Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted descending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| eradication of intracellular salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium with a small-molecule, host cell-directed agent. | eradication of intracellular pathogenic bacteria with host-directed chemical agents has been an anticipated innovation in the treatment of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. we previously synthesized and characterized a novel small-molecule agent, ar-12, that induces autophagy and inhibits the akt kinase in cancer cells. as both autophagy and the akt kinase have been shown recently to play roles in the intracellular survival of several intracellular bacteria, including salmonella enterica serovar ty ... | 2009 | 19805568 |
| changing trends in antimicrobial resistance of salmonella enterica serovar typhi and salmonella enterica serovar paratyphi a in chennai. | chloramphenicol was considered the anti-microbial gold standard for typhoid treatment but, following the increasing worldwide frequency of antibiotic resistance, ciprofloxacin has been the mainstay of therapy since 1980. recent studies have shown a shifting of susceptibility to conventional drugs like chloramphenicol, ampicillin and cotrimoxazole. the primary objective of the study was to evaluate the in vitro activity of chloramphenicol and other first-line drugs in comparison with cephalospori ... | 2009 | 19805957 |
| m-01zh09, an oral live attenuated salmonella enterica serovar typhi vaccine for the prevention of typhoid fever. | typhoid fever remains a major health problem globally, particularly in the developing world. the increased emergence of several multidrug-resistant strains of salmonella enterica serovar typhi has made the management of the disease increasingly difficult. although vaccines against typhoid fever are available, improvements are desired in dosage, immunogenicity and tolerability. emergent biosolutions inc is developing m-01zh09, a single-dose oral vaccine against typhoid fever based on an attenuate ... | 2009 | 19806505 |
| identification of salmonella pullorum genomic sequences using suppression subtractive hybridization. | pullorum disease affecting poultry is caused by salmonella enterica serovar pullorum and results in severe economic loss every year, especially in countries with a developing poultry industry. the pathogenesis of s. pullorum is not yet well defined, as the specific virulence factors still need to be identified. thus, to isolate specific dna fragments belonging to s. pullorum, this study used suppression subtractive hybridization. as such, the genome of the s. pullorum c79-13 strain was subtracte ... | 2009 | 19809245 |
| overexpression, purification, and immunogenicity of recombinant porin proteins of salmonella enterica serovar typhi (s. typhi). | porin proteins of gram-negative bacteria are outer membrane proteins that act as receptors for bacteriophages and are involved in a variety of functions like solute transport, pathogenesis, and immunity. salmonella enterica serovar typhi (s. typhi), a gram-negative bacterium, is the causative agent of typhoid fever. porins of s. typhi have been shown to have a potential role in diagnostics and vaccination. in the present study, the major outer membrane proteins ompf and ompc from s. typhi were c ... | 2009 | 19809263 |
| a tdca mutation reduces the invasive ability of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. | we previously observed that the transcription of some flagellar genes decreased in salmonella typhimurium tdca mutant, which is a gene encoding the transcriptional activator of the tdc operon. since flagella-mediated bacterial motility accelerates the invasion of salmonella, we have examined the effect of tdca mutation on the invasive ability as well as the flagellar biosynthesis in s. typhimurium. a tdca mutation caused defects in motility and formation of flagellin protein, flic in s. typhimur ... | 2009 | 19812899 |
| functional and molecular characterization of pse34 encoding a type iv secretion system in salmonella enterica serotype enteritidis phage type 34. | salmonella enterica serotype enteritidis infection remains a serious public health threat to humans. salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 (pt4) is a clone that has already caused a global pandemic for years. to investigate why pt34 becomes a subdominantly emerging phage type, molecular characterizations, including serotyping, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge), phage typing, and plasmid profiling, were carried out on pt34. the results indicated that relative to pt4, pt34 contained an additio ... | 2009 | 19817860 |
| planktonic and biofilm communities from 7-day-old chicken cecal microflora cultures: characterization and resistance to salmonella colonization. | information implicating bacterial biofilms as contributory factors in the development of environmental bacterial resistance has been increasing. there is a lack of information regarding the role of biofilms within the microbial ecology of the gastrointestinal tract of food animals. this work used a continuous-flow chemostat model derived from the ceca of 7-day-old chicks to characterize these communities and their ability to neutralize invasion by salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. we char ... | 2009 | 19777880 |
| molecular characterization of biofilm formation and attachment of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium dt104 on food contact surfaces. | the molecular mechanism of biofilm formation by salmonella typhimuriun dt104 was characterized for a better understanding of its attachment and colonization in food processing environments. a library of random mutagenized clones was screened for phenotypic analyses of their ability to form biofilm, pellicle, curli, and cellulose. the genes identified were involved in lipopolysaccharide synthesis, assembly of flagella, regulation of rrna biosynthesis, and outer membrane transportation and signali ... | 2009 | 19777884 |
| growth and survival of antibiotic-resistant salmonella typhimurium dt104 in liquid egg products. | since 11 september 2001, quality and food safety are no longer the concerns of only consumers, industry, regulatory agencies, or other government officials. liquid foods that are prepared or stored in bulk, including liquid egg products, are considered to be at potential risk for sabotage. because of their versatility, low price, and functional properties, many of these products are being marketed. four of the most common products of this type are whole egg, egg albumen, 10% sugared yolk, and 10 ... | 2009 | 19777905 |
| dogs can harbour more than fleas. | 2009 | 19778761 | |
| decreased fluoroquinolone susceptibility in mutants of salmonella serovars other than typhimurium: detection of novel mutations involved in modulated expression of rama and soxs. | mutants of five salmonella enterica serovars were investigated for structural changes in regulatory regions known to be involved in the up-regulation of efflux pumps. | 2009 | 19778917 |
| selective inhibition of type iii secretion activated signaling by the salmonella effector avra. | salmonella enterica utilizes a type iii secretion system (ttss) encoded in its pathogenicity island 1 to mediate its initial interactions with intestinal epithelial cells, which are characterized by the stimulation of actin cytoskeleton reorganization and a profound reprogramming of gene expression. these responses result from the stimulation of rho-family gtpases and downstream signaling pathways by specific effector proteins delivered by this ttss. we show here that avra, an effector protein o ... | 2009 | 19779561 |
