Publications

fragments of atp synthase mediate plant perception of insect attack.	plants can perceive a wide range of biotic attackers and respond with targeted induced defenses. specificity in plant non-self-recognition occurs either directly by perception of pest-derived elicitors or indirectly through resistance protein recognition of host targets that are inappropriately proteolyzed. indirect plant perception can occur during interactions with pathogens, yet evidence for analogous events mediating the detection of insect herbivores remains elusive. here we report indirect ...	2006	16720701
[screening of mixed crop disease-resistant bacterial inoculants from n2-fixing and p-solubilzing bacterial isolates].	in this paper, a total of 22 bacterial isolates capable of fixing nitrogen and/or solubilizing phosphorus were inoculated, and mixed incubated in 15 liquid media. the isolates were obtained from soil with selective media, and not purified. after grown for 48 hours, the mixed cultures were continuously inoculated to the same media, and then incubated under the same conditions. the procedures were repeated for 12 times, and 15 stable bacterial mixtures (sbm) were obtained. each sbm was purified, w ...	2006	16724743
improving the specificity of high-throughput ortholog prediction.	orthologs (genes that have diverged after a speciation event) tend to have similar function, and so their prediction has become an important component of comparative genomics and genome annotation. the gold standard phylogenetic analysis approach of comparing available organismal phylogeny to gene phylogeny is not easily automated for genome-wide analysis; therefore, ortholog prediction for large genome-scale datasets is typically performed using a reciprocal-best-blast-hits (rbh) approach. one ...	2006	16729895
de novo designed cyclic cationic peptides as inhibitors of plant pathogenic bacteria.	head-to-tail cyclic peptides of 4-10 residues consisting of alternating hydrophilic (lys) and hydrophobic (leu and phe) amino acids were synthesized and tested against the economically important plant pathogenic bacteria erwinia amylovora, xanthomonas vesicatoria and pseudomonas syringae. the antibacterial activity, evaluated as the minimal inhibitory concentration (mic), the cytotoxicity against human red blood cells and stability towards protease degradation were determined. the influence of c ...	2006	16730857
glycosylation of b-type flagellin of pseudomonas aeruginosa: structural and genetic basis.	the flagellin of pseudomonas aeruginosa can be classified into two major types-a-type or b-type-which can be distinguished on the basis of molecular weight and reactivity with type-specific antisera. flagellin from the a-type strain pak was shown to be glycosylated with a heterogeneous o-linked glycan attached to thr189 and ser260. here we show that b-type flagellin from strain pao1 is also posttranslationally modified with an excess mass of up to 700 da, which cannot be explained through phosph ...	2006	16740946
suicide vectors for antibiotic marker exchange and rapid generation of multiple knockout mutants by allelic exchange in gram-negative bacteria.	allelic exchange is frequently used in bacteria to generate knockout mutants in genes of interest, to carry out phenotypic analysis and learn about their function. frequently, understanding of gene function in complex processes such as pathogenesis requires the generation of multiple mutant strains. in pseudomonads and other non-enterobacteriaceae, this is a time-consuming and laborious process based on the use of suicide vectors and allelic exchange of the appropriate mutant version of each gen ...	2006	16750581
yersiniabactin production by pseudomonas syringae and escherichia coli, and description of a second yersiniabactin locus evolutionary group.	the siderophore and virulence factor yersiniabactin is produced by pseudomonas syringae. yersiniabactin was originally detected by high-pressure liquid chromatography (hplc); commonly used pcr tests proved ineffective. yersiniabactin production in p. syringae correlated with the possession of irp1 located in a predicted yersiniabactin locus. three similarly divergent yersiniabactin locus groups were determined: the yersinia pestis group, the p. syringae group, and the photorhabdus luminescens gr ...	2006	16751485
tomato qm-like protein protects saccharomyces cerevisiae cells against oxidative stress by regulating intracellular proline levels.	exogenous proline can protect cells of saccharomyces cerevisiae from oxidative stress. we altered intracellular proline levels by overexpressing the proline dehydrogenase gene (put1) of s. cerevisiae. put1p performs the first enzymatic step of proline degradation in s. cerevisiae. overexpression of put1p results in low proline levels and hypersensitivity to oxidants, such as hydrogen peroxide and paraquat. a put1-disrupted yeast mutant deficient in put1p activity has increased protection from ox ...	2006	16751508
subterfuge and manipulation: type iii effector proteins of phytopathogenic bacteria.	diverse gram-negative bacteria deliver effector proteins into the cells of their eukaryotic hosts using the type iii secretion system. collectively, these type iii effector proteins function to optimize the host cell environment for bacterial growth. type iii effector proteins are essential for the virulence of pseudomonas syringae, xanthomonas spp., ralstonia solanacearum and erwinia species. type iii secretion systems are also found in nonpathogenic pseudomonads and in species of symbiotic nit ...	2006	16753033
solution structure of arabidopsis thaliana protein at5g39720.1, a member of the aig2-like protein family.	the three-dimensional structure of arabidopsis thaliana protein at5g39720.1 was determined by nmr spectroscopy. it is the first representative structure of pfam family pf06094, which contains protein sequences similar to that of aig2, an a. thaliana protein of unknown function induced upon infection by the bacterial pathogen pseudomonas syringae. the at5g39720.1 structure consists of a five-stranded beta-barrel surrounded by two alpha-helices and a small beta-sheet. a long flexible alpha-helix p ...	2006	16754964
the bacterial twin-arginine translocation pathway.	the twin-arginine translocation (tat) pathway is responsible for the export of folded proteins across the cytoplasmic membrane of bacteria. substrates for the tat pathway include redox enzymes requiring cofactor insertion in the cytoplasm, multimeric proteins that have to assemble into a complex prior to export, certain membrane proteins, and proteins whose folding is incompatible with sec export. these proteins are involved in a diverse range of cellular activities including anaerobic metabolis ...	2006	16756481
iscr elements: novel gene-capturing systems of the 21st century?	"common regions" (crs), such as orf513, are being increasingly linked to mega-antibiotic-resistant regions. while their overall nucleotide sequences show little identity to other mobile elements, amino acid alignments indicate that they possess the key motifs of is91-like elements, which have been linked to the mobility ent plasmids in pathogenic escherichia coli. further inspection reveals that they possess an is91-like origin of replication and termination sites (teris), and therefore crs prob ...	2006	16760305
plant pathogen forensics: capabilities, needs, and recommendations.	a biological attack on u.s. crops, rangelands, or forests could reduce yield and quality, erode consumer confidence, affect economic health and the environment, and possibly impact human nutrition and international relations. preparedness for a crop bioterror event requires a strong national security plan that includes steps for microbial forensics and criminal attribution. however, u.s. crop producers, consultants, and agricultural scientists have traditionally focused primarily on strategies f ...	2006	16760310
