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aro mutations in salmonella enterica cause defects in cell wall and outer membrane integrity.in this study we characterized aro mutants of salmonella enterica serovars enteritidis and typhimurium, which are frequently used as live oral vaccines. we found that the aroa, arod, and aroc mutants were sensitive to blood serum, albumen, edta, and ovotransferrin, and this defect could be complemented by an appropriate aro gene cloned in a plasmid. subsequent microarray analysis of gene expression in the arod mutant in serovar typhimurium indicated that the reason for this sensitivity might be ...200818310348
interactions between food-borne pathogens and protozoa isolated from lettuce and spinach.the survival of salmonella enterica was recently shown to increase when the bacteria were sequestered in expelled food vacuoles (vesicles) of tetrahymena. because fresh produce is increasingly linked to outbreaks of enteric illness, the present investigation aimed to determine the prevalence of protozoa on spinach and lettuce and to examine their interactions with s. enterica, escherichia coli o157:h7, and listeria monocytogenes. glaucoma sp., colpoda steinii, and acanthamoeba palestinensis were ...200818310421
leaf age as a risk factor in contamination of lettuce with escherichia coli o157:h7 and salmonella enterica.outbreaks of escherichia coli o157:h7 infections have been linked increasingly to leafy greens, particularly to lettuce. we present here the first evidence that this enteric pathogen can multiply on the leaves of romaine lettuce plants. the increases in population size of e. coli o157:h7 in the phyllosphere of young lettuce plants ranged from 16- to 100-fold under conditions of warm temperature and the presence of free water on the leaves and varied significantly with leaf age. the population si ...200818310433
the prpz gene cluster encoding eukaryotic-type ser/thr protein kinases and phosphatases is repressed by oxidative stress and involved in salmonella enterica serovar typhi survival in human macrophages.the prpz gene cluster consists of three orfs coding for proteins with homology to eukaryotic-type ser/thr protein phosphatases 2c (prpz) and ser/thr protein kinases (prky and prkx). this cluster is present in the sequenced genomes of salmonella enterica serovar typhi (s. typhi) strains ty2 and ct18. this study investigated the genetic organization of this gene cluster, its regulation and its putative involvement in virulence. the three genes are transcribed as a polycistronic mrna as demonstrate ...200818312574
role of outer membrane lipopolysaccharides in the protection of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium from desiccation damage.the ability to survive desiccation between hosts is often essential to the success of pathogenic bacteria. the bacterial outer membrane is both the cellular interface with hostile environments and the focus of much of the drying-induced damage. this study examined the contribution of outer membrane-associated polysaccharides to the survival of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium in air-dried blood droplets following growth in high and low osmolarity medium and under conditions known to induc ...200818312578
salmonella enterica serovar choleraesuis derivatives harbouring deletions in rpos and phop regulatory genes are attenuated in pigs, and survive and multiply in porcine intestinal macrophages and fibroblasts, respectively.live attenuated salmonella enterica strains have been extensively studied as potential vectors for the oral delivery of heterologous antigens. due to its ability to target immune cells, its specific mechanism for crossing the intestinal barrier, and its swine-restricted tropism, s. enterica subspecies enterica serovar choleraesuis (s. choleraesuis) has attracted a great deal of interest for the production of bacterial-based oral carriers specifically adapted to swine. in this study, two mutants ...200818313237
heterologous prime-boost immunizations with different salmonella serovars for enhanced antigen-specific cd8 t-cell induction.pre-existing anti-vector immunity can severely compromise the ability of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium live vaccines to induce protective cd8 t-cell frequencies after type iii secretion system-mediated heterologous protein translocation in orally immunized mice. in the present study, we demonstrate that heterologous prime-boost immunizations using attenuated serovar typhimurium and serovar dublin strains for foreign antigen delivery can be employed to bypass anti-salmonella immunity re ...200818313813
efficient immobilization and patterning of live bacterial cells.a monolayer of live bacterial cells has been patterned onto substrates through the interaction between cfa/i fimbriae and the corresponding antibody. patterns of live bacteria have been prepared with cellular resolution on silicon and gold substrates for salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium as a model with high specificity and efficiency. the immobilized cells are capable of dividing in growth medium to form a self-sustaining bacterial monolayer on the patterned areas. interestingly, the immo ...200818321142
characterization of salmonella enterica serovar agona slaughter isolates from the animal arm of the national antimicrobial resistance monitoring system-enteric bacteria (narms): 1997 through 2003.a total of 499 salmonella enterica serovar agona isolates from cattle, swine, chicken, and turkey samples were assayed for antimicrobial susceptibility and subtyped using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge). salmonella agona isolates exhibited increased resistance to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, ampicillin, cefoxitin, ceftiofur, cephalothin, and chloramphenicol, and a single isolate was resistant to ceftriaxone. multiple drug resistance (mdr; resistance >or= 2 antimicrobials) was exhibited i ...200818321206
high-throughput genotyping of salmonella enterica serovar typhi allowing geographical assignment of haplotypes and pathotypes within an urban district of jakarta, indonesia.high-throughput epidemiological typing systems that provide phylogenetic and genotypic information are beneficial for tracking bacterial pathogens in the field. the incidence of salmonella enterica serovar typhi infection in indonesia is high and is associated with atypical phenotypic traits such as expression of the j and the z66 flagellum antigens. utilizing a high-throughput genotyping platform to investigate known nucleotide polymorphisms dispersed around the genome, we determined the haplot ...200818322069
pyrosequencing analysis of the gyrb gene to differentiate bacteria responsible for diarrheal diseases.pathogens causing acute diarrhea include a large variety of species from enterobacteriaceae and vibrionaceae. a method based on pyrosequencing was used here to differentiate bacteria commonly associated with diarrhea in china; the method is targeted to a partial amplicon of the gyrb gene, which encodes the b subunit of dna gyrase. twenty-eight specific polymorphic positions were identified from sequence alignment of a large sequence dataset and targeted using 17 sequencing primers. of 95 isolate ...200818324428
ciprofloxacin-resistant salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium, china.we characterized 44 salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium isolates from tongji hospital outpatients in wuhan, china, may 2002-october 2005. all 31 ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates were also resistant to > or = 8 other antimicrobial drugs and carried > or = 2 mutations in gyra and 1 mutation in parc. class 1 integrons were identified in 37 isolates.200818325271
