Publications

the mayor, his troops, and the health of a city.		2001	11816774
anthrax. profile of a killer.		2001	11817276
detection of bacillus anthracis using multiplex pcr on the oligonuclotide biochip.		2001	11813549
highlights from the annual scientific assembly: weapons of mass destruction: organized medicine's role in the national response to terrorism.		2001	11811866
on the front lines. anthrax scare, jittery public put focus on the healthcare industry.		2001	11808414
update: investigation of bioterrorism-related inhalational anthrax--connecticut, 2001.	since october 3, 2001, cdc and state and local public health authorities have been investigating cases of bioterrorism-related anthrax. as of november 28, a total of 23 cases have been identified; 11 were confirmed as inhalational anthrax, and 12 (seven confirmed and five suspected) were cutaneous. epidemiologic investigations to identify the source of exposure to bacillus anthracis continue for a case of inhalational anthrax in a hospital stockroom worker in new york city (nyc) and, most recent ...	2001	11808925
update: adverse events associated with anthrax prophylaxis among postal employees--new jersey, new york city, and the district of columbia metropolitan area, 2001.	antimicrobial prophylaxis to prevent inhalational anthrax has been recommended for persons potentially exposed to bacillus anthracis as a result of the recent bioterrorist attacks. during october 26-november 6, 2001, an epidemiologic evaluation to detect adverse events associated with antimicrobial prophylaxis was conducted among 8,424 postal employees who had been offered antimicrobial prophylaxis for 60 days in new jersey (nj), new york city (nyc), and one postal facility in the district of co ...	2001	11808926
preparing for bioterrorism: category a agents.	september 11, 2001, brought the possibility of biologic acts of terrorism against the united states into the national consciousness. as the american people brace themselves for this new threat to the national well-being, clinicians must understand how to prevent, recognize, and treat the biologic agents that could be used in terrorist attacks. this article discusses the most likely biologic agents, including diagnostic laboratory procedures, treatment options, psychological effects, special popu ...	2001	11809039
service in the front lines for america.		2001	11806342
editorial: the risk of anthrax and smallpox in australia.		2001	11806654
controlling biological warfare threats: resolving potential tensions among the research community, industry, and the national security community.		2001	11791800
bioterrorism before and after september 11.		2001	11791801
[anthrax. history of a public health threat].		2001	11802503
when privacy and terror collide.		2001	11803938
is your laboratory prepared for a bioterrorism attack?		2001	11799622
biological weapons: the facts not the fiction.		2001	11792093
after september 11.		2001	11794199
friendly fire: the mandatory military anthrax vaccination program.		2001	11794357
new jersey hospital runs anthrax screening operation for cdc.		2001	11794944
clinical signs differ between inhalational anthrax, influenza.		2001	11794945
in shift, disease agency recommends combinations of antibiotics for anthrax cases.		2001	11797263
the generics--other drugs to combat anthrax are in ample supply.		2001	11797265
drugs and vaccines against biological weapons.		2001	11797482
post-exposure anthrax prophylaxis.		2001	11797483
drug shortages. taking a shot.		2001	11797570
cutaneous anthrax.		2001	11797590
[anthrax--the swedish perspective].	the recent occurrence in the usa of deliberate release of virulent bacillus anthracis in letters sent to three media corporations and to the american senate has led to a great anxiety in sweden and elsewhere in europe. numerous letters have been suspected to contain b. anthracis spores and several have contained powder of different types. in none of the tested letters collected by the swedish police have we been able to detect anthrax bacilli. powder containing letters have been tested with eith ...	2001	11789095
[update on biological weapons and bioterrorism. important that health services pay attention to unusual events].	biological weapons and biological terrorism have recently been in focus due to the deliberate release of bacillus anthracis via mail delivered in the usa. since the 1930s biological weapons have been developed in a number of countries. in 1975 a biological and toxin weapons convention prohibiting the use of these weapons were signed by a large majority of world countries. unfortunately, a number of countries have failed to respect this treaty. the soviet union continued and expanded its biologic ...	2001	11789096
real risks: the need for health leadership and security.		2001	11783664