improvement of cyclic decapeptides against plant pathogenic bacteria using a combinatorial chemistry approach.	cyclic decapeptides were developed based on the previously reported peptide c(lysleulysleulysphelysleulysgln). these compounds were active against the economically important plant pathogenic bacteria erwinia amylovora, pseudomonas syringae and xanthomonas vesicatoria. a library of 56 cyclic decapeptides was prepared and screened for antibacterial activity and eukaryotic cytotoxicity, and led to the identification of peptides with improved minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) against p. syringa ...	2006	16762457
cyp71b15 (pad3) catalyzes the final step in camalexin biosynthesis.	camalexin represents the main phytoalexin in arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana). the camalexin-deficient phytoalexin deficient 3 (pad3) mutant has been widely used to assess the biological role of camalexin, although the exact substrate of the cytochrome p450 enzyme 71b15 encoded by pad3 remained elusive. 2-(indol-3-yl)-4,5-dihydro-1,3-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid (dihydrocamalexic acid) was identified as likely intermediate in camalexin biosynthesis downstream of indole-3-acetaldoxime, as it accu ...	2006	16766671
identification of genomic islands in six plant pathogens.	genomic islands (gis) play important roles in microbial evolution, which are acquired by horizontal gene transfer. in this paper, the gis of six completely sequenced plant pathogens are identified using a windowless method based on z curve representation of dna sequences. consequently, four, eight, four, one, two and four gis are recognized with the length greater than 20-kb in plant pathogens agrobacterium tumefaciens str. c58, rolstonia solanacearum gmi1000, xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri st ...	2006	16581205
purification, crystallization and preliminary x-ray diffraction analysis of pathogen-inducible oxygenase (piox) from oryza sativa.	pathogen-inducible oxygenase (piox) is a heme-containing membrane-associated protein found in monocotyledon and dicotyledon plants that utilizes molecular oxygen to convert polyunsaturated fatty acids into their corresponding 2r-hydroperoxides. piox is a member of a larger family of fatty-acid alpha-dioxygenases that includes the mammalian cyclooxygenase enzymes cyclooxygenase 1 and 2 (cox-1 and cox-2). single crystals of piox from rice (oryza sativa) have been grown from mpd using recombinant p ...	2006	16582486
heterotrimeric g proteins facilitate arabidopsis resistance to necrotrophic pathogens and are involved in jasmonate signaling.	heterotrimeric g proteins have been previously linked to plant defense; however a role for the gbetagamma dimer in defense signaling has not been described to date. using available arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) mutants lacking functional galpha or gbeta subunits, we show that defense against the necrotrophic pathogens alternaria brassicicola and fusarium oxysporum is impaired in gbeta-deficient mutants while galpha-deficient mutants show slightly increased resistance compared to wild-type c ...	2006	16339801
the membrane-anchored botrytis-induced kinase1 plays distinct roles in arabidopsis resistance to necrotrophic and biotrophic pathogens.	plant resistance to disease is controlled by the combination of defense response pathways that are activated depending on the nature of the pathogen. we identified the arabidopsis thaliana botrytis-induced kinase1 (bik1) gene that is transcriptionally regulated by botrytis cinerea infection. inactivation of bik1 causes severe susceptibility to necrotrophic fungal pathogens but enhances resistance to a virulent strain of the bacterial pathogen pseudomonas syringae pv tomato. the response to an av ...	2006	16339855
role of the novel oprd family of porins in nutrient uptake in pseudomonas aeruginosa.	to circumvent the permeability barrier of its outer membrane, pseudomonas aeruginosa has evolved a series of specific porins. these channels have binding sites for related classes of molecules that facilitate uptake under nutrient-limited conditions. here, we report on the identification of a 19-member family of porins similar to the basic-amino-acid-specific porin oprd. the members of this family fell into one of two phylogenetically distinct clusters, one bearing high similarity to oprd and th ...	2006	16352820
genetic transplantation: salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium as a host to study sigma factor and anti-sigma factor interactions in genetically intractable systems.	in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, sigma(28) and anti-sigma factor flgm are regulatory proteins crucial for flagellar biogenesis and motility. in this study, we used s. enterica serovar typhimurium as an in vivo heterologous system to study sigma(28) and anti-sigma(28) interactions in organisms where genetic manipulation poses a significant challenge due to special growth requirements. the chromosomal copy of the s. enterica serovar typhimurium sigma(28) structural gene flia was exchang ...	2006	16352826
identification of the syr-syp box in the promoter regions of genes dedicated to syringomycin and syringopeptin production by pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae b301d.	the phytotoxins syringopeptin and syringomycin are synthesized by nonribosomal peptide synthetases which are encoded by the syringomycin (syr) and syringopeptin (syp) genomic island of pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae. previous studies demonstrated that expression of the syr-syp genes was controlled by the sala-syrf regulatory pathway, which in turn was induced by plant signal molecules. in this study, the 132-kb syr-syp genomic island was found to be organized into five polycistronic operons a ...	2006	16352832
expression analysis of the fpr (ferredoxin-nadp+ reductase) gene in pseudomonas putida kt2440.	the ferredoxin-nadp+ reductase (fpr) participates in cellular defense against oxidative damage. the fpr expression in pseudomonas putida kt2440 is induced by oxidative and osmotic stresses. finr, a lysr-type transcriptional factor near the fpr gene in the p. putida kt2440 genome, is required for induction of the fpr under both conditions. we have shown that the fpr and finr gene products can counteract the effects of oxidative and osmotic stresses. interestingly, finr-independent expression occu ...	2006	16360643
adi3 is a pdk1-interacting agc kinase that negatively regulates plant cell death.	bacterial speck disease in tomato is caused by pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato. resistance to this disease is conferred by the host pto kinase, which recognizes p. s. pv. tomato strains that express the effector avrpto. we report here that an avrpto-dependent pto-interacting protein 3 (adi3) is a member of the agc family of protein kinases. in mammals, agc kinases are regulated by 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1 (pdk1). we characterized tomato pdk1 and showed that pdk1 and pto phos ...	2006	16362044
adi3 is a pdk1-interacting agc kinase that negatively regulates plant cell death.	bacterial speck disease in tomato is caused by pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato. resistance to this disease is conferred by the host pto kinase, which recognizes p. s. pv. tomato strains that express the effector avrpto. we report here that an avrpto-dependent pto-interacting protein 3 (adi3) is a member of the agc family of protein kinases. in mammals, agc kinases are regulated by 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1 (pdk1). we characterized tomato pdk1 and showed that pdk1 and pto phos ...	2006	16362044