hypoxia-independent activation of hif-1 by enterobacteriaceae and their siderophores.hypoxia inducible factor-1 (hif-1) is the key transcriptional regulator during adaptation to hypoxia. recent studies provide evidence for hif-1 activation during bacterial infections. however, molecular details of how bacteria activate hif-1 remain unclear. here, we pursued the role of bacterial siderophores in hif-1 activation during infection with enterobacteriaceae.200818325389
chronic enteric salmonella infection in mice leads to severe and persistent intestinal fibrosis.intestinal fibrosis and stricture formation are serious complications of crohn's disease, often requiring surgical intervention. unfortunately, the mechanisms underlying intestinal fibrosis development are poorly understood, in part because of the lack of relevant animal models. here, we present a novel murine model of severe and persistent intestinal fibrosis caused by chronic bacterial-induced colitis.200818325390
epidemiological analysis of salmonella enterica from beef sampled in the slaughterhouse and retailers in dakar (senegal) using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and antibiotic susceptibility testing.seventy-eight isolates of salmonella spp. isolated from beef sampled from the official city slaughterhouse and from retailers in dakar, senegal were analyzed using serotyping, antimicrobial testing and macrorestriction profiling by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge). these analyses were done to identify clonal relationships and potential transmission routes in beef channel. xbai macrorestriction allowed defining 17 genotypes among the six main analyzed serotypes: salmonella bredeney (3 geno ...200818325615
salmonella michigan soft tissue infection in an immunocompromised child.a rare case of soft tissue infection due to salmonella michigan in an immunocompromised child is reported. the same organism was isolated from a tortoise kept in the home. immunocompromised patients are especially susceptible to reptile-associated salmonellosis and should be advised appropriately.200818326014
optimization and validation of a simple method using p22::luxab bacteriophage for rapid detection of salmonella enterica serotypes a, b, and d in poultry samples.a simple method was developed for the fast and inexpensive detection of salmonella typhimurium using a recombinant p22::luxab phage. all the steps from phage production to detection were considered. a strain of salmonella typhimurium harboring the prophage p22::luxab was grown in batch culture to produce spontaneously the recombinant bacteriophage. batch production to stationary phase was better for propagation of the phage and led to a total population of 4.3 x 10(9) (+/-4.3 x 10(9)) pfu/ml of ...200818326191
migration of salmonella enteritidis phage type 30 through almond hulls and shells.the ability of salmonella to migrate from an external aqueous environment through the almond hull and shell, and to colonize the kernel, was evaluated in two ways. first, the outer surface of shell halves from five varieties of almonds that differed in shell hardness were placed in contact with a suspension of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis phage type 30 for 24 h at 24 degrees c. salmonella enteritidis was isolated from the inside of these almond shells in 46 and 100% of the samples, by ...200818326194
class 1 integrons and salmonella genomic island 1 among salmonella enterica isolated from poultry and swine.two hundred eleven salmonella enterica strains representing 35 serotypes isolated from healthy poultry (n=103) and swine (n=108) were used in this study. the occurrence and characteristics of class 1 integrons were investigated. salmonella genomic islands (sgis) and the horizontal transfer of integrons were assessed. one hundred eighty-six isolates (88%) were resistant to at least one antimicrobial and 140 isolates (66%) were multidrug resistant. the inti1 gene was present in 54 isolates (25.6%) ...200818328001
crystal structure of yihs in complex with d-mannose: structural annotation of escherichia coli and salmonella enterica yihs-encoded proteins to an aldose-ketose isomerase.the three-dimensional structure of a salmonella enterica hypothetical protein yihs is significantly similar to that of n-acyl-d-glucosamine 2-epimerase (age) with respect to a common scaffold, an alpha6/alpha6-barrel, although the function of yihs remains to be clarified. to identify the function of yihs, escherichia coli and s. enterica yihs proteins were overexpressed in e. coli, purified, and characterized. both proteins were found to show no age activity but showed cofactor-independent aldos ...200818328504
cross-protective immunity conferred by a dna adenine methylase deficient salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium vaccine in calves challenged with salmonella serovar newport.intensive livestock production and management systems are associated with increased fecal-oral pathogen transmission and a resultant high prevalence of multiple salmonella serovars in many large dairy farms and feedlots. thus, it is imperative to develop livestock vaccines that are capable of eliciting potent states of cross-protective immunity against a diversity of serovars of a given species. immunization with modified live salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium vaccine strains, that lack th ...200818329764
low-level resistance to ciprofloxacin in non-typhi salmonella enterica isolated from human gastroenteritis in dakar, senegal (2004--2006). 200818329856
rose represses std fimbrial expression in salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium.the salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium (s. typhimurium) genome contains a large repertoire of putative fimbrial operons that remain poorly characterized because they are not expressed in vitro. in this study, insertions that induced expression of the putative stdabcd fimbrial operon were identified from a random bank of transposon mutants by screening with immuno-magnetic particles for ligand expression (simple). transposon insertions upstream of csgc and lrha or within dam, setb and stm44 ...200818331470
nationwide surveillance of salmonella in the faeces of pigs in japan.the prevalence of faecal carriage of salmonella in 5393 pigs reared on 218 pig farms located in 31 of 47 prefectures in japan over the period july 2003 to june 2005 was investigated. we isolated 172 strains belonging to 20 serovars and one untypable salmonella enterica from 169 pig faecal samples (3.1%) collected from 48 farms (22.0%). the most prevalent type of s. enterica was untypable o4,12:d:- which lacks phase 2 flagellar antigen, representing 29.1% (50/172) of all isolates. of 26 s. enteri ...200818331516
intravaginal immunization of mice with recombinant salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium expressing human papillomavirus type 16 antigens as a potential route of vaccination against cervical cancer.cervical cancer, the second leading cause of cancer deaths in women, is the consequence of high-risk human papillomavirus (hpv) infections. toward the development of therapeutic vaccines that can induce both innate and adaptive mucosal immune responses, we analyzed intravaginal (ivag) vaccine delivery of live attenuated salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium expressing hpv16l1 as a model antigen. innate immune responses were examined in cervicovaginal tissues by determining gene expression patt ...200818332214
