple outbreaks of salmonellosis and escherichia coli o157:h7 infection over the past 40 years. with increasing government scrutiny of jerky-making process lethality, a simple method by which processors can easily validate the lethality of their ground-and-formed beef jerky process against salmonella' and e. coli o157:h7 is greatly needed. previous research with whole-muscle beef jerky indicated that commercial lactic acid bacteria (lab) may be more heat resistan ...	2009	19610334
escherichia coli o157:h7 strains that persist in feedlot cattle are genetically related and demonstrate an enhanced ability to adhere to intestinal epithelial cells.	a longitudinal study was conducted to investigate the nature of escherichia coli o157:h7 colonization of feedlot cattle over the final 100 to 110 days of finishing. rectal fecal grab samples were collected from an initial sample population of 788 steers every 20 to 22 days and microbiologically analyzed to detect e. coli o157:h7. the identities of presumptive colonies were confirmed using a multiplex pcr assay that screened for gene fragments unique to e. coli o157:h7 (rfbe and flic(h7)) and oth ...	2009	19617387
influence of body condition and forage type on prevalence of escherichia coli o157:h7 and salmonella in grazing beef cows.	to determine the influence of body condition (bc) and forage type on the prevalence of faecal shedding of escherichia coli o157:h7 and salmonella from beef cows.	2009	19627482
characterization of the effects of salicylidene acylhydrazide compounds on type iii secretion in escherichia coli o157:h7.	recent work has highlighted a number of compounds that target bacterial virulence by affecting gene regulation. in this work, we show that small-molecule inhibitors affect the expression of the type iii secretion system (t3ss) of escherichia coli o157:h7 in liquid culture and when this bacterium is attached to bovine epithelial cells. inhibition of t3ss expression resulted in a reduction in the capacity of the bacteria to form attaching and effacing lesions. our results show that there is marked ...	2009	19635828
commensal fecal escherichia coli diversity in dairy cows at high and low risk for incurring subacute ruminal acidosis.	subacute ruminal acidosis (sara) is a common digestive disorder in dairy cows characterized by prolonged periods of undesirably low rumen ph (<5.8) and is caused by the accumulation of volatile fatty acids in rumen. this disorder damages the ruminal mucosa, causes diarrhea, reduces dry matter intake (dmi), and can result in anorexia and death. in this study, nonlactating dairy cows were fed diets predisposing them to a high risk (hr; n = 6) or a low risk (lr; n = 6) for experiencing sara. the go ...	2009	19642917
mechanisms of infertility associated with clinical and subclinical endometritis in high producing dairy cattle.	clinical and subclinical endometritis are common causes of infertility and subfertility in high producing dairy cattle, delaying the onset of ovarian cyclic activity after parturition, extending luteal phases and reducing conception rates. escherichia coli and arcanobacterium pyogenes cause endometrial damage and inflammation. components of microbes, such as lipopolysaccharide (lps), are detected by toll-like receptors on endometrial cells, leading to secretion of cytokines, chemokines and antim ...	2009	19660075
identification of new cyp2c19 variants exhibiting decreased enzyme activity in the metabolism of s-mephenytoin and omeprazole.	although many cases of interindividual variation in the metabolism of cyp2c19 drugs are explained by the cyp2c192, 3, and *17, a wide range of metabolic variation still occurs in people who do not carry these genetic variants. the objectives of this study were to identify new genetic variants and to characterize functional consequences of these variants in metabolism of cyp2c19 substrates. in total, 21 single-nucleotide polymorphisms including three new coding variants, v394m, e405k, and d256n ...	2009	19661214
minor modification to official method 2000.14, reveal for e. coli o157:h7 test in selected foods and environmental swabs (20-hour method): validation of the test for 375 g raw beef samples.	a lateral flow immunoassay for escherichia coli o157:h7 (reveal e. coli o157:h7, 20-h version), previously validated for 25 g raw ground beef, raw beef cubes, apple cider, lettuce rinse, and environmental swab samples, has been validated for use in testing 375 g samples of raw ground beef and raw beef cubes. the reveal method, including culture confirmation of positive immunoassay results, was evaluated in comparison to the current reference culture procedure of the u.s. department of agricultur ...	2009	19485202
functions of manduca sexta hemolymph proteinases hp6 and hp8 in two innate immune pathways.	serine proteinases in insect plasma have been implicated in two types of immune responses; that is, activation of prophenoloxidase (propo) and activation of cytokine-like proteins. we have identified more than 20 serine proteinases in hemolymph of the tobacco hornworm, manduca sexta, but functions are known for only a few of them. we report here functions of two additional m. sexta proteinases, hemolymph proteinases 6 and 8 (hp6 and hp8). hp6 and hp8 are each composed of an amino-terminal clip d ...	2009	19487692