| real-time fret pcr assay for salmonella enterica serotype detection in food. | salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotypes are leading etiological agents of food-borne gastroenteritis. traditional identification is laborious and time intensive. faster molecular methods may allow early identification in contaminated food products. we developed a real-time, fluorescence resonance energy transfer hybridization probe polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay for s. enterica serotypes on the basis of the exclusive presence of the apee gene in salmonella typhimurium. assay sensiti ... | 2009 | 19780376 |
| identification of a new promoter for the response regulator rcsb expression in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. | the rcscdb (rcs) phosphorelay system regulates capsule synthesis, flagella production and other cellular activities in several enteric bacteria. this system consists of three proteins: the sensor rcsc, the cognate response regulator rcsb and the histidine-containing phosphotransfer protein rcsd (yojn), which is hypothesized to act as an intermediary in the phosphotransfer from rcsc to rcsb. the rcsc gene is convergently transcribed toward rcsb, which follows rcsd in what appears to be a two-gene ... | 2009 | 19780840 |
| effects of yeast probiotic formulation on viability, revival and protection against infection with salmonella enterica ssp. enterica serovar typhimurium in mice. | to compare the effects of five yeast probiotic formulations on viability, revival and washout kinetic in the digestive tract of mice, and the protection against an experimental infection with salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. | 2009 | 19780950 |
| integration of microfiltration and anion-exchange nanoparticles-based magnetic separation with maldi mass spectrometry for bacterial analysis. | matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (maldi-ms) is powerful in characterizing and identifying bacterial isolates. however, sufficient quantities of bacterial cells are required for generating maldi mass spectra and a procedure to isolate and enrich target bacteria from sample matrix prior to maldi-ms analysis is often necessary. in this paper, anion-exchange superparamagnetic nanoparticles (nps), i.e., fluidmag-deae and fluidmag-q, were employed to capture aeromonas, sal ... | 2009 | 19782231 |
| promoter strength properties of the complete sigma e regulon of escherichia coli and salmonella enterica. | the sigma(e)-directed envelope stress response maintains outer membrane homeostasis and is an important virulence determinant upon host infection in escherichia coli and related bacteria. sigma(e) is activated by at least two distinct mechanisms: accumulation of outer membrane porin precursors and an increase in the alarmone ppgpp upon transition to stationary phase. expression of the sigma(e) regulon is driven from a suite of approximately 60 sigma(e)-dependent promoters. using green fluorescen ... | 2009 | 19783623 |
| luxs-based quorum sensing does not affect the ability of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium to express the spi-1 type 3 secretion system, induce membrane ruffles, or invade epithelial cells. | bacterial species can communicate by producing and sensing small autoinducer molecules by a process known as quorum sensing. salmonella enterica produces autoinducer 2 (ai-2) via the luxs synthase gene, which is used by some bacterial pathogens to coordinate virulence gene expression with population density. we investigated whether the luxs gene might affect the ability of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium to invade epithelial cells. no differences were found between the wild-type strain o ... | 2009 | 19783624 |
| comparative genomics of ethanolamine utilization. | ethanolamine can be used as a source of carbon and nitrogen by phylogenetically diverse bacteria. ethanolamine-ammonia lyase, the enzyme that breaks ethanolamine into acetaldehyde and ammonia, is encoded by the gene tandem eutbc. despite extensive studies of ethanolamine utilization in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, much remains to be learned about eutbc structure and catalytic mechanism, about the evolutionary origin of ethanolamine utilization, and about regulatory links between the ... | 2009 | 19783625 |
| differential involvement of atg16l1 in crohn disease and canonical autophagy: analysis of the organization of the atg16l1 complex in fibroblasts. | a single nucleotide polymorphism in atg16l1, an autophagy-related gene (atg), is a risk factor for crohn disease, a major form of chronic inflammatory bowel disease. however, it is still unknown how the atg16l1 variant contributes to disease development. the atg16l1 protein possesses a c-terminal wd repeat domain whose function is entirely unknown, and the crohn disease-associated mutation (t300a) is within this domain. to elucidate the function of the wd repeat domain, we established an experim ... | 2009 | 19783656 |
| effect of carbohydrate composition in barley and oat cultivars on microbial ecophysiology and proliferation of salmonella enterica in an in vitro model of the porcine gastrointestinal tract. | the influence of the carbohydrate (cho) composition of cereal cultivars on microbial ecophysiology was studied using an in vitro model of the porcine gastrointestinal tract. ten hull-less barley cultivars, six barley cultivars with hulls, six oat cultivars, and six oat groats that differed in beta-glucan, nonstarch polysaccharide (nsp), and starch contents and starch type were hydrolyzed enzymatically and incubated for 72 h with pig feces. fermentation kinetics were modeled, and microbial compos ... | 2009 | 19783749 |
| synergistic antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activity of temporin a and modified temporin b in vivo. | temporins are antimicrobial peptides secreted by the granular glands of the european red frog (rana temporaria). they are 10-14 amino acid long polypeptides active prevalently against gram positive bacteria. this study shows that a synthetic temporin b analogue (tb-yk), acquires the capacity to act in synergism with temporin a and to exert antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity in vivo against gram positive and gram negative bacteria. administration of 3.4 mg/kg of temporin a (ta)+1.6 mg/k ... | 2009 | 19784377 |
| salmonella enterica serotype 4,5,12:i:-, an emerging salmonella serotype that represents multiple distinct clones. | the prevalence, among human clinical cases, of salmonella enterica serotype 4,5,12:i:-, a serotype antigenically similar to salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium but lacking second-phase flagellar antigens, has increased considerably over the last 10 years. to probe the evolution and ecology of this emerging serotype, we characterized 190 salmonella isolates initially classified as salmonella serotypes 4,5,12:i:- (n = 90) and typhimurium (n = 100) and obtained from various sources in the unit ... | 2009 | 19741087 |