what i need to know about anthrax today.	the us department of defense has been concerned about the use of anthrax as a biological weapon by an enemy on us troops for a number of years. this is the reason why the military has embarked on a vaccination program for its forces deployed to regions of the world, which are considered high-risk areas. these areas have been in the southwest asia-persian gulf region as well as the korean peninsula. many intelligence personnel have also been concerned about the possibility of biological agents be ...	2001	11787310
from the centers for disease control and prevention. update: adverse events associated with anthrax prophylaxis among postal employees--new jersey, new york city, and the district of columbia metropolitan area, 2001.		2001	11787481
from the centers for disease control and prevention. update: investigation of bioterrorism-related inhalation anthrax--connecticut, 2001.		2001	11787482
cdc: be alert to symptoms associated with bioterrorism.		2001	12382635
the anthrax threat: a concise guide for nps.		2001	12400346
fielding pleas for cipro.		2001	12400348
the probability of severe disease in zoonotic and commensal infections.	cross-species transfers of pathogens (zoonoses) cause some of the most virulent diseases, including anthrax, hantavirus and q fever. zoonotic infections occur when a pathogen moves from its reservoir host species into a secondary host species. similarly, commensal infections often have a primary reservoir location within their hosts' bodies from which they rarely cause disease symptoms, but commensals such as neisseria meningitidis cause severe disease when they cross into a different body compa ...	2001	12123298
[carbuncle (anthrax) as biological weapon].	the authors explain the anthrax pathogeny as necessary base to treat the systemic anthrax, that it can be secondary to a terrorist aggression, that until now it causes death to damaged people. for fear that a contamination with anthracis spores by a terrorist aggression, it is imposed to administrate chymeprotection to damaged people, because once it is appeared the symptoms of the systemic illness, the antibiotics don't stop the process evolution. for that reason, we think it is important to kn ...	2001	12056261
[cloning of parasporal body protein gene resembling to s-layer protein genes from bacillus thuringiensis ctc strain].	bacillus ctc strain was identified as bacillus thuringiensis subsp. finitimus (serotype h2) and pasteur institute confirmed this identification. the parasporal body formed by ctc strain is oval shaped, and consists of 100 kd protein. the determination of the n-terminal amino acid sequence showed this protein shares 93% similarity to that of b. anthracis s-layer proteins. the restriction map covering the related protein gene (ctc) was deduced according to southern hybridization. the dna fragments ...	2001	12549017
["remarks on the so-called spleen fire": an early medical-scientific document in liechtenstein].		2001	18663830
bioterrorism in canada: an economic assessment of prevention and postattack response.	the present paper calculates the human and economic consequences of a bioterrorist attack on canadian soil using aerosolized bacillus anthracis and clostridium botulinum. the study assumed that 100,000 people in a canadian suburban neighbourhood were exposed over a 2 h period to an infectious dose of one of the agents. using an epidemic curve based on the epidemiology and management of anthrax and botulinum poisoning, the costs of intervention and treatment after an attack were compared with the ...	2001	18159350
current status of immunization against anthrax: old vaccines may be here to stay for a while.	anthrax vaccination has become a 'hot' topic. on the one hand, fears that iraq holds secret caches of anthrax-based weaponry, that other countries may be developing or may have developed similar devices, or that hard-line groups may make their own anthrax-based devices for bioterrorist attacks have focused official attention on the need for means of protection, principally, though, for the military. on the other hand, the unsolved issues of the gulf war illnesses have left elements of doubt in t ...	2000	11964777
[study of the virulence of a recombinant strain of bacillus anthracis, obtained as a result of transductive transfer of chromosomal genes from a strain of bacillus cereus].	auxotrophic markers of b. anthracis strains differing them from other bacillus representatives have been determined. chromosome genes from prototrophic b. cereus strain were transduced into auxotrophic b. anthracis strain. the properties of transductants were studied in order to establish common transfer of chromosomal determinants responsible for realization of various signs. transduction mating between species resulted in construction of prototroph b. anthracis strains (px01- px02+), whose der ...	2000	11186451
the bubonic man. lessons from a bioterrorism incident.		2000	11186485
