Publications

cutaneous cryptococcosis in three cats.	cutaneous cryptococcosis was diagnosed in 3 cats. no other organ involvement was found. one cat has remained healthy after surgical excision of the cryptococcal skin lesion. one cat was euthanatized after diagnosis. the third cat was treated successfully with a 5-month course of ketoconazole.	1985	3897159
disseminated cryptococcosis in a patient receiving chronic haemodialysis.	systemic infection with cryptococcosis neoformans is described in a young man receiving maintenance haemodialysis. the organism was identified in thin sections of a cervical lymph node using resin embedding and silver staining. there were no predisposing factors other than uraemia. his clinical infection responded to the combination of oral 5-flucytosine and a total of 2.5 g of intravenous amphotericin b. he remains free of relapse after 30 months.	1985	3898055
[primary pulmonary cryptococcosis].		1985	3898251
cryptococcosis in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.	the clinical course and response to therapy of 27 patients with cryptococcosis and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome were reviewed. cryptococcosis was the initial manifestation of the syndrome in 7 patients, and the initial opportunistic infection in an additional 7. meningitis was the commonest clinical feature (18 patients). blood cultures and serum cryptococcal antigen were frequently positive. in patients with meningitis, leukocyte count, protein level, and glucose level in cerebrospina ...	1985	3898951
effects of cyclosporine in experimental cryptococcal meningitis.	we studied the effects of cyclosporine on experimental cryptococcal meningitis. like cortisone, cyclosporine depressed the highly effective defense mechanisms of normal rabbits against inoculated cryptococcus neoformans, causing them to develop progressive, fatal cryptococcal meningitis. unlike cortisone, which causes a striking reduction in leukocytes in cerebrospinal fluid, cyclosporine depressed mononuclear cell function rather than numbers. interleukin 2, a primary target for the immunodepre ...	1985	3899932
in vitro binding of natural killer cells to cryptococcus neoformans targets.	nylon wool-nonadherent splenic cells from 7- to 8-week-old cba mice were further fractionated on discontinuous percoll gradients. enrichment of natural killer (nk) cells in percoll fractions 1 and 2 was confirmed by morphological examination, by immunofluorescent staining, and by assessing the cytolytic activity of each percoll cell fraction against yac-1 targets in the 4-h51cr release assay. cells isolated from each percoll fraction were tested for growth-inhibitory activity against cryptococcu ...	1985	3899938
characterization of pathogenic constituents of cryptococcus neoformans strains.	we examined seven strains, comprising five serotypes, of cryptococcus neoformans to determine what constituents of the organisms are responsible for pathogenicity and virulence in balb/c mice. c. neoformans strains were divided into three virulence classes by survival rates after intravenous inoculation of 1 x 10(5) or 1 x 10(7) viable cells, and virulence was found not to be correlated with serotype or capsular size. c. neoformans cells resisted phagocytosis in different degrees in the presence ...	1985	3900645
adrenal pathology in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome.	adrenal pathology was examined in 41 autopsied patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. this represents the largest series and the first study with quantitation of adrenal cortical necrosis. in 32 cases clinical data were analyzed for features of adrenal insufficiency. common clinical findings included vomiting, diarrhea, fever, hypotension, and hyponatremia. none of the 32 patients showed characteristic skin hyperpigmentation. two patients were suspected premortem to have adrenal ...	1985	3904401
large cryptococcus neoformans isolated from brain abscess.	cryptococcus neoformans yeast cells 40 to 60 micron in diameter were seen in an india ink preparation made from a human brain abscess specimen. in culture at 25 degrees c, uniform 5-micron-diameter yeast cells were produced. inoculation into mice produced yeast cells up to 40 micron in diameter, and brain heart infusion broth culture at 35 degrees c produced yeast cells about 25 micron in diameter. a relationship of yeast cell diameter to incubation temperature is suggested.	1985	3905847
treatment of systemic mycoses with ketoconazole: in vitro susceptibilities of clinical isolates of systemic and pathogenic fungi to ketoconazole.	ketoconazole was tested in vitro in three different media against 69 isolates of pathogenic fungi by using a macro-broth dilution procedure. the dimorphic systemic pathogens were highly susceptible, with most isolates of blastomyces dermatitidis and histoplasma capsulatum being inhibited and killed by concentrations less than or equal to 0.39 micrograms of ketoconazole/ml. most isolates of coccidioides immitis were also inhibited or killed by 0.39 micrograms of ketoconazole/ml; however, several ...	1985	3905985
[novel n-pyrazolylsalicylamides with antifungal activity].	a number of new n-pyrazolylsalicylamides were prepared by fusion of phenyl salicylate and aminopyrazoles. the condensation reaction is influenced by the substitution at the c-4 position of the aminopyrazole. all the substances obtained were tested for antifungal activity against cryptococcus neoformans and candida albicans. it was found that their fungitoxicity is dependent on the structural feature.	1985	3908143
[cerebrospinal fluid diagnosis of meningeal cryptococcosis].	cryptococcosis must be taken into account as a cause of basal meningitis. along with a case report, clinical signs and guiding cerebrospinal fluid findings are evaluated. special attention is paid to csf-cytology, which provides important information in terms of identification and clinical course of the disease. for the first time c. neoformans, yielded from csf-samples, was investigated by means of scanning electron microscopy, and compared with yeast cultured in laboratory.	1985	3908261