tomato pto encodes a functional n-myristoylation motif that is required for signal transduction in nicotiana benthamiana.	pto kinase of tomato (lycopersicon esculentum) confers resistance to bacterial speck disease caused by pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato expressing avrpto or avrptob. pto interacts directly with these type-iii secreted effectors, leading to induction of defence responses including the hypersensitive response (hr). signalling by pto requires the nucleotide-binding site-leucine-rich repeat (nbs-lrr) protein prf. little is known of how pto is controlled prior to or during stimulation, although kinase ...	2006	16367952
a bacterial inhibitor of host programmed cell death defenses is an e3 ubiquitin ligase.	the pseudomonas syringae protein avrptob is translocated into plant cells, where it inhibits immunity-associated programmed cell death (pcd). the structure of a c-terminal domain of avrptob that is essential for anti-pcd activity reveals an unexpected homology to the u-box and ring-finger components of eukaryotic e3 ubiquitin ligases, and we show that avrptob has ubiquitin ligase activity. mutation of conserved residues involved in the binding of e2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes abolishes this a ...	2006	16373536
the outcomes of concentration-specific interactions between salicylate and jasmonate signaling include synergy, antagonism, and oxidative stress leading to cell death.	salicylic acid (sa) has been proposed to antagonize jasmonic acid (ja) biosynthesis and signaling. we report, however, that in salicylate hydroxylase-expressing tobacco (nicotiana tabacum) plants, where sa levels were reduced, ja levels were not elevated during a hypersensitive response elicited by pseudomonas syringae pv phaseolicola. the effects of cotreatment with various concentrations of sa and ja were assessed in tobacco and arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana). these suggested that there wa ...	2006	16377744
plant mpss databases: signature-based transcriptional resources for analyses of mrna and small rna.	mpss (massively parallel signature sequencing) is a sequencing-based technology that uses a unique method to quantify gene expression level, generating millions of short sequence tags per library. we have created a series of databases for four species (arabidopsis, rice, grape and magnaporthe grisea, the rice blast fungus). our mpss databases measure the expression level of most genes under defined conditions and provide information about potentially novel transcripts (antisense transcripts, alt ...	2006	16381968
plant mpss databases: signature-based transcriptional resources for analyses of mrna and small rna.	mpss (massively parallel signature sequencing) is a sequencing-based technology that uses a unique method to quantify gene expression level, generating millions of short sequence tags per library. we have created a series of databases for four species (arabidopsis, rice, grape and magnaporthe grisea, the rice blast fungus). our mpss databases measure the expression level of most genes under defined conditions and provide information about potentially novel transcripts (antisense transcripts, alt ...	2006	16381968
polar flagellum biogenesis in aeromonas hydrophila.	mesophilic aeromonas spp. constitutively express a single polar flagellum that helps the bacteria move to more favorable environments and is an important virulence and colonization factor. certain strains can also produce multiple lateral flagella in semisolid media or over surfaces. we have previously reported 16 genes (flgn to flgl) that constitute region 1 of the aeromonas hydrophila ah-3 polar flagellum biogenesis gene clusters. we identified 39 new polar flagellum genes distributed in four ...	2006	16385045
dna sequence of a colv plasmid and prevalence of selected plasmid-encoded virulence genes among avian escherichia coli strains.	colv plasmids have long been associated with the virulence of escherichia coli, despite the fact that their namesake trait, colv production, does not appear to contribute to virulence. such plasmids or their associated sequences appear to be quite common among avian pathogenic e. coli (apec) and are strongly linked to the virulence of these organisms. in the present study, a 180-kb colv plasmid was sequenced and analyzed. this plasmid, papec-o2-colv, possesses a 93-kb region containing several p ...	2006	16385064
molecular basis for g protein control of the prokaryotic atp sulfurylase.	sulfate assimilation is a critical component of both primary and secondary metabolism. an essential step in this pathway is the activation of sulfate through adenylation by the enzyme atp sulfurylase (atps), forming adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (aps). proteobacterial atps overcomes this energetically unfavorable reaction by associating with a regulatory g protein, coupling the energy of gtp hydrolysis to aps formation. to discover the molecular basis of this unusual role for a g protein, we bioch ...	2006	16387658
elicitor-mediated oligomerization of the tobacco n disease resistance protein.	plant nucleotide binding site-leucine-rich repeat (nbs-lrr) proteins are similar to the nucleotide binding oligomerization domain (nod) protein family in their domain structure. it has been suggested that most nod proteins rely on ligand-mediated oligomerization for function, and we have tested this possibility with the n protein of tobacco (nicotiana tabacum). the n gene for resistance to tobacco mosaic virus (tmv) is a member of the toll-interleukin receptor (tir)-nbs-lrr class of plant diseas ...	2006	16387833
arabidopsis accelerated cell death2 modulates programmed cell death.	the arabidopsis thaliana chloroplast protein accelerated cell death2 (acd2) modulates the amount of programmed cell death (pcd) triggered by pseudomonas syringae and protoporphyrin ix (ppix) treatment. in vitro, acd2 can reduce red chlorophyll catabolite, a chlorophyll derivative. we find that acd2 shields root protoplasts that lack chlorophyll from light- and ppix-induced pcd. thus, chlorophyll catabolism is not obligatory for acd2 anti-pcd function. upon p. syringae infection, acd2 levels and ...	2006	16387834
a lithium-sensitive and sodium-tolerant 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphatase encoded by hala from the cyanobacterium arthrospira platensis is closely related to its counterparts from yeasts and plants.	3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphatase (papase) is required for the removal of toxic 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphate (pap) produced during sulfur assimilation in various eukaryotic organisms. this enzyme is a well-known target of lithium and sodium toxicity and has been used for the production of salt-resistant transgenic plants. in addition, papase has also been proposed as a target in the treatment of manic-depressive patients. one gene, hala, which could encode a protein closely related to the p ...	2006	16391050
diverse avrptob homologs from several pseudomonas syringae pathovars elicit pto-dependent resistance and have similar virulence activities.	avrptob is a type iii effector protein from pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato that physically interacts with the tomato pto kinase and, depending on the host genotype, either elicits or suppresses programmed cell death associated with plant immunity. we reported previously that avrptob-related sequences are present in diverse gram-negative phytopathogenic bacteria. here we describe characterization of avrptob homologs from p. syringae pv. tomato t1, pt23, and jl1065, p. syringae pv. syringae b728a ...	2006	16391110
identification and deletion analysis of the promoter of the pepper sar8.2 gene activated by bacterial infection and abiotic stresses.	the pepper sar8.2 gene, casar82a, was locally and systemically induced in pepper plants which had been infected by xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria or by pseudomonas fluorescens. the dna 1,283 bp sequence upstream of the casar82a gene was assessed with regard to the activity of the casar82a promoter fused to the beta-glucuronidase (gus) reporter gene, via an agrobacterium-mediated transient expression assay. in tobacco leaves which transiently expressed the -831 bp casar82a promoter, gus a ...	2006	16395580