[bioterrorism--a public and health threat].	in recent years the fear of bioterrorism, of secret modernization and dissemination of biological weapons is increasing. facts detected recently in iran, japan and the former soviet union provide evidence that there are countries and dissident groups which have access to modern technology of cultivation of dangerous pathogens as well as motivation for their use in acts of terrorism or war. the menace of biological terrorism is nowadays, as compared with the past, much greater. the most feared ca ...	2000	11188765
[brief review of the history of zoonoses].	by studying the surviving documents describing surveillance and methods of control of zoonoses in the distant past, the history of the fight against these diseases can be retraced. prior to the 20th century, the best known zoonoses were, amongst others, rabies, anthrax, glanders, tuberculosis, plague, yellow fever, influenza, and certain zoonotic parasitic diseases. an analysis of historical events yields a number of lessons as to the positive and negative influences of past theories regarding t ...	2000	11189711
rapid recovery and identification of anthrax bacteria from the environment.	bacillus anthracis has been recognized as a highly likely biological warfare or terrorist agent. we have designed culture techniques to rapidly isolate and identify "live" anthrax from suspected environmental release. a special medium (3at medium) allows for discrimination between closely related bacilli and non-pathogenic strains. nitrate was found to be a primary factor influencing spore formation in bacillus anthracis. nitrate reduction in anthrax is not an adaptation to saprophytic environme ...	2000	11193628
emergency: bioterrorism.		2000	11202782
proteolytic activation of receptor-bound anthrax protective antigen on macrophages promotes its internalization.	immunofluorescence and other methods have been used to probe the self-assembly and internalization of the binary toxin, anthrax lethal toxin (letx), in primary murine macrophages. proteolytic activation of protective antigen (pa; 83 kda, the b moiety of the toxin) by furin was the rate-limiting step in internalization of letx and promoted clearance of pa from the cell surface. a furin-resistant form of pa remained at the cell surface for at least 90 min. oligomerization of receptor-bound pa63, t ...	2000	11207581
translocation of bacillus anthracis lethal and oedema factors across endosome membranes.	the two exotoxins of bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax, are the oedema toxin (pa-ef) and the lethal toxin (pa-lf). they exert their catalytic activities within the cytosol. the internalization process requires receptor-mediated endocytosis and passage through acidic vesicles. we investigated the translocation of ef and lf enzymatic moieties across the target cell membrane. by selective permeabilization of the plasma membrane with clostridium perfringens delta-toxin, we observed ...	2000	11207582
early bacillus anthracis-macrophage interactions: intracellular survival survival and escape.	this study describes early intracellular events occurring during the establishment phase of bacillus anthracis infections. anthrax infections are initiated by dormant endospores gaining access to the mammalian host and becoming engulfed by regional macrophages (mphi). during systemic anthrax, late stage events include vegetative growth in the blood to very high titres and the synthesis of the anthrax exotoxin complex, which causes disease symptoms and death. experiments focus on the early events ...	2000	11207600
infections and intoxications associated with animal feed and forage which may present a hazard to human health.	animal feed or forage may be the source of a limited number of infections for farm animals that could lead to human illness. likely organisms include salmonella enterica, toxoplasma gondii, trichinella spiralis and possibly the agent of bovine spongiform encephalopathy. the risk to human health from other infectious agents which may contaminate either feed or forage appear to be either negligible, e.g. bacillus anthracis and mycobacterium bovis, or non-existent, e.g. clostridium botulinum toxin ...	2000	10712800
protecting the health of u.s. military forces: a national obligation.		2000	10716172
microbial metalloproteases and pathogenesis.	zinc metalloproteases produced by human pathogenic microorganisms show a wide variety of pathological actions. in local infections, the proteases cause necrotic or hemorrhagic tissue damage through digestion of structural components of the ground substance, and also form edematous lesions through generation of inflammatory mediators, while in systemic infections, the proteases act as a synergistic virulence factor through disordered proteolysis of many plasma proteins. clostridial neurotoxins, b ...	2000	10717546
role of toxin functional domains in anthrax pathogenesis.	we investigated the role of the functional domains of anthrax toxins during infection. three proteins produced by bacillus anthracis, the protective antigen (pa), the lethal factor (lf), and the edema factor (ef), combine in pairs to produce the lethal (pa+lf) and edema (pa+ef) toxins. a genetic strategy was developed to introduce by allelic exchange specific point mutations or in-frame deletions into b. anthracis toxin genes, thereby impairing either lf metalloprotease or ef adenylate cyclase a ...	2000	10722564