characterisation of atypical enteropathogenic e. coli strains of clinical origin.	enteropathogenic e. coli (epec) is a prominent cause of diarrhoea, and is characterised in part by its carriage of a pathogenicity island: the locus for enterocyte effacement (lee). epec is divided into two subtypes according to the presence of bundle-forming pili (bfp), a fimbrial adhesin that is a virulence determinant of typical epec (tepec), but is absent from atypical epec (aepec). because aepec lack bfp, their virulence has been questioned, as they may represent lee-positive shiga toxin-pr ...	2009	19490652
effect of tenderizers combined with organic acids on escherichia coli o157:h7 thermal resistance in non-intact beef.	non-intact beef products include beef cuts that have been ground, mechanically tenderized, restructured, or have been injected with solutions to enhance tenderness and/or flavor. this study examined the effects of tenderizing salts and organic acids on thermal inactivation of escherichia coli o157:h7 in a ground beef model system simulating non-intact beef products. ground beef (95% lean; 700 g batches) was mixed (2 min) with nothing (c) or solutions (22 ml) of water (wa), calcium ascorbate (caa ...	2009	19493583
ctx-m-type beta-lactamase in escherichia coli isolated from sick animals in korea.	about 408 escherichia coli were isolated from sick farm animals and pets during 2003-2006. of these isolates, four strains showed resistance to third-generation cephalosporins. the bla(ctx-m-14) gene was encountered in three e. coli strains, each of which were isolated from two cows and a dog, respectively, and bla(ctx-m-15) was identified in an e. coli isolated from a pig. all bla(ctx-m) genes were found to be transferred. the pulsed-field gel electrophoresis pattern indicated that the ctx-m-ty ...	2009	19496675
role of the general base glu-268 in nitroglycerin bioactivation and superoxide formation by aldehyde dehydrogenase-2.	mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 (aldh2) plays an essential role in nitroglycerin (gtn) bioactivation, resulting in formation of no or a related activator of soluble guanylate cyclase. aldh2 denitrates gtn to 1,2-glyceryl dinitrate and nitrite but also catalyzes reduction of gtn to no. to elucidate the relationship between aldh2-catalyzed gtn bioconversion and established aldh2 activities (dehydrogenase, esterase), we compared the function of the wild type (wt) enzyme with mutants lacking ...	2009	19506075
molecular analysis of escherichia coli from retail meats (2002-2004) from the united states national antimicrobial resistance monitoring system.	the origins and virulence potential of meat product-associated escherichia coli are undefined.	2009	19508167
the escherichia coli o157:h7 ehab autotransporter protein binds to laminin and collagen i and induces a serum iga response in o157:h7 challenged cattle.	enterohaemorrhagic escherichia coli (ehec) are a subgroup of shiga toxin-producing e. coli that cause gastrointestinal disease with the potential for life-threatening sequelae. cattle serve as the natural reservoir for ehec and outbreaks occur sporadically as a result of contaminated beef and other farming products. while certain ehec virulence mechanisms have been extensively studied, the factors that mediate host colonization are poorly defined. previously, we identified four proteins (ehaa,b ...	2009	19508554
[expression of the genes cela and xyla isolated from a fragment of metagenomic dna in escherichia coli].	the glycosyl hydrolase genes cel5a and xyl3a previously isolated by ourselves within a fragment of dna from the methagenomic library of cow rumen microflora dna were sub-cloned and expressed in e. coli. the recombinant proteins cel5a and xyl3a were purified and characterized. cellulase cel5a belongs to the family 5 glycosyl hydrolases and is a one-module 38.2 kda enzyme that hydrolyses the 1,4-glycoside bonds of soluble cellulose substrates and amorphous cellulose, showing its maximal activity ( ...	2009	19517808
genetic correlations between pathogen-specific mastitis and somatic cell count in danish holsteins.	the aim of this study was to estimate genetic correlations (r(a)) between 2 lactation average somatic cell count (lascc) traits and 6 different mastitis traits in 226,482 first-parity danish holstein cows that calved between 1998 and 2008. the lascc traits were defined from 5 to either 170 d (lascc_170) or 300 d (lascc_300) after calving, and the mastitis traits were unspecific mastitis (all mastitis treatments, both clinical and subclinical, regardless of the causative pathogen) and mastitis ca ...	2009	19528624