host-mediated phosphorylation of type iii effector avrpto promotes pseudomonas virulence and avirulence in tomato.	the avrpto protein from pseudomonas syringae pv tomato is delivered into plant cells by the bacterial type iii secretion system, where it either promotes host susceptibility or, in tomato plants expressing the pto kinase, elicits disease resistance. using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, we obtained evidence that avrpto is phosphorylated when expressed in plant leaves. in vitro phosphorylation of avrpto by plant extracts occurs independently of pto and is due to a kinase activity that is con ...	2006	16399801
antimicrobial activity of glycosidase inhibitory protein isolated from cyphomandra betacea sendt. fruit.	broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity of an invertase inhibitory protein (iip) isolated from cyphomandra betacea ripe fruits is documented. minimal inhibitory concentration (mic) values were determined by agar macrodilution and broth microdilution assays. this iip inhibited the growth of xylophagous and phytopatogenic fungi (ganoderma applanatum, schizophyllum commune, lenzites elegans, pycnoporus sanguineous, penicillium notatum, aspergillus niger, phomopsis sojae and fusarium mango) and phytop ...	2006	16406143
identification of a ubiquinone-binding site that affects autophosphorylation of the sensor kinase regb.	rhodobacter capsulatus regulates many metabolic processes in response to the level of environmental oxygen and the energy state of the cell. one of the key global redox regulators of the cell's metabolic physiology is the sensor kinase regb that controls the synthesis of numerous energy generation and utilization processes. in this study, we have succeeded in purifying full-length regb containing six transmembrane-spanning elements. exogenous addition of excess oxidized coenzyme q1 is capable of ...	2006	16407278
rewiring mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade by positive feedback confers potato blight resistance.	late blight, caused by the notorious pathogen phytophthora infestans, is a devastating disease of potato (solanum tuberosum) and tomato (solanum lycopersicum), and during the 1840s caused the irish potato famine and over one million fatalities. currently, grown potato cultivars lack adequate blight tolerance. earlier cultivars bred for resistance used disease resistance genes that confer immunity only to some strains of the pathogen harboring corresponding avirulence gene. specific resistance ge ...	2006	16407438
loss of atpdr8, a plasma membrane abc transporter of arabidopsis thaliana, causes hypersensitive cell death upon pathogen infection.	plants contain a large number of atp-binding cassette (abc) transporters belonging to different subclasses. atpdr8 is the only member of the pleiotropic drug resistance (pdr) abc transporter subclass in arabidopsis that is constitutively highly expressed. in transgenic arabidopsis plants harboring the atpdr8 promoter fused to beta-glucuronidase (gus), reporter expression was shown to be strong in the stomata and hydathode. in the stomata, transcripts of atpdr8 were particularly frequent in the c ...	2006	16415066
characterization of a nonspecific phosphopantetheinyl transferase from pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae ff5.	the 4'-phosphopantetheinyl transferases (pptases) catalyze the transfer of a 4'-phosphopantetheine moiety from coenzyme a to phosphopantetheine-dependent carrier proteins. the carrier proteins (cps) are required for the biosynthesis of peptides synthesized by nonribosomal peptide synthases and the biosynthesis of fatty acids and polyketides. a single pptase (pcps) is present in the pathogenic bacterium pseudomonas aeruginosa. several pathovars of pseudomonas syringae produce the chlorosis-induci ...	2006	16423321
blast screening of chlamydial genomes to identify signature proteins that are unique for the chlamydiales, chlamydiaceae, chlamydophila and chlamydia groups of species.	chlamydiae species are of much importance from a clinical viewpoint. their diversity both in terms of their numbers as well as clinical involvement are presently believed to be significantly underestimated. the obligate intracellular nature of chlamydiae has also limited their genetic and biochemical studies. thus, it is of importance to develop additional means for their identification and characterization.	2006	16436211
pyruvate:quinone oxidoreductase in corynebacterium glutamicum: molecular analysis of the pqo gene, significance of the enzyme, and phylogenetic aspects.	corynebacterium glutamicum recently has been shown to possess pyruvate:quinone oxidoreductase (pqo), catalyzing the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to acetate and co2 with a quinone as the electron acceptor. here, we analyze the expression of the c. glutamicum pqo gene, investigate the relevance of the pqo enzyme for growth and amino acid production, and perform phylogenetic studies. expression analyses revealed that transcription of pqo is initiated 45 bp upstream of the translational sta ...	2006	16452416
positive selection of the hrp pilin hrpe of the plant pathogen xanthomonas.	the plant-pathogenic bacterium xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria possesses a type iii secretion (tts) system which is encoded by the 23-kb hrp (hypersensitive response and pathogenicity) gene cluster. the tts system is necessary for pathogenicity in susceptible hosts and induction of the hypersensitive response in resistant plants. at the cell surface, the tts system is associated with an extracellular filamentous structure, the hrp pilus, which serves as a conduit for the transfer of bacte ...	2006	16452423
quorum sensing in yersinia enterocolitica controls swimming and swarming motility.	the yersinia enterocolitica luxi homologue yeni directs the synthesis of n-3-(oxohexanoyl)homoserine lactone (3-oxo-c6-hsl) and n-hexanoylhomoserine lactone (c6-hsl). in a y. enterocolitica yeni mutant, swimming motility is temporally delayed while swarming motility is abolished. since both swimming and swarming are flagellum dependent, we purified the flagellin protein from the parent and yeni mutant. electrophoresis revealed that in contrast to the parent strain, the yeni mutant grown for 17 h ...	2006	16452428
genetic and transcriptional analysis of the siderophore malleobactin biosynthesis and transport genes in the human pathogen burkholderia pseudomallei k96243.	burkholderia pseudomallei is a gram-negative facultative intracellular pathogen that causes melioidosis, an invasive disease of humans and animals. to address the response of this bacterium to iron-limiting conditions, we first performed a global transcriptional analysis of rna extracted from bacteria grown under iron-limiting and iron-rich conditions by microarrays. we focused our study on those open reading frames (orfs) induced under iron limitation, which encoded predicted proteins that coul ...	2006	16452439
tetrapyrrole biosynthesis in rhodobacter capsulatus is transcriptionally regulated by the heme-binding regulatory protein, hbrl.	we demonstrate that the expression of hem genes in rhodobacter capsulatus is transcriptionally repressed in response to the exogenous addition of heme. a high-copy suppressor screen for regulators of hem gene expression resulted in the identification of an lysr-type transcriptional regulator, called hbrl, that regulates hem promoters in response to the availability of heme. hbrl is shown to activate the expression of hema and hemz in the absence of exogenous hemin and repress hemb expression in ...	2006	16452440