chemical characterization of capsular polysaccharide from cryptococcus neoformans serotype a-d.	during a study of serotyping of cryptococcus neoformans, we found that the type strain of c. neoformans (cbs 132) was serotype a-d. this strain agglutinated with both factor 7 serum (specific for serotype a) and factor 8 serum (specific for serotype d) in our serotyping system. therefore, we investigated the chemical structure of the antigenic capsular polysaccharide of this strain. the soluble capsular polysaccharide was obtained from the culture supernatant fluid by precipitation with ethanol. ...	1985	3908888
[anatomicopathological findings relating to fungal infections: considerations on their increase and microbiological findings].	2,366 consecutive autopsies carried out at the institute of anatomy and histopathology of the university of genova over the last 10 years are re-examined. 33 cases of visceral mycosis were found (a frequency of 1.4%). the following factors were considered: number and location of fungal infection, morphological characteristics of mycetes responsible, host tissue reaction, relationship with any other disease manifestation or predisposing factors. it is emphasized that these infections are increasi ...	1985	3908979
[a simple method for performing yeast carbohydrate assimilation test].	a modified auxanographic method was employed to perform carbohydrates assimilation test for 25 strains of yeasts representing the following 8 species: candida albicans, c. glabrata, c. krusei, c. parapsilosis, c. stellatoides, c. tropicalis, cryptococcus neoformans, and rhodotorula glutinis. the results obtained were analyzed by comparing with the conventional auxanographic method, and it was found that the modified method was more accurate, rapid and easy in reading. the modified method was obv ...	1985	3910369
[digestive kaposi's sarcoma in patients with kidney transplantation--report of 2 cases].	malignant tumors occur with greater frequency in patients with kidney transplants. kaposi's sarcoma (ks), a rare vascular neoformation, represents approximately 3% of them. its uncertain etiology appears to respond to: a chronic antigen stimulation by the transplanted tissue, to a depression of immune responsiveness, to the direct oncogenic action of the immunosuppressive agents, to the activation of oncogenic viruses or to a genetic predisposition of other possible factors. the clinical evoluti ...	1985	3911716
[initial cerebrospinal fluid in cryptococcus neoformans meningoencephalitis].		1985	3914052
[experimental ocular cryptococcosis under the influence of time-limited kidney failure--a pathohistological study].	this animal experiment is characterized by a missing virulence of cryptococcus neoformans strain a94 (isolated from bird manure) for the immunocompetent mouse after intraperitoneal injection and following hematogenous dissemination into all organs including the central nervous system (cns) and by the induction of a renal failure of short duration by intramuscular injection of glycerine. in 50% of the group of 80 animals damaged in such a way ocular cryptococcosis was found in association with th ...	1985	3914795
a cryptococcus neoformans strain from the brain of a wildlife fox (vulpes vulpes) suspected of rabies: mycological observations and comments.	a cryptococcus neoformans strain which in 1983 caused an infection of the central nervous system (cns) in a wildlife fox with rabies-like symptoms was tested for its strain-specific brown colour effect (bce) on guizotia abyssinica creatinine agar and for its ability to assimilate creatinine. both reactions were found to be positive. these results were found to be largely identical with those of 2 out of 3 strains having caused fatal cryptococcosis in 1970, 1979 and 1983 in persons living in the ...	1985	3914796
natural cell-mediated resistance against cryptococcus neoformans: a possible role for natural killer (nk) cells.		1985	3916764
biotyping of medically important fungi.		1985	3916765
characterization of protein and mannan polysaccharide antigens of yeasts, moulds, and actinomycetes.	antigens in coccidioidin were compared with purified subfractions via tandem immunoelectrophoresis (iep) and by a combination of advancing line and crossed iep. rocket iep was suitable for titrating the reactions and showing the relationship between column fractions. these techniques required multicomponent antisera produced by hyperimmunization over many months and by the use of known standard migration pairs. the iep variations were used to chart the development of antisera against coccidioidi ...	1985	3916766
virulence of cryptococcus neoformans. regulation of capsule synthesis by carbon dioxide.	cryptococcus neoformans is variably encapsulated in vitro, whereas in tissues it develops a large capsule. we observed that cells of a strain with thin capsules, when growing in a standard fungal culture medium, became heavily encapsulated when incubated in serum-free cell culture medium (dulbecco's modified eagle's medium [dme]). capsule size was quantitated physically by measuring cell volume, and chemically by determining the content of a capsular monosaccharide, glucuronate. the co2/hco-3 co ...	1985	3928681
studies on the occurrence of cryptococcal meningitis in small animals.		1985	3937055