["biological weapons"--the return of epidemics?].		2000	10731764
microbial genomics. culling genes early yields rich harvest.		2000	10733416
optimized production and purification of bacillus anthracis lethal factor.	bacillus anthracis lethal factor (lf) is a 90-kda zinc metalloprotease that plays an important role in the virulence of the organism. lf has previously been purified from escherichia coli and bacillus anthracis. the yields and purities of these preparations were inadequate for crystal structure determination. in this study, the genes encoding wild-type lf and a mutated, inactive lf (lf-e687c) were placed in an e. coli-bacillus shuttle vector so that lf was produced with the protective antigen (p ...	2000	10733882
a specific activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 (mek1) is required for golgi fragmentation during mitosis.	incubation of permeabilized cells with mitotic extracts results in extensive fragmentation of the pericentriolarly organized stacks of cisternae. the fragmented golgi membranes are subsequently dispersed from the pericentriolar region. we have shown previously that this process requires the cytosolic protein mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 (mek1). extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk) 1 and erk2, the known downstream targets of mek1, are not required for this fragmentation (achar ...	2000	10769026
[suspected palpebral anthrax in children. (apropos of 3 cases)].	anthrax is an infectious disease caused by bacillus anthracis. it is primarily a disease of domestic animals. human beings can be infected by contact with infected animals, soiled objects, thorns or insect stings. in its cutaneous form, it may produce lesions of the eyelids. the authors report three suspected cases of palpebral anthrax in children. the clinical diagnosis was evident. scraping from the necrotic tissue showed thick gram positive rods in two children. this aspect evokes bacillus. a ...	2000	10774488
death of a president.		2000	10777385
multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis reveals genetic relationships within bacillus anthracis.	bacillus anthracis is one of the most genetically homogeneous pathogens described, making strain discrimination particularly difficult. in this paper, we present a novel molecular typing system based on rapidly evolving variable-number tandem repeat (vntr) loci. multiple-locus vntr analysis (mlva) uses the combined power of multiple alleles at several marker loci. in our system, fluorescently labeled pcr primers are used to produce pcr amplification products from eight vntr regions in the b. ant ...	2000	10781564
discovery of the anthrax toxin: the beginning of in vivo studies on pathogenic bacteria.		2000	10785632
surveillance for adverse events associated with anthrax vaccination--u.s. department of defense, 1998-2000.	concerns about the potential use of anthrax as a biologic weapon prompted the u.s. department of defense (dod) to announce on december 15, 1997, anthrax vaccination of all u.s. military personnel. this effort is coordinated by the anthrax vaccine immunization program (avip). avip plans a phased vaccination process to achieve total force protection against anthrax by 2004. the current phase of implementation includes vaccination of all service members and mission-essential dod civilian employees ...	2000	10817479
bacillus anthracis sepsis in a newborn.		2000	10819356
a quantitative study of the interactions of bacillus anthracis edema factor and lethal factor with activated protective antigen.	bacillus anthracis secretes three proteins, which associate in binary combinations to form toxic complexes at the surface of mammalian cells. receptor-bound protective antigen (pa) is proteolytically activated, yielding a 63 kda fragment (pa(63)). pa(63) oligomerizes into heptamers, which bind edema factor (ef) or lethal factor (lf) to form the toxic complexes. we undertook a quantitative analysis of the interactions of ef with pa(63) by means of surface plasmon resonance (spr) measurements. hep ...	2000	10828989
bacillus anthracis, bacillus cereus, and bacillus thuringiensis--one species on the basis of genetic evidence.	bacillus anthracis, bacillus cereus, and bacillus thuringiensis are members of the bacillus cereus group of bacteria, demonstrating widely different phenotypes and pathological effects. b. anthracis causes the acute fatal disease anthrax and is a potential biological weapon due to its high toxicity. b. thuringiensis produces intracellular protein crystals toxic to a wide number of insect larvae and is the most commonly used biological pesticide worldwide. b. cereus is a probably ubiquitous soil ...	2000	10831447
behind the scenes at usamridd. the united states army medical research institute of infectious diseases.		2000	10835223
