Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted descending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| clostridium difficile strain nap-1 is not associated with severe disease in a nonepidemic setting. | recent outbreaks of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) in north america and in europe with very high case-fatality rates have been associated with infection by north american pulsed field type i (nap-1) isolates. this study examined whether nap-1 strains are associated with worse outcomes of cdi in a nonepidemic, nosocomial setting. | 2009 | 19465153 |
| epidemiology and outcomes of clostridium difficile-associated disease among patients on prolonged acute mechanical ventilation. | patients receiving prolonged acute mechanical ventilation (pamv), although comprising a third of all mechanical ventilation (mv) patients, consume two-thirds of all the resources allocated to mv, and their numbers are projected to double by 2020. by virtue of their prolonged hospital length of stay (median los, 17 days), they are subject to such nosocomial infections as clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad), the incidence and age-adjusted case fatality rate of which doubled between 200 ... | 2009 | 19465510 |
| the antibiotic challenge: changing clinical management of infections. | resistance is one of many reasons why antibiotic therapy can be ineffective. efforts to forestall further development of antimicrobial resistance include judicial prescribing of antibiotics, implementing infection-control measures, and developing institutional stewardship of antimicrobial agents. this article, the third and final in a series on antibiotic resistance, discusses selected common infections that have changing epidemiology and/or for which the recommended evaluation and treatment gui ... | 2009 | 19469387 |
| [microbiological diagnosis of gastrointestinal infections]. | acute gastrointestinal tract infections are among the most common infectious diseases. in the present review, the different methods of diagnosing gastrointestinal infections caused by bacteria, viruses, and parasites are examined. stool culture is the method of choice for diagnosing bacterial intestinal infections; however, infections caused by clostridium difficile can be diagnosed by detection of toxins a and b in stools, and infections caused by diarrheagenic escherichia coli by pcr detection ... | 2009 | 19477556 |
| improving compliance with the c. difficile root cause analysis tool to reduce incidence. | this article outlines a project to improve the effective application of root cause analysis to reduce rates of clostridium difficile infection. using a learning intervention and redefining infection-control practices produced better compliance with the root cause analysis tool on six medical elderly wards. | 2009 | 19480159 |
| exploring the accuracy and practicality of a new two-step algorithm for c. difficile testing. | clostridium difficile infection is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in hospitalised patients. rapid, accurate diagnosis is crucial to provide optimal care for affected patients and implement infection-control strategies. this article reports on the results of a study that examined the use of a two-step algorithm to improve the diagnosis of c. difficile. | 2009 | 19480161 |
| incidence of acquisition of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus, clostridium difficile, and other health-care-associated pathogens by dogs that participate in animal-assisted interventions. | to determine whether dogs that visited human health-care facilities were at greater risk of acquiring certain health-care-associated pathogens, compared with dogs performing animal-assisted interventions in other settings, and to identify specific behaviors of dogs associated with an increased risk of acquiring these pathogens. | 2009 | 19480620 |
| clostridium difficile toxin a binds colonocyte src causing dephosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase and paxillin. | clostridium difficile toxin a impairs tight junction function of colonocytes by glucosylation of rho family proteins causing actin filament disaggregation and cell rounding. we investigated the effect of toxin a on focal contact formation by assessing its action on focal adhesion kinase (fak) and the adapter protein paxillin. exposure of ncm460 human colonocytes to toxin a for 1 h resulted in complete dephosphorylation of fak and paxillin, while protein tyrosine phosphatase activity was reduced. ... | 2009 | 19481075 |
| overexpression of thymosin beta4 increases pseudopodia formation in lncap prostate cancer cells. | thymosin beta4, a major g-actin-sequestering protein, is known to be involved in tumor metastasis. in the present study, we found that thymosin beta4 expression promotes the formation of actin-based pseudopodia-like extensions, associated with cell migration, in human prostate cancer lncap cells. treatment with the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (pi3k) inhibitor wortmannin and cdc42/rac1/rhoa inhibitor clostridium difficile toxin b significantly reduced pseudopodia formation in thymosin beta4-ove ... | 2009 | 19483323 |
| monoclonal antibodies targeting clostridium difficile licensed to merck. | 2009 | 19483702 | |
| cytomegalovirus clostridium colitis disease in an immunocompetent patient. | 2009 | 19488008 | |
| nitazoxanide and probiotics for the treatment of recurrent clostridium difficile infection in a peritoneal dialysis patient. | nitazoxanide has been proven to be efficacious for the treatment of clostridium difficile infection (cdi), but data is limited in peritoneal dialysis (pd) patients. this report details the successful utilization of nitazoxanide and probiotics to treat multirecurrent cdi in a pd patient. a 58-year-old woman was admitted with hypotension, nausea and vomiting attributed to metronidazole therapy for cdi, her third cdi treatment regimen in 3 months. during her admission, the patient developed cdi and ... | 2009 | 19488013 |