inhibition of uropathogens by lactic acid bacteria isolated from dairy foods and cow's intestine in western nigeria.	a total of 96 lactic acid bacteria (lab) were isolated from african indigenous fermented products and cow's intestines to study their inhibitory capability against multi-drug-resistant uropathogens. escherichia coli accounted for approximately 45% of isolated uropathogens, followed by staphylococcus spp. (20%). the gram negative uropathogens were highly resistant to quinolones, co-trimoxazole, teicoplanin and some beta-lactams, while the staphylococcus spp. showed high resistance to aminoglycosi ...	2009	19529917
global spread of mobile antimicrobial drug resistance determinants in human and animal escherichia coli and salmonella strains causing community-acquired infections.	antimicrobial drugs used in human infection treatment and animal husbandry may select for drug-resistant bacterial pathogens, which are increasingly observed worldwide. we sought to examine the extent to which identical mobile drug resistance elements are shared across common pathogens isolated from human and animal sources.	2009	19538087
prevalence and impact of bacteriophages on the presence of escherichia coli o157:h7 in feedlot cattle and their environment.	the relationship between endemic bacteriophages infecting e. coli o157:h7 (referred to as "phage") and levels of shedding of e. coli o157:h7 by cattle was investigated in two commercial feedlots in southern alberta, canada. between may and november 2007, 10 pens of cattle were monitored by collection of pooled fecal pats, water with sediment from troughs, manure slurry from the pen floor, and rectal fecal samples from individual animals (20 per pen) at two separate times. bacteriophages infectin ...	2009	19139243
arsenic(iii) species inhibit oxidative protein folding in vitro.	the success of arsenic trioxide in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia has renewed interest in the cellular targets of as(iii) species. the effects of arsenicals are usually attributed to their ability to bind vicinal thiols or thiol selenols in prefolded proteins thereby compromising cellular function. the present studies suggest an additional, more pleiotropic, contribution to the biological effects of arsenicals. as(iii) species, by avid coordination to the cysteine residues of unfo ...	2009	19102631
characteristics and virulence genes of escherichia coli isolated from septicemic calves in southeast of iran.	virulence factors are associated with the capacity of e. coli strains to cause intestinal and extraintestinal infections. thirty one e. coli isolates were obtained from heart blood or internal organs of septicemic calves. the o serogroups of isolates were determined. pcr assays were performed to determine the phylogenetic groups and presence of specific virulence genes. fourteen (45.16%) isolates belonged to seven o serogroups (o8, o15, o20, o45, o78, o101 and o103) and 17 (54.83%) isolates were ...	2009	19067217
recombinant expression and affinity purification of a novel epididymal human sperm-binding protein, bsph1.	mammalian sperm undergo a series of maturation steps before acquiring fertilization competence. our previous work demonstrated the importance of binder of sperm (bsp) proteins in bovine sperm capacitation. recent studies identified a bsp-homologous dna sequence in the human genome (bsph1) and mrna expression in the epididymis. the aim of this study was to develop an efficient method to express and purify recombinant human bsph1. bsph1 accumulates in inclusion bodies when expressed with an n-term ...	2009	19091820
association of escherichia coli j5-specific serum antibody responses with clinical mastitis outcome for j5 vaccinate and control dairy cattle.	dairy cattle in two commercial holstein herds were randomly selected to be vaccinated twice with j5, at approximately 60 days and 28 days before the expected calving date, or to be untreated controls. based on whether milk production changed following clinical mastitis or whether cows were culled or died within 30 days after onset, 51 mastitis cases were classified as severe or mild. j5-specific antibody responses were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of all 32 severe and 19 mild c ...	2009	19052158
escherichia coli o157:h7 lineages in healthy beef and dairy cattle and clinical human cases in alberta, canada.	the aim of this study was to examine the prevalence and distribution of escherichia coli o157:h7 lineage-specific polymorphism assay (lspa) 6 genotypes from cattle (n = 313) and clinical human (n = 203) isolates from northern and southern alberta, canada, to understand possible associations of genotypes with host and geographic location. the majority of cattle isolates (feedlot and dairy) typed as lspa-6 111111 (72.2%), with proportionately higher lspa-6 222222 (19.4%) than other lspa-6 genotype ...	2009	19343950
validation of low-volume enrichment protocols for detection of escherichia coli o157 in raw ground beef components, using commercial kits.	testing of beef destined for use in ground beef products for the presence of escherichia coli o157:h7 has become an important cornerstone of control and verification activities within many meat supply chains. validation of the ability of methods to detect low levels of e. coli o157:h7 is critical to confidence in test systems. many rapid methods have been validated against standard cultural methods for 25-g samples. in this study, a number of previously validated enrichment broths and commercial ...	2009	19343962