from the centers for disease control and prevention. surveillance for adverse effects associated with anthrax vaccination--us department of defense, 1998-2000.		2000	10847805
phenotypic and genotypic comparisons of 23 strains from the bacillus cereus complex for a selection of known and putative b. thuringiensis virulence factors.	sixteen bacillus thuringiensis, four bacillus cereus and three bacillus anthracis isolates were screened for a selection of known and putative b. thuringiensis virulence factors. pcr primers were designed to detect genes for phosphatidylcholine specific phospholipase c, phosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase c, immune inhibitor a, vegetative insecticidal protein 3a, a protein proposed to be involved in capsule synthesis, a newly identified ser/thr kinase homologue and enterotoxin ents. moti ...	2000	10867226
vrrb, a hypervariable open reading frame in bacillus anthracis.	bacillus anthracis appears to be the most molecularly homogeneous bacterial species known. extensive surveys of worldwide isolates have revealed vanishingly small amounts of genomic variation. the biological importance of the resting-stage spore may lead to very low evolutionary rates and, perhaps, to the lack of potentially adaptive genetic variation. in contrast to the overall homogeneity, some gene coding regions contain hypervariability that is translated into protein variation. during marke ...	2000	10869077
deaths among heroin users present a puzzle.		2000	10877703
[anthrax].		2000	10883239
genetically modified anthrax lethal toxin safely delivers whole hiv protein antigens into the cytosol to induce t cell immunity.	bacillus anthrax lethal toxin can be engineered to deliver foreign proteins to the cytosol for antigen presentation to cd8 t cells. vaccination with modified toxins carrying 8-9 amino acid peptide epitopes induces protective immunity in mice. to evaluate whether large protein antigens can be used with this system, recombinant constructs encoding several hiv antigens up to 500 amino acids were produced. these candidate hiv vaccines are safe in animals and induce cd8 t cells in mice. constructs en ...	2000	10884430
ultrasensitive, direct detection of a specific dna sequence of bacillus anthracis in solution.	a very fast and ultrasensitive method has been developed for the detection and quantitation of specific nucleic and sequences of bacterial origin in solution. the method is based on a two-color, single fluorescent molecule detection technique developed in our laboratory. the technique was applied to the detection of bacillus anthracis dna in solution.	2000	10885062
in vitro development of resistance to ofloxacin and doxycycline in bacillus anthracis sterne.		2000	10896651
attenuated nontoxinogenic and nonencapsulated recombinant bacillus anthracis spore vaccines protect against anthrax.	several highly attenuated spore-forming nontoxinogenic and nonencapsulated bacillus anthracis vaccines differing in levels of expression of recombinant protective antigen (rpa) were constructed. biochemical analyses (including electrospray mass spectroscopy and n terminus amino acid sequencing) as well as biological and immunological tests demonstrated that the rpa retains the characteristics of native pa. a single immunization of guinea pigs with 5 x 10(7) spores of one of these recombinant str ...	2000	10899854
images in medicine. cutaneous anthrax.		2000	10908373
human behavioural factors implicated in outbreaks of human anthrax in the tamale municipality of northern ghana.	the knowledge, attitude, beliefs and practices of cattle owners, herdsmen, butchers and meat consumers about anthrax were used to provide a better understanding of the major factors responsible for the frequent outbreaks of human anthrax in the tamale municipality of northern ghana. a total of 96% of the respondents, made up of 50 cattle owners, 50 herdsmen, 25 butchers and 125 consumers, knew of anthrax and the clinical signs indicative of anthrax in cattle. however, very few knew the causative ...	2000	10913766
prevalence and control of zoonotic diseases: collaboration between public health workers and veterinarians in burkina faso.	zoonotic diseases constitute a public health problem throughout the world, particularly in the tropics, where their control is restricted by inadequate infrastructure and financial resources. additionally, there is a lack of information on their significance and distribution. this study, conducted jointly by the ministries of health and animal resources, aimed to assess the prevalence of zoonotic diseases in burkina faso. the data were taken from internal reports of each ministry covering the pe ...	2000	10913767
risk-based selection of respirators against infectious aerosols: application to anthrax spores.	this article presents two methods for estimating infection risk among individuals wearing air-purifying respirators against airborne pathogens, with the overall aim of selecting appropriate respiratory protection. necessary data inputs are the parameters for the ambient pathogen concentration distribution, the respirator penetration distribution, and the infectious dose distribution, along with the breathing rate, duration of a respirator use period, and the number of use periods. the first meth ...	2000	10914342