| community clostridium difficile. | 2009 | 19493944 | |
| assessment of the in vitro efficacy of the novel antimicrobial peptide cect7121 against human gram-positive bacteria from serious infections refractory to treatment. | resistant gram-positive bacteria are causing increasing concern in clinical practice. this work investigated the efficacy of ap-cect7121 (an antimicrobial peptide isolated from an environmental strain of enterococcus faecalis cect7121) against various pathogenic gram-positive bacteria. | 2009 | 19494489 |
| emerging infections of the gastrointestinal tract. | infections account for significant gi morbidity and mortality worldwide. new organisms are being identified, associated with diarrhoeal illness and some with other gastrointestinal illness as well. among gi viruses, sapovirus is now recognised to cause diarrhoea, especially in children. a hypervirulent strain of clostridium difficile has caused epidemics in many countries. newly identified bacterial species that may cause diarrhoea include campylobacter concisus, arcobacteria, edwardsiella tarda ... | 2009 | 19258189 |
| spectrum of activity and mode of action of rep3123, a new antibiotic to treat clostridium difficile infections. | the aim of this study was to characterize the antimicrobial profile of rep3123, a novel inhibitor of methionyl-trna synthetase (metrs) in development for the treatment of clostridium difficile infection. | 2009 | 19258353 |
| clostridium difficile colitis. | 2009 | 19258589 | |
| overutilization of proton pump inhibitors: a review of cost-effectiveness and risk [corrected]. | proton pump inhibitors (ppis) are superior to histamine-2 receptor antagonists for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (gerd) and erosive esophagitis. antisecretory therapy (ast), however, accounts for significant cost expenditure in the united states including over-the-counter and prescription formulations. moreover, emerging data illustrate the potential risks associated with long-term ppi therapy including variations in bioavailability of common medications, vitamin b12 deficienc ... | 2009 | 19262544 |
| trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid modulates phagocytic responses of canine peripheral blood polymorphonuclear neutrophilic leukocytes exposed to clostridium difficile toxin b. | trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid (t10c12-cla) has been reported to enhance phagocyte function. clostridium difficile toxin b (tcdb) has been known to inhibit ras-homologous (rho) guanosine triphosphatases (gtpases) which play essential roles in neutrophil immune functions. here, we examined whether in vitro treatment with t10c12-cla modulates the filamentous actin (f-actin) polymerization, phagocytic capacity, and oxidative burst activity (oba) of canine peripheral blood polymorphonucle ... | 2009 | 19269037 |
| nosocomial diarrhea and clostridium difficile associated diarrhea in a turkish university hospital. | clostridium difficile (c. difficile) is a well-established cause of nosocomial diarrhea. the aim of our study was to define the incidence of nosocomial diarrhea in our hospital and to determine the role of c. difficile. additionally, the risk factors for nosocomial diarrhea and clostridium difficile associated diarrhea (cdad) were investigated. | 2009 | 19269761 |
| methods for surveillance of clostridium difficile. | 2009 | 19272673 | |
| epidemiology of clostridium difficile colitis in hospitalized patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. | a notable increase in-hospital admissions for clostridium difficile colitis has occurred in the united states. in this paper we evaluate changes in the epidemiology of clostridium difficile colitis in a subset of hospitalized patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. | 2009 | 19273954 |
| analyses of fluoroquinolones and clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea in tuberculosis patients. | systematic studies of fluoroquinolones (fqs) and clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea (cdad) are scarce among tuberculosis (tb) patients, in whom fluoroquinolones (fqs) are increasingly used. | 2009 | 19275794 |
| feasibility of routinely using hydrogen peroxide vapor to decontaminate rooms in a busy united states hospital. | during a 22-month period at a 500-bed teaching hospital, 1,565 rooms that had housed patients infected with multidrug-resistant pathogens were decontaminated using hydrogen peroxide vapor. hydrogen peroxide vapor decontamination required a mean time of 2 hours and 20 minutes, compared with 32 minutes for conventional cleaning. despite the greater time required for decontamination, hydrogen peroxide vapor decontamination of selected patient rooms is feasible in a busy hospital with a mean occupan ... | 2009 | 19415969 |
| successful combat of an outbreak due to clostridium difficile pcr ribotype 027 and recognition of specific risk factors. | in the period april-september 2005, an outbreak of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) due to pcr ribotype 027 occurred among 50 patients in a 341-bed community hospital in harderwijk, the netherlands. a retrospective case-control study was performed to identify risk factors specific for cdi, using a group of patients with cdi (n = 45), a group of randomly selected control patients without diarrhoea (n = 90), and a group of patients with non-infectious diarrhoea (n = 109). risk factors for cdi ... | 2009 | 19416295 |