neurological manifestations of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids): experience at ucsf and review of the literature.	in this review of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids), the authors have evaluated a total of 352 homosexual patients with aids or generalized lymphadenopathy managed at the university of california, san francisco (ucsf), between 1979 and 1984. of an initial unselected group of 318 patients, 124 (39%) were neurologically symptomatic, and one-third already had their neurological complaints at the time of presentation. an additional 210 aids patients with neurological symptoms have been r ...	1985	2983051
bronchoalveolar lavage and transbronchial biopsy for the diagnosis of pulmonary infections in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.	the efficacy of bronchoalveolar lavage and transbronchial biopsy in diagnosing lung infection was determined in 276 fiberoptic bronchoscopic examinations done on 171 patients with known or suspected acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. of 173 pathogens (pneumocystis carinii, cytomegalovirus, mycobacterium avium-intracellulare, cryptococcus neoformans, m. tuberculosis, coccidioides immitis, and histoplasma capsulatum) identified during the initial evaluation or in the subsequent month, the initial ...	1985	2986505
clinical spectrum of infections in patients with htlv-iii-associated diseases.	infectious complications are the cause of death in the overwhelming majority of patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). these infectious complications are outstanding in severity and number. infecting organisms are mainly those which take advantage of defective t-cell function. many cause latent infections which can reactivate and cause disease in aids patients because of immunosuppression. serological diagnosis of infections in aids patients is complicated because of the de ...	1985	2990702
defensins. natural peptide antibiotics of human neutrophils.	we extracted a granule-rich sediment from normal human neutrophils and subjected it to chromatographic, electrophoretic, and functional analysis. the extract contained three small (molecular weight less than 3,500) antibiotic peptides that were named human neutrophil peptide (hnp)-1, hnp-2, and hnp-3, and which will be referred to as "defensins." hnp 1-3, a mixture of the three defensins, killed staphylococcus aureus, pseudomonas aeruginosa, and escherichia coli effectively in vitro when tested ...	1985	2997278
capsule-deficient cryptococcus neoformans in aids patients.		1985	2857453
capsule-deficient cryptococcus neoformans in aids patients.		1985	2857979
capsule-deficient cryptococcus neoformans in aids patients.		1985	2859451
cryptococcus neoformans var gattii in europe.		1985	2861448
cryptococcal latex antigen test positive in patient with trichosporon beigelii infection.		1985	2861489
cytologic detection of cryptococcus neoformans in cerebrospinal fluid. rapid screening methods.	yeasts of cryptococcus neoformans in cerebrospinal fluid (csf) were studied using polarized light and fluorescence microscopy. ultraviolet-induced fluorescence of wet-fixed, papanicolaou-stained smears and polarization of air-dried, diff-quik or leishman-stained preparations are complementary methods that allow for rapid screening for and immediate identification of cryptococcus in cytologic preparations of csf.	1985	2580409
comparison of media for the isolation of cryptococcus neoformans.	four media, staib's guizotia abyssinica, trypan blue, and staib's with 2 and 10 mg of methyl violet per liter, were compared for the selective and differential isolation of cryptococcus neoformans from environmental samples. trypan blue medium allowed for the differentiation of c. neoformans colonies from candida albicans colonies several days earlier than did staib's medium. the addition of methyl violet to staib's medium was found to be inhibitory to some strains of all species tested. dipheny ...	1985	16346872
[macular lesions in systemic cryptococcosis].		1984	6085888
[cryptococcus neoformans meningoencephalitis].		1984	6087494
[combinations of antimycotics].		1984	6088336
in vitro studies with r 51,211 (itraconazole).	the in vitro activity of r 51,211 (itraconazole, accepted generic name; janssen pharmaceutica, beerse, belgium), a new orally active triazole, was compared with those of two existing orally active azoles, ketoconazole and bay n 7133, and a topical agent, ro 14-4767/002. an agar dilution procedure (kimmig agar) was performed with 148 isolates of pathogenic fungi. incubation was at 30 degrees c from 48 h to 7 days. r 51,211 was dissolved in 0.2 n hcl in absolute ethanol, ketoconazole was dissolved ...	1984	6089654
r 51211 (itraconazole) therapy of murine cryptococcosis.	a new antifungal triazole, itraconazole (r51211), was compared with ketoconazole in treatment of murine cryptococcosis. itraconazole is sparingly soluble in water, and must be administered orally in solvents such as polyethylene glycol. serum concentrations are lower than those achieved with ketoconazole, but sustained for longer periods. itraconazole was more effective than ketoconazole by mic, but was similar to ketoconazole by minimum fungicidal concentration. both drugs prolonged equally sur ...	1984	6098031
in-vitro studies with four new antifungal agents: bay n 7133, bifonazole (bay h 4502), ici 153,066 and ro 14-4767/002.	four new antifungal agents were compared in vitro with miconazole and ketoconazole. the agents were bay n 7133 and ici 153,066, two orally active triazoles, and bifonazole (bay h 4502) and ro 14-4767/002, both topical agents. while all four were found to be broad spectrum antifungal agents they also demonstrated certain gaps in their spectra. in general, ro 14-4767/002 was the most active agent tested whereas bifonazole and bay n 7133 were the least active. noteworthy activities included that of ...	1984	6322364