complete nucleotide sequence of a virulence plasmid of salmonella enterica serovar dublin and its phylogenetic relationship to the virulence plasmids of serovars choleraesuis, enteritidis and typhimurium.the complete nucleotide sequence of pou1113 (psdvu), one of the two types of virulence plasmids of salmonella enterica serovar dublin, was determined. it contained 80 156 bp with 53.8 mol% g+c content. approximately 70 genes could be discerned. compared with pstv, the virulence plasmid of serovar typhimurium, pou1113 was shorter owing to a missing region amounting to c. 10 kb; furthermore, except for a unique 10 849-bp region, the nucleotide as well as deduced amino acid sequences of pou1113 wer ...200818336553
recombinant attenuated salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium expressing the carboxy-terminal domain of alpha toxin from clostridium perfringens induces protective responses against necrotic enteritis in chickens.clostridium perfringens-induced necrotic enteritis (ne) is a widespread disease in chickens that causes high mortality and reduced growth performance. traditionally, ne was controlled by the routine application of antimicrobials in the feed, a practice that currently is unpopular. consequently, there has been an increase in the occurrence of ne, and it has become a threat to the current objective of antimicrobial-free farming. the pathogenesis of ne is associated with the proliferation of c. per ...200818337376
synergistic antitumoral effects of human telomerase reverse transcriptase-mediated dual-apoptosis-related gene vector delivered by orally attenuated salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium in murine tumor models.salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium), a facultative anaerobe, has been reported to be capable of both selectively amplifying and expressing exogenous genes within tumors. in addition, previous studies have demonstrated that the human telomerase reverse transcriptase (htert) promoter could confine gene expression strictly to the telomerase-positive cancer cells. in the present study, we used attenuated s. typhimurium as a carrier to deliver a eukaryotic expression vector (psnh ...200818338832
comparison of antimicrobial activity in the epidermal mucus extracts of fish.the mucus layer on the surface of fish consists of several antimicrobial agents that provide a first line of defense against invading pathogens. to date, little is known about the antimicrobial properties of the mucus of arctic char (salvelinus alpinus), brook trout (s. fontinalis), koi carp (cyprinus carpio sub sp. koi), striped bass (morone saxatilis), haddock (melanogrammus aeglefinus) and hagfish (myxine glutinosa). the epidermal mucus samples from these fish were extracted with acidic, orga ...200818342561
detection of salmonella enterica in food using two-step enrichment and real-time polymerase chain reaction.a new real-time polymerase chain reaction-based method was developed for the detection of salmonella enterica in food.200818346136
t cells help to amplify inflammatory responses induced by salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium in the intestinal mucosa.salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium causes an acute inflammatory reaction in the ceca of streptomycin-pretreated mice. we determined global changes in gene expression elicited by serotype typhimurium in the cecal mucosa. the gene expression profile was dominated by t-cell-derived cytokines and genes whose expression is known to be induced by these cytokines. markedly increased mrna levels of genes encoding gamma interferon (ifn-gamma), interleukin-22 (il-22), and il-17 were detected by quan ...200818347048
toll-like receptor 4 mediates an antitumor host response induced by salmonella choleraesuis.we have shown tumor-targeting and antitumor activities of an attenuated salmonella choleraesuis in various tumor models. meanwhile, host factors, including innate and adaptive immune responses, play roles in salmonella-induced antitumor activity. toll-like receptor 4 (tlr4) is identified as a signaling receptor for lipopolysaccharide derived from gram-negative bacteria. however, the detailed mechanism of the s. choleraesuis-induced antitumor immune response via tlr4 remained uncertain.200818347194
distribution of salmonella pathogenicity island (spi)-8 and spi-10 among different serotypes of salmonella.many virulence phenotypes of salmonella enterica are encoded by genes located on pathogenicity islands. based on genome analysis, it is predicted that salmonella pathogenicity island (spi)-8 is restricted to salmonella serovars typhi and paratyphi a, and spi-10 to salmonella serovars typhi, paratyphi, enteritidis, dublin and gallinarum. this study was conducted to investigate the distribution of spi-8 and spi-10 among salmonella isolates from sprouts, fish, water and blood. a total of 110 salmon ...200818349359
nitric oxide antagonizes the acid tolerance response that protects salmonella against innate gastric defenses.reactive nitrogen species (rns) derived from dietary and salivary inorganic nitrogen oxides foment innate host defenses associated with the acidity of the stomach. the mechanisms by which these reactive species exert antimicrobial activity in the gastric lumen are, however, poorly understood.200818350168
salmonella secreted factor l deubiquitinase of salmonella typhimurium inhibits nf-kappab, suppresses ikappabalpha ubiquitination and modulates innate immune responses.salmonella enterica translocates virulent factors into host cells using type iii secretion systems to promote host colonization, intracellular bacterial replication and survival, and disease pathogenesis. among many effectors, the type iii secretion system encoded in salmonella pathogenicity island 2 translocates a salmonella-specific protein, designated salmonella secreted factor l (ssel), a putative virulence factor possessing deubiquitinase activity. in this study, we attempt to elucidate the ...200818354230
cloning, expression and purification of a glycosylated form of the dna-binding protein dps from salmonella enterica typhimurium.dps, found in many eubacterial and archaebacterial species, appears to protect cells from oxidative stress and/or nutrient-limited environment. dps has been shown to accumulate during the stationary phase, to bind to dna non-specifically, and to form a crystalline structure that compacts and protects the chromosome. our previous results have indicated that dps is glycosylated at least for a certain period of the bacterial cell physiology and this glycosylation is thought to be orchestrated by so ...200818358740
first report of ctx-m-15 in salmonella enterica serotype kedougou recovered from an algerian hospital. 200818360298
molecular epidemiological analysis and microbial source tracking of salmonella enterica serovars in a preharvest turkey production environment.epidemiological studies were conducted to source track and delineate horizontal transmission pathways of salmonella serovars in a turkey production environment. salmonella enterica serovar heidelberg (n = 111), salmonella senftenberg (n = 14), salmonella muenster (n = 10), unidentifiable "roughs" (n = 5), salmonella anatum (n = 3), and salmonella worthington (n = 2) were isolated from the birds' cecal and crop contents, litter, environmental swabs, drinkers, and feed samples. these strains (n = ...200818361686