| yeast, beef and pork extracts counteract clostridium difficile toxin a enterotoxicity. | clostridium difficile is responsible for a large proportion of nosocomial cases of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea and pseudomembranous colitis. the present study provides evidence that yeast, beef and pork extracts, ingredients commonly used to grow bacteria, can counteract c. difficile toxin a enterotoxicity in vitro and in vivo. in model intestinal epithelial cells the individual extracts could prevent the toxin a-induced decrease in epithelial barrier function and partially prevented actin d ... | 2009 | 19416358 |
| [nosocomial infections: mrsa und cdad as a challenge]. | inadequate antibiotic prescribing and poor adherence to infection control guidelines are the main reasons for the development and spread of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) and clostridium difficile (cd), the most important cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea (ad) and colitis. both cdad and mrsa infection are associated with significant morbidity, excess mortality and substantial consumption of resources. increases in the incidence of both infections have been observed in ... | 2009 | 19418034 |
| multicenter study of the impact of community-onset clostridium difficile infection on surveillance for c. difficile infection. | to evaluate the impact of cases of community-onset, healthcare facility (hcf)-associated clostridium difficile infection (cdi) on the incidence and outbreak detection of cdi. | 2009 | 19419269 |
| clostridium difficile infection in ohio hospitals and nursing homes during 2006. | healthcare data suggest that the incidence and severity of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) in hospitals are increasing. however, the overall burden of disease and the mortality rate associated with cdi, including the contribution from cases of infection that occur in nursing homes, are poorly understood. | 2009 | 19419272 |
| [a new virulent clone of clostridium difficile is a challenge for danish hospitals]. | 2009 | 19419636 | |
| [first danish case of clostridium difficile ribotype 027]. | increasing rates of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea (cdad) with an unusual, severe course have been reported in canada, usa and several european countries since 2003. a new virulent strain, pcr ribotype 027 (cd027), is associated with this increase. we report the first danish case of cdad caused by cd027. a 85-year-old woman was admitted to hospital with pneumonia. following treatment initially with penicillin, secondly with moxifloxacin she developed bloody diarrhoea. a stool specime ... | 2009 | 19419637 |
| the role of surgery in clostridium difficile colitis. | 2009 | 19420031 | |
| outbreak of clostridium difficile 027 infection in vienna, austria 2008-2009. | from november 2008 to 15 april 2009, 36 isolates of cd027 identified in austria, all originating from four hospitals in vienna. all isolates were positive for toxin a, toxin b and the binary toxin, and showed a characteristic 18 bp deletion in the tcdc gene. clostridium difficile is an anaerobic spore-forming bacterium. some strains may cause diarrhoea due to formation of toxins. symptomatic c. difficile infection (cdi) is primarily linked with hospital admission and antibiotic treatment, althou ... | 2009 | 19422768 |
| control of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the office and clinic. | 2009 | 19433821 | |
| rehospitalizations: packaging discharge and transition services to prevent "bounce backs". | there are many factors that can reduce the rates of rehospitalization, including transition or discharge coaches who work with the patient before, during, and after the discharge; better collaboration between hospitals and physicians to improve promptness and reliability of follow-up care; and earlier medical follow-up after surgical procedures. | 2009 | 19435389 |
| intravenous tigecycline as adjunctive or alternative therapy for severe refractory clostridium difficile infection. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) has become more refractory to standard therapy. we describe 4 patients with severe refractory cdi who were successfully treated with tigecycline. symptoms improved within 1 week. no relapses were observed. this favorable outcome suggests that tigecycline might be a useful alternative for treating severe refractory cdi. | 2009 | 19435431 |
| infectious complications in three double hand recipients: experience from a single center. | composite tissue allograft (cta) recipients require high level of immunosuppression and, therefore, are at significant risk to acquire opportunistic infections. | 2009 | 19328916 |
| contamination of pet therapy dogs with mrsa and clostridium difficile. | 2009 | 19329224 | |
| risk factors for mortality following emergency colectomy for fulminant clostridium difficile infection. | this study evaluated risk factors for mortality after emergency colectomy for fulminant clostridium difficile infection. | 2009 | 19333038 |
| rapid detection of the clostridium difficile ribotype 027 tcdc gene frame shift mutation at position 117 by real-time pcr and melt curve analysis. | the emergence of the hypervirulent strain clostridium difficile pcr ribotype 027 has increased the necessity for rapid c. difficile typing tests for clinical and epidemiological purposes. we developed a rapid real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) test for the detection of c. difficile. as the target, we chose the tcdc gene, which encodes for a negative regulator in toxin production. a deletion at position 117 of the tcdc gene, which is associated with severe tcdc truncation, is well conserve ... | 2009 | 19333630 |
| do nsaids, antibiotics, infections, or stress trigger flares in ibd? | non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (nsaids), antibiotics, enteric or other systemic infections, and stress have all been reported to be potential triggers of inflammatory bowel disease (ibd). although a mechanism of triggering a flare of ibd can be hypothesized for each factor, the associations of these factors with flares of ibd remains confusing. in this review, we analyze the literature that explores these associations. there is some evidence to support an association between nsaid use and ... | 2009 | 19337242 |