therapeutic efficacy of mammary irrigation regimen in dairy cattle diagnosed with acute coliform mastitis.	the objective of this field study was to determine the therapeutic efficacy of mammary irrigation for the treatment of dairy cattle diagnosed with acute coliform mastitis caused by gram-negative bacteria. additionally, the effects of different mammary irrigation regimen fluids such as ozone water and normal saline were compared. dairy cattle clinically diagnosed with acute coliform mastitis (n = 57) were enrolled in the study, randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups, and received the following treatm ...	2009	19346692
changing prevalence of o-serogroups and antimicrobial susceptibility among stec strains isolated from healthy dairy cows over a decade in japan between 1998 and 2007.	the prevalence of stec in japan was examined using rectal stool samples taken from 932 healthy dairy cows from 123 farms in 11 prefectures between 2006 and 2007. screening with stx-pcrs revealed the prevalence to be 30.4% (283 animals), and stec strains were isolated from 111 animals. although ten o-serogroups (o8, o22, o84, o103, o111, o113, o116, o136, o153 and o157) were the major o-serogroup in healthy dairy cows in japan in 1998, half of the 118 selected stec strains were serotyped as o2, o ...	2009	19346709
diet, escherichia coli o157:h7, and cattle: a review after 10 years.	escherichia coli are commensal bacteria that can account for up to 1% of the bacterial population of the gut. ruminant animals are reservoirs of the pathogenic bacteria e. colil strain o157:h7, and approximately 30% of feedlot cattle shed e. coli o157:h7. feedlot and high-producing dairy cattle are fed high grain rations in order to increase feed efficiency. when cattle are fed high grain rations, some starch escapes ruminal microbial degradation and passes to the hindgut where it undergoes ferm ...	2009	19351974
mapping protein-protein interactions by localized oxidation: consequences of the reach of hydroxyl radical.	hydroxyl radicals generated from a variety of methods, including not only synchrotron radiation but also fenton reactions involving chelated iron, have become an accepted macromolecular footprinting tool. hydroxyl radicals react with proteins via multiple mechanisms that lead to both polypeptide backbone cleavage events and side chain modifications (e.g., hydroxylation and carbonyl formation). the use of site-specifically tethered iron chelates can reveal protein-protein interactions, but the in ...	2009	19354299
maternally and naturally acquired antibodies to shiga toxins in a cohort of calves shedding shiga-toxigenic escherichia coli.	calves become infected with shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli (stec) early in life, which frequently results in long-term shedding of the zoonotic pathogen. little is known about the animals' immunological status at the time of infection. we assessed the quantity and dynamics of maternal and acquired antibodies to shiga toxins (stx1 and stx2), the principal stec virulence factors, in a cohort of 27 calves. fecal and serum samples were taken repeatedly from birth until the 24th week of age. ...	2009	19363081
inhibition of atpase activity of escherichia coli atp synthase by polyphenols.	we have studied the inhibitory effect of five polyphenols namely, resveratrol, piceatannol, quercetin, quercetrin, and quercetin-3-beta-d glucoside on escherichia coli atp synthase. recently published x-ray crystal structures of bovine mitochondrial atp synthase inhibited by resveratrol, piceatannol, and quercetin, suggest that these compounds bind in a hydrophobic pocket between the gamma-subunit c-terminal tip and the hydrophobic inside of the surrounding annulus in a region critical for rotat ...	2009	19375450
role of ceftiofur in selection and dissemination of blacmy-2-mediated cephalosporin resistance in salmonella enterica and commensal escherichia coli isolates from cattle.	third-generation cephalosporin resistance of salmonella and commensal escherichia coli isolates from cattle in the united states is predominantly conferred by the cephamycinase cmy-2, which inactivates beta-lactam antimicrobial drugs used to treat a wide variety of infections, including pediatric salmonellosis. the emergence and dissemination of bla(cmy-2)(-)-bearing plasmids followed and may in part be the result of selection pressure imposed by the widespread utilization of ceftiofur, a third- ...	2009	19376926