induction of guanylate binding protein 5 by gamma interferon increases susceptibility to salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium-induced pyroptosis in raw 264.7 cells.the regulation of caspase-1 activation in macrophages plays a central role in host defense against bacterial pathogens. the activation of caspase-1 by the detection of bacterial products through nod-like receptors leads to the secretion of mature interleukin-1beta (il-1beta) and il-18 and the induction of rapid host cell death (pyroptosis). here, we report that pyroptosis induced by salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium can be positively regulated by prior gamma interferon (ifn-gamma) stimulat ...200818362138
regulatory and structural differences in the cu,zn-superoxide dismutases of salmonella enterica and their significance for virulence.many of the most virulent strains of salmonella enterica produce two distinct cu,zn-superoxide dismutases (sodci and sodcii). the bacteriophage-encoded sodci enzyme makes the greater contribution to salmonella virulence. we have performed a detailed comparison of the functional, structural, and regulatory properties of the salmonella sodc enzymes. here we demonstrate that sodci and sodcii differ with regard to specific activity, protease resistance, metal affinity, and peroxidative activity, wit ...200818362154
salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium infection causing mortality in eurasian tree sparrows (passer montanus) in hokkaido. 200818362416
synthesis and biological activity of analogues of vanchrobactin, a siderophore from vibrio anguillarum serotype o2.several analogues of vanchrobactin, a catechol siderophore isolated from the bacterial fish pathogen vibrio anguillarum serotype o2 strain rv22, have been synthesized. the biological evaluation of these novel compounds showed that most of them are active as siderophores, as determined by growth promotion assays using the producer strain, as well as v. anguillarum serotype o1, salmonella enterica, and erwinia chrysanthemi. these compounds also gave a positive chrome azurol-s (cas) test. on the ba ...200818362969
regulation of mara, soxs, rob, acrab and micf in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.importance of the overexpression of acrab efflux pumps in the low-level resistance of pathogens to antimicrobials requires a better understanding of the acrab regulation. the goal of the present research was to study the transcription of acrab, as well as the genes that play a role in its regulation in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. we monitored the transcription of these genes during growth at 30 degrees c and 37 degrees c, and thoroughly studied the effect of salicylate, paraquat and ...200819120970
[invasive salmonella dublin infection in a case]. 200819099872
[increased liver enzymes and fever]. 200819100197
genomic analysis of bacteriophage epsilon 34 of salmonella enterica serovar anatum (15+).the presence of prophages has been an important variable in genetic exchange and divergence in most bacteria. this study reports the determination of the genomic sequence of salmonella phage epsilon 34, a temperate bacteriophage that was important in the early study of prophages that modify their hosts' cell surface and is of a type (p22-like) that is common in salmonella genomes.200819091116
analysis of the role of 13 major fimbrial subunits in colonisation of the chicken intestines by salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis reveals a role for a novel locus.salmonella enterica is a facultative intracellular pathogen of worldwide importance. over 2,500 serovars exist and infections in humans and animals may produce a spectrum of symptoms from enteritis to typhoid depending on serovar- and host-specific factors. s. enteritidis is the most prevalent non-typhoidal serovar isolated from humans with acute diarrhoeal illness in many countries. human infections are frequently associated with direct or indirect contact with contaminated poultry meat or eggs ...200819091138
a simple screen to identify promoters conferring high levels of phenotypic noise.genetically identical populations of unicellular organisms often show marked variation in some phenotypic traits. to investigate the molecular causes and possible biological functions of this phenotypic noise, it would be useful to have a method to identify genes whose expression varies stochastically on a certain time scale. here, we developed such a method and used it for identifying genes with high levels of phenotypic noise in salmonella enterica ssp. i serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium). ...200819096504
differentially evolved genes of salmonella pathogenicity islands: insights into the mechanism of host specificity in salmonella.the species salmonella enterica (s. enterica) includes many serovars that cause disease in avian and mammalian hosts. these serovars differ greatly in their host range and their degree of host adaptation. the host specificity of s. enterica serovars appears to be a complex phenomenon governed by multiple factors acting at different stages of the infection process, which makes identification of the cause/s of host specificity solely by experimental methods difficult.200819050757
detection of salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium dt104 in mozambique.the spread of salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium definitive phage type dt104 in sub-saharan africa is a public health concern. we obtained two isolates of s. typhimurium dt104 from blood cultures of infants with malaria in mozambique. both isolates contained salmonella genomic island 1a and had the same pulsed-field gel electrophoresis pulsenet pattern (stymxb.0005). results showed the need for continuous surveillance of salmonella spp. serotypes circulating in this area.200819052305
dexamethasone modulates salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium infection in vivo independently of the glucocorticoid-inducible protein annexin-a1.salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium) infection causes an inflammatory response through activation of toll-like receptor 4 by lipopolysaccharide. dexamethasone, a glucocorticoid analogue, suppresses inflammatory responses by many mechanisms including inhibition of the lipopolysaccharide-induced production of proinflammatory mediators. there is little information on the effect of glucocorticoids on murine salmonellosis. in this study, we treated susceptible balb/c mice by subcu ...200819049646
analysis of salmonella enterica with reduced susceptibility to the third-generation cephalosporin ceftriaxone isolated from u.s. cattle during 2000-2004.over the past decade enteric bacteria in europe, africa, and asia have become increasingly resistant to cephalosporin antimicrobial agents. this is largely due to the spread of genes encoding extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (esbl) enzymes that can inactivate many cephalosporins. recently, these resistance mechanisms have been identified in salmonella isolated from humans in the united states. due to the potential for transmission of resistant bacteria to humans via food animals, salmonella anim ...200819025468