| thinking beyond the colon-small bowel involvement in clostridium difficile infection. | small intestinal clostridium difficile seems to be increasing in incidence. the spectrum of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) has definitely expanded with small bowel involvement. they are more frequently reported in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) who have undergone total colectomy or patients with ileal anal pouch anastomosis. the most common presentation is increased ileostomy output with associated dehydration. high clinical suspicion, early recognition and appropriate tre ... | 2009 | 19338685 |
| clostridium difficile associated infection, diarrhea and colitis. | a new, hypervirulent strain of clostridium difficile, called nap1/bi/027, has been implicated in c. difficile outbreaks associated with increased morbidity and mortality since the early 2000s. the epidemic strain is resistant to fluoroquinolones in vitro, which was infrequent prior to 2001. the name of this strain reflects its characteristics, demonstrated by different typing methods: pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (nap1), restriction endonuclease analysis (bi) and polymerase chain reaction (0 ... | 2009 | 19340897 |
| [interaction of clostridium difficile with bacterial associations of parietal biofilm in colon of mice]. | using electron microscopy, ultrastructural organization of microbial parietal biofilm in colon of immunodeficient mice line b10-hr(rhy) was studied before and after peroral inoculation with enteropathogenic strain of clostridium difficile. it was shown that infection leads to dispersion of normal biofilm in various sites and imbalance in natural proportions of different bacterial associations. also, clear ultrastructural signs of involution of gram-negative microorganisms were observed. in the r ... | 2009 | 19340962 |
| activation of a c-jun-nh2-terminal kinase pathway by the lethal toxin from clostridium sordellii, tcsl-82, occurs independently of the toxin intrinsic enzymatic activity and facilitates small gtpase glucosylation. | in the present study, we show that lethal toxin from clostridium sordellii (tcsl-82) activates the three map kinase pathways, but that only a permeable and specific c-jun-nh2-terminal kinase (jnk) inhibitor, jnk inhibitor ii, prevents toxin-dependent actin depolymerization and cell rounding. we show that jnk activation is dependent on entry of the toxin n-terminal domain into the cytosol as bafilomycin a1, which prevents acidification of endocytic vesicle and subsequent cytosolic translocation o ... | 2009 | 19341436 |
| health care-associated infections: is there an end in sight? | overview: health care-associated infections (hais) have emerged as a significant concern in policy as well as clinical circles. an hai is an infection acquired during treatment for another condition. some of the hai-causing bacteria have become drug-resistant; methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus, or mrsa, is a familiar example. tied to perhaps 100,000 deaths and $20 billion in health care costs each year, hais have given rise to state laws, legislative proposals at the federal level, pub ... | 2009 | 19343832 |
| high profile outbreaks inform new guidance. | while the nhs appears to be making progress in reducing the number of outbreaks of the bacterium, the need for continuing prudence and sound practical measures in preventing and managing c. difficile infection cases is highlighted in new guidance compiled by the health protection agency for the department of health. drawing on healthcare commission (hcc) reports into outbreaks at several trusts and a joint healthcare commission/health protection authority (hpa) review, a new publication, "clostr ... | 2009 | 19343998 |
| is the war being won?--an expert's view. | with new dh guidance on dealing effectively with clostridium difficile in healthcare settings recently published (see p40-43), health estate journal spoke to department of health inspector of microbiology and infection control professor brian duerden, asking him how much progress has been made in preventing outbreaks and containing spread, what lessons have been learned from some of the more high profile outbreaks, and what innovations, if any, are on the horizon to help eradicate the bacterium ... | 2009 | 19344002 |
| clostridium difficile infection in a health care worker. | 2009 | 19344257 | |
| laboratory diagnosis of clostridium difficile infection. an evaluation of tests for faecal toxin, glutamate dehydrogenase, lactoferrin and toxigenic culture in the diagnostic laboratory. | faecal samples from 1007 patients suspected of having diarrhoea caused by clostridium difficile infection are investigated for the presence of toxins a and b and for the presence of c. difficile-specific glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh). toxigenic culture is performed on all samples and is used as the 'gold standard' for the purpose of the study. a marker for intestinal inflammation, faecal lactoferrin, is used on any samples that give a positive result in any of the above tests. part of the study ... | 2009 | 19348118 |
| the evolving epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease. | epidemiologic studies in inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) include assessments of disease burden and evolving patterns of disease presentation. although it is hoped that sound epidemiologic studies provide aetiological clues, traditional risk factor-based epidemiology has provided limited insights into either crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis etiopathogenesis. in this update, we will summarize how the changing epidemiology of ibd associated with modernization can be reconciled with current co ... | 2009 | 19349861 |