immunotoxic effects of diethylstilbestrol on host resistance: comparison with cyclophosphamide.	to evaluate the usefulness of host resistance assays for measurement of immunotoxicologic effects of chemicals, the immunosuppressive effects of exposure to diethylstilbestrol (des) were compared with the effects of treatment with the known immunosuppressive drug cyclophosphamide (cps). a panel of six host resistance models was evaluated, including infection with the bacterium listeria monocytogenes, herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2), and encephalomyocarditis virus (emc), the yeast cryptococcu ...	1984	6323603
opportunistic infection complicating acquired immune deficiency syndrome. clinical features of 25 cases.	twenty-five cases of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids) complicated by opportunistic infections were diagnosed at lenox hill hospital during an 18 month period and followed for at least 1 year or until the patients' deaths. twenty-three patients were homosexual men, including 1 i.v. drug user, and 2 were heterosexual i.v. drug users, including the sole woman. seventy infections were diagnosed. the commonest etiologic agents included candida albicans, pneumocystis carinii, cytomegalovirus ...	1984	6325849
combination of oral flucytosine and ketoconazole as therapy for experimental cryptococcal meningitis.	current therapy for cryptococcal meningitis often is ineffective, toxic, and inconvenient. ketoconazole has been shown to penetrate into brain tissue of mice and cerebrospinal fluid of humans and to improve the course of human coccidioidal meningitis. ketoconazole, flucytosine, and amphotericin b, alone and in two-drug combinations, were used to treat cryptococcal meningitis in mice injected intracranially with cryptococcus neoformans. mortality was assessed, and numbers of cryptococci in brain ...	1984	6327836
antimycotic activity of bay n 7133 in animal experiments.	the triazole derivative bay n 7133 has been tested for its antimycotic efficacy on oral administration in vivo and compared with ketoconazole in mice infected with candida albicans, aspergillus fumigatus and cryptococcus neoformans and in guinea pig trichophytosis. on starting administration at the same time as infection and using daily doses between 25 and 100 mg/kg, the agent protected the mice in all experimental models, even mouse aspergillosis for which ketoconazole was not adequately effec ...	1984	6330018
antimycotic azoles. 7. synthesis and antifungal properties of a series of novel triazol-3-ones.	a series of novel triazol-3-ones have been synthesized, and their in vitro and in vivo antifungal properties are reported. compound 68 (itraconazole), which displays a pronounced oral activity against vaginal candidosis in rats and against microsporosis in guinea pigs, has been selected for clinical evaluation.	1984	6330360
in vitro antifungal activities of bay n 7133 and bay l 9139, two new orally absorbed antifungal imidazole derivatives, against pathogenic yeasts.	bay n 7133 and bay l 9139 (bayer ag, wuppertal, fed. rep. germany) are new, orally absorbable, antifungal imidazole derivatives. in vitro, bay n 7133 was comparable to ketoconazole and miconazole when tested against isolates of candida albicans and cryptococcus neoformans. bay l 9139 also was active against these organisms but to a lesser degree than the other imidazoles. ly 121019, an analog of echinocandin b, was also tested. it proved to be the most active antimycotic against c. albicans but ...	1984	6330557
effect of cyclophosphamide on rats experimentally infected with cryptococcus neoformans.	this study was undertaken to establish the function of t-lymphocytes in protective immunity against a cryptococcal infection in animals treated with cyclophosphamide (cy) pre or post infection and to determine how they relate to the progression of the disease. inbred suquia rats were infected either intranasally (i.n.) or intraperitoneally (i.p.) with 10(5) viable cryptococcus neoformans cells. the infected rats were divided in three groups. one of the groups (group i) was utilized as a control. ...	1984	6335569
fluorescence of fungi--not autofluorescence.		1984	6197874
comparison of the sensitivity of three methods for the rapid identification of cryptococcus neoformans.	the sensitivity of three methods for the rapid identification of cryptococcus neoformans was compared. these were: direct microscopy of india ink preparations, acridine orange staining followed by fluorescence microscopy and detection of cryptococcal capsular polysaccharide antigen by latex agglutination. the overall limit of detection was 3.5 +/- 5.4 x 10(3) cfu/ml (mean +/- sd, n = 27). when different strains were studied, no single method was consistently superior. false positive results were ...	1984	6199376
morphologic and immunohistologic study of pyelonephritis in rats by various bacteria and fungi. special reference to inflammatory changes and localization of antigen.	experimental pyelonephritis induced in rats by a single intrarenal injection of pseudomonas aeruginosa, serratia marcescens, candida albicans, and cryptococcus neoformans was studied pathologically and immunohistologically. the lesions which develop following intrarenal inoculation were similar to those seen during the course of pyelonephritis in man. localization of the whole bacteria and the amorphous bacterial antigens and the whole fungi and the amorphous fungal antigens in the inflammatory ...	1984	6205283
high prevalence of cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii in tropical and subtropical regions.	the global distribution of 96 clinical isolates of cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii among a total of 725 c. neoformans isolates was investigated. while c. neoformans var. gattii was not found among isolates obtained from europe (excluding the united kingdom) and japan; and it was found only infrequently in north america (excluding southern california), the united kingdom, new zealand, and argentina; the variety was prevalent in regions with tropical to subtropical climates such as south east ...	1984	6207684