| salmonella enterica serovar typhi-specific immunoglobulin a antibody responses in plasma and antibody in lymphocyte supernatant specimens in bangladeshi patients with suspected typhoid fever. | many currently available diagnostic tests for typhoid fever lack sensitivity and/or specificity, especially in areas of the world where the disease is endemic. in order to identify a diagnostic test that better correlates with typhoid fever, we evaluated immune responses to salmonella enterica serovar typhi (serovar typhi) in individuals with suspected typhoid fever in dhaka, bangladesh. we enrolled 112 individuals with suspected typhoid fever, cultured day 0 blood for serovar typhi organisms, a ... | 2009 | 19741090 |
| genetic and phenotypic characterization of the bla(cmy) gene from escherichia coli and salmonella enterica isolated from food-producing animals, humans, the environment, and retail meat. | the bla(cmy-2) family of the ampc beta-lactamase genes confer broad-spectrum resistance to beta-lactam antimicrobials, including ceftriaxone and ceftiofur, as well as to beta-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. organisms with the bla(cmy-2) phenotype have been recovered from the environment and from retail meat products, posing a potential public health risk. the objectives of this study were to sequence the bla(cmy-2) gene from escherichia coli and salmonella enterica from multiple s ... | 2009 | 19743925 |
| conjugative transferability of the a/c plasmids from salmonella enterica isolates that possess or lack bla(cmy) in the a/c plasmid backbone. | the objective of this study was to understand the conjugative transmissibility of resistance plasmids present in 205 salmonella enterica isolates from bovine sources. polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-based replicon typing was used to type plasmid replicons. conjugation experiments were preformed in triplicate at 30 degrees c and 37 degrees c on solid medium. pcr mapping of the a/c transfer gene operon was done on 17 salmonella newport isolates that were only positive for a/c. eighty-six percent ( ... | 2009 | 19743926 |
| periplasmic adaptor protein acra has a distinct role in the antibiotic resistance and virulence of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. | acra can function as the periplasmic adaptor protein (pap) in several rnd tripartite efflux pumps, of which acrab-tolc is considered the most important. this system confers innate multiple antibiotic resistance. disruption of acrb or tolc impairs the ability of salmonella typhimurium to colonize and persist in the host. the aim of this study was to investigate the role of acra alone in multidrug resistance and pathogenicity. | 2009 | 19744979 |
| comparative proteomic analysis of the phop regulon in salmonella enterica serovar typhi versus typhimurium. | s. typhi, a human-restricted salmonella enterica serovar, causes a systemic intracellular infection in humans (typhoid fever). in comparison, s. typhimurium causes gastroenteritis in humans, but causes a systemic typhoidal illness in mice. the phop regulon is a well studied two component (phop/q) coordinately regulated network of genes whose expression is required for intracellular survival of s. enterica. | 2009 | 19746165 |
| early small bowel perforation and cochleovestibular impairment as rare complications of typhoid fever. | two indian migrant workers suffering from fever and malaise were admitted to the hospital directly after arrival in the netherlands. the first patient was 25-year-old man who had fever and rigors on admission. the patient was treated for presumptive typhoid fever with ciprofloxacin. cefotaxime was added the following day because of the possibility of a nalidixic-acid resistant strain of s. typhi. the clinical course was complicated by a small bowel perforation on the third day of the disease. bl ... | 2009 | 19747660 |
| identification of functional lsrb-like autoinducer-2 receptors. | although a variety of bacterial species have been reported to use the interspecies communication signal autoinducer-2 (ai-2) to regulate multiple behaviors, the molecular mechanisms of ai-2 recognition and signal transduction remain poorly understood. to date, two types of ai-2 receptors have been identified: luxp, present in vibrio spp., and lsrb, first identified in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. in s. typhimurium, lsrb is the ligand binding protein of a transport system that enables ... | 2009 | 19749048 |
| prevalence and antibiotic-resistance of salmonella isolated from food in morocco. | salmonellosis remains one of the most frequent food-borne diseases worldwide, especially in developing countries. the emergence of antimicrobial resistance in salmonella isolates from food can potentially compromise the treatment of these infections. this investigation was conducted for the first time in morocco both to detect the occurrence of salmonella in foods as well as to determine the antibiotic resistance profile of the salmonella isolates. | 2009 | 19749447 |
| salmonella osteomyelitis in new-onset diabetes mellitus. | salmonella species are rare bacterial isolates in osteomyelitis. this article describes a case of an otherwise healthy, active duty male military member with an insidious onset of right knee pain during a deployment to kuwait. his work-up revealed an infectious process in the distal femur. operative treatment and intravenous antibiotics resolved the infection. intraoperative cultures revealed the rare isolate salmonella enterica serotype c2 (newport). postoperative medical management revealed ne ... | 2009 | 19750996 |
| 2d proteome analysis initiates new insights on the salmonella typhimurium luxs protein. | quorum sensing is a term describing a bacterial communication system mediated by the production and recognition of small signaling molecules. the luxs enzyme, catalyzing the synthesis of ai-2, is conserved in a wide diversity of bacteria. ai-2 has therefore been suggested as an interspecies quorum sensing signal. to investigate the role of endogenous ai-2 in protein expression of the gram-negative pathogen salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium), we performed a 2d-dige proteomic ... | 2009 | 19754952 |
| characterisation of a live salmonella vaccine stably expressing the mycobacterium tuberculosis ag85b-esat6 fusion protein. | a recombinant salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium) vaccine strain was constructed that stably expressed the mycobacterium tuberculosis fusion antigen ag85b-esat6 from the chromosome. live oral vaccination of mice with the salmonella/ag85b-esat6 strain generated a potent anti-ag85b-esat6 t(h)1 response with high antibody titres with a igg2a-bias and significant ifn-gamma production lasting over a 120-day period. when mice primed with the salmonella/ag85b-esat6 vaccine were muc ... | 2009 | 19755145 |
| drug resistance patterns of salmonella isolates of equine origin from india. | salmonellosis is a zoonosis, and one of the most serious public health and animal health problems. | 2009 | 19755745 |
| exposure of escherichia coli and salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium to triclosan induces a species-specific response, including drug detoxification. | the use of triclosan within various environments has been linked to the development of multiple drug resistance (mdr) through the increased expression of efflux pumps such as acrab-tolc. in this work, we investigate the effect of triclosan exposure in order to ascertain the response of two species to the presence of this widely used biocide. | 2009 | 19759044 |