intracellular calcium antagonist protects cultured peritoneal macrophages against anthrax lethal toxin-induced cytotoxicity.	the lethal toxin of bacillus anthracis is central to the pathogenesis of anthrax. using primary cultures of mouse peritoneal macrophages, we have demonstrated that intracellular calcium release inhibitors protect against anthrax lethal toxin-induced cytotoxicity. the cytolytic effect of anthrax lethal toxin was markedly reduced by dantrolene, an inhibitor of calcium release from intracellular calcium stores. pretreatment of macrophages with cyclosporin a, which has been shown to be a potent inhi ...	2000	10917569
anthrax toxin-mediated delivery of cholera toxin-a subunit into the cytosol of mammalian cells.	the protective antigen (pa) component of anthrax toxin mediates delivery of either lethal factor (lf) or oedema factor into the cytosol of mammalian cells. the n-terminal domain of lf(1-254) (amino acids 1-254 of lf) binds to pa and, when fused to heterologous proteins, delivers such proteins into the cytosol. in the present study, we fused the catalytic subunit of cholera toxin (ct-a) with lf(1-254) and showed that the fusion protein lf(1-254)-ct-a retains adp-ribosylation activity in solution ...	2000	10918040
[the effect of heterologous bacilli on the infectious process in anthrax in an experiment].	the possibility of the survival of guinea pigs after the simultaneous administration of different doses of bacillus anthracis virulent strain 81/1 in combination with both b. anthracis vaccine strain sti and heterologous bacilli (b. subtilis strain pac) has been experimentally shown. on the basis of the results of these experiments suggestion has been made that the "survival phenomenon" is the process involving the lysosomal systems of polymorphonuclear and mononuclear phagocytes.	2000	10925867
an extended conformation of calmodulin induces interactions between the structural domains of adenylyl cyclase from bacillus anthracis to promote catalysis.	the edema factor exotoxin produced by bacillus anthracis is an adenylyl cyclase that is activated by calmodulin (cam) at resting state calcium concentrations in infected cells. a c-terminal 60-kda fragment corresponding to the catalytic domain of edema factor (ef3) was cloned, overexpressed in escherichia coli, and purified. the n-terminal 43-kda domain (ef3-n) of ef3, the sole domain of edema factor homologous to adenylyl cyclases from bordetella pertussis and pseudomonas aeruginosa, is highly ...	2000	10926933
anthrax vaccine: increasing intervals between the first two doses enhances antibody response in humans.	the influence of dosing interval on the human antibody response to anthrax vaccine adsorbed (ava) was evaluated in two retrospective serological studies. in both studies, the interval between the first two doses was 2, 3 or 4 weeks. in the first study, banked sera were selected from 89 at-risk individuals at a mean time of 13 days after the second dose of vaccine. in the second study, banked sera were selected from 51 at-risk individuals at a mean time of 48 days following the first dose of ava. ...	2000	10930675
ostrich diseases.	scientific knowledge of ostrich diseases is incomplete and very fragmented, with specific details on technical aspects of diagnostic and/or screening tests completely absent in most cases. salmonella typhimurium is common in multispecies collections and causes mortality in chicks younger than three months on commercial farms, but is rarely found in chicks older than six months, or slaughter birds of twelve to fourteen months in southern africa. campylobacter jejuni and chlamydia psittaci are occ ...	2000	10935285
anthrax vaccination is based on medical evidence.		2000	10937023
bioterrorism. dod retreats on plan for anthrax vaccine.	anthrax bacterium, once the deadly scourge of goat-hair workers, has become the bane of the u.s. defense establishment. without infecting a single soldier, it has created a logistical headache for the pentagon, as military contractors have fallen far short of supplying a vaccine that will protect all troops and be acceptable to health authorities. last week military officials were forced to beat a hasty retreat in their current efforts, raising the hackles of legislators who already had serious ...	2000	10939944
a pediatrician's view. skin manifestations of bioterrorism.	the physician must be in contact with the local public health infrastructure as soon as a potential biological agent is perceived as possible. most states are now setting up contingency plans and means to address these issues in a systematic way. this involves using local health departments, police departments, fire departments, national guard units, and federal agencies such as the cdc and the fbi. the key component, however, is actually identifying a biological agent in the community and then ...	2000	10941763