| advances in inflammatory bowel diseases. | the annual clinical and research conference of the crohn's and colitis foundation of america, advances in inflammatory bowel diseases, provided a comprehensive overview of the year's newest developments regarding inflammatory bowel diseases (ibd). the program was again successful. attracting a wide range of participants including leaders in the field from around the world, the program offered a unique opportunity to review and debate the most important clinical studies, current controversies in ... | 2009 | 19351281 |
| recent advances in clostridium difficile-associated disease. | the main purpose of this article is to review recent developments in the management of acute and recurrent clostridium difficile-associated disease, with consideration of existing and new antibiotic and non-antibiotic agents for treatment. details of the current developmental stage of new agents are provided and the role of surgery in the management of severe disease is discussed. infection control measures considered comprise prudent use of antimicrobials, prevention of cross-infection and surv ... | 2009 | 19351643 |
| accounting for regression-to-the-mean in tests for recent changes in institutional performance: analysis and power. | recent changes in individual units are often of interest when monitoring and assessing the performance of healthcare providers. we consider three high profile examples: (a) annual teenage pregnancy rates in english local authorities, (b) quarterly rates of the hospital-acquired infection clostridium difficile in national health service (nhs) trusts and (c) annual mortality rates following heart surgery in new york state hospitals. increasingly, government targets call for continual improvements, ... | 2009 | 19358144 |
| [comparison of susceptibility of spores of bacillus subtilis and czech strains of clostridium difficile to disinfectants]. | an important factor in the prevention of nosocomial outbreaks caused by clostridium difficile ribotype 027 is the disinfection of a patient environment by reliable sporicidal disinfectants. sporicidal activity of particular agents is tested on spores of bacillus subtilis. questions are brought up if the disinfectant which works on b. subtilis spores will be equally effective on the spores of c. difficile. therefore we have compared the effects of five disinfectants available on the czech market ... | 2009 | 19358452 |
| lactobacillus and bifidobacteria combinations: a strategy to reduce hospital-acquired clostridium difficile diarrhea incidence and mortality. | incidence and virulence of clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) is increasing, particularly in institutional settings. morbidity, mortality, and costs associated with this condition are high. broad-spectrum antibiotics have long been recognized as the primary risk factor for cdad due to disruption of protective normal gastrointestinal flora. we suggest that administration of appropriate lactobacilli and bifidobacteria probiotics could be employed as a strategy to protect hospitalized ... | 2009 | 19359104 |
| medical staff at a london district hospital are not chronic vectors of mrsa or clostridium difficile. | 2009 | 19362741 | |
| molecular analysis of the gyra and gyrb quinolone resistance-determining regions of fluoroquinolone-resistant clostridium difficile mutants selected in vitro. | recent studies have suggested that exposure to fluoroquinolones represents a risk factor for the development of clostridium difficile infections and that the acquisition of resistance to the newer fluoroquinolones is the major reason facilitating wide dissemination. in particular, moxifloxacin (mx) and levofloxacin (le) have been recently associated with outbreaks caused by the c. difficile toxinotype iii/pcr ribotype 027/pulsed-field gel electrophoresis type nap1 strain. in this study, we evalu ... | 2009 | 19364867 |
| diagnostic value of repeated enzyme immunoassays in clostridium difficile infection. | there has been a significant increase in the prevalence, severity, and mortality of clostridium difficile infection (cdi), with an estimated three million new cases per year in the united states. yet diagnosing cdi remains problematic. the most commonly used test is stool enzyme immunoassay (eia) detecting toxin a and/or b, but there are no clear guidelines specifying the optimal number of tests to be ordered in the diagnostic workup, although multiple tests are frequently ordered. thus, we desi ... | 2009 | 19367273 |
| saccharomyces boulardii in a child with recurrent clostridium difficile. | 2009 | 19371301 | |
| nation-wide prospective surveillance of clostridium difficile infections in hospitals in belgium, july 2007-june 2008. | we report here baseline data from the first year of compulsory surveillance of clostridium difficile infections (cdi) in hospitals in belgium. between 1 july 2007 and 30 june 2008, 2,704 cdi were reported: 12% were recurrent and 66% were hospital-associated (half of which occurred 15 days or more after admission). cdi was considered the cause of death (direct or indirect) for 10% of the episodes. the median incidence of cdi was 1.5 per 1,000 admissions and 1.9 per 10,000 hospital-days for all ca ... | 2009 | 19371509 |
| the emergence of clostridium difficile pcr ribotype 027 in denmark--a possible link with the increased consumption of fluoroquinolones and cephalosporins? | increasing rates of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) with an unusual, severe course have been reported in several countries; this rise has partly been ascribed to the emergence of a virulent strain, c. difficile pcr ribotype 027 (cd027). an intriguing question is whether this could be related to increasing consumption of broadspectrum antibiotics. from 1997 to 2007, the number of hospital discharges in denmark with the diagnosis enterocolitis caused by c. difficile increased from eight to 2 ... | 2009 | 19371514 |