recombinant chymosin used for exact and complete removal of a prochymosin derived fusion tag releasing intact native target protein.	fusion tags add desirable properties to recombinant proteins, but they are not necessarily acceptable in the final products. ideally, fusion tags should be removed releasing the intact native protein with no trace of the tag. unique endoproteinases with the ability to cleave outside their own recognition sequence can potentially cleave at the boundary of any native protein. chymosin was recently shown to cleave a pro-chymosin derived fusion tag releasing native target proteins. in our hands, how ...	2009	19388053
protective antigen detection using horizontally stacked hexagonal zno platelets.	anthrax toxin detection before bacteremia, when toxin concentration is low, improves the chances of efficient treatment and cure. we present a novel technique for ultrasensitive detection of a protective antigen (pa(83)) of anthrax using an array of zinc oxide nanorods in conjunction with a fitc-labeled pa affinity peptide. the nanorods are composed of horizontally stacked hexagonal platelets which are uniformly spaced and grown unidirectionally upon a glass substrate via a new and simple techni ...	2009	19400578
global quantitative proteomic profiling through 18o-labeling in combination with ms/ms spectra analysis.	several stable-isotope-based peptide labeling methods have been developed to support large-scale relative quantitation, through mass spectrometry, of proteins present in two different biological samples. in one of these, trypsin-catalyzed 18o-based labeling, quantitation is typically performed at the full scan (ms) level by comparing the peak intensities of sister precursor ions corresponding to the labeled and unlabeled forms of an intact peptide as they co-elute during liquid chromatography (l ...	2009	19400582
quantification of heparan sulfate disaccharides using ion-pairing reversed-phase microflow high-performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization trap mass spectrometry.	the glycosaminoglycan (gag) family of biomacromolecules is composed acidic and linear chains of repeating disaccharide units. quantitative disaccharide composition analysis is essential for the study and characterization of gags. heparan sulfate and heparin consist of multiple disaccharide units and can be well-separated by ion-pairing reversed-phase microflow high-performance liquid chromatography (iprp-mf-hplc). each disaccharide can be detected and its mass confirmed by electrospray ionizatio ...	2009	19402671
role of nitric oxide production in dairy cows naturally infected with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.	nitric oxide (no) is a crucial mediator in host defense and is one of the major killing mechanisms within macrophages. its induction is highly affected by the types of cytokines and the infectious agents present. in the current study, no production was evaluated after in vitro infection of unfractionated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmcs) with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) after 8h, 3 and 6 days of culture for cows in different stages of disease. in addition, the effe ...	2009	19409621
occurrence of foodborne bacteria in alberta feedlots.	the occurrence of generic escherichia coli, e. coli o157, salmonella, and campylobacter in cattle manure, beef carcasses, catch basin water, and soils receiving manure application was determined in 21 alberta feedlots. in cattle manure, generic e. coli (98%, 2069/2100) and campylobacter (76%, 1590/2100) were frequently detected; e. coli o157 (7%, 143/2100) and salmonella (1%, 20/2100) were less frequently detected. samples from beef carcasses in the cooler following hazard analysis critical cont ...	2009	19412396
influence of sprinklers, used to alleviate heat stress, on faecal shedding of e. coli o157:h7 and salmonella and antimicrobial susceptibility of salmonella and enterococcus in lactating dairy cattle.	to determine the effect of sprinklers on faecal shedding of escherichia coli (e. coli) o157:h7 and salmonella in lactating dairy cattle.	2009	19413804
effect of milk on antibacterial activity of tetracycline against escherichia coli and staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine mastitis.	the susceptibility of mastitis-causing escherichia coli and staphylococcus aureus to two commonly used antibiotics, tetracycline and penicillin g, was tested in raw milk and in muller-hinton (mh) broth by introducing a ph indicator, bromocresol purple, which was shown to be a simple, sensitive, and rapid method. the minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) of penicillin g in milk was the same as those in mh broth, whereas the mic of tetracycline in milk was 4 to 32 times that in mh. an irreversibl ...	2009	19418049
molecular screening and risk factors of enterotoxigenic escherichia coli and salmonella spp. in diarrheic neonatal calves in egypt.	the aim of the present study was to carry out molecular epidemiological investigation on enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec) k99 and salmonella spp. in diarrheic neonatal calves. fecal samples were obtained from 220 diarrheic calves at 9 farms related to four governorates in central and northern egypt. e. coli and salmonella spp. isolates were examined for e. coli k99 and salmonella spp. using pcr. etec k99 was recovered from 20 (10.36 %) out of 193 isolates, whereas salmonella spp. was reco ...	2009	19419742