| application of pcr-based serogrouping of selected salmonella serotypes in malaysia. | differentiation of salmonella enterica into its serogroups is important for epidemiological study. the objective of the study was to apply a multiplex pcr targeting serogroups a, b, c1, d, e and vi-positive strains of salmonella enterica commonly found in malaysia. a separate h-typing multiplex pcr which identified flagellar antigen "a", "b" or "d" was also optimized to confirm clinical serotypes, s. paratyphi a and s. typhi. | 2009 | 19762954 |
| high level of resistance to nalidixic acid in salmonella enterica serovar typhi in central india. | fluoroquinolones are the drugs of choice for the treatment of typhoid fever. but the recent increase in minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) values of ciprofloxacin in salmonella typhi may result in delayed response and serious complications. nalidixic acid resistance has been used as an indirect evidence of increased minimum inhibitory concentration for ciprofloxacin in salmonella typhi. | 2009 | 19762961 |
| dam and its role in pathogenicity of salmonella enterica. | dam methylation is an essential factor involved in the virulence of an increasing number of bacterial pathogens including salmonella enterica. lack of dam methylation causes severe attenuation in animal models. it has been proposed that dysregulation of dam activity is potentially a general strategy for the generation of vaccines against bacterial pathogens. in this review, we focus our attention on the role of methylation by dam protein in regulating bacterial gene expression and virulence in s ... | 2009 | 19762965 |
| isolated ulcerative skin lesion caused by salmonella weltevreden. | salmonella enterica serovar weltevreden is not a commonly isolated serotype in india. we report isolation of salmonella weltevreden, from an unusual site--an ulcer on the gluteal region of a patient who had undergone coronary artery bypass surgery. to our knowledge, salmonellae have never been reported to cause isolated ulcerative lesions on the skin. this is the first report of an isolated ulcerative lesion on the skin caused by salmonella weltevreden. our findings indicate that there may be mo ... | 2009 | 19762977 |
| molecular investigation of salmonella choleraesuis and salmonella hadar strains isolated from humans in turkey. | eleven salmonella choleraesuis and seven salmonella hadar strains isolated from various clinical humand samples were investigated by plasmid profile analysis, enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-polymerase chain reaction (eric-pcr) and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) in order to obtain information at a molecular level on the epidemiology of s. choleraesuis and s. hadar, which are significantly present in turkey. plasmid profile analysis showed that 10 (90.9%) of 11 s. cholera ... | 2009 | 19762985 |
| emergence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in clinical isolates of salmonella enterica in tehran, iran. | the purpose of the current study was to investigate the presence and molecular type(s) of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (esbls) in salmonella spp. isolates obtained from patients with diarrhea in hospitals of tehran, iran. over a period of 17 months, 129 salmonella spp. were isolated from fecal samples and tested for susceptibility using the kirby-bauer disk diffusion method; then, screening for esbl-producing isolates and determination of their minimum inhibitory concentrations were carried ... | 2009 | 19762986 |
| nucleolar proteins suppress caenorhabditis elegans innate immunity by inhibiting p53/cep-1. | the tumor suppressor p53 has been implicated in multiple functions that play key roles in health and disease, including ribosome biogenesis, control of aging, and cell cycle regulation. a genetic screen for negative regulators of innate immunity in caenorhabditis elegans led to the identification of a mutation in nol-6, a nucleolar rna-associated protein (nrap), which is involved in ribosome biogenesis and conserved across eukaryotic organisms. mutation or silencing of nol-6 and other nucleolar ... | 2009 | 19763173 |
| effect of iron on cytolysin a expression in salmonella enterica serovar typhi. | previously, a novel protein clya (cytolysin a) has been identified in escherichia coli k-12, salmonella enterica serovars typhi and paratyphi a and shigella. salmonella spp. synthesize substantial amounts of clya upon infection of the human host, although the mechanism by which clya is induced in vivo is unclear. since environmental signals could control the expression of virulence determinants, clya expression in s. typhi ty2 was tested by western blotting in the presence of normal pooled human ... | 2009 | 19763423 |
| morphology of salmonella typhimurium typing phages of the lilleengen set. | the lilleengen scheme for typing salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium consists of 12 tailed phages. ten phages are podoviruses and morphologically identical to salmonella phage p22. two phages are siphoviruses and identical to flagella-specific phage chi. | 2009 | 20029533 |
| tracing lineage by phenotypic and genotypic markers in salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar 1,4,[5],12:i:- and salmonella typhimurium isolated in state of são paulo, brazil. | fifty-three salmonella 1,4,[5],12:i:- and 45 salmonella typhimurium strains were characterised using phage typing, plasmid profiles and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) for comparison. the majority of the strains were subdivided into definitive type (dt) 41 (22.6%) and dt 193 (18%) and the 60-mda plasmid was detected in 94.3% and 84.4% of strains, respectively. genetic diversity was observed among all strains and 90% presented a > 70% similarity through pfge analysis. these results sugges ... | 2009 | 20027476 |
| enteric fever in mediterranean north africa. | typhoid fever is endemic in the mediterranean north african countries (morocco, algeria, tunisia, libya, and egypt) with an estimated incidence of 10-100 cases per 100,000 persons. outbreaks caused by salmonella enterica serovar typhi are common and mainly due to the consumption of untreated or sewage-contaminated water. salmonella enterica paratyphi b is more commonly involved in nosocomial cases of enteric fever in north africa than expected and leads to high mortality rates among infants with ... | 2009 | 20009276 |
| clonal dissemination of the multi-drug resistant salmonella enterica serovar braenderup, but not the serovar bareilly, of prevalent serogroup c1 salmonella from taiwan. | nontyphoidal salmonella is the main cause of human salmonellosis. in order to study the prevalent serogroups and serovars of clinical isolates in taiwan, 8931 salmonellae isolates were collected from 19 medical centers and district hospitals throughout the country from 2004 to 2007. the pulsed-field eletrophoresis types (pfge) and antibiotic resistance profiles of salmonella enterica serovars bareilly (s. bareilly) and braenderup (s. braenderup) were compared, and multi-drug resistance (mdr) pla ... | 2009 | 20017951 |
| transcriptional response in the peripheral blood of patients infected with salmonella enterica serovar typhi. | we used microarrays and transcriptional profiling of peripheral blood to investigate the host response of 29 individuals who contracted typhoid fever in the mekong delta region of vietnam. samples were taken over a nine month period encompassing acute disease, convalescence, and recovery. we found that typhoid fever induced a distinct and highly reproducible signature in the peripheral blood that changed during treatment and convalescence, returning in the majority of cases to the "normal" profi ... | 2009 | 20018727 |