characterisation of basal resistance (br) by expression patterns of newly isolated representative genes in tobacco.	increasing evidence indicates that plants, like animals, use basal resistance (br), a component of the innate immune system, to defend themselves against foreign organisms. contrary to the hypersensitive reaction (hr)-type cell death, recognition in the case of br is unspecific, as intruders are recognised based on their common molecular patterns. induction of br is not associated with visible symptoms, in contrast to the hr-type cell death. to analyse the early events of br in tobacco plants we ...	2006	16456648
the chimeric arabidopsis cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel11/12 activates multiple pathogen resistance responses.	to investigate the resistance signaling pathways activated by pathogen infection, we previously identified the arabidopsis thaliana mutant constitutive expresser of pr genes22 (cpr22), which displays constitutive activation of multiple defense responses. here, we identify the cpr22 mutation as a 3-kb deletion that fuses two cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel (atcngc)-encoding genes, atcngc11 and atcngc12, to generate a novel chimeric gene, atcngc11/12. genetic, molecular, and complementation an ...	2006	16461580
within-species flagellin polymorphism in xanthomonas campestris pv campestris and its impact on elicitation of arabidopsis flagellin sensing2-dependent defenses.	bacterial flagellins have been portrayed as a relatively invariant pathogen-associated molecular pattern. we have found within-species, within-pathovar variation for defense-eliciting activity of flagellins among xanthomonas campestris pv campestris (xcc) strains. arabidopsis thaliana flagellin sensing2 (fls2), a transmembrane leucine-rich repeat kinase, confers flagellin responsiveness. the flg22 region was the only xcc flagellin region responsible for detectable elicitation of arabidopsis defe ...	2006	16461584
identification of quip, the product of gene pa1032, as the second acyl-homoserine lactone acylase of pseudomonas aeruginosa pao1.	the relevance of the acyl homoserine lactone (acyl-hsl) quorum signals n-3-oxododecanoyl-homoserine lactone (3oc12hsl) and n-butanoyl-homoserine lactone to the biology and virulence of pseudomonas aeruginosa is well investigated. previously, p. aeruginosa was shown to degrade long-chain, but not short-chain, acyl-hsls as sole carbon and energy sources (j. j. huang, j.-i. han, l.-h. zhang, and j. r. leadbetter, appl. environ. microbiol. 69:5941-5949, 2003). a gene encoding an enzyme with acyl-hsl ...	2006	16461666
isolation and characterization of a cyanophage infecting the toxic cyanobacterium microcystis aeruginosa.	we isolated a cyanophage (ma-lmm01) that specifically infects a toxic strain of the bloom-forming cyanobacterium microcystis aeruginosa. transmission electron microscopy showed that the virion is composed of anisometric head and a tail complex consisting of a central tube and a contractile sheath with helical symmetry. the morphological features and the host specificity suggest that ma-lmm01 is a member of the cyanomyovirus group. using semi-one-step growth experiments, the latent period and bur ...	2006	16461672
engineering the genotype of acinetobacter sp. strain adp1 to enhance biosynthesis of cyanophycin.	to study the importance of arginine provision and phosphate limitation for synthesis and accumulation of cyanophycin (cgp) in acinetobacter sp. strain adp1, genes encoding the putative arginine regulatory protein (argr) and the arginine succinyltransferase (asta) were inactivated, and the effects of these mutations on cgp synthesis were analyzed. the inactivation of these genes resulted in a 3.5- or 7-fold increase in cgp content, respectively, when the cells were grown on glutamate. knockout mu ...	2006	16461694
arabidopsis pen3/pdr8, an atp binding cassette transporter, contributes to nonhost resistance to inappropriate pathogens that enter by direct penetration.	arabidopsis thaliana is a host to the powdery mildew erysiphe cichoracearum and nonhost to blumeria graminis f. sp hordei, the powdery mildew pathogenic on barley (hordeum vulgare). screening for arabidopsis mutants deficient in resistance to barley powdery mildew identified penetration3 (pen3). pen3 plants permitted both increased invasion into epidermal cells and initiation of hyphae by b. g. hordei, suggesting that pen3 contributes to defenses at the cell wall and intracellularly. pen3 mutant ...	2006	16473969
type iii effector avrptob requires intrinsic e3 ubiquitin ligase activity to suppress plant cell death and immunity.	microbial pathogens of both plants and animals employ virulence factors that suppress the host immune response. the tomato pathogen pseudomonas syringae injects the avrptob type iii effector protein into the plant cell to suppress programmed cell death (pcd) associated with plant immunity. avrptob also inhibits pcd in yeast, indicating that avrptob manipulates a conserved component of eukaryotic pcd. to identify host targets of avrptob, we performed a yeast two-hybrid screen and identified tomat ...	2006	16477026
crystallization and preliminary x-ray diffraction analysis of a cold-adapted catalase from vibrio salmonicida.	catalase (ec 1.11.1.6) catalyses the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide to water and molecular oxygen. recombinant vibrio salmonicida catalase (vsc) possesses typical cold-adapted features, with higher catalytic efficiency, lower thermal stability and a lower temperature optimum than its mesophilic counterpart from proteus mirabilis. crystals of vsc were produced by the hanging-drop vapour-diffusion method using ammonium sulfate as precipitant. the crystals belong to the monoclinic space group p2(1) ...	2006	16511268
crystallization and preliminary x-ray diffraction analysis of a cold-adapted catalase from vibrio salmonicida.	catalase (ec 1.11.1.6) catalyses the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide to water and molecular oxygen. recombinant vibrio salmonicida catalase (vsc) possesses typical cold-adapted features, with higher catalytic efficiency, lower thermal stability and a lower temperature optimum than its mesophilic counterpart from proteus mirabilis. crystals of vsc were produced by the hanging-drop vapour-diffusion method using ammonium sulfate as precipitant. the crystals belong to the monoclinic space group p2(1) ...	2006	16511268
structure of lmaj006129aaa, a hypothetical protein from leishmania major.	the gene product of structural genomics target lmaj006129 from leishmania major codes for a 164-residue protein of unknown function. when semet expression of the full-length gene product failed, several truncation variants were created with the aid of ginzu, a domain-prediction method. 11 truncations were selected for expression, purification and crystallization based upon secondary-structure elements and disorder. the structure of one of these variants, lmaj006129aah, was solved by multiple-wav ...	2006	16511295
identification of new flagellar genes of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.	rna levels of flagellar genes in eight different genetic backgrounds were compared to that of the wild type by dna microarray analysis. cluster analysis identified new, potential flagellar genes, three putative methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins, stm3138 (mcpa), stm3152 (mcpb), and stm3216(mcpc), and a chev homolog, stm2314, in salmonella, that are not found in escherichia coli. isolation and characterization of mud-lac insertions in chev, mcpb, mcpc, and the previously uncharacterized aer loc ...	2006	16513753
harpin mediates cell aggregation in erwinia chrysanthemi 3937.	the hypersensitive response elicitor harpin (hrpn) of soft rot pathogen erwinia chrysanthemi strains 3937 and ec16 is secreted via the type iii secretion system and remains cell surface bound. strain 3937 hrpn is essential for cell aggregation, but the c-terminal one-third of the protein is not required for aggregative activity.	2006	16513758