establishing relative release kinetics of faecal indicator organisms from different faecal matrices.	a laboratory assay for comparative characterization of various faecal matrices with respect to faecal indicator organism (fio) release using, artificial rain water.	2009	19422475
fluoresceination of fepa during colicin b killing: effects of temperature, toxin and tonb.	we studied the reactivity of 35 genetically engineered cys sulphydryl groups at different locations in escherichia coli fepa. modification of surface loop residues by fluorescein maleimide (fm) was strongly temperature-dependent in vivo, whereas reactivity at other sites was much less affected. control reactions with bovine serum albumin showed that the temperature dependence of loop residue reactivity was unusually high, indicating that conformational changes in multiple loops (l2, l3, l4, l5, ...	2009	19432807
evaluation of three commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits for detection of shiga toxin.	three commercially available shiga toxin (stx) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) kits were evaluated for their ability to detect stx in pure cultures of stx-producing escherichia coli (specificity). the detection limits (sensitivity) of each elisa kit were also evaluated. seventy-eight stx-producing e. coli (stec) isolates that produced stx1, stx2, or stx1 and stx2 variants were examined in this study. the specificities of the tests were comparable, and the sensitivities of two of the te ...	2009	19435221
defining postpartum uterine disease and the mechanisms of infection and immunity in the female reproductive tract in cattle.	uterine microbial disease affects half of all dairy cattle after parturition, causing infertility by disrupting uterine and ovarian function. infection with escherichia coli, arcanobacterium pyogenes, and bovine herpesvirus 4 causes endometrial tissue damage. toll-like receptors on endometrial cells detect pathogen-associated molecules such as bacterial dna, lipids, and lipopolysaccharide (lps), leading to secretion of cytokines, chemokines, and antimicrobial peptides. chemokines attract neutrop ...	2009	19439727
[cloning, prokaryotic expression of cattle ghrelin gene and biological activity detection of the expressed protein].	the cdna of cattle ghrelin gene was amplified from abomasum fundic gland mrna of qinchuan cattle by rt-pcr. pcr product was cloned into the t vector pgm-t to construct pgh-t1 for sequencing. then the cdna was subcloned into the prokaryotic expressing plasmid vector pet32a (+) and transformed into host escherichia coli strain bl21 (de3) for expression. the expression of pgh-32 mature ghrelin protein was induced by iptg and was identified by sds-page. the expression product was observed with solub ...	2009	19441222
shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli o157 in beef and chicken burgers, and chicken carcasses in buenos aires, argentina.	we describe the isolation and characterization of shiga toxin (stx)-producing escherichia coli (stec) o157:h7 from cooked and uncooked beef and chicken burgers and from chicken carcasses collected during sampling procedures in 2001 and 2002 in buenos aires city, argentina. of the 24 stec o157:h7 strains isolated, 20 were recovered from 19 (6.8%) out of 279 samples of beef and chicken burgers, and 4 strains from 4 (10.3%) out of 39 chicken carcasses. the samples were analyzed following the usda/f ...	2009	19443067
adjuvant effect of bovine heat shock protein 70 on piroplasm surface protein, p33, of theileria sergenti.	in this study, we investigated the immunological effects of bovine heat shock protein 70 (hsp70) on the major theileria sergenti surface protein (p33). the gene encoding p33 was expressed as a fusion protein with bovine hsp70 from a plasmid vector. the adjuvant function of hsp70 on p33 was evaluated with regard to antibody response, cytokine production, and a challenge experiment in mice or cattle. hsp-p33 fusion protein provoked higher humoral and cellular immunity than either escherichia coli- ...	2009	19443238
cell population, viability, and some key immunomodulatory molecules in different milk somatic cell samples in dairy cows.	immune cells in the milk are most important in combating pathogens that invade the mammary gland. this study investigated the immune competence and viability of somatic milk cells that are already resident in milk and udders free of infection. cells were studied in freshly removed milk to simulate conditions in the udder. effects of incubation, cell preparation, and immunological stimulation with 0.5 mug/ml lipopolysaccharide (lps) from escherichia coli were analysed. viability and differential ...	2009	19445829