capsular polysaccharides of cryptococcus neoformans.	polysaccharides of cryptococcus neoformans are considered to have a role in the virulence of this encapsulated fungus. the structure has been determined for the most abundant polysaccharide, a glucuronoxylomannan of varying xylose and ester content. the structural complexity of the capsular material increases from serotype d to a to b to c, but even for the simplest capsule (type d), the immunodeterminants seem to occur only on the side chains. the interactions of some of these groups with antib ...	1984	6209768
non-specific immunosuppression by cryptococcus neoformans infection.	cryptococcus neoformans-infected animals were found to be immunosuppressed when tested by a variety of assays for immune competence. primary humoral immune responses and delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions to sheep erythrocytes were suppressed in animals which had been infected for two weeks. lymphocyte proliferation (lp) assays to srbc stroma were also significantly diminished at two weeks of infection. spleen cells of infected mice suppressed the lp response of srbc immunized, normal mice ...	1984	6234468
isolation, cultivation and identification of cryptococcus neoformans from pigeons.		1984	6242668
localization on encapsulated cryptococcus neoformans of serum components opsonic for phagocytosis by macrophages and neutrophils.	previous studies have shown that the cryptococcal capsule inhibits phagocytosis of cryptococcus neoformans by macrophages and neutrophils. in this study, the binding sites of potential serum opsonins in immune and nonimmune sera were determined by immunoelectron microscopy, and the results were compared with the results of phagocytosis of the yeasts by mouse peritoneal macrophages and human neutrophils. immunoglobulin g (igg) from normal human serum showed low-density binding at the capsular sur ...	1984	6363293
biochemical variation of cryptococcus neoformans.	ninety-seven strains of cryptococcus neoformans and c. bacillisporus were examined for 44 biochemical characters and the results were analyzed numerically. one phenon emerged at the 86% level of similarity when strains were clustered according to their m-similarity values. all strains grew in ten carbon sources (d-glucose, d-galactose, arbutin, maltose, sucrose, d-melezitose, d-xylose, d-mannitol, d-glucitol, and meso-inositol), and also grew at 37 degrees c and produced urease and phenoloxidase ...	1984	6371540
strain differentiation of pathogenic yeasts by the killer system.	high sensitivity rates to the activity of killer toxins produced by 25 species of yeasts belonging to the genera candida, hansenula, pichia, rhodotorula, saccharomyces and trichosporon have been observed among 112 yeast isolates (25 cryptococcus neoformans, 29 c. glabrata 16 c. parapsilosis, 20 c. pseudotropicalis and 22 c. tropicalis). the highest sensitivity has been observed among the c. parapsilosis isolates, the lowest in c. glabrata strains. genera pichia and hansenula proved to have the g ...	1984	6371541
[diagnosis, prevention and treatment of infections of bacterial, fungal and viral origin in immunocompromised patients].	infections in immunocompromised patients are mostly caused by potentially pathogenic bacteria, yeasts, fungi and viruses. the predominant agents of bacterial infections are enterobacteriaceae, pseudomonas aeruginosa and staphylococci. several randomized studies have shown that the incidence of infections caused by these bacteria can significantly be reduced by means of antimicrobial decontamination. in case of suspected or proven bacterial infections immediate empirical antibiotic therapy is man ...	1984	6371640
esophageal cryptococcosis in a patient with the hyperimmunoglobulin e-recurrent infection (job's) syndrome.	patients with the hyperimmunoglobulin e-recurrent infection (job's) syndrome, which is characterized by an elevated immunoglobulin e level, recurrent staphylococcal infections, and an abnormality of neutrophil chemotaxis, have been reported to have visceral candida infections in addition to their more frequent pyogenic infections. we report a patient with job's syndrome who presented with massive hematemesis secondary to esophageal cryptococcosis. a thorough evaluation for an occult neoplasm or ...	1984	6373479
in vitro human lymphocyte responses to cryptococcus neoformans. evidence for primary and secondary responses in normals and infected subjects.	cryptococcus neoformans causes meningitis and disseminated infection in healthy individuals, but more commonly in hosts with defective immune responses. to study the role of immune lymphocytes in protection and recovery from this infection, in vitro lymphocyte proliferative responses to whole killed organisms were characterized in normal controls and in patients with cryptococcosis. several differences were found between these two groups. all normal individuals were found to have significant pro ...	1984	6373927
benign cryptococcaemia.	the most familiar clinical presentation of cryptococcal disease is subacute lymphocytic meningitis, generally in immunocompromised patients. isolation of cryptococcus neoformans from the bloodstream has been regarded as a grave prognostic sign, but we have recently seen a patient with cryptococcaemia which had an unusually benign course.	1984	6373951
role of serum factors in the phagocytosis of weakly or heavily encapsulated cryptococcus neoformans strains by guinea pig peripheral blood leukocytes.	we investigated the opsonic activity of the serum factors affecting phagocytosis of cryptococcus neoformans in vitro to elucidate the role of humoral factors in the host defense mechanisms against cryptococcosis. two strains of c. neoformans, one heavily and one weakly encapsulated, were used. guinea pig peripheral blood leukocytes (pbls) were used for phagocytosis. the viable weakly encapsulated cells were ingested effectively by pbls, in the presence of guinea pig normal fresh serum, while the ...	1984	6374392