burkholderia cenocepacia-induced delay of acidification and phagolysosomal fusion in cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (cftr)-defective macrophages.the burkholderia cepacia complex (bcc) is a group of opportunistic bacteria chronically infecting the airways of patients with cystic fibrosis (cf). several laboratories have shown that bcc members, in particular b. cenocepacia, survive within a membrane-bound vacuole inside phagocytic and epithelial cells. we have previously demonstrated that intracellular b. cenocepacia causes a delay in phagosomal maturation, as revealed by impaired acidification and slow accumulation of the late phagolysosom ...200819047750
salmonella translocates across an in vitro m cell model independently of spi-1 and spi-2.we have used an in vitro model of intestinal m cells to examine the mechanisms by which salmonella enterica translocates across these specialized cells, which constitute a primary site of infection of the mammalian host. s. enterica can invade cultured cells by deploying a type iii secretion system (ttss) encoded within salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (spi-1) to translocate effector proteins into the host cell cytoplasm that trigger cellular responses, including prominent cytoskeletal rearrang ...200819047755
contamination of chicken meat with salmonella enterica serovar haardt with nalidixic acid resistance and reduced fluoroquinolone susceptibility.salmonella contamination in chicken meat was studied with 100 chicken meat samples purchased from 55 shops located in various regions. a total of 21 isolates of salmonella enterica were isolated from 21 chicken meat samples from four shops located at open markets, whereas there were none from supermarkets with well-equipped cold systems. among these, 18 isolates were identified as salmonella enterica serotype haardt (s. haardt) and three isolates were s. enterica serotype muenchen. when the mini ...200819047832
[antagonistic properties of enterococci isolated from gastrointestinal tract of long-livers].the strains with antagonistic activity against indicator strains pseudomonas aeruginosa, proteus vulgaris, staphylococcus aureus, staphylococcus epidermidis, escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumonia, salmonella enterica were revealed among 58 enterococcus strains isolated from gastrointestinal tract of long-livers. the influence of different components of mrs medium on the antagonistic effect was established. antagonistic activity remained on the medium without glucose in 36% of strains, on the me ...200819044009
risk associated with transportation and lairage on hide contamination with salmonella enterica in finished beef cattle at slaughter.transportation of cattle to the slaughter plant could influence hide contamination with salmonella enterica. fecal and hide samples were obtained from 40 lots of cattle at the feedlot and again at the slaughter plant. potential risk factors for hide contamination were evaluated. a multilevel poisson regression model was used to determine whether transportation and lairage were associated with hide contamination by salmonella. cattle with hide samples positive for salmonella at the feedlot had tw ...200819044266
differentiation of salmonella enterica serovars and strains in cultures and food using infrared spectroscopic and microspectroscopic techniques combined with soft independent modeling of class analogy pattern recognition analysis.detection of pathogenic microorganisms in food is often a tedious and time-consuming exercise. developing rapid and cost-effective techniques for identifying pathogens to subspecies is critical for tracking causes of foodborne disease outbreaks. the objective of this study was to develop a method for rapid identification and differentiation of salmonella serovars and strains within these serovars through isolation on hydrophobic grid membrane filters (hgmfs), examination by infrared (ir) spectro ...200819044269
inactivation of salmonella enterica serovar senftenberg 775w in liquid whole egg by ultrahigh pressure homogenization.two batches of samples of liquid whole egg were inoculated with a load of approximately 3 and 7 log cfu/ml, respectively, of salmonella enterica serovar senftenberg 775w and submitted to different ultrahigh pressure homogenization (uhph) treatments at 150, 200, and 250 mpa. the inlet temperature of the samples was 6 degrees c. counts of viable and injured salmonella cells were obtained 2 h after the uhph treatments and after 5, 10, 15, and 20 days of storage at 4 degrees c. the level of pressure ...200819044274
development of unique bacterial strains for use as positive controls in the food microbiology testing laboratory.nalidixic acid-resistant (nalr) mutants of salmonella enterica serovar berta and escherichia coli o157:h7 were derived from wild-type laboratory cultures to serve as distinguishable control strains for routine use in food microbiology testing programs. the prevalence of the nalr phenotype among different bacteria was verified using panels of related and unrelated strains with the ability to grow vigorously on plating media containing nalidixic acid, being restricted to the nalr mutants. the nalr ...200819044277
protective immunity to systemic infection with attenuated salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis in the absence of il-12 is associated with il-23-dependent il-22, but not il-17.il-12 is essential for protective t cell-mediated immunity against salmonella infection. to characterize the role of the related cytokine il-23, wild-type (wt) c57bl/6 and p19(-/-) mice were infected systemically with an attenuated strain of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis (s. enteritidis). il-23-deficient mice controlled infection with s. enteritidis similarly as wt mice. similar ifn-gamma production as compared with wt mice, but defective il-17a and il-22 production was found in the ab ...200819017979
polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride-based disinfectant: a novel tool to fight meticillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus and nosocomial infections.polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride (phmgh), an antimicrobial biocide of the guanidine family, was tested for efficacy against quality-control strains of staphylococcus aureus, pseudomonas aeruginosa, salmonella choleraesuis, meticillin-resistant s. aureus (mrsa) and escherichia coli. bactericidal activity against s. aureus, p. aeruginosa and salmonella choleraesuis was determined using the official methods of analysis of the association of official analytical chemists, with modifications ...200819018024
role of global regulator rma for multidrug efflux-mediated fluoroquinolone resistance in salmonella.the genetic basis for multidrug resistance (mdr) due to overexpression of mdr efflux pumps in escherichia coli usually includes alterations in genes encoding global regulators, like mara, soxs, and rob. in salmonella, in addition to these regulators, rma, for which no homolog exists in e. coli, seems to play a role in the regulation of efflux pumps. however, the exact mechanisms remain unclear. therefore, this study aimed at investigating the influence of the regulator rma on the expression of m ...200819018673
a reservoir of drug-resistant pathogenic bacteria in asymptomatic hosts.the population genetics of pathogenic bacteria has been intensively studied in order to understand the spread of disease and the evolution of virulence and drug resistance. however, much less attention has been paid to bacterial carriage populations, which inhabit hosts without producing disease. since new virulent strains that cause disease can be recruited from the carriage population of bacteria, our understanding of infectious disease is seriously incomplete without knowledge on the populati ...200819015729