quarter and cow risk factors associated with the occurrence of clinical mastitis in dairy cows in the united kingdom.	quarter and cow risk factors associated with the development of clinical mastitis (cm) during lactation were investigated during a 12-mo longitudinal study on 8 commercial holstein-friesian dairy farms in the southwest of england. the individual risk factors studied on 1,677 cows included assessments of udder and leg hygiene, teat-end callosity, and hyperkeratosis; body condition score; and measurements of monthly milk quality and yield. several outcome variables for cm were used for statistical ...	2009	19447987
real-time polymerase chain reaction-based identification of bacteria in milk samples from bovine clinical mastitis with no growth in conventional culturing.	in more than 30% of milk samples from clinical and subclinical bovine mastitis, bacteria fail to grow even after 48 h of conventional culture. the "no-growth" samples are problematic for mastitis laboratories, veterinarians, and dairy producers. this study provides the first investigation of the bacteriological etiology of such samples, using a real-time pcr-based commercial reagent kit. the assay targets the dna of the 11 most common bacterial species or groups in mastitis and the staphylococca ...	2009	19447993
changes in escherichia coli o157:h7 numbers during holding on excised lean, fascia and fat beef surfaces at different temperatures.	to investigate changes in escherichia coli o157:h7 numbers on excised beef carcass surfaces over 72 h at different temperatures.	2009	19457044
rapid quantification of salmonella typhimurium inoculated to meat products by real-time pcr.	the objective of this study was to use a 5'-nuclease (taqman) real-time pcr method with primers and probe specific to the spaq gene as a rapid approach to quantitatively determine salmonella typhimurium. the result showed that the correlation coefficient between real-time pcr estimates and bovine serum albumin (bsa) plate counts of s. typhimurium was 0.99, independently of 10(5)-fold numbers of bystander escherichia coli o157:h7 or total viable counts. the sensitivity of the real-time quantitati ...	2009	19457771
genotypic diversity of escherichia coli in a dairy farm.	dairy cattle are known reservoirs of pathogenic escherichia coli, but little is known about the dynamics of e. coli in dairy cows or within the dairy farm environment. this study was conducted to evaluate the diversity and distribution of e. coli strains in a dairy farm using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and to determine the relationships between e. coli isolated from feces and throughout the farm environment. water from watering troughs, feces from cows, manure composites, milk, and milk fi ...	2009	19459756
a biotin-hydrogel-coated quartz crystal microbalance biosensor and applications in immunoassay and peptide-displaying cell detection.	a biotin-coated quartz crystal microbalance (qcm) chip was prepared by dip-coating a long-chain alkanethiol-modified crystal with precoupled dextran-biotin hydrogels. the resulting biotin chip was used to affinity-immobilize streptavidin (sav) and was then further employed for various biosensor assays. first, the sav chip allowed efficient on-line binding of biotinylated bovine serum albumin (bbsa), followed by a sensitive and specific response toward anti-bovine serum albumin (bsa) antibodies. ...	2009	19464992
virulence gene and antibiotic resistance profile of shiga-toxin-producing escherichia coli prevalent in captive yaks (poephagus grunniens).		2009	19477084
association of bola-drb3 alleles identified by a sequence-based typing method with mastitis pathogens in japanese holstein cows.	the association of the polymorphism of bovine leukocyte antigen (bola-drb3) genes identified by the polymerase chain reaction sequence-based typing (pcr-sbt) method with resistance and susceptibility to mastitis caused by pathogenic bacteria was investigated. blood samples for dna extraction were collected from 194 holstein cows (41 healthy cows and 153 mastitis cows including 24 mixed-infection cows infected with 2 or 3 species of pathogens) from 5 districts of chiba prefecture, japan. sixteen ...	2009	20163613
association of the amino acid motifs of bola-drb3 alleles with mastitis pathogens in japanese holstein cows.	the association of the polymorphism of bovine leukocyte antigen (bola-drb3) genes, identified by the polymerase chain reaction sequence-based typing (pcr-sbt) method, with resistance and susceptibility to mastitis caused by streptococci, coagulase-negative staphylococci, escherichia coli and staphylococcus aureus was investigated. blood samples for dna extraction were collected from 170 holstein cows (129 mastitis and 41 healthy cows) from 5 districts in chiba prefecture, japan. susceptibility o ...	2009	20163614
[quantitative risk model for verocytotoxigenic escherichia coli cross-contamination during homemade hamburger preparation].	the objective of this study was to develop a quantitative risk model for verocytotoxigenic escherichia coil (vtec) cross-contamination during hamburger preparation at home. published scientific information about the disease was considered for the elaboration of the model, which included a number of routines performed during food preparation in kitchens. the associated probabilities of bacterial transference between food items and kitchen utensils which best described each stage of the process we ...	2009	20085188