| virulence potential of five major pathogenicity islands (spi-1 to spi-5) of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis for chickens. | salmonella is a highly successful parasite of reptiles, birds and mammals. its ability to infect and colonise such a broad range of hosts coincided with the introduction of new genetic determinants, among them 5 major pathogenicity islands (spi1-5), into the salmonella genome. however, only limited information is available on how each of these pathogenicity islands influences the ability of salmonella to infect chickens. in this study, we therefore constructed salmonella enteritidis mutants with ... | 2009 | 20021686 |
| investigation of a community outbreak of typhoid fever associated with drinking water. | this report is about the investigation of an outbreak of typhoid fever claimed three human lives and left more than 300 people suffered within one week. the aim of this report is to draw the attention of global health community towards the areas that are still far from basic human essentialities. | 2009 | 20021691 |
| the transcriptional programme of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium reveals a key role for tryptophan metabolism in biofilms. | biofilm formation enhances the capacity of pathogenic salmonella bacteria to survive stresses that are commonly encountered within food processing and during host infection. the persistence of salmonella within the food chain has become a major health concern, as biofilms can serve as a reservoir for the contamination of food products. while the molecular mechanisms required for the survival of bacteria on surfaces are not fully understood, transcriptional studies of other bacteria have demonstr ... | 2009 | 20003355 |
| spray washing of tomatoes with chlorine dioxide to minimize salmonella on inoculated fruit surfaces and cross-contamination from revolving brushes. | chlorine dioxide (clo(2)) is an antimicrobial agent available for commercial produce washing. this study examined the efficacy of clo(2) at 5 parts per million (ppm) during spray washing of tomatoes (5.0 ml/s per fruit) for preventing salmonella enterica transfer from inoculated roller brushes to fruit and wash runoff. furthermore, the sanitizing effects of clo(2) during spray washing at low and high flow rates (5.0 and 9.3 ml/s per fruit, respectively) on tomato surfaces (nonstem scar areas) wi ... | 2009 | 20003724 |
| evolutionary diversification of an ancient gene family (rhs) through c-terminal displacement. | rhs genes are prominent features of bacterial genomes that have previously been implicated in genomic rearrangements in e. coli. by comparing rhs repertoires across the enterobacteriaceae, this study provides a robust explanation of rhs diversification and evolution, and a mechanistic model of how rhs diversity is gained and lost. | 2009 | 19968874 |
| septic arthritis of the sternoclavicular joint caused by salmonella in a healthy person. | the sternoclavicular (sc) joint is an unusual site for septic arthritis in healthy people. it is mostly described as affecting intravenous drug abusers. we report a rare case of sternoclavicular osteo-arthritis caused by non-typhoid salmonella in an immunocompetent person. the patient presented with general weakness, dizziness, epigastric and anterior chest pain that had persisted for one week. peptic ulcer disease was diagnosed by gastro-intestinal endoscopy. computed tomography (ct) revealed f ... | 2009 | 19994814 |
| size-dependent pcr inhibitory effect induced by gold nanoparticles. | in this work, the effect of gold nanoparticles (aunps) with diameters of around 5, 10 and 20 nm on pcr efficiency is evaluated respectively using a real-time pcr machine. gold nanoparticles show no obvious effect on pcr at low particle concentration. when the concentration is increased, pcr inhibition is observed. at the same particle concentration, gold nanoparticles of different sizes show different inhibitory effects on pcr. it is found that taq polymerase can interact with aunps. the interac ... | 2009 | 19964596 |
| some putative prebiotics increase the severity of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium infection in mice. | prebiotics are non-digestible food ingredients believed to beneficially affect host health by selectively stimulating the growth of the beneficial bacteria residing in the gut. such beneficial bacteria have been reported to protect against pathogenic infections. however, contradicting results on prevention of salmonella infections with prebiotics have been published. the aim of the present study was to examine whether s. typhimurium sl1344 infection in mice could be prevented by administration o ... | 2009 | 19948011 |
| proteome of salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium grown in a low mg/ph medium. | to determine the impact of a low mg(2+)/ph defined growth medium (mgm) on the proteome of salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium, we cultured s. typhimurium cells in the medium under two different conditions termed mgm shock and mgm dilution and then comparatively analyzed the bacterial cells harvested from these conditions by a global proteomic approach. proteomic results showed that mgm shock and mgm dilution differentially affected the s. typhimurium proteome. mgm shock induced a group of p ... | 2009 | 19953200 |
| the salmonella spi2 effector ssei mediates long-term systemic infection by modulating host cell migration. | host-adapted strains of salmonella enterica cause systemic infections and have the ability to persist systemically for long periods of time despite the presence of a robust immune response. chronically infected hosts are asymptomatic and transmit disease to naïve hosts via fecal shedding of bacteria, thereby serving as a critical reservoir for disease. we show that the bacterial effector protein ssei (also called srfh), which is translocated into host cells by the salmonella pathogenicity island ... | 2009 | 19956712 |
| efficacy of several vaccination programmes in commercial layer and broiler breeder hens against experimental challenge with salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis. | two experiments were performed to evaluate the protective effect of various vaccination combinations given at 5 and 9 weeks of age against experimental challenge with salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis (se) phage type 4 at 12 weeks of age. in experiment 1, groups of commercial layers were vaccinated by one of the following programmes: group 1, two doses of a se bacterin (layermune se); group 2, one dose of a live salmonella enterica serovar gallinarum vaccine (cevac sg9r) followed by one do ... | 2009 | 19937524 |
| a comparison of the efficacy of cleaning and disinfection methods in eliminating salmonella spp. from commercial egg laying houses. | effective terminal cleaning and disinfection (c&d) is regarded as a necessary step for the elimination of salmonella spp. from laying houses. a total of 60 commercial laying houses that had housed laying flocks infected with salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis or salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium that were representative of all production systems (cage, barn, free-range) were intensively sampled immediately after c&d as well as in the follow-on flock. the procedures investigated were: ... | 2009 | 19937529 |