| temporal effects of antibiotic use and clostridium difficile infections. | we tested a previously published model for the analysis of the temporal relationship between antibiotic use and the incidence of clostridium difficile infection in a hospital with stable incidence of infection at >1 case per 1000 admissions per month. | 2009 | 19372170 |
| are vasopressor use and mechanical ventilation the only predictors of worse outcome for fulminant clostridium difficile infection? | 2009 | 19375066 | |
| a simple 3-step algorithm for improved laboratory detection of clostridium difficile toxin without the need for tissue culture cytotoxicity neutralization assays. | this report describes a 3-step algorithm for the detection of clostridium difficile using an enzyme immunoassay for glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) antigen, a lateral flow assay for c. difficile toxin, and anaerobic broth culture. this method was found to detect more toxin-containing stool samples than the use of a combination gdh antigen plus toxin a/b testing alone. | 2009 | 19376666 |
| microarray identification of clostridium difficile core components and divergent regions associated with host origin. | clostridium difficile is a gram-positive, spore-forming enteric anaerobe which can infect humans and a wide variety of animal species. recently, the incidence and severity of human c. difficile infection has markedly increased. in this study, we evaluated the genomic content of 73 c. difficile strains isolated from humans, horses, cattle, and pigs by comparative genomic hybridization with microarrays containing coding sequences from c. difficile strains 630 and qcd-32g58. the sequenced genome of ... | 2009 | 19376880 |
| new approaches to decontamination of rooms after patients are discharged. | 2009 | 19379097 | |
| comparison of the efficacy of a hydrogen peroxide dry-mist disinfection system and sodium hypochlorite solution for eradication of clostridium difficile spores. | to compare a hydrogen peroxide dry-mist system and a 0.5% hypochlorite solution with respect to their ability to disinfect clostridium difficile-contaminated surfaces in vitro and in situ. | 2009 | 19379098 |
| clostridium difficile ribotypes 027 and 106: clinical outcomes and risk factors. | the present study investigates risk factors for onset of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea, specific ribotype and environmental spore contamination in a district general hospital in south east england. c. difficile isolates were ribotyped from 97 diarrhoeal cases, following detection of c. difficile toxin from faecal specimens by enzyme immunoassay (health protection agency, southampton). the isolates were tested for various antimicrobial susceptibilities by e-test. cases were assessed ... | 2009 | 19386381 |
| [epidemic risk of disease associated with a new strain of clostridium difficile]. | the incidence of clostridium difficile infection in north america and europe has increased in the last years, generating concern among health professionals. a new strain of c. difficile has been identified in recent nosocomial outbreaks and community-acquired infections. this new strain, characterized as toxigenic type iii, pcr ribotype 027 (c. difficile 027), presents higher pathogenicity because of increased exotoxin production, and a characteristic antibiotic resistance profile. since 2003, s ... | 2009 | 19386385 |
| outbreak of clostridium difficile 027 in north zealand, denmark, 2008-2009. | we report an outbreak of clostridium difficile pcr ribotype 027 in denmark. the outbreak includes to date 73 cases from the area north of copenhagen, but there may be related cases elsewhere in zealand. most infections are healthcare-associated and in patients who previously received antibiotic treatment. the strain is resistant to moxifloxacin, erythromycin, and clindamycin, and carries genes for toxin a, toxin b, and for the binary toxin. the antimicrobial pattern differs from that of the stra ... | 2009 | 19389341 |
| clostridium difficile infection in the "oldest" old: clinical outcomes in patients aged 80 and older. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) represents a cause of substantial morbidity, particularly for older adults. although older age is a risk factor for cdi, few studies have specifically focused on clinical outcomes in older adults, particularly the "oldest" old. | 2009 | 19392957 |
| an ultrasensitive rapid immunocytotoxicity assay for detecting clostridium difficile toxins. | we describe a novel ultrasensitive cell-based immunocytotoxicity assay for detecting clostridium difficile toxin a and b. the assay is simple to perform with a turnaround time of approximately 3 h . it is particularly sensitive in detecting tcda at a level less then 1 pg/ml. using this assay, we were able to detect the presence of c. difficile toxins in the fecal and serum specimens of experimentally infected piglets. | 2009 | 19393695 |
| recurrent clostridium difficile infection: a review of risk factors, treatments, and outcomes. | episodes of recurrent clostridium difficile infection (cdi) are difficult to treat for several reasons. foremost, data are lacking to support any particular treatment strategy. in addition, treatment of recurrent episodes is not always successful, and repeated, prolonged treatment is often necessary. identification of subgroups at risk for recurrent cdi may aid in diagnosing and treating these patients. two likely mechanistic factors increasing the risk of recurrent cdi are an inadequate immune ... | 2009 | 19394704 |
| lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus b-30892 can inhibit cytotoxic effects and adhesion of pathogenic clostridium difficile to caco-2 cells. | probiotic microorganisms are receiving increasing interest for use in the prevention, treatment, or dietary management of certain diseases, including antibiotic-associated diarrhea (aad). clostridium difficile is the most common cause of aad and the resulting c. difficile - mediated infection (cdi), is potentially deadly. c. difficile associated diarrhea (cdad) is manifested by severe inflammation and colitis, mostly due to the release of two exotoxins by c. difficile causing destruction of epit ... | 2009 | 19397787 |
| bacteremia due to clostridium difficile--review of the literature. | extracolonic clostridium difficile infections have been infrequently reported. extracolonic manifestations of c. difficile include bacteremia, intra-abdominal abscess, osteomyelitis, visceral abscess, empyema, reactive arthritis, and small bowel disease with formation of pseudomembranes on ileal mucosa. most cases of extracolonic c. difficile have been preceded by gastrointestinal disease, either c. difficile colitis or surgical and anatomical disruption of the colon. bacteremia due to c. diffic ... | 2009 | 19398213 |
| [clostridium difficile as a potential pathogen in preterm neonates]. | objective: to detect the presence of clostridium difficile toxins a and b in the stools of patients hospitalized in the university hospital olomouc who developed diarrhoea or other abdominal symptoms (abdominal pain, tympanites, indigestion, partial intestinal obstruction) related to antibiotic therapy. given occasional dyspepsia and necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm neonates, to consider the potential role of these toxins, in addition to that of the immature intestine, in the development of ... | 2009 | 19399727 |
| mlst analysis reveals a highly conserved core genome among poultry isolates of clostridium septicum. | clostridium septicum is a highly virulent, anaerobic bacterium capable of establishing necrotizing tissue infections and forming heat resistant endospores. disease is primarily facilitated by secretion of numerous toxic products including a lethal pore-forming cytolysin. spontaneously occurring clostridial myonecrosis involving c. septicum has recently reemerged as a concern for many poultry producers. however, despite its increasing prevalence, the epidemiology of infection and population struc ... | 2009 | 19402197 |
| hospitalizations and deaths associated with clostridium difficile infection, finland, 1996-2004. | to determine whether the rate of clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) and cdad-related deaths were increasing in finland, we analyzed registry data from 1996 through 2004. we determined the number of hospital discharges that had a diagnosis code specific for cdad from the international classification of diseases, 10th revision: "enterocolitis due to clostridium difficile" (a04.7) and "pseudomembranous enterocolitis associated with antimicrobial therapy" (k52.8), listed as any diagnosi ... | 2009 | 19402963 |
| possible seasonality of clostridium difficile in retail meat, canada. | we previously reported clostridium difficile in 20% of retail meat in canada, which raised concerns about potential foodborne transmissibility. here, we studied the genetic diversity of c. difficile in retail meats, using a broad canadian sampling infrastructure and 3 culture methods. we found 6.1% prevalence and indications of possible seasonality (highest prevalence in winter). | 2009 | 19402975 |
| clostridium difficile in ready-to-eat salads, scotland. | of 40 ready-to-eat salads, 3 (7.5%) were positive for clostridium difficile by pcr. two isolates were pcr ribotype 017 (toxin a-, b+), and 1 was pcr ribotype 001. isolates were susceptible to vancomycin and metronidazole but variably resistant to other antimicrobial drugs. ready-to-eat salads may be potential sources for virulent c. difficile. | 2009 | 19402979 |
| clostridium difficile in retail meat products, usa, 2007. | to determine the presence of clostridium difficile, we sampled cooked and uncooked meat products sold in tucson, arizona. forty-two percent contained toxigenic c. difficile strains (either ribotype 078/toxinotype v [73%] or 027/toxinotype iii [nap1 or nap1-related; 27%]). these findings indicate that food products may play a role in interspecies c. difficile transmission. | 2009 | 19402980 |
| rapid molecular characterization of clostridium difficile and assessment of populations of c. difficile in stool specimens. | our laboratory has developed testing methods that use real-time pcr and pyrosequencing analysis to enable the rapid identification of potential hypervirulent clostridium difficile strains. we describe a real-time pcr assay that detects four c. difficile genes encoding toxins a (tcda) and b (tcdb) and the binary toxin genes (cdta and cdtb), as well as a pyrosequencing assay that detects common deletions in the tcdc gene in less than 4 h. a subset of historical and recent c. difficile isolates (n ... | 2009 | 19403775 |
| high frequency of rifampin resistance identified in an epidemic clostridium difficile clone from a large teaching hospital. | rifampin is used as adjunctive therapy for clostridium difficile-associated disease, and the drug's derivative, rifaximin, has emerged as an attractive antimicrobial for treatment of c. difficile-associated disease. rifampin resistance in c. difficile strains has been reported to be uncommon. | 2009 | 19140738 |
| pitfalls in the comparison of intercountry prevalence of healthcare-associated infection. | 2009 | 19144447 | |
| etiology of acute gastroenteritis in three sentinel general practices, austria 2007. | we studied the etiology of acute gastroenteritis in a village with a total population of approximately 6,000. this is the first study in austria that has investigated a broad range of pathogens recovered from an unselected population of patients who had consulted general practitioners because of gastroenteritis. | 2009 | 19148576 |