[differences in pattern of pathogenicity genes in escherichia coli strains producing shiga-like toxin].	the detection by pcr of virulence markers in clinical strains of escherichia coli strains producing the shiga-like toxin.	2009	20066775
temporal and spatial patterns of bovine escherichia coli o157 prevalence and comparison of temporal changes in the patterns of phage types associated with bovine shedding and human e. coli o157 cases in scotland between 1998-2000 and 2002-2004.	escherichia coli o157 is an important cause of acute diarrhoea, haemorrhagic colitis and, especially in children, haemolytic uraemic syndrome (hus). incidence rates for human e. coli o157 infection in scotland are higher than most other united kingdom, european and north american countries. cattle are considered the main reservoir for e. coli o157. significant associations between livestock related exposures and human infection have been identified in a number of studies.	2009	20040112
lack of internalization of escherichia coli o157:h7 in lettuce (lactuca sativa l.) after leaf surface and soil inoculation.	survival and internalization characteristics of escherichia coli o157:h7 in iceberg, romaine, and leaf lettuce after inoculation of leaf surfaces and soil were determined. a five-strain mixture of e. coli o157:h7 in water and cow manure extract was used as an inoculum for abaxial and adaxial sides of leaves at populations of 6 to 7 log and 4 log cfu per plant. the five strains were individually inoculated into soil at populations of 3 and 6 log cfu/g. soil, leaves, and roots were analyzed for th ...	2009	19833024
lethality of home-style dehydrator processes against escherichia coli o157:h7 and salmonella serovars in the manufacture of ground-and-formed beef jerky and the potential for using a pathogen surrogate in process validation.	ground-and-formed beef jerky can be made easily at home with ground beef and kits that include spice, cure, and jerky-forming equipment. ground beef poses inherent risks of illness due to escherichia coli o157:h7 and salmonella contamination, making adequate pathogen lethality important in jerky manufacturing. we evaluated the effectiveness of drying regimes at eliminating e. coli o157:h7 and salmonella in seasoned ground-and-formed beef jerky manufactured with three home-style dehydrators and o ...	2009	19833027
the effect of intracellular antioxidant delivery (catalase) on hydrogen peroxide and proinflammatory cytokine synthesis: a new therapeutic horizon.	reactive oxygen species synthesized by endothelial cells may be responsible for cell damage and altered physiologic function. after endotoxin stimulation, free radicals including h(2)o(2) are produced. we have developed a method of intracellular drug delivery using albumin microcapsules. catalase would be an excellent compound to alter h(2)o(2) production. however, the large molecular size of catalase limits cellular penetration. endothelial cells have been previously shown to readily phagocytoz ...	2009	19845487
experimental infection in calves with a specific subtype of verocytotoxin-producing escherichia coli o157:h7 of bovine origin.	in sweden, a particular subtype of verocytotoxin-producing escherichia coli (vtec) o157:h7, originally defined as being of phage type 4, and carrying two vtx2 genes, has been found to cause the majority of reported human infections during the past 15 years, including both sporadic cases and outbreaks. one plausible explanation for this could be that this particular subtype is better adapted to colonise cattle, and thereby may be excreted in greater concentrations and for longer periods than othe ...	2009	19878595
epidemiology and pathogenesis of enterohaemorrhagic escherichia coil.	enterohaemorrhagic escherichia coli (ehec) cause diarrhoea, haemorrhagic colitis and the haemolytic uraemic syndrome (hus). ehec cause sporadic, epidemic, and occasionally fatal infections in germany and worldwide. the most probable natural reservoirs of ehec are domestic cattle (in which these organisms cause no disease), but wild animals also excrete ehec asymptomatically. humans (chiefly children) acquire ehec from contact with animals (e. g. in petting zoos) or indirectly, by consuming food ...	2009	19999376
functional cloning and expression of a novel endo-alpha-1,5-l-arabinanase from a metagenomic library.	a novel endo-alpha-l-arabinanase gene (arn2) was isolated, and expressed in e. coli in active form. the recombinant enzyme (arn2) had optimum activity at ph 6.0 and 45-50( degrees )c with stability between ph 5.0-8.0 and at temperatures up to 40( degrees )c. the recombinant arn2 catalyzed internal cleavage of alpha-1,5 glycosidic bonds of cm-arabinan, debranched arabinan, linear arabinan, and sugar beet (native) arabinan at rates of decreasing order, and was inactive on wheat arabinoxylan and p- ...	2009	20001905