outbreak of salmonella thompson infection in a swedish dairy herd.salmonella typhimurium was isolated from a faecal sample from a cow in a swedish dairy herd after calving. when investigations were undertaken in the herd, salmonella thompson was isolated from heifers on a separate pasture, and when these heifers were brought into the herd s thompson spread rapidly. control strategies managed to rid the herd of the s typhimurium infection and the prevalence of s thompson was at first substantially reduced. there was a rapid increase in its prevalence when the a ...200819011246
maintenance of the salmonella-containing vacuole in the juxtanuclear area: a role for intermediate filaments.until recently, intermediate filaments (if) were thought to be only involved in resistance to physical stress and mechanical integrity of cells and tissues. recent data indicate that if play a much more important role in cellular physiology including organelle structure and positioning within the cell. here, we show that salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium) induces in epithelial cells and macrophages the formation of an aggresome-like structure with a dramatic remodelling of ...200818977288
the solution structure of the monomeric copper, zinc superoxide dismutase from salmonella enterica: structural insights to understand the evolution toward the dimeric structure.the structure of the sodcii-encoded monomeric cu, zn superoxide dismutase from salmonella enterica has been solved by nmr spectroscopy. this represents the first solution structure of a natural and fully active monomeric superoxide dismutase in solution, providing information useful for the interpretation of the evolutional development of these enzymes. the protein scaffold consists of the characteristic beta-barrel common to the whole enzyme family. the general shape of the protein is quite sim ...200819006322
risk factors for infection with pathogenic and antimicrobial-resistant fecal bacteria in northern elephant seals in california.the goal of this study was to identify potential environmental and demographic factors associated with campylobacter jejuni (c. jejuni), salmonella enterica (salmonella spp.), and antimicrobial-resistant escherichia coli (e. coli) infection in northern elephant seals stranded along the california coastline.200819006978
excess of infections due to a multi-drug sensitive salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium in france in june 2008.an unusually high number of cases of salmonella typhimurium was reported in france in june 2008. in the course of epidemiological investigations 112 cases were ascertained, of whom 75 were interviewed. subtyping by pfge and mlva identified a strain named "majority profile". subtyping results were available for 45 interviewed cases, 30 of whom (majority below 15 years of age) were found to be infected with the majority profile strain. evidence suggested the occurrence of an outbreak due to a mono ...200819000564
outbreak of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium in switzerland, may-june 2008, implications for production and control of meat preparations.an increased number of salmonella typhimurium cases were reported in switzerland between may and june 2008. investigations involved 72 cases. results of pfge typing identified several outbreak strains, the dominating one present in 43 of the 72 isolates. strains affecting one third of the cases were also found in animal samples, in particular pork. however, no specific food source could be identified. outbreaks described in this paper highlight the importance of food safety regulations such as t ...200819000565
mutants of the rna-processing enzyme rnase e reverse the extreme slow-growth phenotype caused by a mutant translation factor ef-tu.salmonella enterica with mutant ef-tu (gln125arg) has a low level of ef-tu, a reduced rate of protein synthesis and an extremely slow growth rate. eighty independent suppressor mutations were selected that restored normal growth. in some cases (n= 7) suppression was due to mutations in tufa but, surprisingly, in most cases (n= 73) to mutations in rne, the gene coding for rnase e. these rne mutations alone had only modest effects on growth rate. fifty different suppressor mutations were isolated ...200818990188
the role of interleukin-12 in the heavy metal-elicited immunomodulation: relevance of various evaluation methods.abstract:200818990205
gene expression profiling in chicken heterophils with salmonella enteritidis stimulation using a chicken 44 k agilent microarray.salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis (se) is one of the most common food-borne pathogens that cause human salmonellosis and usually results from the consumption of contaminated poultry products. the mechanism of se resistance in chickens remains largely unknown. previously, heterophils isolated from broilers with different genetic backgrounds (se-resistant [line a] and -susceptible [line b]) have been shown to be important in defending against se infections. to dissect the interplay between h ...200818990222
characterization of multidrug-resistant salmonella enterica serovar heidelberg isolated from humans and animals.salmonella enterica serovar heidelberg has been recognized as one of the most common serovar associated with foodborne infections in the united states. it is also frequently isolated from nonhuman sources and has increasingly shown resistance to various antimicrobial agents. the present study was undertaken to identify the predominant antimicrobial resistance phenotypes and genotypes of salmonella heidelberg (n = 95) isolates of human, swine, and turkey origin. antimicrobial susceptibility was d ...200818991546
update: recall of dry dog and cat food products associated with human salmonella schwarzengrund infections--united states, 2008.on may 16, 2008, cdc reported on a 2006-2007 multistate outbreak of infection with salmonella enterica serotype schwarzengrund that was associated with dry dog food. at the time of that report, a total of 70 cases had been reported from 19 states, with the last case identified on october 1, 2007. subsequently, an additional case was identified on december 29, 2007. epidemiologic and environmental investigations have suggested the source of the outbreak was dry pet food produced by one manufactur ...200818987615
biological and antibacterial activities of the natural herb houttuynia cordata water extract against the intracellular bacterial pathogen salmonella within the raw 264.7 macrophage.salmonellosis is a major bacterial zoonosis that causes a variety of disease syndromes, from self-limiting enteritis to fatal infection in animals and food-borne infection and typhoid fever in humans. recently, the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains of salmonella sp. has caused more serious problems in public health. the present study investigated the antibacterial effects of houttuynia cordata water extract (hcwe) against murine salmonellosis. in raw 264.7 cells, there was no detectable c ...200818981565
assessment of antibiotic resistance phenotype and integrons in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium isolated from swine.salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium) isolated and identified from swine were subjected for the analysis of antibiotic resistance pattern and clinically important class 1 and 2 integrons. in addition, s. typhimurium isolates exhibiting ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline and florfenicol (acssutf) resistance pattern as described in most salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium definitive type 104 (dt104) were characterized by polymerase cha ...200818981675