| study of an unusual paratyphoid epornitic in canaries (serinus canaria). | high mortalities in 17 canary flocks from different regions of tehran, iran, were reported. necropsy and histopathologic examination revealed necrotic hepatitis and overall congestive septicaemia in carcasses. salmonella enterica was isolated from 34 examined samples, two samples from each flock, including visceral organs of carcasses and droppings of live diseased birds. all isolates were typed as salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium by conventional serotyping. antibiotic resistance profilin ... | 2009 | 19937532 |
| influence of rpos, camp-receptor protein, and ppgpp on expression of the opggh operon and osmoregulated periplasmic glucan content of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. | a transcriptional fusion (opgg1::mudj) to the opggh operon of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium) lt2, isolated by resistance to mecillinam, was used to study the influence of global regulators rpos, ppgpp, and camp/camp-receptor protein (crp) on expression of the opggh operon and osmoregulated periplasmic glucan (opg) content. neither high growth medium osmolarity nor absence of ppgpp or crp had important effects on opgg1::mudj expression in exponential cultures. however, u ... | 2009 | 19940937 |
| prevalence of chlamydia trachomatis and neisseria gonorrhoeae in hiv-seropositive patients and gonococcal antimicrobial susceptibility: an update in thailand. | we surveyed the rate of chlamydial and gonococcal infections among human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-seropositive patients in thailand as well as the current status of antimicrobial resistance of neisseria gonorrhoeae and determined the prevalence of penicillinase-producing n. gonorrhoeae (ppng) in thailand. a total of 1,158 endocervical swabs from 824 hiv-seropositive patients were collected to detect both organisms by gen-probe. the prevalences of chlamydial and gonococcal infection were 9.7 ... | 2009 | 19934542 |
| cellular cholesterol involvement in src, pkc, and p38/jnk transduction pathways by porins. | biological membranes are described as a mosaic of different domains where interactions between membrane components induce the formation of subdomains with different characteristics and functions. lipids play an important role in the formation of lipid-enriched microdomains where they dynamically associate to form platforms important for membrane protein sorting and construction of signaling complexes. cholesterol confined in lipid domains is a crucial component required by microorganisms, direct ... | 2009 | 19929574 |
| toll-like receptor 4 signalling through myd88 is essential to control salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium infection, but not for the initiation of bacterial clearance. | toll-like receptor-4 (tlr4) is important in protection against lethal salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium) infection. control of the early stages of sublethal s. typhimurium infection in mice depends on tlr4-dependent activation of macrophages and natural killer (nk) cells to drive an inflammatory response. tlr4 signals through the adapter proteins mal/myd88 and trif-related adaptor molecule (tram)/tir-domain-containing adaptor-inducing interferon-b (trif). in the mouse typho ... | 2009 | 19930040 |
| genomic and phenotypic variation in epidemic-spanning salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis isolates. | salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis (s. enteritidis) has caused major epidemics of gastrointestinal infection in many different countries. in this study we investigate genome divergence and pathogenic potential in s. enteritidis isolated before, during and after an epidemic in uruguay. | 2009 | 19922635 |
| improving the aoac use-dilution method by establishing a minimum log density value for test microbes on inoculated carriers. | the aoac use-dilution methods, 955.14 (salmonella enterica), 955.15 (staphylococcus aureus), and 964.02 (pseudomonas aeruginosa), are used to measure the efficacy of disinfectants on hard inanimate surfaces. the methods do not provide procedures to assess log density of the test microbe on inoculated penicylinders (carrier counts). without a method to measure and monitor carrier counts, the associated efficacy data may not be reliable and repeatable. this report provides a standardized procedure ... | 2009 | 19916390 |
| genome wide evolutionary analyses reveal serotype specific patterns of positive selection in selected salmonella serotypes. | the bacterium salmonella enterica includes a diversity of serotypes that cause disease in humans and different animal species. some salmonella serotypes show a broad host range, some are host restricted and exclusively associated with one particular host, and some are associated with one particular host species, but able to cause disease in other host species and are thus considered "host adapted". five salmonella genome sequences, representing a broad host range serotype (typhimurium), two host ... | 2009 | 19912661 |
| identification of in vivo induced protein antigens of salmonella enterica serovar typhi during human infection. | during infectious disease episodes, pathogens express distinct subsets of virulence factors which allow them to adapt to different environments. hence, genes that are expressed or upregulated in vivo are implicated in pathogenesis. we used in vivo induced antigen technology (iviat) to identify antigens which are expressed during infection with salmonella enterica serovar typhi. we identified 7 in vivo induced (ivi) antigens, which included bcfd (a fimbrial structural subunit), grxc (a glutaredox ... | 2009 | 19911130 |
| sensitive and rapid molecular detection assays for salmonella enterica serovars typhimurium and heidelberg. | salmonella enterica is a significant cause of gastroenteritis worldwide, with serovars typhimurium and heidelberg being particularly prevalent, which have broad host ranges infecting poultry, dairy animals, and humans. traditional methods used for the detection of salmonella from contaminated food products are time-consuming and labor-intensive. the aim of this study was to develop a sensitive and rapid pcr-based detection method with optimized specificity for high-throughput screening of food a ... | 2009 | 19903399 |
| uptake through glycoprotein 2 of fimh(+) bacteria by m cells initiates mucosal immune response. | the mucosal immune system forms the largest part of the entire immune system, containing about three-quarters of all lymphocytes and producing grams of secretory iga daily to protect the mucosal surface from pathogens. to evoke the mucosal immune response, antigens on the mucosal surface must be transported across the epithelial barrier into organized lymphoid structures such as peyer's patches. this function, called antigen transcytosis, is mediated by specialized epithelial m cells. the molecu ... | 2009 | 19907495 |