cryptococcus neoformans: in vivo protection of mice by pretreatment with pyran copolymer.	synthetic polyanions have been shown to alter host resistance to infection. the anticryptococcal effect of pyran copolymer was assessed in vivo and in vitro. pretreatment with pyran copolymer significantly extended mean survival in mice lethally infected with cryptococcus neoformans when compared to untreated animals (p less than 0.01). the anticryptococcal effect of peritoneal exudate cells (pec) elicited by 10% thioglycollate or pyran copolymer (25 mg/kg) was assessed in vitro. initial percent ...	1984	6374462
effects of diethylstilbestrol and cyclophosphamide on the pathogenesis of experimental cryptococcus neoformans infections.	treatment of mice with a single dose of cyclophosphamide 24 h before challenge with cryptococcus neoformans increased host survival, whereas treatment with 10 daily exposures of cyclophosphamide, starting 2 days before challenge, markedly reduced survival in mice challenged on the second day of drug treatment. treatment with 14 daily exposures of diethylstilbestrol before challenge with c. neoformans did not markedly affect host survival. a correlation was sought between the distribution of radi ...	1984	6374933
a microautomated dilution method for susceptibility testing with antifungal drugs.	the authors perfected, for standardization purposes, a microautomated system (dynatech mic 2000 inoculator) to obtain the accurate quantitative results, i.e., determination of minimum inhibitory (mic) and fungicidal (mfc) concentrations, avoiding the work and time consuming procedure of the classic broth dilution method in tubes. the spectrum of activity of seven antifungal antibiotics against 204 yeast isolates of six different species, in two different media comparatively, is described.	1984	6377080
campylobacter fetus ssp fetus cholecystitis and relapsing bacteremia in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.	acute gangrenous cholecystitis and relapsing bacteremia caused by campylobacter fetus ssp fetus occurred in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. biliary tract colonization probably accounted in part for this unusual phenomenon. whether the patient's deficiency of cell-mediated immunity contributed to his disease is not known.	1984	6377511
cryptococcus neoformans in fecal matter of birds kept in cages--control of cr. neoformans habitats.	the occurrence of cryptococcosis in predamaged persons in whom the fecal matter of caged birds had been suspected as the source of infection has led to the present investigation. in the excreta of only four out of a total of 142 bird species kept by the berlin zoological gardens, cryptococcus neoformans could be demonstrated with the aid of guizotia abyssinica creatinine agar: twany frogmouth (podargus strigoides, g. eulenschwalm); palm cockatoo (probosciger aterrimus, g. arakakadu); military ma ...	1984	6377755
epidemiologic differences between the two varieties of cryptococcus neoformans.	this report of the worldwide distribution of two varieties of cryptococcus neoformans was drawn from data on 628 clinical isolates and from data on 97 additional isolates from other laboratories. tests showed that 100% of the cultures from austria, belgium, denmark, france, germany, holland, italy, switzerland, and japan belonged to c. neoformans var. neoformans. more than 85% of the isolates from argentina, canada, the united kingdom, and the united states (except southern california) were of c ...	1984	6377880
diagnostic exercise. cryptococcosis in a cat.		1984	6379287
resistance to challenge and macrophage activity in mice previously vaccinated with formalin-killed cryptococcus neoformans.	mice were vaccinated with formalin-killed cryptococcus neoformans either intranasally, intravenously, or intraperitoneally. resistance to lethal challenge and in vitro phagocytic activity of alveolar and peritoneal macrophages was studied. increased resistance to lethal challenge was seen following vaccination by each of the three routes but increased phagocytic activity was seen only in alveolar macrophages from mice vaccinated intranasally.	1984	6382015
pulmonary cell response in mice following intranasal instillation with cryptococcus neoformans.	cryptococcus neoformans was instilled intranasally into mice which were sacrificed to determine the fate of instilled cryptococci and the pulmonary cellular response. during the first 12 h, instilled cryptococci decreased significantly in numbers and did not disseminate to extrapulmonary sites. there was a transient increase in neutrophils which may have been due to an influx of bacteria which accompanied the process of intranasal instillation.	1984	6382016
growth inhibition of cryptococcus neoformans by cloned cultured murine macrophages.	cloned and unselected bone marrow-derived macrophage cell lines were obtained from a/j, akr/j, bio.a(5r), cba/j, dba/2, hpc, nzw, and [nzb x nzw]f1 mice, and their interactions were studied in vitro with a lightly encapsulated natural serotype a isolate of cryptococcus neoformans. growth inhibition of c. neoformans was seen with all of the cell lines, as determined by enumeration of colony-forming units. inhibition was enhanced by a high concentration (8%) of fresh mouse serum and was the same f ...	1984	6386187
cryptococcal cellulitis.	immunocompromised patients are more susceptible to unusual pathogens. the case of an immunocompromised patient who presented with cellulitis as the only manifestation of disseminated cryptococcosis is reported. the literature on cryptococcal cellulitis is reviewed.	1984	6386357