development of liposome immunoassay for salmonella spp. using immunomagnetic separation and immunoliposome.the ability to detect salmonella spp. is essential in the prevention of foodborne illness. this study examined a salmonella spp. detection method involving the application of immunomagnetic separation and immunoliposomes (ims/il) encapsulating sulforhodamine b (srb), a fluorescent dye. a quantitative assay was conducted by measuring the fluorescence intensity of srb that was produced from an immunomagnetic bead-salmonella spp.-immunoliposome complex. the results indicated detection limits of 2.7 ...200818955821
l-cysteine is required for induced antibiotic resistance in actively swarming salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.swarm-cell differentiation in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium) results in a biosynthetic mode of growth, despite growing on a rich medium, and cells that have elevated antibiotic resistance. these phenotypes are not a prerequisite for swarm motility. by blocking the switch to anabolic growth using amino acid auxotrophs and screening for the presence of elevated antibiotic resistance in the swarm state, we found that cysteine biosynthesis is crucial for complete swarm-cell ...200818957594
salmonella virulence factor spic is involved in expression of flagellin protein and mediates activation of the signal transduction pathways in macrophages.spic is a virulence factor encoded within salmonella pathogenicity island 2 (spi-2). we have previously reported that infection of macrophages with salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium results in the spi-2-dependent activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) signalling pathways, leading to the expression of suppressor of cytokine signalling (socs)-3, which is involved in the inhibition of cytokine signalling. here, we investigated the mechanism by which spic mediates the activa ...200818957602
salmonella from gopher tortoises (gopherus polyphemus) in south georgia.from 2002 to 2006, gopher tortoises (gopherus polyphemus) were collected at moody air force base, lowndes/lanier counties, georgia, usa, and opportunistically surveyed for the presence of salmonella species. four of 155 (2.6%) cloacal swabs collected from 80 tortoises were positive for the presence of salmonella enterica, and the following serovars were identified: give, hartford, javiana, and luciana. female tortoises (5%) were infected at a rate similar to male tortoises (5%). all isolates wer ...200818957656
rapid discrimination of salmonella isolates by single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis.a molecular typing technique was developed for the differentiation of salmonella isolates based on single-strand conformation polymorphism (sscp) analysis of amplicons generated by pcr. amplicons from parts of the fima (both the 5' and 3' ends), mdh, inva, and atpd genes were generated separately from a panel of salmonella strains representing salmonella bongori, and four subspecies and 17 serovars of salmonella enterica. these amplicons were subjected to sscp analysis for differentiation of the ...200818939738
environmental sampling to predict fecal prevalence of salmonella in an intensively monitored dairy herd.although dairy cattle are known reservoirs for salmonellae, cattle that are shedding this organism are often asymptomatic and difficult to identify. a dairy herd that was experiencing a sustained, subclinical outbreak of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica cerro was monitored for 2 years. fecal samples from the lactating cows were collected every 6 to 8 weeks and tested for the presence of salmonella. fecal prevalence of salmonella fluctuated throughout the observation period and ranged from 8 t ...200818939739
planktonic and biofilm community characterization and salmonella resistance of 14-day-old chicken cecal microflora-derived continuous-flow cultures.this study evaluated the composition of gastrointestinal bacterial communities in birds during an age in which their susceptibility to salmonella is highly diminished. one of the challenges to developing probiotics is to develop an efficacious culture of minimal diversity that includes bacteria that are vital contributors to protection from pathogens, but excludes unnecessary species. this study used in vitro continuous-flow culture techniques to test the ability of mixed bacterial cultures acqu ...200818939741
substituted 2-imino-5-arylidenethiazolidin-4-one inhibitors of bacterial type iii secretion.diverse species of pathogenic gram-negative bacteria use secretion systems to export a variety of protein toxins and virulence factors that help establish and maintain infection. disruption of such secretion systems is a potentially effective therapeutic strategy. we developed a high-throughput screen and identified a tris-aryl substituted 2-imino-5-arylidenethiazolidin-4-one, compound 1, as an inhibitor of the type iii secretion system. expansion of this chemotype enabled us to define the essen ...200818947223
examination of salmonella and escherichia coli translocation from hog manure to forage, soil, and cattle grazed on the hog manure-treated pasture.use of hog (sus scrofa) manure as a fertilizer is a practical solution for waste re-utilization, however, it may serve as a vehicle for environmental and domestic animal contamination. work was conducted to determine whether pathogens, naturally present in hog manure could be detected in cattle (bos taurus) grazed on the manure-treated pasture, and whether forage contamination occurred. during two 3 mo summer trials manure was applied to yield < or = 124 kg available n per hectare in a single sp ...200818948461
anti-flagellin antibody responses elicited in mice orally immunized with attenuated salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium vaccine strains.in the present study we investigated the flagellin-specific serum (igg) and fecal (iga) antibody responses elicited in balb/c mice immunized with isogenic mutant derivatives of the attenuated salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium) sl3261 strain expressing phase 1 (flici), phase 2 (fljb), or no endogenous flagellin. the data reported here indicate that mice orally immunized with recombinant s. typhimurium strains do not mount significant systemic or secreted antibody responses t ...200818949334
comparative analysis of protein profiles of wild virulent (e156) and aroa-htra double deletion mutant vaccine strain (s30) of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar abortusequi under in vivo and in vitro growth conditions.in the present study, cell lysate and cell supernatant of the both strains i.e., virulent wild type (e156) and mutant (s30) vaccine strains of salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar abortusequi (s. abortusequi), grown under varied in vivo and in vitro conditions were subjected to sds page and western blotting (using rabbit hyperimmune serum). variation in growth conditions did not have any significant effect on expression of different proteins. sds page of e156 and s30 cell lysate (cl) ...200818949890