| cells in shearable and nonshearable regions of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis biofilms are morphologically and physiologically distinct. | cellular morphology, exopolymer chemistry, and protein expression of shearable and nonshearable fractions of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis biofilms were examined. biofilms were grown at a laminar flow velocity of 0.07 cm.s-1 for ~120 h, resulting in biofilms with a thickness (mean +/- sd) of 43 +/- 24 microm. an empirically determined shear-inducing flow (1.33 cm.s-1) was then applied for 5 min, effectively reducing biofilm thickness by ~70% and leaving 13 +/- 6 microm of nonshearable ... | 2009 | 19898535 |
| epidemic multiple drug resistant salmonella typhimurium causing invasive disease in sub-saharan africa have a distinct genotype. | whereas most nontyphoidal salmonella (nts) are associated with gastroenteritis, there has been a dramatic increase in reports of nts-associated invasive disease in sub-saharan africa. salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium isolates are responsible for a significant proportion of the reported invasive nts in this region. multilocus sequence analysis of invasive s. typhimurium from malawi and kenya identified a dominant type, designated st313, which currently is rarely reported outside of africa. ... | 2009 | 19901036 |
| siderophore receptor iron is an important protective antigen against salmonella infection in chickens. | in iron-limiting environments, salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis and salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium synthesize and secrete several types of siderophore to trap trivalent ferric ions; these bacteria then express siderophore receptors called iron-regulated outer membrane proteins (iromps). in this study, we experimentally reproduced iron-limiting environments using a divalent metal chelator. iron, one of the iromps, was purified by affinity chromatography with an anti-iron-mab-immob ... | 2009 | 20095157 |
| consumption of groundwater as an independent risk factor of salmonella choleraesuis infection: a case-control study in taiwan. | infection with salmonella enterica serovar choleraesuis (s. choleraesuis) in humans can be considered as an endemic disease in certain regions of taiwan, and the number of cases has increased in recent years. the goal of the case-control study discussed in this article was to identify the possible demographic and environmental risk factors associated with s. choleraesuis infection in taiwan. during the period of december 2005 to march 2007, the case-control study was conducted in human patients ... | 2009 | 20063610 |
| [salmonella enterica and cytokine system of the host]. | contemporary data on mechanisms of immune defense during salmonellosis as well as on ability of salmonella to resist these mechanisms are presented in the review. main emphasis is made on reaction of cytokine system of innate and adaptive immunity described in experimental and clinical studies. | 2009 | 20066778 |
| [development and validation of a multiplex polymerase chain reaction for molecular identification of salmonella enterica serogroups b, c2, d and e]. | the scheme kauffman-white (kw) for serotyping of salmonella recognizes 46 o antigens, and 119 h antigens, thereby permitting the characterization of 2541 serotypes. the serotyping is a useful epidemiological tool in identifying circulating serotypes and to characterize outbreaks. however, the method presents technical limitations, difficulty in interpretation of results and high costs. | 2009 | 20128349 |
| [salmonella choleraesuis infection in children: chinical analysis of 21 cases]. | 2009 | 20113613 | |
| [study on the epidemiological characteristics and molecular typing of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar senftenberg in shanghai]. | to study the molecular epidemiological characteristics of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar senftenberg (salmonella senftenberg) in shanghai, from 2006 to 2007. | 2009 | 20193231 |
| multidrug resistant salmonella enterica serovar typhi. | 2009 | 20387369 | |
| 1-2 test. | a study was conducted to determine the efficacy of detecting low contamination levels of salmonella in peanut butter using the 1-2 test. this study was conducted under the aoac research institute emergency response validation program. a set of samples was analyzed by the 1-2 test and the u.s. food and drug administration's bacteriological analytical manual reference method. among the 90 total samples and controls, 32 samples were positive by the 1-2 test and the reference method. statistical ana ... | 2009 | 20166605 |
| transia plate salmonella gold. performance tested method 010602. | a study was conducted to determine the efficacy of detecting low contamination levels of salmonella in peanut butter using transia plate salmonella gold (tpsg). this study was conducted under the aoac emergency response validation program. a set of samples was each analyzed by the tpsg method and the u.s. food and drug administration's bacteriological analytical manual reference method. among the 45 total samples and controls, 26 were positive by the tpsg and 24 were positive by the reference me ... | 2009 | 20166607 |
| iq-check salmonella ii: real-time polymerase chain reaction test kit. performance tested method 010803. | iq-check salmonella ii is a real-time pcr kit for detection of salmonella in foods. specific oligonucleotide probes are used to detect target dna during the amplification, by hybridizing to the amplicons. these probes are linked to a fluorophore, which fluoresces only when hybridized to the target sequence. as part of an emergency response validation due to a massive outbreak and subsequent recall, peanut butter was tested to compare the performance of iq-check salmonella ii to the u.s. food and ... | 2009 | 20166609 |
| rapid'salmonella chromogenic medium. performance tested method 050701. | rapid'salmonella is a chromogenic medium for isolation and detection of salmonella spp. in food, based on two enzymatic activities. all presumptive salmonella-positive colonies are magenta, including lactose-positive salmonella. s. typhi, and s. paratyphi serotypes, due to detection of c8 esterase activity. in order to differentiate salmonella from other enterobacteriaceae, the medium includes a second chromogenic substrate. as part of an emergency response validation due to a massive outbreak a ... | 2009 | 20166610 |
| foodproof salmonella detection kit. performance tested method 120301. | the foodproof salmonella detection kit was previously validated in the performance tested methods program for the detection of salmonella species in a variety of foods, including milk powder, egg powder, coconut, cocoa powder, chicken breast, minced meat, sliced sausage, sausage, smoked fish, pasta, white pepper, cumin, dough, wet pet food, dry pet food, ice cream, watermelon, sliced cabbage, food dye, and milk chocolate. the method was shown to be equivalent to the u.s. food and drug administra ... | 2009 | 20166611 |
| singlepath salmonella. performance tested method 060401. | singlepath salmonella is an immunochromatographic (lateral flow) assay for the presumptive qualitative detection of salmonella spp. in food. a previous aoac performance tested method study evaluated singlepath salmonella as an effective method for the detection of salmonella spp. in the following selected foods: dried skimmed milk, black pepper, dried pet food, desiccated coconut, cooked peeled frozen prawns, raw ground beef, and raw ground turkey. in this emergency response validation extension ... | 2009 | 20166612 |