conservation of the pho regulon in pseudomonas fluorescens pf0-1.	the pho regulon integrates the sensing of environmental inorganic phosphate (pi) availability with coregulation of gene expression, mediating an adaptive response to pi limitation. many aspects of the pho regulon have been addressed in studies of escherichia coli; however, it is unclear how transferable this knowledge is to other bacterial systems. here, we report work to discern the conservation of the pho regulon in pseudomonas fluorescens pf0-1. we demonstrate by mutational studies that phob/ ...	2006	16517638
the phytopathogen dickeya dadantii (erwinia chrysanthemi 3937) is a pathogen of the pea aphid.	dickeya dadantii (erwinia chrysanthemi) is a phytopathogenic bacterium causing soft rot diseases on many crops. the sequencing of its genome identified four genes encoding homologues of the cyt family of insecticidal toxins from bacillus thuringiensis, which are not present in the close relative pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. atrosepticum. the pathogenicity of d. dadantii was tested on the pea aphid acyrthosiphon pisum, and the bacterium was shown to be highly virulent for this insect, either ...	2006	16517643
bacteriophage migration via nematode vectors: host-parasite-consumer interactions in laboratory microcosms.	pathogens vectored by nematodes pose serious agricultural, economic, and health threats; however, little is known of the ecological and evolutionary aspects of pathogen transmission by nematodes. here we describe a novel model system with two trophic levels, bacteriophages and nematodes, each of which competes for bacteria. we demonstrate for the first time that nematodes are capable of transmitting phages between spatially distinct patches of bacteria. this model system has considerable advanta ...	2006	16517645
the atu and liu clusters are involved in the catabolic pathways for acyclic monoterpenes and leucine in pseudomonas aeruginosa.	evidence suggests that the pseudomonas aeruginosa pao1 gnyrdbhal cluster, which is involved in acyclic isoprenoid degradation (a. l. díaz-pérez, n. a. zavala-hernández, c. cervantes, and j. campos-garcía, appl. environ. microbiol. 70:5102-5110, 2004), corresponds to the liurabcde cluster (b. hoschle, v. gnau, and d. jendrossek, microbiology 151:3649-3656, 2005). a liu (leucine and isovalerate utilization) homolog cluster was found in the pao1 genome and is related to the catabolism of acyclic mo ...	2006	16517656
sequencing of the rpob gene and flanking spacers for molecular identification of acinetobacter species.	acinetobacter species are defined on the basis of several phenotypic characters, results of dna-dna homology, and more recently, similarities or dissimilarities in 16s rrna gene sequences. however, the 16s rrna gene is not polymorphic enough to clearly distinguish all acinetobacter species. we used an rna polymerase beta-subunit gene (rpob)-based identification scheme for the delineation of species within the genus acinetobacter, and towards that end, we determined the complete rpob gene and fla ...	2006	16517861
a pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato avre1/hopm1 mutant is severely reduced in growth and lesion formation in tomato.	the model plant pathogen pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000 grows and produces necrotic lesions in the leaves of its host, tomato. both abilities are dependent upon the hypersensitive response and pathogenicity (hrp) type iii secretion system (ttss), which translocates multiple effector proteins into plant cells. a previously constructed dc3000 mutant with a 9.3-kb deletion in the hrp pathogenicity island conserved effector locus (cel) was strongly reduced in growth and lesion formation in t ...	2006	16529372
the pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000 type iii effector hopf2 has a putative myristoylation site required for its avirulence and virulence functions.	the hopptof locus in pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000 harbors two genes, shcf and hopf2 (previously named shcf(pto) and hopf(pto)), that encode a type iii chaperone and a cognate effector protein, respectively. the hopf2 gene has a rare initiation codon, ata that was reported to be functional only in mitochondrial genes. here, we report that the native hopptof locus of dc3000 confers an avirulence function in tobacco w38 plants, indicating that the ata start codon directs the synthesis of ...	2006	16529375
novel extracellular chitinases rapidly and specifically induced by general bacterial elicitors and suppressed by virulent bacteria as a marker of early basal resistance in tobacco.	early basal resistance (ebr, formerly known as early induced resistance) is triggered by general bacterial elicitors. ebr has been suggested to inhibit or retard expression of the type iii secretion system of pathogenic bacteria and may also prevent nonpathogenic bacteria from colonizing the plant tissue. the quickness of ebr here plays a crucial role, compensating for a low bactericidal efficacy. this inhibitory activity should take place in the cell wall, as bacteria do not enter living plant ...	2006	16529378
the tat pathway of the plant pathogen pseudomonas syringae is required for optimal virulence.	pseudomonas syringae is a gram-negative bacterium that infects a number of agriculturally important plant species. the ability of the organism to deliver virulence factors across the plant cell wall is a key to its pathogenicity. deletion mutants in the twin arginine translocation (tat) pathway of two pathovars of p. syringae, pvs. tomato dc3000 and maculicola es4326, displayed a range of pleiotropic phenotypic changes, such as defects in fluorescent siderophore production, a decrease in sodium ...	2006	16529382
xanthan induces plant susceptibility by suppressing callose deposition.	xanthan is the major exopolysaccharide secreted by xanthomonas spp. despite its diverse roles in bacterial pathogenesis of plants, little is known about the real implication of this molecule in xanthomonas pathogenesis. in this study we show that in contrast to xanthomonas campestris pv campestris strain 8004 (wild type), the xanthan minus mutant (strain 8397) and the mutant strain 8396, which is producing truncated xanthan, fail to cause disease in both nicotiana benthamiana and arabidopsis (ar ...	2006	16531487
the u-box protein cmpg1 is required for efficient activation of defense mechanisms triggered by multiple resistance genes in tobacco and tomato.	we previously identified three avr9/cf-9 rapidly elicited (acre) genes essential for cf-9- and cf-4-dependent hypersensitive response (hr) production in nicotiana benthamiana. two of them encode putative e3 ubiquitin ligase components. this led us to investigate other acre genes associated with the ubiquitination pathway. acre74 encodes a u-box e3 ligase homolog, highly related to parsley (petroselinum crispum) cmpg1 and arabidopsis thaliana plant u-box20 (pub20) and pub21 proteins, and was call ...	2006	16531490
the e3 ubiquitin ligase activity of arabidopsis plant u-box17 and its functional tobacco homolog acre276 are required for cell death and defense.	previous analysis of transcriptional changes after elicitation of cf-9 transgenic tobacco (nicotiana tabacum) by avr9 peptide revealed a rapidly upregulated gene, acre276. we show that acre276 is transiently induced in wounded leaves within 15 min, but upon avr9 elicitor treatment, this upregulation is enhanced and maintained until cell death onset in cf-9 tobacco. acre276 rna interference (rnai) silencing in tobacco results in loss of hypersensitive response (hr) specified by cf resistance gene ...	2006	16531496