rapid classification and identification of salmonellae at the species and subspecies levels by whole-cell matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry .variations in the mass spectral profiles of multiple housekeeping proteins of 126 strains representing salmonella enterica subsp. enterica (subspecies i), s. enterica subsp. salamae (subspecies ii), s. enterica subsp. arizonae (subspecies iiia), s. enterica subsp. diarizonae (subspecies iiib), s. enterica subsp. houtenae (subspecies iv), and s. enterica subsp. indica (subspecies vi), and salmonella bongori were analyzed to obtain a phylogenetic classification of salmonellae based on whole-cell m ...200818952875
structure and regulatory mechanism of aquifex aeolicus ntrc4: variability and evolution in bacterial transcriptional regulation.genetic changes lead gradually to altered protein function, making deduction of the molecular basis for activity from a sequence difficult. comparative studies provide insights into the functional consequences of specific changes. here we present structural and biochemical studies of ntrc4, a sigma-54 activator from aquifex aeolicus, and compare it with ntrc1 (a paralog) and ntrc (a homolog from salmonella enterica) to provide insight into how a substantial change in regulatory mechanism may hav ...200818955063
rapid multiplex pcr and real-time taqman pcr assays for detection of salmonella enterica and the highly virulent serovars choleraesuis and paratyphi c.salmonella enterica is a human pathogen with over 2,500 serovars characterized. s. enterica serovars choleraesuis and paratyphi c are two globally distributed serovars. we have developed a rapid molecular-typing method to detect serovars choleraesuis and paratyphi c in food samples by using a comparative-genomics approach to identify regions unique to each serovar from the sequenced genomes. a salmonella-specific primer pair based on oric was designed as an internal control to establish accuracy ...200818923008
lipopolysaccharide-induced immune responses in relation to the tlr4(asp299gly) gene polymorphism.altered microbial exposure is a possible explanation for the increase of allergies in the western world. however, genetic factors influence microbially induced immune responses. we have investigated the tlr4(asp299gly) gene polymorphism and its possible association with receptor expression of circulating peripheral blood monocytes and the in vitro cytokine responses and phosphorylation of intracellular signaling proteins in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) stimulated with lipopolysaccha ...200818927069
the impact of temperature during the storage of table eggs on the viability of salmonella enterica serovars enteritidis and virchow in the eggs.salmonellosis is a foodborne infection of major economic importance. contamination of table eggs with salmonella, especially salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis, is a major health concern worldwide. recently, s. enterica serovar virchow has emerged as a major pathogen in israel, where it is among the 3 most prevalent serovars found in poultry and the second most prevalent serovar isolated from individuals with salmonellosis. although there is ample knowledge regarding the role of s. enterica ...200818931169
direct enhancement of the phagocytic and bactericidal capability of abdominal macrophage of chicks by beta-1,3-1,6-glucan.salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis is the major zoonotic and intracellular pathogen. different strategies have been developed to prevent the s. enteritidis infection. the beta-1,3-1,6-glucan of schizophyllum commune was used as an immunological booster to determine the minimal dietary level of beta-glucan that would restrict s. enteritidis infection through the effects of beta-glucan on the activity of macrophages and direct physical protection of the intestine. one-day-old male single comb ...200818931174
murein hydrolase activity in the surface layer of lactobacillus acidophilus atcc 4356.we describe a new enzymatic functionality for the surface layer (s-layer) of lactobacillus acidophilus atcc 4356, namely, an endopeptidase activity against the cell wall of salmonella enterica serovar newport, assayed via zymograms and identified by western blotting. based on amino acid sequence comparisons, the hydrolase activity was predicted to be located at the c terminus. subsequent cloning and expression of the c-terminal domain in bacillus subtilis resulted in the functional verification ...200818931300
a novel dna microarray for rapid diagnosis of enteropathogenic bacteria in stool specimens of patients with diarrhea.a microarray technique for the detection and identification of enteropathogenic bacteria at the species and subspecies levels was developed in this study, and the target bacteria included pathogenic escherichia coli, vibrio cholerae, vibrio parahaemolyticus, salmonella enterica, campylobacter jejuni, shigellae, yersinia enterocolitica, and listeria monocytogenes. the virulence gene of each pathogen was chosen as the amplification target, labeled with a fluorescence dye by multiplex polymerase ch ...200818834908
recombinant spao and h1a as immunogens for protection of mice from lethal infection with salmonella paratyphi a: implications for rational design of typhoid fever vaccines.the vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine is one of two vaccines against typhoid recommended worldwide and is the vaccine generally used in china. however, in recent years a salmonella paratyphi a strain that is naturally devoid of capsule has caused frequent outbreaks of typhoid fever in southern china, leading to the need for identification of additional antigens that could be incorporated into new vaccines. spao acts as a major invasion factor of salmonella enterica spp. and h1a is the unique fl ...200818834913
characterization of the genomes of a diverse collection of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium definitive phage type 104.salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium definitive phage type 104 (dt104) has caused significant morbidity and mortality in humans and animals for almost three decades. we completed the full dna sequence of one dt104 strain, nctc13348, and showed that significant differences between the genome of this isolate and the genome of the previously sequenced strain salmonella serovar typhimurium lt2 are due to integrated prophage elements and salmonella genomic island 1 encoding antibiotic resistance g ...200818849424
bacterial flagella are firmly anchored.there are mutants of salmonella enterica (with mutations in flif and flil) that shed flagella when they are swimming in a viscous medium or on the surface of soft agar. filaments with hooks and the distal rod segment flgg are recovered. we tried to extract flagellar filaments from such cells by pulling on them with an optical trap but failed, even when we used forces large enough to straighten the filaments. thus, flagella are firmly anchored.200818849436
packed with salmonella--investigation of an international outbreak of salmonella senftenberg infection linked to contamination of prepacked basil in 2007.salmonella senftenberg is uncommon in the united kingdom. in january-june 2007, the health protection agency reported on 55 primary human cases of salmonella senftenberg in england and wales. in may 2007, fresh basil sold in the united kingdom was found to be contaminated with salmonella senftenberg. we launched an investigation to elucidate the cause of this outbreak. isolates were examined using plasmid profiling and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, and the outbreak strain (ssftxb.0014) was i ...200818851676
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