| taqman salmonella enterica detection kit. performance tested method 020803. | peanut butter spiked with salmonella enterica ser. typhimurium was prepared by an independent laboratory and sent to applied biosystems to determine the sensitivity and specificity of the taqman salmonella enterica detection kit for detecting salmonella in peanut butter. the samples were spiked at three levels: five no-spike (0 cfu/25 g); 20 low-spike (0.2 cfu/25 g); and 20 high-spike (2 cfu/25 g). they were coded to create a blind set of 45 samples. the samples were processed based on an unpair ... | 2009 | 20166614 |
| dupont qualicon bax system polymerase chain reaction assay. performance tested method 100201. | a recent outbreak of salmonella in peanut butter has highlighted the need for validation of rapid detection methods. a multilaboratory study for detecting salmonella in peanut butter was conducted as part of the aoac research institute emergency response validation program for methods that detect outbreak threats to food safety. three sites tested spiked samples from the same master mix according to the u.s. food and drug administration's bacteriological analytical manual (fda-bam) method and th ... | 2009 | 20166615 |
| chromagar salmonella detection test kit. performance tested method 020502. | bbl chromagar salmonella was evaluated by an external food testing laboratory for the recovery of salmonella in peanut butter using the u.s. food and drug administration's bacteriological analytical manual (fda-bam) procedure. the peanut butter was found to be negative for the presence of salmonella and, therefore, was seeded with heat-stressed salmonella at target concentrations of 0.2 and 2 cfu/25 g. the salmonella-seeded samples remained at room temperature for 14 days before analysis to stab ... | 2009 | 20166616 |
| construction and immunogenicity of salmonella vaccine vector expressing hiv-1 antigen and mcp3. | this study aims to determine the efficacy of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium stm-1 bearing mcp-3 gene as a delivery vehicle for the hiv gag gene (in particular p24 gene) and hiv env gene. the stm1 delivery hiv-p24 vaccination was carried out in the form of a recombinant or a dna vaccine whereas only a dna vaccine was used for hiv env . naked dna vaccination was also tested and immune responses were evaluated following immunisation in mouse model. results: vaccination cellular immune resp ... | 2009 | 20038492 |
| pulsed-field gel electrophoresis associated to phage typing improves the discrimination of epidemiologically unrelated salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium isolates. | a combination of phage typing and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) of xbal- and blnl-digested chromosomal dna has been used to study 18 epidemiologically unrelated human salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium isolates, which were collected during 2007 within a single romanian county. phage typing could assign only four of the isolates to three definitive phage types (dt41, dt86, and dt116), the rest being untypable by this classical method. pfge analysis of the double enzyme-digested dna ... | 2009 | 20361529 |
| high bacterial contamination of pig tonsils at slaughter. | food-borne zoonoses have a major health impact in industrial countries. campylobacter spp., salmonella enterica, yersinia enterocolitica and listeria monocytogenes are high-risk food-borne zoonotic hazards in finishing pigs. the objectives of this work were (1) to study the isolation rate of pathogenic y. enterocolitica, salmonella spp., campylobacter spp. and l. monocytogenes in the tonsils and feces and (2) to determine the number of mesophilic aerobic bacteria (mab) and escherichia coli in th ... | 2009 | 20416719 |
| safety and quality of ready-to-eat dry fermented sausages subjected to e-beam radiation. | the inactivation kinetics in the death of listeriainnocua ntc 11288 (more radioresistant than five different strains of listeriamonocytogenes) and salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis and s. enterica serovar typhimurium by e-beam irradiation has been studied in two types of vacuum-packed rte dry fermented sausages ("salchichon" and "chorizo") in order to optimize the sanitation treatment of these products. a treatment of 1.29kgy was calculated to reach the food safety objective (fso) accordin ... | 2009 | 20416723 |
| fine mapping of the chicken salmonellosis resistance locus (sal1). | salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium is a gram-negative bacterium that has a significant impact on both human and animal health. it is one of the most common food-borne pathogens responsible for a self-limiting gastroenteritis in humans and a similar disease in pigs, cattle and chickens. in contrast, intravenous challenge with s. typhimurium provides a valuable model for systemic infection, often causing a typhoid-like infection, with bacterial replication resulting in the destruction of the ... | 2009 | 20597881 |
| plasmid fingerprinting and virulence gene detection among indigenous strains of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis. | salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis is an important frequently reported zoonotic pathogen and a common cause of human gastroenteritis worldwide. the highly conserved sero-specific plasmids (ssps) and salmonella plasmid virulence (spy) genes have been shown to mediate extra-intestinal colonization and systemic infection. the objective of current study was to document the presence of ssps and spvb/spvc genes prevailing in the indigenous population of serovar enteritidis. | 2009 | 20524477 |
| changing antibiotic sensitivity pattern and scope of chloramphenicol in the management of hospitalised patients of typhoid fever. | enteric fever is a global health problem and there is emerging drug resistance with some reports of re-emerging sensitivity to previously used antibiotics eg, chloramphenicol. this study was done to compare the drug sensitivity pattern of enteric fever over a decade period. twenty-five culture positive patients for s typhi from one study done between october 1993 to february 1995 and 35 positive patients from another study done between september 2005 and august 2006 in the same hospital were tak ... | 2009 | 20509470 |
| substitution of the arginine/leucine residues in apidaecin ib with peptoid residues: effect on antimicrobial activity, cellular uptake, and proteolytic degradation. | several aspects of the mechanism of action of pro-rich antimicrobial peptides, together with their low toxicity in mammalian cells, make them good candidates for the development of new antibiotic agents. we investigated the effect induced in the insect antimicrobial peptide apidaecin ib by the replacement of a single arginine/leucine residue with a n-substituted glycine. the resulting peptoid-peptide hybrids are more resistant to proteolysis and devoid of any significant cytotoxic activity, but ... | 2009 | 20560644 |
| envelope stress responses. | the gram-negative bacterial envelope is a complex extracytoplasmic compartment responsible for numerous cellular processes. among its most important functions is its service as the protective layer separating the cytoplasmic space from the ever-changing external environment. to adapt to the diverse conditions encountered both in the environment and within the mammalian host, escherichia coli and salmonella species have evolved six independent envelope stress response systems . this review review ... | 2009 | 26443759 |