update and evaluation of the automicrobic yeast identification system.	the automicrobic system (ams) yeast biochemical card (vitek systems inc., hazelwood, mo.) is a system which has been designed for rapid and automated reporting of yeast identification in the clinical laboratory. recent improvements have been implemented in the ams data base to expand and enhance its yeast identification capabilities. these improvements include the addition of seven biotypes, changes in data analysis scheme, and construction of the taxonomic keys. the updated system was compared ...	1984	6386872
enzyme immunoassay detection of igm to galactoxylomannan of cryptococcus neoformans.	antibodies against the major capsular polysaccharide of cryptococcus neoformans, glucuronoxylomannan (gxm), and a minor secreted polysaccharide, galactoxylomannan (galxm), were surveyed by indirect enzyme immunoassay (eia) in patients with cryptococcosis, with other mycoses, and in normal controls. measurement of igg levels against galxm revealed cross reactions in candidiasis patients that were reduced by adsorption with candida albicans cell walls. measurement of igm levels were subject to few ...	1984	6388977
an improved medium for the isolation of cryptococcus neoformans from pigeon droppings.	isolation of cryptococcus neoformans is enhanced when methyl violet at 2 mg l-1 is added to the usual guizotia abyssinica medium. in preliminary tests the medium has also proved useful for isolating c. neoformans from other sources.	1984	6390736
functional testing and chemical composition of cryptococcal extracts.	three antigens were compared for their ability to detect immune responses in c57bl/6 mice sensitized to cryptococcus neoformans. elicitation of responses in vitro was greatest with a urea extract antigen, followed in efficiency by an alkali extract and a soluble capsular polysaccharide preparation. the reactivity paralleled the protein content of the preparation.	1984	6390739
lipid composition of cryptococcus neoformans.	the lipid composition of cryptococcus neoformans grown in sabouraud's dextrose broth (shake culture) was analysed. the organism contained extremely low amounts of lipid (0.96% dry weight basis) of which 86.1% were nonpolaris lipids, 3.4% phospholipids and the rest were glycolipids and pigments. alkoxylipids (41%), tryglicerides (18%), diglycerides (7.4%), free fatty acids (5.4%), sterols (4.7%), sterol ester (3.9%) and monoglycerides (2.2%) were found in the nonpolar lipid fraction of c. neoform ...	1984	6392829
virulence, capsule size and lipid composition interrelation of cryptococcus neoformans.	virulence and lipid composition were studied in three isolates of cryptococcus neoformans. virulence was evaluated by injecting mice intraperitoneally with 10(7) cells and recording organ involvement and spontaneous death over a 25 day period. though the least virulent strain contained the least amount of total lipid and phospholipids, none of the lipids showed any quantitative relation to virulence. there was no major difference in the phospholipid composition among the three strains. fungal ce ...	1984	6392831
in vitro and in vivo antifungal activity of the combination methylpartricin-5-fluorocytosine.	in vitro studies on the antifungal activity exerted by the combinations spa-s-222 (a hydrosoluble derivative of the polyene antibiotic methylpartricin) and 5-fluorocytosine evidence a favourable interaction against the formation of germ-tube in candida albicans; against cryptococcus neoformans and 5fc induced-resistant strains of candida albicans. in the experimental infections with candida albicans and cryptococcus neoformans a significantly favourable interaction was exerted by polyene-5fc com ...	1984	6398120
[preventive measures for the control of fungal infections in the clinic].	hospital acquired infections due to fungi are primarily caused by yeast species of the genus candida and mould species of the genus aspergillus. underlying disease with severely impaired defence mechanisms as well as certain forms of immunosuppressive and aggressive chemotherapy are the most important prerequisites for such secondary fungal infections. aspergillus spec. usually infect man via exogenous routes, whereas candida spec. mostly originate from the patient's own microbial flora. under c ...	1984	6398797
dementia and myoclonus in a case of cryptococcal encephalitis.	dementia and generalized myoclonic jerks were the only neurologic features in a patient with cryptococcal encephalitis. despite the presence of numerous budding yeasts identified as cryptococcus neoformans in the csf, there was no inflammatory reaction. protein and glucose levels were normal, with no pleocytosis.	1984	6691829
in vitro activities of two new antifungal azoles.	the antifungal activities of equimolar quantities of three azole compounds, bay n 7133 [1-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3,3-dimethyl-2-(1,2,4-triazole-1-yl)methylbutan-2-o1], bay 1 19139 [1-(4-chlorophenoxy)-1-(1-imidazolyl)-3,3-dimethyl-2-butanol hydrochloride], and ketoconazole, were compared by testing the susceptibility in vitro of 10 clinical isolates each of candida albicans, candida parapsilosis, torulopsis glabrata, cryptococcus neoformans, aspergillus fumigatus, aspergillus niger, aspergillus flavu ...	1984	6721465
study of cryptococcus neoformans varieties.		1984	6727920
pathogenicity of the basidiospores of filobasidiella neoformans.	the pathogenicity of the purified basidiospores of filosbasidiella neoformans was determined. the basidiospores were purified by successive filtration and inoculated into white swiss female mice via the intracranial and intravenous route. at autopsy, infection was seen with as few as fifty inoculated cells. the brain, liver and spleen were examined culturally and histologically to prove the pathogenicity of the purified basidiospores .	1984	6738667