| laboratory diagnosis of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea: microbiologists (should) do it with culture. | 2009 | 19152191 | |
| characterization of clostridium difficile strains isolated from immunosuppressed inpatients in a hospital in rio de janeiro, brazil. | the aim of this work was to identify and characterize clostridium difficile strains from fecal and hospital environmental samples. c. difficile toxins were detected by elisa in 28.5% of the analyzed samples. four strains were isolated from immunosuppressed inpatients presenting antibiotic-associated diarrhea. all strains possessed tcda and tcdb genes and did not present neither the cdta and cdtb genes nor any significant deletions in the tcdc gene. pfge and pcr-ribotyping analysis showed that tw ... | 2009 | 19154793 |
| [a case of pseudomembranous colitis associated with rifampicin therapy in a patient with rectal cancer and gastrointestinal tuberculosis]. | pseudomembranous colitis (pmc) is known to be associated with the administration of antibiotics which alter normal gastrointestinal flora and allow overgrowth of clostridium difficile. most cases of rifampicin-induced pmc are seen in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis, but not with gastrointestinal tuberculosis. we report a case of pmc associated with rifampicin therapy in a patient with gastrointestinal tuberculosis. a 65-year-old female patient with rectal cancer and gastrointestinal tubercu ... | 2009 | 19158472 |
| antimicrobial prophylaxis for colorectal surgery. | research shows that administration of prophylactic antibiotics before colorectal surgery prevents postoperative surgical wound infection (swi). the best antibiotic choice, timing of administration and route of administration remain undetermined. | 2009 | 19160191 |
| mecillinam: a low-risk antimicrobial agent for induction of clostridium difficile infection in an in vitro human gut model. | 2009 | 19211576 | |
| clostridium difficile-associated enteric disease after percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy. | percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (peg) has become established as a useful enteral nutrition technique. although various adverse events related to peg are known, few reports have described clostridium difficile-associated enteric disease (cded) after peg. we encountered several cases of cded with onset soon after peg. the present study examined these cases in detail and analyzed potential risk factors. | 2009 | 19214673 |
| complete restriction of fluoroquinolone use to control an outbreak of clostridium difficile infection at a community hospital. | to review the effect of interventions, including a complete restriction in the use of fluoroquinolones (fqs), used to control an outbreak of hospital-onset clostridium difficile infection (ho-cdi) caused primarily by the epidemic north american pulsed-field gel electrophoresis type 1 strain. | 2009 | 19215193 |
| risk factors related to a hospital-associated cluster of clostridium difficile pcr ribotype 027 infections in germany during 2007. | in 2007, clostridium difficile polymerase chain reaction (pcr) ribotype 027 emerged in germany. we conducted a hospital-based case-control study to identify specific risk factors for infection with this strain. logistic regression analysis involving 15 case patients and 31 control patients revealed that exposure to fluoroquinolones (matched odds ratio, 36.2; p < .01) or cephalosporins (matched odds ratio, 19.1; p < .01) was independently related to c. difficile pcr ribotype 027 infection. | 2009 | 19215194 |
| antibiotic prophylaxis for cardiac surgery: a shift away from traditional cephalosporins? | 2009 | 19217314 | |
| a rare cause of acute abdomen after proctocolectomy. | although proctocolectomy and ileal pouch surgery is a routine part of modern-day management for complicated ulcerative colitis, these patients are often debilitated and require close and attentive management in the early postoperative period. here we present a rare but clinically important postoperative complication. | 2009 | 19217607 |
| [diarrhea from the infectologist's point of view]. | gastroenteritis is a nonspecific term for various pathologic states of the gastrointestinal tract. gastroenteritis causing pathogens are the second leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. in the developed countries diarrhea is the most common reason for missing work, while in the developing world, it is a leading cause of death. internationally, the mortality rate is 5-10 million deaths each year. "traveller's diarrhea" is a polyetiologic common health problem of international travel ... | 2009 | 19218145 |
| altered early infant gut microbiota in children developing allergy up to 5 years of age. | early colonization with bifidobacteria and lactobacilli is postulated to protect children from allergy, while clostridium (c.) difficile colonization might be associated with allergic disease. previous studies of infant gut microbiota in relation to subsequent allergy development have mostly employed culture-dependent techniques, studied genera of bacteria and the follow-up period was limited to 2 years. | 2009 | 19220322 |
| withdrawn: in vitro activity of rifaximin and rifampin against clinical isolates of clostridium difficile in houston, texas. | 2009 | 19223017 | |
| tolevamer is not efficacious in the neutralization of cytotoxin in a human gut model of clostridium difficile infection. | the efficacy of tolevamer, a nonantimicrobial styrene derivative toxin-binding agent, in treating simulated clostridium difficile infection in an in vitro human gut model was investigated. tolevamer reduced neither the duration nor magnitude of cytotoxin activity by c. difficile, reflecting poor efficacy observed in recent phase iii clinical trials. | 2009 | 19223641 |