compositional discordance between prokaryotic plasmids and host chromosomes.	most plasmids depend on the host replication machinery and possess partitioning genes. these properties confine plasmids to a limited range of hosts, yielding a close and presumably stable relationship between plasmid and host. hence, it is anticipated that due to amelioration the dinucleotide composition of plasmids is similar to that of the genome of their hosts. however, plasmids are also thought to play a major role in horizontal gene transfer and thus are frequently exchanged between hosts, ...	2006	16480495
insight into types i and ii nonhost resistance using expression patterns of defense-related genes in tobacco.	plants protect themselves against pathogens using a range of response mechanisms. there are two categories of nonhost resistance: type i, which does not result in visible cell death; and type ii, which entails localized programmed cell death (or hypersensitive response) in response to nonhost pathogens. the genes responsible for these two systems have not yet been intensively investigated at the molecular level. using tobacco plants (nicotiana tabacum), we compared expression of 12 defense-relat ...	2006	16482435
mutational analysis of an extracytoplasmic-function sigma factor to investigate its interactions with rna polymerase and dna.	the extracytoplasmic-function (ecf) family of sigma factors comprises a large group of proteins required for synthesis of a wide variety of extracytoplasmic products by bacteria. residues important for core rna polymerase (rnap) binding, dna melting, and promoter recognition have been identified in conserved regions 2 and 4.2 of primary sigma factors. seventeen residues in region 2 and eight residues in region 4.2 of an ecf sigma factor, pvds from pseudomonas aeruginosa, were selected for alanin ...	2006	16484205
the clc element of pseudomonas sp. strain b13, a genomic island with various catabolic properties.	pseudomonas sp. strain b13 is a bacterium known to degrade chloroaromatic compounds. the properties to use 3- and 4-chlorocatechol are determined by a self-transferable dna element, the clc element, which normally resides at two locations in the cell's chromosome. here we report the complete nucleotide sequence of the clc element, demonstrating the unique catabolic properties while showing its relatedness to genomic islands and integrative and conjugative elements rather than to other known cata ...	2006	16484212
adducts of oxylipin electrophiles to glutathione reflect a 13 specificity of the downstream lipoxygenase pathway in the tobacco hypersensitive response.	the response to reactive electrophile species (res) is now considered as part of the plant response to pathogen and insect attacks. thanks to a previously established high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry methodology, we have investigated the production of oxylipin res adducts to glutathione (gsh) during the hypersensitive response (hr) of plants. we have observed that res conjugation to gsh in tobacco (nicotiana tabacum) leaves is facile and nonspecific. in cryptogein- ...	2006	16500992
indoleacetic acid, a product of transferred dna, inhibits vir gene expression and growth of agrobacterium tumefaciens c58.	agrobacterium tumefaciens induces crown gall tumors by transferring a piece of its tumor-inducing plasmid into plant cells. this transferred dna encodes the synthesis of indole acetic acid (iaa) and cytokinin, and their overproduction results in tumor formation. the transfer is initiated by a two-component regulatory system, vira/g recognizing plant signal molecules in the plant rhizosphere and activating a regulon on the tumor-inducing plasmid, which is required for the processing and transfer ...	2006	16537403
structural investigation of syringomycin-e using molecular dynamics simulation and nmr.	syringomycin-e (sr-e) is a cyclic lipodepsinonapeptide produced by certain strains of the bacterium pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae. it shows inhibitory effects against many fungal species, including human pathogens. its primary biological target is the plasma membrane, where it forms channels comprised of at least six sr-e molecules. the high-resolution structure of sr-e and the structure of the channels are currently not known. in this paper, we investigate in atomic detail the molecular fea ...	2006	16544138
a new class of [2fe-2s]-cluster-containing protoporphyrin (ix) ferrochelatases.	protoporphyrin (ix) ferrochelatase catalyses the insertion of ferrous iron into protoporphyrin ix to form haem. these ferrochelatases exist as monomers and dimers, both with and without [2fe-2s] clusters. the motifs for [2fe-2s] cluster co-ordination are varied, but in all cases previously reported, three of the four cysteine ligands are present in the 30 c-terminal residues and the fourth ligand is internal. in the present study, we demonstrate that a group of micro-organisms exist which posses ...	2006	16548850
type iii effectors orchestrate a complex interplay between transcriptional networks to modify basal defence responses during pathogenesis and resistance.	to successfully infect a plant, bacterial pathogens inject a collection of type iii effector proteins (ttes) directly into the plant cell that function to overcome basal defences and redirect host metabolism for nutrition and growth. we examined (i) the transcriptional dynamics of basal defence responses between arabidopsis thaliana and pseudomonas syringae and (ii) how basal defence is subsequently modulated by virulence factors during compatible interactions. a set of 96 genes displaying an ea ...	2006	16553893
genome-wide transcriptional analysis of the arabidopsis thaliana interaction with the plant pathogen pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000 and the human pathogen escherichia coli o157:h7.	pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000 (pst) is a virulent pathogen that causes disease on tomato and arabidopsis. the type iii secretion system (ttss) plays a key role in pathogenesis by translocating virulence effectors from the bacteria into the plant host cell, while the phytotoxin coronatine (cor) contributes to virulence and disease symptom development. recent studies suggest that both the ttss and cor are involved in the suppression of host basal defenses. however, little is known about t ...	2006	16553894
gem system: automatic prototyping of cell-wide metabolic pathway models from genomes.	successful realization of a "systems biology" approach to analyzing cells is a grand challenge for our understanding of life. however, current modeling approaches to cell simulation are labor-intensive, manual affairs, and therefore constitute a major bottleneck in the evolution of computational cell biology.	2006	16553966
bacterial repetitive extragenic palindromic sequences are dna targets for insertion sequence elements.	mobile elements are involved in genomic rearrangements and virulence acquisition, and hence, are important elements in bacterial genome evolution. the insertion of some specific insertion sequences had been associated with repetitive extragenic palindromic (rep) elements. considering that there are a sufficient number of available genomes with described reps, and exploiting the advantage of the traceability of transposition events in genomes, we decided to exhaustively analyze the relationship b ...	2006	16563168
costs and benefits of priming for defense in arabidopsis.	induced resistance protects plants against a wide spectrum of diseases; however, it can also entail costs due to the allocation of resources or toxicity of defensive products. the cellular defense responses involved in induced resistance are either activated directly or primed for augmented expression upon pathogen attack. priming for defense may combine the advantages of enhanced disease protection and low costs. in this study, we have compared the costs and benefits of priming to those of indu ...	2006	16565218