anthrax: clinical features, pathogenesis, and potential biological warfare threat.		2000	10943532
characterization of the operon encoding the alternative sigma(b) factor from bacillus anthracis and its role in virulence.	the operon encoding the general stress transcription factor sigma(b) and two proteins of its regulatory network, rsbv and rsbw, was cloned from the gram-positive bacterium bacillus anthracis by pcr amplification of chromosomal dna with degenerate primers, by inverse pcr, and by direct cloning. the gene cluster was very similar to the bacillus subtilis sigb operon both in the primary sequences of the gene products and in the order of its three genes. however, the deduced products of sequences ups ...	2000	10960085
bacterial slh domain proteins are non-covalently anchored to the cell surface via a conserved mechanism involving wall polysaccharide pyruvylation.	several bacterial proteins are non-covalently anchored to the cell surface via an s-layer homology (slh) domain. previous studies have suggested that this cell surface display mechanism involves a non-covalent interaction between the slh domain and peptidoglycan-associated polymers. here we report the characterization of a two-gene operon, csaab, for cell surface anchoring, in bacillus anthracis. its distal open reading frame (csab) is required for the retention of slh-containing proteins on the ...	2000	10970841
taking the terror out of bioterrorism: planning for a bioterrorist event from a local perspective.	there is a growing concern in the public health community over the potential for domestic biological and chemical acts of terrorism. these types of events do not respect city limits, county lines, or other geopolitical borders and pose a unique challenge for local health departments that have a critical role in detecting, preparing for, and responding to such events. because direct support for most public health service, including bioterrorism preparedness, occurs primarily at the local level, t ...	2000	10977608
bioterrorism threats: learning from inappropriate responses.	between april 1997 and june 1999, some 200 mailed or telephoned bioterrorism threats were received at a variety of locations. usually claiming that anthrax had been released, the threats all proved to be hoaxes. in many instances, local emergency responders treated the more than 13,000 potential victims inappropriately, in particular requiring victims to strip and undergo decontamination with bleach solutions. narratives of several incidents indicated that many victims were distressed and embarr ...	2000	10977619
short of vaccine, the pentagon slows anthrax inoculations.		2000	10981901
protective antigen-mediated antibody response against a heterologous protein produced in vivo by bacillus anthracis.	bacillus anthracis secretes a lethal toxin composed of two proteins, the lethal factor (lf) and the protective antigen (pa), which interact within the host or in vitro at the surfaces of eukaryotic cells. immunization with attenuated b. anthracis strains induces an antibody response against pa and lf. the lf-specific response is potentiated by the binding of lf to pa. in this study, we investigated the capacity of pa to increase the antibody response against a foreign antigen. we constructed a c ...	2000	10992478
antibacterial activity of chaff vinegar and its practical application.	since enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli o157, salmonella, etc., sometimes contaminate animal feces and may cause infectious diseases to humans, it is important to remove pathogenic bacteria from domestic animal waste. for the purpose, we examined the antibacterial activity of chaff vinegar. we found that the chaff vinegar inhibited the growth of pathogenic bacteria immediately in vitro but not efficiently spores and lactic acid bacteria. further, it removes bacteria, especially enterobacteriace ...	2000	10993188
[inhalation anthrax].	the use of bacillus anthracis as a biological weapon has the potential of causing considerable loss of human life compared to other pathogens. inhalational anthrax has a very high mortality and can be induced by spraying an aerosol of anthrax spores. research in recent years has increased our knowledge, especially of pathogenesis and treatment. a short review is presented here.	2000	10994373
the poison center role in biological and chemical terrorism.	nuclear, biological and chemical (nbc) terrorism countermeasures are a major priority with municipalities, healthcare providers, and the federal government. significant resources are being invested to enhance civilian domestic preparedness by conducting education at every response level in anticipation of a nbc terroristic incident. the key to a successful response, in addition to education, is integration of efforts as well as thorough communication and understanding the role that each agency w ...	2000	11003124
anthrax: of bison and bioterrorism.		2000	11006776