studies on relationship between cysts and granulomas in murine cryptococcosis.	the histopathology of murine cryptococcosis was observed until the 55th day and particular attention was paid to whether or not cysts, which had been formed in the brain, could change to granulomas. cryptococcus neoformans rib-12m was used in this experiment. as experimental animals, five-week-old male balb/c mice, weighing 20-22 g, were used. an infective inoculum was prepared by adjusting the number of cryptococci to 10(6) or 5 x 10(6)/0.2 ml. each mouse was inoculated intravenously with 0.2 m ...	1984	6738671
a vestibular syndrome associated with cryptococcus neoformans in a horse.		1984	6426209
hypersensitivity pneumonitis induced by trichosporon cutaneum.	we isolated trichosporon cutaneum from the houses of patients with hypersensitivity pneumonitis and investigated its possible role as an etiologic agent in 21 cases of the disease. a high titer of anti-t. cutaneum antibody was observed in serum samples from 20 (95.2%) of the 21 patients, but only a low titer was found in less than 9% of the control serum samples. anti-cryptococcus neoformans antibody was also observed in the patients' serum samples, but it appeared, in most samples, to be a cros ...	1984	6433758
[a case of cerebral cryptococcosis, with special reference to computerized tomography findings].	a case of cryptococcosis simulating brain tumor was reviewed. a 66-year-old female was admitted to our hospital with chief complaint of vertigo, gait disturbance and dysarthria. these symptoms started about one year before admission and worsened. vomiting and urinary incontinence appeared. neurological examination revealed left cerebellar ataxia and dysarthria. in plain ct (computerized tomography) irregular ill-defined low density area was noted in the cerebellar vermis and bilateral cerebellar ...	1984	6462365
cutaneous cryptococcosis without evidence of systemic involvement.	as many as 15% of cases of systemic infection with cryptococcus neoformans have cutaneous involvement. the existence of primary cutaneous disease is controversial. we report a patient with cutaneous cryptococcosis without evidence of visceral involvement at the time of diagnosis. she has been followed up for 5 years and remains free of systemic involvement. cutaneous cryptococcosis does not always signify systemic disease.	1984	6480945
in vitro effects of natural killer cells against paracoccidioides brasiliensis yeast phase.	recently, data have been reported suggesting natural killer (nk) cells may function in natural resistance against a fungus, cryptococcus neoformans. the primary objective of this study was to examine the reactivity of murine splenic cells against another fungus, paracoccidioides brasiliensis. levels of nk activity in effector cell pools were varied by: (i) removing nylon wool-adherent cells, (ii) fractionating splenic cells on percoll discontinuous gradients, (iii) using old and young effector c ...	1984	6500701
cryptococcal pneumonia: a fulminant presentation.	a 32-year-old presented with fulminant, bilateral airspace pneumonia due to cryptococcus neoformans while under cytotoxic therapy for advanced hodgkin's disease. we alert physicians to this rapidly progressive form of cryptococcosis which has been poorly described previously and which may closely mimic bacterial pneumonia.	1984	6517091
infection with cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii leading to a pulmonary cryptococcoma and meningitis.	a patient who lived in ohio, u.s.a., developed a large pulmonary cryptococcoma and meningitis as the result of infection with cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii, an organism of subtropical and tropical distribution. he had no obvious predisposing illness or condition associated with increased susceptibility to cryptococcosis. although he was found to have cutaneous anergy, his lymphocytes showed significant transformation responses in vitro when cultured both with mitogens and with killed crypt ...	1984	6527047
opportunistic fungal infections in patients with neoplastic disease.	opportunistic infections with yeast and molds are increasingly common in patients with neoplastic diseases. candida species, aspergillus species, phycomyces, and cryptococcus neoformans remain most common, but other organisms are being encountered as pathogens. with the exception of cryptococcus, most opportunistic fungal infections are difficult to diagnose. new diagnostic tests for these diseases are being evaluated. amphotericin b remains the antifungal agent of choice. in certain patients, t ...	1984	6367457
fractionation and characterization of galactoxylomannan from cryptococcus neoformans.		1984	6367980
cryptococcal meningitis for 15 years.		1984	6368754
binding of cryptococcal polysaccharide to cryptococcus neoformans.	radioiodinated cryptococcal polysaccharide was used to study binding of the soluble polysaccharide to encapsulated and non-encapsulated cryptoccoci. binding of polysaccharide to non-encapsulated cryptococci occurred rapidly over a 30-min period and was largely complete after 2 h. bound, labeled polysaccharide was slowly eluted from cryptococcus neoformans after the addition of unlabeled polysaccharide, indicating reversibility of binding. non-encapsulated cryptococci bound polysaccharide in two ...	1984	6365785
[isolation of cryptococcus and c. neoformans in bird feces].		1983	6367004
amphotericin b tolerance: a characteristic of candida parapsilosis not shared by other candida species.	thirty yeast isolates from clinical specimens were tested for their susceptibility to amphotericin b at 30 c, 37 c, and 39 c. of the six candida albicans, five candida tropicalis, one candida guilliermondii, one candida krusei, one candida pseudotropicalis, two torulopsis glabrata, and four cryptococcus neoformans isolates tested, all were inhibited at amphotericin b concentrations of less than or equal to 0.4 micrograms/ml and killed by concentrations of amphotericin b that were less than or eq ...	1983	6822746