the expression of genes encoding lipodepsipeptide phytotoxins by pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae is coordinated in response to plant signal molecules.	specific plant signal molecules are known to induce syringomycin production and expression of syrb1, a syringomycin synthetase gene, in pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae. this report demonstrates that syringopeptin production likewise is activated by plant signal molecules and that the gacs, sala, and syrf regulatory pathway mediates transmission of plant signal molecules to the syr-syp biosynthesis apparatus. syringopeptin production by br132 was increased two-fold by addition of arbutin (100 m ...	2006	16570656
pseudomonas syringae effector avrb confers soybean cultivar-specific avirulence on soybean mosaic virus adapted for transgene expression but effector avrpto does not.	soybean mosaic virus (smv) was adapted for transgene expression in soybean and used to examine the function of avirulence genes avrb and avrpto of pseudomonas syringae pvs. glycinea and tomato, respectively. a cloning site was introduced between the p1 and hc-pro genes in 35s-driven infectious cdnas of strains smv-n and smv-g7. insertion of the uida gene or the green fluorescent protein gene into either modified cdna and bombardment into primary leaves resulted in systemic expression that reflec ...	2006	16570660
assessment of the environmental fate of the biological control agent of fire blight, pseudomonas fluorescens eps62e, on apple by culture and real-time pcr methods.	the colonization of apple blossoms and leaves by pseudomonas fluorescens eps62e was monitored in greenhouse and field trials using cultivable cell counting and real-time pcr. the real-time pcr provided a specific quantitative method for the detection of strain eps62e. the detection level was around 10(2) cells g (fresh weight)(-1) and the standard curve was linear within a 5-log range. eps62e actively colonized flowers reaching values from 10(7) to 10(8) cells per blossom. in apple flowers, no s ...	2006	16597940
physical and functional interactions between pathogen-induced arabidopsis wrky18, wrky40, and wrky60 transcription factors.	limited information is available about the roles of specific wrky transcription factors in plant defense. we report physical and functional interactions between structurally related and pathogen-induced wrky18, wrky40, and wrky60 transcription factors in arabidopsis thaliana. the three wrky proteins formed both homocomplexes and heterocomplexes and dna binding activities were significantly shifted depending on which wrky proteins were present in these complexes. single wrky mutants exhibited no ...	2006	16603654
ascorbate oxidase-dependent changes in the redox state of the apoplast modulate gene transcript accumulation leading to modified hormone signaling and orchestration of defense processes in tobacco.	the role of the redox state of the apoplast in hormone responses, signaling cascades, and gene expression was studied in transgenic tobacco (nicotiana tabacum) plants with modified cell wall-localized ascorbate oxidase (ao). high ao activity specifically decreased the ascorbic acid (aa) content of the apoplast and altered plant growth responses triggered by hormones. auxin stimulated shoot growth only when the apoplastic aa pool was reduced in wild-type or ao antisense lines. oxidation of apopla ...	2006	16603663
mekhla, a novel domain with similarity to pas domains, is fused to plant homeodomain-leucine zipper iii proteins.	homeodomain (hd) proteins play important roles in the development of plants, fungi, and animals. here we identify a novel domain, mekhla, in the c terminus of hd-leu zipper (hd-zip) iii plant hd proteins that shares similarity with a group of bacterial proteins and a protein from the green alga chlamydomonas reinhardtii. the group of bacterial mekhla proteins is found in cyanobacteria and other bacteria often found associated with plants. phylogenetic analysis suggests that a mekhla protein tran ...	2006	16607028
predicting cis-acting elements of lactobacillus plantarum by comparative genomics with different taxonomic subgroups.	cis-acting elements in lactobacillus plantarum were predicted by comparative analysis of the upstream regions of conserved genes and predicted transcriptional units (tus) in different bacterial genomes. tus were predicted for two species sets, with different evolutionary distances to l.plantarum. tus were designated 'cluster of orthologous transcriptional units' (cot) when >50% of the genes were orthologous in different species. conserved dna sequences were detected in the upstream regions of di ...	2006	16614445
comparative analysis of induction pattern of programmed cell death and defense-related responses during hypersensitive cell death and development of bacterial necrotic leaf spots in eggplant.	pseudomonas cichorii causes necrotic leaf spots (nls), while pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci induces a hypersensitive response (hr) in eggplant. p. cichorii induced cell death at 9 h after inoculation (hai), reaching a maximum of around 24-30 hai. on the other hand, cell death was induced 6 hai with p. syringae pv. tabaci, reaching a maximum of around 12-18 hai. superoxide generation was observed in eggplant inoculated with both bacteria. dna fragmentation, cytochrome c release into the cytosol ...	2006	16614819
expression of the arabidopsis high-affinity hexose transporter stp13 correlates with programmed cell death.	we report the biochemical characterization in xenopus oocytes of the arabidopsis thaliana membrane protein, stp13, as a high affinity, hexose-specific h(+)-symporter. studies with kinase activators suggest that it is negatively regulated by phosphorylation. stp13 promoter gfp reporter lines show gfp expression only in the vascular tissue in emerging petals under non-stressed conditions. quantitative pcr and the pstp13-gfp plants show induction of stp13 in programmed cell death (pcd) obtained by ...	2006	16616142
role of sgt1 in resistance protein accumulation in plant immunity.	a highly conserved eukaryotic protein sgt1 binds specifically to the molecular chaperone, hsp90. in plants, sgt1 positively regulates disease resistance conferred by many resistance (r) proteins and developmental responses to the phytohormone, auxin. we show that silencing of sgt1 in nicotiana benthamiana causes a reduction in steady-state levels of the r protein, rx. these data support a role of sgt1 in r protein accumulation, possibly at the level of complex assembly. in arabidopsis, two sgt1 ...	2006	16619029
display of a thermostable lipase on the surface of a solvent-resistant bacterium, pseudomonas putida gm730, and its applications in whole-cell biocatalysis.	whole-cell biocatalysis in organic solvents has been widely applied to industrial bioprocesses. in two-phase water-solvent processes, substrate conversion yields and volumetric productivities can be limited by the toxicity of solvents to host cells and by the low mass transfer rates of the substrates from the solvent phase to the whole-cell biocatalysts in water.	2006	16620394
characterization of the transcriptional activators sala and syrf, which are required for syringomycin and syringopeptin production by pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae.	production of the phytotoxins syringomycin and syringopeptin by pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae is controlled by the regulatory genes sala and syrf. analysis with 70-mer oligonucleotide microarrays established that the syr-syp genes responsible for synthesis and secretion of syringomycin and syringopeptin belong to the syrf regulon. vector pmekm12 was successfully used to express both sala and syrf proteins fused to a maltose-binding protein (mbp) in escherichia coli and p. syringae pv. syring ...	2006	16621822